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For over fifty years, one of our most important goals at the Darien Y has always been to enrich the lives of children in our community. Our YMCA programs provide kids with experiences that help them grow to be responsible, successful adults, and make the community we love a better place to live. In order to provide programs including summer camp, we have launched our "Send a Kid to Camp Campaign." Summer camp is an invaluable program that provides all children with the opportunity to learn, grow and thrive. However, there are families in our area unable to afford summer camp for their children. Last summer we provided 178 local children with financial assistance for summer camp so they had the opportunity to learn new skills, make friends, and participate in exciting adventures. This would not have been possible without the support of our generous donors. Help us reach this goal by making a pledge or donating at the Darien Y Front Desk, donating online at www.darien-ymca.org/make-a-donation, or texting YCAMP to 44-321. Corporate donors will be recognized with signage in our lobby during the Healthy Kids Day event we are hosting for the community on April 27*. $2500 Provides a preschooler with two months of camp so their working single parent knows their child is being cared for in a safe, enriching environment. $1000 Gives a teen the opportunity to feel a sense of belonging at our summer camp. $750 Pays for an elementary school child to engage in value-based activities and stay active by attending our all-inclusive camp. $500 Fulfills a girl's dream to learn gymnastics by attending our gymnastics camp. $250 Allows a child with special needs to swim and experience sailing on Holly Pond. Please make a donation today to help us continue to provide financial assistance to children in need so they can have a safe and memorable summer.

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Rolls-Royce adding EVs to fleet despite great sales, expansion The ultra-luxury Rolls-Royce brand is talking about bringing to the market an all new hybrid, or soley battery powered vehicle. Although consumers have not been asking for electric vehicles from Rolls-Royce, the brand believes EVs will keep the brand competitive in the market today. Read more about Rolls-Royce adding EVs to fleet despite great sales, expansion The Toyota FT-86ii Concept shows up at Frankfurt with little change Earlier this month, Toyota offered a teaser video of their FT-86ii sports car ending with a mention of this year's Frankfurt Motor Show leading many to believe that we would see something new on the Toyota version of the joint venture with Subaru but as the show has come, what we have is the same FT-86ii that we have seen at past auto shows – except it's orange. Read more about The Toyota FT-86ii Concept shows up at Frankfurt with little change Hyundai markets to loyal fans ahead of college football It's now college football season and Hyundai is planning on capitalizing on the millions of fans across the United States who will be glued to the television watching the popular sport. Read more about Hyundai markets to loyal fans ahead of college football Shortage of Used Vehicles Traces Back to the Collapse of Lehman Brothers Beginning this week, there will be a major shortage of late model used cars according to a report in Automotive News (subscription only). The cause of the shortage is rooted in the economic crash that occurred with the collapse of Lehman Brothers three years ago. Sales of new cars, an important economic factor, were effected by the collapse of the investment house. Read more about Shortage of Used Vehicles Traces Back to the Collapse of Lehman Brothers Mercedes-Benz introducing compact B-Class to attract younger drivers Mercedes-Benz is moving towards a future of manufacturing some smaller, compact cars in Germany and bringing them to the United States. This will be the first time the luxury car maker has thought small – in size of car that is – not in quality or luxury. Read more about Mercedes-Benz introducing compact B-Class to attract younger drivers Toyota's interactive online Camry Effect unites Camry owners The Toyota Camry Effect, brought to light by Toyota, is a brand new initiative to give Toyota Camry drivers in the United States an innovative and interactive online experience. The Camry Effect is a way that approximately seven million Camry drivers in the United States can share their best memories. Read more about Toyota's interactive online Camry Effect unites Camry owners The Beautiful Hostesses of the 2011 Frankfurt Auto Show Auto shows are not only about cars, but also about the beautiful hostesses and models that present them during the show. France Soir has complied a very interesting slideshow of the most beautiful hostesses of the 2011 Frankfurt Auto Show. Read more about The Beautiful Hostesses of the 2011 Frankfurt Auto Show Saab to face first bankruptcy hearing on September 26th After being denied protection by the Swedish government, Saab and parent company Swedish Automobile are open to bankruptcy claims with the first such court hearing scheduled for September 26th, 2011 – the day that could very well see the struggling automaker officially forced into bankruptcy. Read more about Saab to face first bankruptcy hearing on September 26th The Chrysler 200 makes its Lancia Flavia debut in Frankfurt The newest joint venture between the American Chrysler Group and Fiat was introduced at this week's 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show as the Chrysler 200 Convertible turned Lancia Flavia Cabriolet was introduced in production form as expected – although the sedan version of the 200 will not be making the trip across the pond as a Lancia model. Read more about The Chrysler 200 makes its Lancia Flavia debut in Frankfurt UAW posts strike pay policy for Chicago Explorer, Taurus plant workers The end of the current Ford-UAW contract expires at 11:59pm tonight and although there has been no official word of a coming strike, the UAW Local in charge of the Chicago Assembly Plant where the Ford Explorer, Taurus and Lincoln MKS are built has posted the strike-time pay policies on their website – showing that a strike could be nearing as Ford's labor contract expires. Read more about UAW posts strike pay policy for Chicago Explorer, Taurus plant workers New Infiniti to be built on Mercedes-Benz Architecture on 2014 Infiniti is getting a second breath as Daimler and Nissan will cooperate to build a new model by 2014, it was announced at the 2011 Frankfurt Auto Show by Renault-Nissan CEO. Read more about New Infiniti to be built on Mercedes-Benz Architecture on 2014 By Frank Sherosky Sep 14 2011 - 9:28am GM needs more IC engine tech than BMW rumor has to offer for Volt propulsion Despite an unconfirmed rumor set off by Der Spiegel Online that General Motors and the German automaker BMW are seeking some sort of cooperative arrangement with IC engine and electric propulsion, probability seems high, logical on the surface, but less of a win-win, at least for GM. Read more about GM needs more IC engine tech than BMW rumor has to offer for Volt propulsion Volvo, Mercedes-Benz Fully Present at Comtrans Auto Show in Moscow While the attention of the car industry is on the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show a special auto show, called Comtrans, kicked off in Russian capital Moscow yesterday displaying commercial vehicles. Major truck and commercial vehicle makers of the worlds are at COMTRANS displaying their entire lines and here is why it makes perfect sense. Read more about Volvo, Mercedes-Benz Fully Present at Comtrans Auto Show in Moscow Surprises contained in KBB's Top 10 Chevys of All Time Chevrolet is celebrating their 100th Anniversary, so kbb.com looked back through time to select the most significant design and product advancements during the long history of THE most successful segment of General Motors. Read more about Surprises contained in KBB's Top 10 Chevys of All Time Toyota ramps up production big time on 2012 cars and trucks Toyota's production of 2012 cars and trucks for sale in the United States and Canada is at 100% and recovery from the March 11 quake in Japan has exceeded expectations, an executive for the Japanese car company told reporters in Los Angeles today. Read more about Toyota ramps up production big time on 2012 cars and trucks Mercedes-Benz premieres at Frankfurt Auto Show with F125 research concept car Mercedes-Benz, marking their 125 years of automotive history, will offer several world and European debuts a the 2011 Frankfurt Auto Show today, notably including the F125 research concept car, which takes a visionary look at future technical developments in the luxury market. Read more about Mercedes-Benz premieres at Frankfurt Auto Show with F125 research concept car Production of the Fisker Sunset Convertible confirmed in Frankfurt Many expected that the new Fisker Surf shooting brake would be the big Frankfurt Motor Show news from the US-based automaker but we have also learned that when the Surf hits the streets in 2013, it will be joined by the Fisker Sunset – a convertible based on the architecture of the Fisker Karma sedan currently amidst production. Read more about Production of the Fisker Sunset Convertible confirmed in Frankfurt LeaseTrader.com says parents favor one-year leases for high school seniors Imagine no down payment and extreme short-term fuel surge for parents of high school seniors in their final year before they go off to college. Read more about LeaseTrader.com says parents favor one-year leases for high school seniors Bentley Continental GTC: Frankfurt Auto Show 2011's most luxurious Wolfgang Durheimer, Chairman and Chief Executive of Bentley Motors is ready to welcome the new Bentley Continental GTC convertible to the world. The new Bentley will debut at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show. Read more about Bentley Continental GTC: Frankfurt Auto Show 2011's most luxurious Volkswagen recalls 2011-2012 Jetta sedans for excessively long tailpipes The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has announced a recall of select 2011 and 2012 Volkswagen Jetta models over a concern about the tailpipe extension being too long – increasing the risk of burns to passers-by when the car is parked after being driven. Read more about Volkswagen recalls 2011-2012 Jetta sedans for excessively long tailpipes The Jeep-based Maserati Kubang drops at Frankfurt 2011 We have known for some time now that Maserati was planning to unveil a new luxury sport utility vehicle at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show and as the huge German event has begun, the new Jeep Grand Cherokee based Maserati Kubang has met the world with a look that is very distinctly all-Maserati. Read more about The Jeep-based Maserati Kubang drops at Frankfurt 2011 Ford strike possible: Contract extension with UAW likely Ford Motor Company and the United Auto Workers Union have an expiration date of September 14, 2011 for their labor contract. However, the collaborative effort may have to be extended beyond that date. Read more about Ford strike possible: Contract extension with UAW likely Volvo Concept You designers share behind the scenes of their craftsmanship Learning about the amazing craftsmanship that goes on behind the scenes of manufacturing the beautiful Volvo brand car can be extremely interesting. The following is a look inside the making of the Volvo Concept You. Read more about Volvo Concept You designers share behind the scenes of their craftsmanship Volvo unveils Concept You four-door coupe at the Frankfurt Auto Show Volvo has taken the wraps off the Concept You, a four-door coupe design exercise that showcases the Swedish automaker's interest in smart technology integration and a new family of four-cylinder engines. Read more about Volvo unveils Concept You four-door coupe at the Frankfurt Auto Show The Ford Fiesta ST Concept debuts at the 2011 Frankfurt show The 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show brought us our first good look at the production version of the Ford Focus ST but this morning, the world was introduced to a new high performance compact as Ford rolled out the new Fiesta ST Concept. Read more about The Ford Fiesta ST Concept debuts at the 2011 Frankfurt show Economy Ups and Downs Shift Car Buying Searches With the economy the way it has been, dragging people down, the auto industry is no stranger to the unfavorable falling market. AutoTrader.com has shown how car buying has dropped significantly because people are forced to be more frugal in their spending. Read more about Economy Ups and Downs Shift Car Buying Searches The Fisker Surf debuts at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show Fisker Automotive hasn't gotten the production version of their Karma sedan to consumers yet but as the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show opens, we have our first look at the newest model from the innovative automaker – the Fisker Surf. Read more about The Fisker Surf debuts at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show Zipcar & University of Illinois at Chicago team to bring rentable cars to campus The University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) announced today that they are forming a new partnership with Zipcar, Inc., to present a car-sharing program right on the UIC college campus. This collaboration would be extremely beneficial for Zipcar as well as for college campus students and staff. Read more about Zipcar & University of Illinois at Chicago team to bring rentable cars to campus Lamborghini confirms Sesto Elemento production in Frankfurt The first big news from Lamborghini came last evening when the company at the Frankfurt Auto Show unveiled the Gallardo LP570-4 Super Trofeo Stradale and today, company CEO Stephan Winkelmann announced that the Lamborghini Sesto Elemento will go into production with the first carbon hypercars reaching consumers in early 2013. Read more about Lamborghini confirms Sesto Elemento production in Frankfurt Opel RAK e Concept targets EV affordability at Frankfurt Motor Show Opel RAK e Concept, a lightweight EV which debuts at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show, needs 10 times less energy than a modern small car and one third the weight, making it more affordable for the masses. Read more about Opel RAK e Concept targets EV affordability at Frankfurt Motor Show

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News, Race and Diversity Viewpoints Race and Diversity on College Campuses On Friday, April 26, 2019 the Herald published an extensive 14-page section on race, diversity, and equity at Hobart and William Smith Colleges. The viewpoints examine all aspects of campus life and come from students spanning across different socioeconomic, sexual, international, religious, and educational backgrounds. We did not discriminate on any basis and were accepting new names for viewpoints up until the print deadline – in … Continue reading Race and Diversity on College Campuses The Herald April 26, 2019 April 26, 2019 Leave a comment Henry Duerr '21, News Real Food Challenged? By Henry Duerr '21 Herald Staff Food. Something so simple, yet so vital to life. Here at Hobart and William Smith Colleges, food comes through the Sodexo corporation. Sodexo is a French food service and facility management company that operates on 13,000 sites in North America alone. Founded in 1966, Sodexo states that "wherever we work, our dedication to making every day a better day … Continue reading Real Food Challenged? News, Olivia Rowland '21 New Participatory Budgeting By Olivia Rowland '21 Copy Editor & Herald Staff Have you ever wondered where exactly your tuition money goes, or wished that you had more control over how the school spends your money? One group of students is addressing these concerns by working to increase students' control over the Colleges' budget. Eva Catanzariti '20, president of William Smith Congress; Nuzhat Wahid '22, WSC vice president; and … Continue reading New Participatory Budgeting News, Reed Herter '22 EMS Keeps Campus Safe By Reed Herter '22 Herald Staff Emergency Medical Services is a Basic Life Support agency on campus made up of trained medical professionals. They are all volunteers, trained to be able to do everything EMTs in ambulances can do. They act as first responders for any medical emergencies on campus no matter how small, helping anyone who is on campus and is injured. As Chief … Continue reading EMS Keeps Campus Safe Ani Freedman '22, News WSC Provides Menstrual Products By Ani Freedman '22 Chief Photographer & Herald Staff If you've used any of the bathrooms in the library, Scandling Center, Stern Hall, or many other buildings, then you've probably noticed the containers with a bold "Aunt Flo" label and array of menstrual products free to the public. Around midway through this semester, the menstrual product pilot project was implemented after William Smith's first-year Class … Continue reading WSC Provides Menstrual Products Alex Kerai '19, News, Race and Diversity Viewpoints Context: Race and Diversity at HWS By Alex Kerai '19 Editor-in-Chief On Monday morning, April 22, 2019, spray-painted words were discovered across campus. The words noted "Make America Great Again," the campaign slogan of President Donald Trump, and included "Trump 22" and the campaign chant "Build the Wall." This was only the most recent in a string of incidents in the last few weeks on the campus of Hobart and William Smith … Continue reading Context: Race and Diversity at HWS By Valerie Cuellar '20 Diversity is always a point of reference when having conversations about inclusivity. In HWS, it is all about appearance and image. This institution brings in groups like POSSE, HEOP, and other organizations that bring in that diversity they want to showcase. Once those students are on campus, any discrimination or oppression they face gets pushed onto the back burner because of … Continue reading Viewpoint #1 By Lin Yi Wei '20 The other day, I overheard something in passing in the library. Two students, one standing and the other seated, were having a casual conversation that went a little something like this: "Why didn't you say hi to me the other day," asked the female student. "What do you mean? I did say hi," is his response. "No, you looked at … Continue reading Viewpoint #2 The Herald April 26, 2019 April 25, 2019 1 Comment This piece was written by an anonymous student who identified as: "I am a woman of color, an athlete and a non-citizen." Before writing my piece, I would like to thank the Herald for giving us this opportunity to share my thoughts on diversity on this campus. At the same time, I wonder at the strategic timing of this article in its effort to change … Continue reading Viewpoint #3 This piece was written by an anonymous William Smith junior who is heavily involved on campus. My experience as a POC on campus has been that I am not a POC on campus. Even though I am half Puerto Rican, I do not fit in with cultural clubs at HWS. I know that I have a very white lived experience – I do not speak … Continue reading Viewpoint #4 By Shaamar Samuel '19 Fall, 2016 at Hobart and William Smith. Yik Yak. An anonymous mobile app. I remember it being a Wednesday or Thursday night in the fall of my very first semester of my freshman year. I was sitting in the second floor common room of Sherill Hall scrolling on my phone and hearing lots of gossiping and loud chattering echoing from down … Continue reading Viewpoint #5 This piece was written by a William Smith student. Being a student of color at HWS feels like being a speck of dirt on a blank, white canvas: unwanted, undesirable, outcasted, the list goes on. It's apparent that this institution, as well as many other collegiate environments, never intended to accommodate for students of color. The systematic disadvantages translate to the social dynamics surrounding diversity … Continue reading Viewpoint #6 By Hamdan Ahmed '20 3 years ago, when I came to HWS, I was the only international student from Pakistan along with a couple other Pakistani-Americans. In 17 years of my life, I was never discriminated against because of my color and, since it was just my second time in the States, I was very new to racism. I did not even know what a … Continue reading Viewpoint #7 By Donovan Hayden '19 This piece was conducted as an in-person interview with a single question asked: "What has been your experience at HWS as a person of color?" The student's response was transcribed and approved by the interviewee prior to publication. In terms of my experience as a black person on campus, it's been through a lot of changes throughout my four years. In … Continue reading Viewpoint #8 Written by a student under the label of "good minority", "minority", "diversity factor to the power of 100", "person called by the name of the two other people on campus that happen to be the same race" and/or a female student of William Smith college that entered her first year recently. Plural monoculturalism. Were it not for attempt at education in the field of comparative … Continue reading Viewpoint #9 Viewpoint #10 The following piece was submitting by a first generation woman of color at HWS. Your commentary on how you think black people are inherently inferior, loud, and ghetto, and how black people should be nicer to the police if they don't want to get shot all the time don't really have a place in my college experience. Now, don't get scared away too quickly. When … Continue reading Viewpoint #10 A student at Hobart and William Smith Colleges. As a first year William Smith student of South Asian background, the sheer whiteness on campus was a shock to me. Think about your reaction of ordering a chocolate cake with rainbow icing and instead receiving a vanilla cake with vanilla icing. Exactly. The truth is that if you are not an athlete or white on this … Continue reading Viewpoint #11 "I am an active person of color on campus." I stand at the lonely intersections of different worlds. I can never fully be a member of either one. I am a traveler, one with no home or community to return to. I do not know where to go so I keep moving forward and adapting to whatever place I find myself in. Fitting in means … Continue reading Viewpoint #12 By Carolin Martinez Diaz '19 This piece was conducted as an in-person interview with a single question asked: "What has been your experience at HWS as a person of color and international student?" The student response was transcribed and approved by the interviewee prior to publication. I think my experience as a Dominican Latina immigrant, those are my identities, the main ones, I think that … Continue reading Viewpoint #13 This piece was written by a current student at Hobart and William Smith Colleges. Coming from a diverse place, much of what HWS has introduced to me is outside of the bubble that I called home. It never occurred to me of my position as a person of color on campus until my first few months at the colleges. When I first came to Hobart and … Continue reading Viewpoint #14 By Nhung Nguyen Recently, the first ever image of a black hole was released. Prior to this, scientists have been able to visualise stars, moons, planets, solar systems, galaxies, and more. This achievement marked a milestone in scientific advancement and general understanding of our universe. The imaged black hole was at the center of another galaxy, 53.49 million light-years from our own. With this image, … Continue reading Viewpoint #15 By Pamela Icyeza '19 This piece was conducted as an in-person interview with a single question asked: "What has been your experience at HWS as a person of color and international student?" The student's response was transcribed and approved by the interviewee prior to publication. My experience as a student of color here has been overall positive. I have had the pleasure of being deeply … Continue reading Viewpoint #16 "I am a person of color and a first-generation college student." This piece is written from all of the conversations I've had on campus and speaking for some others who may not have the energy to speak up. As people of color on campus, we feel isolated and alone most of the time. We are an accessory to the white student's experience, to supplement their … Continue reading Viewpoint #17 This piece was written by a sophomore in Hobart and William Smith Colleges. Being a person of color on this campus makes me automatically stand out in comparison to my white peers, no doubt about that. But what makes my position even more unique is that I don't fall under the racial binary of black or white. Falling into the middle spectrum, my own racial … Continue reading Viewpoint #18 Written by a student under the label of "good minority", "minority", "diversity factor to the power of 100", "person called by the name of the two other people on campus that happen to be the same race" and/or a female student of William Smith college that entered her first year recently. To me, the shifting skies were always a turncoat- for the purples and blues … Continue reading Viewpoint #19 By Daniel Pedemonte '20 Currently I'm a third year Economics major at Hobart and William Smith Colleges. When I first think of diversity at HWS I think of the illusion the colleges try to portray. As a Posse Scholar I had a vague idea of what I was coming to. Before stepping foot on campus Posse Scholars undergo a "Pre-Collegiate Training" program where they begin … Continue reading Viewpoint #20 "I am someone who values the opinions of others and believe in having a voice." This piece was conducted as an in-person interview with a single question asked: "What has been your experience at HWS as a person of color?" The student's response was transcribed and approved by the interviewee prior to publication. As an international student I feel like we don't have enough support … Continue reading Viewpoint #21 "I am a rising junior at HWS. Although I was raised in a predominantly white state, I attended schools where a majority to all of my friends and colleagues were people of color. I am passionate about social change and believe in the power of allyship. I understand that it is impossible to entirely destroy the barriers constructed by socialization and experiences; however, I do believe that others … Continue reading Viewpoint #22 Written on the behalf of a student on her lived experiences and shared perspectives. Peeling yellow paint decorated the top half of the house, mismatching the ill-chosen brick brown paint of its bottom half. The hallow halls lined with cracking wall paper and lively insects gave way to ill-fit utilities and molding furniture. The sounds of laughter and conversation are weighed down by the penetrating … Continue reading Viewpoint #23 By Stacy A. Maceda '19 In my perspective piece as a student of color I want to attach the email I sent out to administration when there was vandalism found on campus on April 22nd ,2019. This email is exemplary of what a student of color must face every time they don't know where to turn for answers when an incident like this happens. … Continue reading Viewpoint #24 A Note on the Issue This issue of the Herald contains 24 viewpoints written by current students at Hobart and William Smith Colleges who identify as people of color. This process began on April 8, 2019 when the Herald began reaching out to students. Emails were sent based on student involvement and recommendations by faculty, staff, and other students. (We recognize that these research methods do not include every student … Continue reading A Note on the Issue News, Ryan Skinner '19 New Student Center Proposed By Ryan Skinner '19 Herald Staff Bartlett Theatre, built in 1900 as an integral part of Coxe Hall, may see new life next semester as Hobart Student Trustee Albright Dwarka makes plans to create a student center. Dwarka, who was elected in March on a platform that included a promise to create a new student center in Bartlett Theatre, confirmed that this initiative is underway. … Continue reading New Student Center Proposed News, Tayah Payne '22 Muslim Prayer Space By Tayah Payne '22 Herald Staff The Herald recently had a conversation with Sarim Karim '22 about the current accommodations for Muslim prayer on campus. Sarim is a student from Pakistan hoping to study international relations and economics, and is also a member of both the South Asian Student Association (SASA) and the debate team. He and the South Asian Student Association are working together … Continue reading Muslim Prayer Space Student Art Exhibit Begins The Student Art and Architecture Exhibit begins on Friday, April 26th at Houghton House and around the Arts Campus. The gallery celebrates the work of student artists on campus and includes "Visual invention in color and in black and white, in silkscreens and in photographs, in charcoal and in paint, in sculpture and digital media from students in studio classes," according to the press release. … Continue reading Student Art Exhibit Begins News, Yellie LaBare '19 Earth Week Wrap-Up By Yellie LaBare '19 Special to the Herald Our annual Earth Week celebration is in full swing! Led by the EcoReps and Campus Greens, it is a weeklong celebration of our planet. This year, the week kicked off with Earth Day on Monday, April 22, which featured more Saga options for Meatless Monday as well as the planting of new grape vines in the campus garden. … Continue reading Earth Week Wrap-Up Remembering Rachel McKay '18 Army Sergeant Rachel Reve McKay '18 passed away unexpectedly at the United States Army's Fort Gordon in Augusta, Georgia on April 8. The death is under investigation and no immediate cause of death was provided. Rachel was twenty-three years old. McKay graduated from Marblehead High School, in Marblehead, Massachusetts, prior to attending William Smith in the fall of 2014. She graduated from William Smith last … Continue reading Remembering Rachel McKay '18 Michael Amadori on HWS Sustainability Initiatives On this episode of The Seneca Scene, we welcome Michael Amadori, the Sustainability Manager at HWS. Michael is on the Climate Task force and is the advisor and coordinator for the EcoReps program on campus. Michael has created and led many programs and events involving sustainability and is coordinating the earth week events. Listen to the full episode below and be sure to subscribe to The … Continue reading Michael Amadori on HWS Sustainability Initiatives Mark Gearan on Politics, the Media, and Getting Involved On this episode of The Seneca Scene, we welcome another special guest back to campus…over the phone.​ President Emeritus Mark D. Gearan currently the Director of the Harvard Institute of Politics and was formerly the President of Hobart and William Smith for 18 years. With the release of Robert Mueller's impending, we chatted last week, on Friday, about the role of media in this changing … Continue reading Mark Gearan on Politics, the Media, and Getting Involved Professor Tom Drennen on Entrepreneurship and Climate Change On this episode of The Seneca Scene, we welcome Professor Tom Drennen. Professor Drennen is a member of the Economics department and serves as the chair of Environmental Studies as well as Entrepreneurial Studies. He has helped launch and fosters several sustainability initiatives here at the colleges. Professor Drennen gives insight into sustainability as well as his views on climate change and entrepreneurship.​ Listen to … Continue reading Professor Tom Drennen on Entrepreneurship and Climate Change Grace Ruble '21, News This Land Is Not Your Land By Grace Ruble '21 News Editor Hobart and William Smith Colleges value history. Students waiting in line to matriculate are quizzed by the Orientation Team on fun facts like the founding dates of each college. Every admissions tour involves a stop at the Elizabeth Blackwell statue, and anyone who's taken a Women's Studies class knows how close we are to historic Seneca Falls. However, there's … Continue reading This Land Is Not Your Land The Herald April 5, 2019 April 5, 2019 Leave a comment Nicola Russell '19, Opinions Arts Campus Has Real Issues By Niki Russell '19 Herald Contributor The arts campus seems like a faraway, mystical place to many students here at HWS, but for 21 percent of the student population it is a very real part of each week. Anyone who has taken a class there knows that it is not at all mystical and, indeed, very far away. The campus consist of three buildings: Houghton … Continue reading Arts Campus Has Real Issues New Academic Day Schedule By Ani Freedman '22 Photography Editor & Herald Staff As students approach fall 2019 registration time, panic begins to set in — concerns arise about what classes to take next semester, fulfilling majors and minors, and whether or not students will get into the classes they want or need. With this sense of uncertainty comes the newfound uncertainty of the new academic day schedule that … Continue reading New Academic Day Schedule Feminist Activism on Campus By Olivia Rowland '21 Copy Editor Anonymous social media accounts are commonplace at schools, and HWS is no exception. While most of these accounts are primarily focused on entertainment, there is one anonymous Instagram account at HWS with a more serious purpose: @bossbitchtheory, which has been posting about feminist theory and feminist issues on campus since the fall of 2017. The Herald met with the … Continue reading Feminist Activism on Campus AE, Wren Andrews '21 Geneva Music Scene: Shrimps By Wren Andrews '21 Arts & Entertainment Editor Welcome back to the Geneva Music Series – a column focused on illuminating the musical venues, artists, histories, and opportunities across Geneva, both on and off campus. This issue, we interviewed Brady Leo, one of two members of the local band Shrimps. Shrimps has been a prominent part of the Geneva music scene over the years, playing … Continue reading Geneva Music Scene: Shrimps Elise Donovan '22, News New Junior Student Trustees By Elise Donovan '22 Herald Staff After a close runoff election, it was decided that Hobart student Albright Dwarka '21 and William Smith student Audrey Platt '21 would be the newest student additions to the Hobart and William Smith Colleges Board of Trustees. The Student Trustee position consists of aiding the Board of Trustees in decision making and voting and acting as a student voice … Continue reading New Junior Student Trustees The Herald April 5, 2019 April 25, 2019 Leave a comment Barnes and Noble Moves In By Ryan Skinner '19 Herald Staff It is official: the College Store will be closed as early as June 1 and replaced with Barnes and Noble College. BNC, which operates hundreds of campus bookstores nationwide, is tasked with renovating the HWS store and updating its website, as well as managing merchandising and day-to-day affairs. Interim President McGuire maintains that the Colleges' partnership with Barnes and … Continue reading Barnes and Noble Moves In Search for New Chaplain Nears End By Ryan Skinner '19 Herald Staff The search for a new chaplain and dean of Spiritual Engagement has been in full swing in the months since Chaplain Maurice Charles left his position to be with his partner, Cliff Chan, who accepted a position at Emory University. Professor Nan Crystal Arens, who co-chairs the search committee with Julianne Miller, director of the Abbe Center for Jewish … Continue reading Search for New Chaplain Nears End AE, Will Fuller '22 "Fraternal Forever" By Will Fuller '22 Herald Staff ** This article was updated on April 5, 2019 following performances of Fraternal Forever and the April 5 issue of the Herald. ** March 8th and 9th the Phoenix Players presented their new play, Fraternal Forever, written and directed by Donovan Hayden and produced by the Phoenix Players. Countless others worked toward creating and putting the play out to be seen … Continue reading "Fraternal Forever" AE, Grace Ruble '21 Now What: Davis Gallery Exhibit By Grace Ruble '21 News Editor The Davis Gallery's current exhibit Now What?! Advocacy, Activism and Alliances in American Architecture since 1968 is a departure from the paintings and sculptures usually on display. This gallery, which is the first architecture focused installment the Davis Gallery has hosted, is an interactive exhibit which invites visitors to fill in the gaps on a timeline of the history … Continue reading Now What: Davis Gallery Exhibit Creative Writing and Trias at HWS with Professor Melanie Hamilton On this episode of The Seneca Scene, we welcome Professor Melanie Conroy-Goldman Hamilton. Professor Hamilton has served as chair to the English department and helped create the Trias program. Talking about creative writing on campus, Professor Hamilton showcases the various outlets and resources for writers. ​ Listen to the full episode below and be sure to subscribe to The Seneca Scene on iTunes and on Spotify to … Continue reading Creative Writing and Trias at HWS with Professor Melanie Hamilton Herald Tweets

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Budd Friedman is the man behind the club that spawned modern comedy, the Improv. Budd joins Marc in the garage to go through the advent of the comedy club to the boom of the 80s and the bust afterward, with every major comedian of the past 40 years crossing Budd's path. This episode is sponsored by GoToMyPC from Citrix. Access your computer from anywhere, anytime. Click on the Try It Now button and enter WTF to start a free trial.

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Grammarsgate was a 2007 dispute within the British Conservative Party over party policy on grammar schools. Party leader David Cameron refused to support the creation of more grammar schools instead backing Labour's policy of City Academies. Conservative leader David Cameron referred to supporters of grammars as "inverse class warriors," and stated that the idea of creating more was delusional. This angered many traditional Conservative supporters for whom grammar schools were a popular policy. The Shadow Europe Minister Graham Brady resigned over disagreements on whether grammar schools boost social mobility. and the 1922 committee denounced David Cameron's policy as "absurd". See also Grammar schools debate References Education in England 2007 controversies 2007 in England Political history of England Education policy in the United Kingdom

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10 powerful philosophies from the most admired business leaders of our age. Read on to discover the essential qualities inherent in the greatest leaders of our time – those who have made an indelible mark in history and whose legacies live on, long after they may have left the company or this world. If there were a hall of fame depicting the world's best business leaders, Jack Welch would be the first name at the top. The former CEO of General Electric (GE) who held the post for 20 years not only embraced 'change'; but he also loved it. To be the best in your industry, you have to give your employees a strong incentive to get them to perform at their highest levels – consistently. At other end of the spectrum, Mr Welch believed that those that do not carry their weight should be culled from the workforce. "Lead by listening – to be a good leader you have to be a great listener," tweeted Sir Richard Branson, founder and Chairman of the Virgin Group. You would certainly do well to take Branson's advice – it has helped him amass a billion-dollar fortune from an empire comprising more than 400 companies. As the head honcho of any for profit organisation, you definitely need to keep a sharp eye on the bottom line. But the best brains in business will tell you that the best leaders are ruled by passion.

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"He will play Indian Wells and then he will see how he feels after that and whether he commits to playing in Miami. I don't think Miami is a certainty" Will Roger Federer play on the dirt this year? Federer, who cannot lose the world No 1 spot next week even if old rival Rafael Nadal triumphs in Acapulco, decided against taking up his wild card invitation to the Dubai Duty Free Tennis Championships, instead opting for to go to the Laureus Sports awards ceremony in Monte Carlo instead. The 20-time Grand Slam winner will then head to the US to begin preparation for title defences at the Masters 1000 events in Indian Wells and Miami. And with uncertainty around the fitness of Spaniard Nadal, there could be a temptation for the Swiss superstar to add to his Grand Slam tally by playing at the French Open. But Cowan expects Federer to skip the entirety of the clay-court season so that he is ready for the defence of his Wimbledon crown. I don't believe he can win both the French and Wimbledon so for me it's one or the other. "What Federer has shown is that he knows when to pick and choose what tournaments he enters because he doesn't want to overplay," said the Sky Sports analyst. "He will identify what are the most important tournaments and then say 'what do I need to do before that to be ready?'. "Indian Wells will be his number one priority more so than Miami, so he will try to do the best he can to play in the desert. "He will play Indian Wells and then he will see how he feels after that and whether he commits to playing in Miami. I don't think Miami is a certainty. "I don't think he will play on the clay. I would be shocked if he plays on the clay because why does it change from this year from last year?" Cowan remains insistent that should Federer do a major U-turn and decide to play at Roland Garros, it could jeopardise his chances of winning Wimbledon for a ninth time. "I don't believe he can win both the French and Wimbledon so for me it's one or the other," said Cowan. "The likelier chance of winning one would be Wimbledon. What would he rather win? Personally, I think he would rather win another Wimbledon title, but only Roger knows that answer. "It worked last year not playing on the clay and then playing Stuttgart and Halle before Wimbledon, so I don't see him changing that, but no one could ever argue with his schedule. He got it spot on last year apart from when he played in Toronto because that came back to bite him and he wasn't ever quite the same after that. It also cost him his chance of winning the US Open." Barry Cowan was speaking to Sky Sports' Raz Mirza. We're covering the ATP Dubai Duty Free Tennis Championships, and ATP 500 Acapulco on www.skysports.com/tennis with news, previews, live blogs, reports and expert analysis. On the move? Head to our app for mobile devices and iPad, or follow our Twitter account @SkySportsTennis to join in the conversation.

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1Centre for Endocrinology, Barts & the London School of Medicine, QMUL, London, United Kingdom; 2NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Barts & the London School of Medicine, QMUL, London, United Kingdom; 3Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts & the London NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; 4Endocrinology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; 5Endocrinology, Lister Hospital, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Stevenage, United Kingdom; 6Endocrinology, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; 7Endocrinology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; 8Oxford Centre for Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Acromegaly causes a distinct cardiomyopathy. Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) limits cardiac response to exercise and increases cardiac mortality. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is considered the gold standard for assessment of cardiac mass and provides data on function, fibrosis, valves and ischaemia. Twenty-three patients with abnormal GH levels (acromegaly, n=13; adult-onset GHD, n=10) and 23 matched controls underwent CMR. Patients had repeat CMR at 6 and 12 months after treatment. Cardiac parameters were normalised to body surface area. Patients with acromegaly demonstrated increased left ventricular (LV) mass index (LVMi) in females (P=0.0019) and males (P=0.0055). Patients had increased LV end diastolic volume index (EDVi) (P=0.0055), stroke volume index (SVi) (P=0.048), cardiac output index (CI) (P=0.020), a trend towards increased end systolic volume index (ESVi) (P=0.062) and increased right ventricular (RV) SVi (P=0.031). Patients with GHD did not have significantly different LV mass than controls but LVMi was at (males) or below (females) the lower limit of published reference ranges. Patients had reduced LVEDVi (P=0.025), RVEDVi (P=0.034) and RVSVi (P=0.045). There were no differences in heart rate or ejection fraction and no correlation between LVMi and IGF-I. At one year, IGF-I SDS had fallen in patients with acromegaly (P=0.036). In males, there was no difference in LVMi between patients and controls; females continued to demonstrate increased LVMi. There was no difference in LVEDVi and CI between patients and controls but SVi was decreased (P=0.002). At one year, IGF-I SDS had risen in patients with GHD (P=0.0032). In males, LVMi had moved from the bottom to the centre of normal range (55.4 vs. 62.9 g/m2, normal range 55.4–74.0). Female LVMi also increased. Acromegaly is associated with cardiac hypertrophy, as demonstrated by increased LV mass and volume markers, which improves with treatment. GH replacement increases cardiac mass in patients with adult-onset GHD.

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Posted on May 16, 2005 by Tom Tomorrow Before the righties claim another scalp… …it's important to note something about this Newsweek brouhaha: as SusanHu points out at Kos, the allegations they printed were most likely true — and had been previously reported elsewhere. From The Philadelphia Inquirer, Jan. 20, 2005: Lawyers allege abuse of 12 at Guantanamo By Frank Davies Inquirer Washington Bureau …Some detainees complained of religious humiliation, saying guards had defaced their copies of the Koran and, in one case, had thrown it in a toilet, said Kristine Huskey [an attorney in Philadelphia], who interviewed clients late last month. Others said that pills were hidden in their food and that people came to their cells claiming to be their attorneys, to gain information. "All have been physically abused, and, however you define the term, the treatment of these men crossed the line," [attorney Tom] Wilner said. "There was torture, make no mistake about it." … B. From the Center for Constitutional Rights, New York City, NY and linked as a footnote in a Human Rights Watch report: 72.They were never given prayer mats and initially they didn't get a Koran. When the Korans were provided, they were kicked and thrown about by the guards and on occasion thrown in the buckets used for the toilets. This kept happening. When it happened it was always said to be an accident but it was a recurrent theme. C. From the Center for Constitutional Rights, New York City, NY and linked as a footnote in a Human Rights Watch report: 74. Asif says that `it was impossible to pray because initially we did not know the direction to pray, but also given that we couldn't move and the harassment from the guards, it was simply not feasible. The behaviour of the guards towards our religious practices as well as the Koran was also, in my view, designed to cause us as much distress as possible. They would kick the Koran, throw it into the toilet and generally disrespect it. It is clear to me that the conditions in our cells and our general treatment were designed by the officers in charge of the interrogation process to "soften us up"'. D. From the Center for Constitutional Rights, New York City, NY and linked as a footnote in a Human Rights Watch report: Statement of Shafiq Rasul, Asif Iqbal and Rhuhel Ahmed, "Detention in Afghanistan and Guantanamo Bay," released publicly on August 4, 2004, para. 72, 74, available online at: http://www.ccr- ny.org/v2/reports/docs/ Gitmo=compositestatementFINAL23july04.pdf, accessed on August 19, 2004. The disrespect of the Koran by guards at Camp X-Ray was one of the factors prompting a hunger strike. Ibid., para. 111-117. This pretty much sums up what's going on here: Censorship is what they're after, and don't let them tell you otherwise. They announced this goal unmistakably at least a year ago. (Here's the classic, regret-filled formulation: "And here's a question: Freedom of the press, as it exists today (and didn't exist, really, until the 1960s) is unlikely to survive if a majority — or even a large and angry minority — of Americans comes to conclude that the press is untrustworthy and unpatriotic. How far are we from that point?") Of course, they "regret" that censorship might be necessary. It's a terrible shame and all that. But damn it, if magazines like Newsweek ARE GOING TO GET PEOPLE KILLED…well, what can we do? We obviously have to shut them up. They brought it on themselves. It's their own damned fault. Of course, we'd like to have a free press, but THEY'RE GETTING PEOPLE KILLED! And please, please don't say it can't happen here. It did happen here — during World War I and World War II. They want to go back to the good old days, when people got thrown in jail for reading the Bill of Rights in public. The more enthusiastic proponents of blogging insist that the medium can only enhance the flow of information. You know, information wants to be free, yadda yadda yadda. (If I had a nickel for every time I heard Arianna Huffington using the word "conversation" in some interview last week — well, I would have enough nickels to buy a candy bar or two from a vending machine, at the very least.) Unfortunately it cuts both ways — blogs are equally efficient at shutting down and discrediting inconvenient facts through sheer repetition of — not to put too fine a point on it — complete bullshit. The rightie blogs seem to have formed their own little volunteer Civil Information Defense, vigilantly monitoring all media for possible acts of sedition. Media outlets need to get smart about this stuff and quick, and stop caving in so easily to these morons — because they're really not going to like the storyline that develops if they don't. Previous PostPrevious Change in the weather Next PostNext The Dark Side

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Dentistry is a field with a very high level of competition. Patients is what dentists need to succeed in their business. A dental website marketing campaign is what you need to be effective in getting patients to your dental office. Although it is important that your dental practice has the latest tools and procedures, it is more important that you are aware of your patients needs and behavior. If people need products and services today, they usually turn to the internet for information. Using the internet to increase you patient base is the only way to do it and it is through improving your online presence. You can us several strategies in your dental website marketing that can promote your brand in the online world You should use dental website marketing whether you are starting a practice or you need a boost In your business. You dental marketing campaign should show why a client must choose your over your competitor. This is why your dental website must contain specific procedures you specialize in, the modern tools you have, and the positive features of your clinic and staff. Here are some tips at https://www.creativedgemarketing.com that can help you in your website marketing campaign success. You first need to optimize your website. Websites that land on the first page of search engine results pages are able to improve on their online presence. If you need help with SEO, you can find a good SEO company to help you achieve this. A professional dental website design can help you optimize your website. Design, navigation options, and keyword optimized content are to be used in this website strategy. Know more about marketing at http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-1242107. You need to constantly update your website because good results do not happen overnight. It is important to have constant communication with customers because this will help your dental business be successful. News, special offers, and new services can be posted for your customers consumption. Then, visitors will see your commitment in providing the best services for your clients. The thing to remember is that you are trying to transform website visitors into clients. if you create a very good dental website design, this is not enough since clients will look deeper into your qualifications and services. You must create an impression that you are reliable and compassionate to their needs. Read more at this website! It is beneficial to have a corner for your visitors to commend or put feedback about your practice. This will let you know how your customers feel about your service. It will be good for your business if patients point out positive features and also the areas where your business can improve. You can ask satisfied patients to refer you to their family and friends by giving them special referral discounts for every new client they bring in.

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Consider the private, financial, and practical aspects of beginning a new enterprise. Starting a small enterprise does not must require some huge cash, but it should contain some initial investment in addition to the power to cowl ongoing bills before you're turning a profit. There's a bounty of sources out there to help entrepreneurs like you get began. Operating a small enterprise is not just about working for yourself or working from house, it is also about having the mandatory management abilities, industry expertise, technical expertise, finance and of course an extended-term imaginative and prescient to develop and succeed. You need realistic estimates of future income and costs to work out when you'll be in revenue. Contents insurance coverage – This covers the substitute of inventory and supplies, and is required even when you're working from dwelling and already have a house contents insurance coverage coverage. Specifically the course will give you 5 benefits or outcomes. Assist for Navy Veteran and Minority-Owned Businesses. Federal Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and state rules require that businesses be open to all. Its objective is to help you suppose through the method of small business ownership by asking some of the questions it's worthwhile to deal with as you create your small business. What it's good to know that can assist you get into enterprise in Queensland. When starting a business, chances are you'll resolve to hire some help. It's price creating personas — fictionalised profiles of the people you most wish to promote to — as you form up your concept.

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Kennedy & Oswald: The Big Picture Copyright © 2017 Judyth Vary Baker and Edward Schwartz Published by: Trine Day LLC PO Box 577 Walterville, OR 97489 1-800-556-2012 www.TrineDay.com trineday@Icloud.com Library of Congress Control Number: 2017953908 Baker , Judyth Vary and Schwartz , Edward –1st ed. p. cm. Epub (ISBN-13) 978-1-63424-097-0 Mobi (ISBN-13) 978-1-63424-098-7 Print (ISBN-13) 978-1-63424-096-3 1. Kennedy, John F. -- (John Fitzgerald), -- 1917-1963 -- Assassination. 2. Kennedy, John F. -- (John Fitzgerald), -- 1917-1963. 3. Oswald, Lee Harvey, -- 1939-1963. 4. United States -- Politics and government -- History. 5. Conspiracies -- United States. 6. Baker, Judyth Vary. I. Baker , Judyth Vary and Schwartz , Edward. II. Title First Edition 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Printed in the USA Distribution to the Trade by: Independent Publishers Group (IPG) 814 North Franklin Street Chicago, Illinois 60610 312.337.0747 www.ipgbook.com Murder most foul, as in the best it is, But this most foul, strange, and unnatural. – William Shakespeare _The Tragedy of Hamlet Prince of Denmark _ Act I, Scene V DEDICATION To Lee Harvey Oswald For the heroic sacrifices he made in his efforts to save President Kennedy's life at least three times, then making the ultimate sacrifice – giving his life – in one final attempt to save Kennedy. "To Lee Harvey Oswald, my dearest friend, who gave his life for President John F. Kennedy, and to his family, who need to know that their husband and father was a brave, good man, a patriot, and a true American hero of whom they can be proud." Judyth Vary Baker's dedication in her book, Me & Lee: How I came to know, love and lose Lee Harvey Oswald, Trine Day (2010). ## Acknowledgments With special thanks to: researchers, witnesses and members of the JFK Historical Group; over 100 witnesses, authors, experts and researchers who presented their arguments and evidence to the annual JFK Assassination Conferences of 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016; over 75 witnesses, authors, experts and researchers who presented their arguments and evidence to the Symposia of 2012, 2013, 2014, and to the 1st and 2nd Oswald Conferences in New Orleans; TrineDay books; our conference sponsors; witnesses who dared post at our JFK Dallas Conference websites and on Facebook pages for inspection, debate and verification; assistants at the National Archives who went beyond the call of duty (when they learned that some records had been altered, they provided personal stampings and their initials to authenticate some of these key documents that had been altered online); to the great researchers, journalists and brave witnesses of the past, living and dead, whose work and testimonies preserved and protected the truth for future generations; and to the many friends, family and supporters whose faithful help at every level made this book possible, please accept our profound and eternal gratitude. **Special Acknowledgments** We add our deep appreciation to former CIA officer Donald Deneselya and researcher-activist Paul Kuntzler, who provided us with valuable information and insights. Over a period of decades, beginning in the 1970s, Donald Deneselya revealed valuable information that he alone had access to, exposing the truth to authors and investigators. He testified at the Church Committee, the Schweiker Sub-Committee and the House Select Committee on Assassinations. The authors are pleased to also acknowledge the considerable contribution from Kris Millegan, publisher of Trine Day. Kris allowed us to use important sections from co-author Judyth Vary Baker's book, Me & Lee. Table of Contents cover Title-page Copyright page Epigraph Dedication Acknowledgments Author quotes Meet Donald Deneselya Background: the CIA and Dr. Alton Ochsner Meet Judyth Vary Baker Science, cancer research, and Athletics "Ask the Question. Ask the Question!" The End of the Project Why we were there: David Ferrie, The Insider Four Friends Some of Judyth's Witnesses Meet Edward Schwartz, Co-Author Paul Kuntzler's Ad Paul Kuntzler, Don Deneselya, Edward Schwartz Preface Why You Should Care: Why "Conspiracy" Is a Bad Word The New World Order and End-of-World Fears Two Cases of Corruption, Deceit & Conspiracy Case Study #2 "From an Office Building with a High-Powered Rifle" The Origin of The Second Wallet Tampering of a Personnel File The Morphing of the CIA The U-2 Incident Sources of the U-2 Information Edward Schwartz and Judyth Vary Baker Other Important Books Restoring the American Dream Learning About the Real Lee Harvey Oswald Chapter 25: Countdown Saturday, November 16, 1963 Sunday, November 17, 1963 Killing Kennedy to Destroy America Killing JFK's Policies Changing the System The Lies That Changed Our World Part I – Yesterday's Links To Today's Evils The Military – Industrial Complex, Big Business, and Globalism Why "The Big Picture" Is Full of Holes Operation Mockingbird and "Fake News" Labels That Kill Why we should care: Using "Conspiracy Theory" to "Cover-Up" Document 1035-960 Dead Witnesses Don't Talk "The Four Amigos" and the City of Dallas Farris Rookstool: Damage Control Expert Unsubstantiated! CIA-betrayed: The Case of Edwin Wilson "The Four Amigos" Our Favorite Families (Not) The Warren Commission's Mission The Commission's Conflicts of Interest Playing Hide-and-Seek with the Evidence Hoover Cooperated in the Cover-Up The Secrets of Jekyll Island Executive Order No. 11110: An Example of Kennedy's Courage The Council on Foreign Relations: Strengthening the Oligarchy The Bretton Woods Conference The OSS and the Central Intelligence Agency Dec. 22, 1963: A Former President Warns the Nation About the CIA Kennedy vs the CIA, the Military and the State Department: the Cuban Missile Crisis When a Dollar Was Gold Big Government Is Big Business The Panama Papers: Deja Vu Get Used to the Word "Oligarchy" The Military-Industrial Complex and Government Corruption The Gold Standard and the Economy FDR, JFK and LBJ on the Road to Globalization 1945: An Important Year on the Road to Globalization Operation Paperclip The Korean War The Amazing Insight of JFK Bilder-what? The Bilderbergs The American Oligarchy and American Voters The U.S. "Defense" Budget and Our Warrior Mentality To Control the Nation, Our Official History Must Be Controlled Erasing Kennedy's Heroism from History Another Witness Exposes the Greatness of JFK The North American Leaders' Summit of 2005 College, Jobs and Mobility: Crushing the American Dream Trump, the TPP Partnership Deal, and Death Threats JFK and the Vietnam War NSAM #52 McGeorge Bundy and the Sabotage of NSAM #263 "The DRAFT" How, When and Why the Vietnam War Began The Saigon Military Mission and the Death of Millions False Flag: To Kill a Prince Why Vietnam Was Chosen for War Karma and the United States "Kill the Insurgents and Communists!" Enter President Kennedy The Hueys, the Vietnam War, and Dallas The Dulles Connection to Dallas The Sacrifice That Changed History The McNamara-Taylor Tour and Report The Diem Coup The Mythmakers Exposed Dispelling the Myths The History Channel Exposed "He Was Just Stupid" "All's Fair in Love and War" The CIA Forged Classified Files in 1972 Twisting the Truth About Kennedy's Role in the Vietnam War The Cuban Study Group and Acts of Treason War Profits and Texas Presidents Krulak's Saga False Flag: The Gulf of Tonkin Incident The First "Attack" Vietnam and Globalism The Vatican Connection to the Vietnam War Pope Pius XII Pope John XXIII Pope Paul VI Part II – Power Corrupts A Lust for Power, and the Consequences The Fear Factor and the Domino Theory Fake News and the Media Foreknowledge of the Assassination, and Other Secrets Pre-Planned: "Oswald the Only Assassin" The "Brainwashing" Effect of False Reports Should We Link the WTC to the Assassination? The Trade Mart and Permindex Evidence Hidden/Destroyed/Lost and Sealed Dr. Crenshaw's description of JFK's exit wound. Jim Garrison, Clay Shaw and His Banana Buddies JFK: Invited to Speak at the Trade Mart The Painful Truth Because They Hated Him The CIA, Opium, United Fruit and LHO The United Fruit Octopus Who Dare Call It Treason? The "Paineful" Deception Michael the Enabler "Helpful" Ruth Paine and her CIA Family The Money Order, the Blanket and the Cameras The Money Order The Clean Blanket The Camera Applying Common Sense Tracy Barnes' Role in the JFK Assassination Robert Morrow: Attempts to "Solve the Case" Misinformation About "Harvey" and "Lee" Robert Morrow's Story: Part True, Part False, CIA Slips off the Hook Morrow's Account Examined, Continued: A Different Storm Drain Story QJ/WIN Kenny O'Donnel and Dave Powers: "For the good of the country" The Kill Shot The Info-Prostitutes October, 1963: the CIA Gains Strength Oswald, the Fake Defector, and the U-2 Lee Oswald's Problems as a Fake Defector Lee & Marina Fall into the Hands of the Paines Marina was "Cruelly Isolated" The CIA Out of Control Part III – Oswald's Innocence Setting Up the Patsy – The Paines More About Ruth and Michael Paine Lee Oswald Thought Judyth Was CIA The Reily Cover Jobs Pix of the Paines: The "Front Yard" Photos The Photo in Marina's Shoe The Secret Service Takes Over Did Lee Give His Brother the Imperial Reflex? The Dallas Police Visit Irving Reconstructing Two Rolls of Film The Ever-Helpful Mr. Paine The Ever-Helpful Mrs. Paine Lee, the "Wife Beater" Lee Oswald's Last Job Ruth's Lack of True Concern for Marina The Big Picture: The Plots Come Together "The Handlers" Handle Lee Oswald's Requests for a Lawyer The Call That Killed Grover Proctor and the Raleigh Call Mind Kontrol, Fake Churches and the Occult E. Howard Hunt Bullets, Bullets, Everywhere... The South Knoll Storm Drains and Other Enigmas Convenient Lies Who Saw the Kill? Witnesses Ignored by the Warren Commission "The Men Who Killed Kennedy" LBJ Usurps the White House Lyndon Johnson's Conduct as President Nixon Forgets Where He Was on Nov 22: An Example of Cover-Up Nixon's Lies: A Lesson in Cover-up Nixon's Lies Reveal How Cover-Ups Work Hess' Biggest Blunder Presidential Puppetry Outrageous Lies Ignored and Censorship Conducted by the Media What Nixon Knew Destroyed Him The "Bay of Pigs Thing" A Final Look at the Big Picture Winning the War for Justice Appendices Mrs. Mahlon Tobias, George Bouhe and Jack Ruby Interesting Facts Mary Ferrell, David Ferrie, Harrison Livingstone, and the Occult Controlling Dallas: Mary Ferrell as "Dragon Lady" and "Angel" Lee Harvey Oswald Was Denied a Lawyer Before The Judge If not James Files, or in addition to James Files, we have CIA's William Harvey running "a stable of French assassins..." : Tracking down the assassin Heroin, Vietnam and Dallas The CIA drug trade Trolls and Entrapment Websites Index Edward Schwartz: "Without Judyth's intimate knowledge about Lee Oswald presented in this book, an important part of Oswald's story would have been lost to the historical record. This book also includes information from new witnesses who have stepped forth in her support. With Kennedy & Oswald, Kris has enabled the world to better understand what happened to our beloved United States of America after the deaths of Kennedy and Oswald – two true American heroes." Judyth Vary Baker: "Oswald a hero? Don't throw the book down. Read on!" ## Meet Donald Deneselya Donald Deneselya asking a question at a Paul Kuntzler JFK Assassination lecture. In November 1962, Don Deneselya was promoted from the Foreign Documents Division, Soviet Branch, to James Jesus Angleton's Counterintelligence Clandestine Services. Angleton controlled the fates of many CIA operatives. In 2010, Don began informing the authors about the CIA's past super-secretive component within the Agency, known to a very few insiders as the Domestic Operations Base (DOB). Donald Deneselya was one of those insiders. The DOB was a Covert Action Division, located in Alexandria, VA, approximately a one hour drive from the official CIA headquarters in Langley, VA. Another important, less secretive CIA component, the Domestic Operations Division (DOD), facetiously known as the "Dirty Tricks Division," was founded in 1962 by Tracy Barnes. Perry Crookham was the Chief of the DOB. He had come to the CIA from the U.S. Marines. Crookham remained in charge of the DOB until early to mid-1963, when he was replaced by Tracy Barnes. Barnes then remained in control of the DOD as well. The Chief of the DOB oversaw all of the CIA's corporate assets such as INTERARMCO, a global armaments distribution company, Air America, a global illegal drug distribution company, and Zapata Offshore, the oil company associated with George H. W. Bush. Perry Crookham's deputy at the DOB, until Tracy Barnes took over, was William "Rip" Robertson. According to Deneselya, Barnes coordinated CIA-ordered assassinations on behalf of Richard Helms and Allen Dulles, and Robertson was involved. Robertson's name is known among Kennedy assassination researchers, whereas Perry Crookham's existence remained hidden from history, unknown outside the CIA, until Donald Deneselya revealed his name and who he was to the authors. You will be hard-pressed to find mention of Crookham in any other book. In 1975, Donald Deneselya told Senator Richard Schweiker some astonishing news about Lee Harvey Oswald: Oswald was CIA and had been debriefed. Deneselya said the debriefing by the CIA's Alden ("Andy") Anderson occurred upon Oswald's return to the United States from the Soviet Union in June 1962.1 Senator Schweiker chaired the Kennedy assassination portion of the Church Committee's investigation of the CIA in the mid-1970s. Donald Deneselya told us he was interviewed by the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA), 1978-1979. The committee was unable to locate Oswald's debriefing report where it should have been filed, in the Industrial Registry Branch. In 1979, the HSCA concluded that there was no evidence that Oswald had ever been contacted by the CIA. In 1993, CIA historian John Newman, working under contract for the PBS TV Frontline production, "Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald?" came across a newly-declassified CIA document with handwriting on it that read: "Anderson OO on Oswald." In CIA jargon, OO is the symbol used for overt operations. The Oswald debriefing report should have been open, not a secret report. However, in reality, it was a secret report. Donald Deneselya was then brought in to respond to questions from Frontline, appearing on TV in shadow. Before his transfer to Angleton's Clandestine Services in November 1962, Deneselya had worked as a Russian translator in the Soviet (SR) branch of the Foreign Documents Division. Months after Oswald's return to the United States, Don found Oswald's debriefing report on his desk (Oswald's name was not on it). The report merely stated that "a Marine defector who worked in the Minsk Radio Plant was returning with his family." There was nothing secretive about the Minsk Radio Plant, Don says. The CIA knew that no military electronics or weapons were produced there. The plant was a factory where workers manufactured radios and TVs for the Russian civilian population. The fact that Oswald's name was missing from his debriefing report was extremely unusual. According to Don, the CIA didn't want the public to ever find out that Oswald was sent to Russia to give the Russians secret information to enable them to shoot down a U-2 aircraft, and that was the real reason why his name was not on his debriefing report. Less than three weeks after the assassination, on December 10, 1963, Deneselya realized that the missing name on that 1962 debriefing report was Lee Harvey Oswald, and that Oswald had not killed President Kennedy. Don told us how he came to know those facts. Deneselya, as did other CIA employees who were aware of Oswald's debriefing report, assumed that it had been turned over to the Warren Commission, which had been charged by President Johnson to investigate the murder of his predecessor. But it had not. Essentially, Oswald was a spy in the service of spymaster Angleton, just as his lover, Judyth Vary Baker, had stated in 1999.2 * * * 1 1. Researcher Joan Mellen contends that Anderson was a female. Without going into a deep discussion as to why we tend to disagree, we focus on the fact revealed by Deneselya that Oswald was debriefed. Note that former CIA Deputy Dir. Helms told Frontline, while being filmed for TV in 1992, that Deneselya was mistaken: the CIA had not debriefed Oswald. CIA historian Newman then reminded Helms that denying Oswald was debrief after such a stay in the USSR looked more suspicious than if he had admitted it. At that, Helms asked to be re-filmed, to state that Oswald had been debriefed, in front of Deneselya, Newman and the film crew. His request was denied. 2 2. Judyth Vary Baker. _Me & Lee: How I came to know, love and lose __Lee Harvey Oswald_. Walterville, OR: Trine Day, 2010. 218. Ask yourself, "Why was Dr. Alton Ochsner, who hated JFK, put in charge of President Kennedy's 1962 visit to New Orleans?" ## Background: the CIA and Dr. Alton Ochsner To understand how Judyth Baker came to know Oswald, we need to know about a man who was involved with Kennedy's enemies, although, until Judyth spoke out, his connections remained unexposed. This man was the famed oncologist and heart surgeon, Dr. Alton Ochsner, the founder of Ochsner Clinic. His entanglement with the military, the OSS and CIA, the ultra-rich and the Mafia may have gained its first significance through his friendship with Gen. Claire Chennault, famed for his "Flying Tigers" airborne fighting team. After WWII, Chennault founded the Civil Air Transport system, often used by the CIA in operations related to China. In 1950, the CIA bought Chennaut's CAT fleet to use for covert purposes.1 According to Robert Sam Anson in his 1975 Bantam book They've Killed the President!, Air America (formerly CAT) was CIA owned and operated, transporting heroin from Indochina to America during the early1960s and beyond. The heroin was processed by the Corsican Mafia and distributed by the American Mafia. The Kennedy brothers were notorious opponents of the American Mafia and were on the verge of eliminating their organization when President Kennedy was murdered. Chennault was so close to Ochsner that he died in Ochsner's clinic (of lung cancer from smoking). By the time JFK was in office, Anson tells us, "The Indochina [narcotics] connection was coming undone...." And continues, "The question was whether organized crime could survive another five years of the brothers Kennedy."2 Dr. Ochsner's connections to CIA black ops was not limited to Chennault, nor to his ongoing friendship with Chennault's Asian wife, Anna Chen Chennault (Chen Xiangmei), who would play a historic role in the Vietnam War after consulting with Ochsner about how to help Nixon break up a peace summit that LBJ had sponsored. In a December 2016 article in the New York Times facts emerged that Nixon put Anna to work for him to destroy the summit: Nixon insisted that he had not sabotaged Johnson's 1968 peace initiative to bring the war in Vietnam to an early conclusion. "My God. I would never do anything to encourage" South Vietnam "not to come to the table," Nixon told Johnson, in a conversation captured on the White House taping system. We now know Nixon lied. A new-found cache of notes left by H. R. Haldeman, his closest aide, shows that Nixon directed his campaign's efforts to scuttle the peace talks, which he feared could give his opponent, Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey, an edge in the 1968 election. On Oct. 22, 1968, he ordered Haldeman to "monkey wrench" the initiative. "! "Keep Anna Chennault working on" South Vietnam, Haldeman scrawled, recording Nixon's orders. "Any other way to monkey wrench it? Anything RN can do." Ochsner, a former president of the American Cancer Society, was also the close friend of U.S. Secret Ops OSS Founder and CIA creator "Wild Bill" Donovan. The two men held lifelong posts in the American Cancer Society. Donovan was also treated for cancer in Ochsner's clinic, later to die at Walter Reed. Ochsner had a recent clearance for "sensitive work" with the CIA3 when Judyth first met him at the Watson Clinic gala in Florida. His decades-long friendship and partnerships with CIA asset Clay Shaw, who New Orleans D.A. Jim Garrison had arrested as an accomplice to Kennedy's assassination, and Ochsner's near-fanatic anti-communist organization INCA, which distributed CIA-approved radio propaganda throughout Latin America, was only the tip of the iceberg of the good doctor's CIA-related activities. * * * 1 1. <http://www.utdallas.edu/library/specialcollections/hac/cataam/> retrieved Aug. 21, 2016. 2 2. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/31/opinion/sunday/nixons-vietnam-treachery.htmlDavid E. Scheim. Contract on America. New York: Shapolsky Publishers, 1988. 51. 3 3. Secret records released in July, 2017 show Ochsner had a personal contact with the CIA on Jan. 8, 1962, and that Oschner Clinic's last direct contact with the CIA was Nov. 8, 1963, only two weeks before Kennedy's murder. ## Meet Judyth Vary Baker Judyth Vary Baker, author of Me & Lee, and David Ferrie: Mafia Pilot, reveals fascinating new information in this book to support her story that she was Oswald's girlfriend and that Oswald did not shoot President Kennedy. To review some of the key points in Me & Lee, we begin with Judyth, born in South Bend, Indiana, who at age 14 became determined to find a cure for cancer. She says in Me & Lee, "My beloved grandmother, my mother's mother, was dying from breast cancer. It instilled in me a deep hatred of cancer."1 ### Science, cancer research, and Athletics Judyth, working with doctors trained at Oak Ridge under the eye of the CIA, and aided by military contacts, induced lung cancer in mice in only seven days, using sophisticated carcinogens derived from cigarette products. In April, 1961, Judyth crashed the elite 4th Annual Science Writers' Seminar to show her work to the nation's leading scientists. There she impressed five important people: two were Nobel Prize winners in chemistry – Sir Robert Robinson, who lived in Buffalo, NY, and Indiana-born Dr. Harold Urey. The other three were nationally prominent doctors specializing in cancer research who had campaigned together against smoking. They would all become fascinated with Judyth's accomplishment, which definitively linked cigarette products to lung cancer. They were 1) Dr. George Moore,Director of Roswell Park Institute for Cancer Research, located in Buffalo, NY, 2) Dr. Harold Diehl (Vice President of the American Cancer Society and its Cancer Research Director) and 3) Dr. Alton Ochsner, founder of the famed Ochsner Clinic in New Orleans. The Ochsner Journal tells us "Alton Ochsner made many contributions to medicine and surgery, but he will always be remembered for exposing the hazards of tobacco and its link to lung cancer. He was the first anti-smoking crusader."2 Naturally, Ochsner and his two crusading friends were intrigued and encouraged with the fact that Judyth had used tobacco products to produce lung cancer in her germ-free, weanling mice in just seven days. On Jan. 11, 1964, the first Surgeon-General's report on Smoking and Cancer would nail tobacco as the leading cause of lung cancer.3 The five men sent Judyth on to New York for advanced training, Dr. Robinson paying for her transportation there. In June, 1961, Judyth arrived at Roswell Park, where she worked in Dr. Moore's personal laboratory, studying radiobiology and cancer viruses. Judyth was one of several assistants who also helped Dr. Moore test variations of a super-formula to grow cancer cells, later to be known as the RPMI 1640 formula. The formula was so good that it's still being used in laboratories around the world today. In 1963, one of the reasons Judyth was invited to work with Ochsner's close associate, Dr. Mary S. Sherman, was that Judyth had the most recent recipe for the RPMI formula, having continued to have access to the latest versions since 1961. Judyth also attended seminars under Dr. Edwin Mirand as a part-time participant in his training program, and was tutored by Dr. James T. Grace on how to safely handle deadly cancer-causing viruses, including the SV40 Monkey Virus. Dr. Moore at work in his lab. Importantly, newspapers reported that after her training at Roswell Park, Judyth was assigned, as soon as she began college, to "find the substances that cause the cancer to become most deadly."4 This assignment required her to do research in medical libraries and to test methods to enhance cancer growth. "I now realize that late in 1961, plans were already afoot with the CIA to look into cancer as a biological weapon,"5 Judyth says. "I was a willing "researcher" for some of their findings, required to send in reports. In my book, I mention how many journals I was assigned to read even in New Orleans. There was concern that the Russians were developing such a bio-weapon." For this reason, Judyth had been enrolled in night classes learning Russian while still in high school. Judyth had access to supplies and support for her lab work in the fall of 1961, enhancing the growth of melanoma supplied to her by Roswell Park. She presented a paper on melanogenesis to the Indiana Academy of Science,6 but was thwarted in her plans to become a nun (as well as a doctor) by her parents, who needed her to help run the family business. But by Feb. 1962, Judyth was attending the University of Florida under a full scholarship from Senator George Smathers. UF was his alma mater. He was anxious to have Judyth there, and she was anxious to stay away from her parents. At UF, Judyth, who had previously dated Tony Lopez-Fresquet, the son of Fidel Castro's Finance Minister, Rufo Lopez-Fresquet,7made friends with anti-Castro Cuban students and "...grew to despise President Kennedy because of the Bay of Pigs that ended up with tortures, deaths and so many sufferings... but it was Lee Harvey Oswald, who deeply admired Kennedy, who would change my mind about JFK." Having continued her pre-med studies at UF,8 Judyth's focus remained on cancer research. By Feb. 1963, Judyth had developed a blood titration model to detect live cancer cells in the human body.9 She and her friend Kathy Santi were in pre-med classes together in April, 1963 when Judyth shared with Kathy that she would soon be going to Tulane Medical School, two years ahead of time. Dr. Ochsner, who had been receiving her reports, had shared them with the famed cancer researcher, Dr. Mary Sherman. Now Judyth was invited to come to New Orleans to work with Sherman in an internship. "I was thrilled," Judyth says. "Dr. Sherman, who directed the bone pathology laboratory at Ochsner Clinic, was considered one of the foremost cancer researchers in America."10 Because she wanted no interference from her parents, and her fiancé, Robert, might break up with her if he knew she would be moving to New Orleans permanently, Judyth was tight-lipped about the offer. "I wanted no more interference from anybody," she said, "not even from my fiancé. In the Fall, I was promised a stipend and full scholarship to Tulane Medical School. It was a dream come true." Dr. Kathleen Santi "One of the last things I did at UF was to help my friend Kathy write her application to Emory School of Medicine at Emory University," Judyth says. "Then I told her goodbye. Today, she is Dr. Kathy Santi. She still remembers that I told her I would be leaving UF to go to Tulane." Judyth adds: "I had one problem: Robert! I thought I was in love with this young, strong-willed math genius, Robert Baker. I had gotten him interested in geology and math (he began as an English major) and was now ablaze with a passion for science. I was ablaze with passion, too – for the new-found wonders of sex! It was the dawn of the sexual revolution, I had lost my faith in God when my father had removed me from the convent and fed me anti-Catholic literature, and I considered myself 'free' – a slip of paper saying we were married was what was needed to get birth control pills. Not that I was running around. I had fixed my joy in life on the tall, blue-eyed genius, Robert Allison Baker, III." Judyth believed she could lure Robert to New Orleans. "I told him they had superior geology and math programs, so I encouraged him to try for a summer job there. Only by getting married could we get birth control pills. I had suffered a miscarriage and was willing to marry to get them!" As for her plans to stay in New Orleans, "Robert still had a trimester and a half left to finish his degree in English. I was afraid he wouldn't marry me if I told him we would have to live apart after marriage for six months." Robert had promised to write every day, and that he'd send money to put toward a rented room, so Judyth traveled to New Orleans two weeks early on the bus ticket Ochsner had sent her by internal mail from Tallahassee, the state capital. "I think Senator Smathers might have been asked to send the bus ticket." Judyth arrived Friday April 19, 1963 in The Big Easy. "Robert promised to come as soon as he could, but he had to convince his parents it was better to try to get a summer job with an oil company than to type letters in their real estate office. One thing for sure: they were anti-Catholic. Both sets of parents had met and despised each other, so an elopement was planned." Arriving before dawn, expecting a private room ready for her at the YWCA, Judyth was shocked to discover that her sponsoring doctors were out of town. UF was on the trimester system – she had come two weeks early – and they hadn't expected her until May. She was forced to use her small available funds to move into the cheapest available room, already occupied by two strippers, a Playboy Bunny trainee, and a brassy waitress. "My raunchy new friends soon introduced me to the "exciting" side of New Orleans," Judyth tells us. "But I was a trained asset, only19, and naïve. It wasn't a safe situation. Then Lee showed up. I had visited the post office daily to check for a letter from my fiancé (who usually failed to write). I now understand that Lee must have been sent to befriend and protect me, if only temporarily. He was only 23, and clean-cut. There was this chemistry between us! It was amazing, and immediate!" Eight days after she arrived, on Saturday, April 27, the day after Judyth met Lee Harvey Oswald for the first time, he introduced her to "Dr." David Ferrie. "Dave was so busy," says Judyth, "defending himself in a case against Eastern Air Lines, to get his pilot's license back, that he had asked for an assistant. Because he was homosexual, Dave thought I was his requested assistant, who would not be in danger from him!" In Me & Lee, Judyth explains what happened next: [Ferrie told her]: "We're using various chemicals, in combination with radiation, to see what happens with fast-growing cancers. We're using it to mutate monkey viruses, too." Mutating monkey viruses! Radiation! Fast-growing cancers! "That's exactly what I've been trained to handle," I commented, noting how conveniently my skill set just happened to match their research. "I was told you were," Dr. Ferrie said, without explaining how he came by that particular piece of information, but I figured it had to be Dr. Ochsner.11 Judyth was shocked to learn that her job that summer was to help Dr. Sherman and David Ferrie in an underground project created by Ochsner to develop a cancer bioweapon to kill Fidel Castro. They convinced her that working on "the Project," as it was called, was her patriotic duty.12 The theory was: it was known that Kennedy's enemies – a coalition of the CIA, the military, right-wing oilmen and millionaires whose refineries and other resources had been confiscated in Cuba, and the Mafia – their casinos closed, their drug rings shut down – all wanted JFK dead. J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the FBI, who loathed the Kennedys, would be willing to create a cover-up investigation. They saw Kennedy as soft on communism, weak on war, and deserving death. Lyndon Johnson, who craved the Presidency for himself, working with his longtime friend Hoover, would make sure such a nefarious deed would be laid at the feet of innocents. However, the same coalition would move to take Cuba if Castro died. They would install a CIA-approved puppet and get everything back that they had lost. Thus, if Castro died, plans for the Kennedy assassination would likely be called off, as every group had important reasons to get involved with Cuba. The military and CIA would regain prestige, and because Bobby Kennedy was behind secret efforts to remove Castro from power, he would cooperate with a military takeover, while JFK himself would be looking good. Meanwhile, the Mafia had power through blackmail (immoral behavior) to handle their two worst enemies: the president and his brother. Since LBJ and Hoover were also vulnerable, and would not impede the Mafia, the coalition was getting more powerful by the week. Johnson, suspected of accepting bribes, was already in trouble, and would look the other way if he knew Kennedy was in danger. The big hope was that killing Castro would break up the coalition and JFK would not be killed.13 This could even stop World War III, Judyth was told, but now it was a race against time. On May 2, 1963, Judyth (confusing sexual pleasure with love) married her fiancé, Robert Baker, against everyone's advice. Though he did come and marry Judyth, driving them all the way to Mobile, Alabama when he was told there was a two-day waiting period in Louisiana, it was not the romantic gesture of "I can't wait!" that Judyth thought it was. Robert had avoided telling Judyth that he had only one day to marry her before leaving for an offshore seismic job, where he would be replacing a man whose hands had been blown off by dynamite. Nor would he tell her where he was going. "I won't have you following me," he told her. "I knew you wouldn't marry me if I told you I would be gone most of the time." Robert essentially abandoned her a day later. Judyth says, "With Robert almost always gone, Lee had to come through like a champ to rescue me from several bad situations. He cared. It was a big contrast compared to Robert." A police raid the same night Robert packed and left made Judyth homeless. The Richardsons – a pastor and his wife at St. George's Episcopal Church – took Judyth in at about 2am, after she came knocking at their door in desperation. "Lee was the only one I dared contact," Judyth says. "Imagine if I had told the Ochsner Clinic that I had been kicked out of a whorehouse! I hadn't realized it, I was so thrilled to get a nice room I could afford!" Lee quickly found an apartment for Judyth at 1032 Marengo St., paying for part of the rent himself. The landlady there, Susie Hanover, had known Lee from his childhood, perhaps because she taught arts and crafts, perhaps because they both loved dogs, or because her husband, a pleasure boat captain, had known Lee's Uncle Dutz Murret when Dutz worked there at the docks as an enforcer for Mafia mob boss Carlos Marcello. "The docks were owned by the Mafia," Lee had explained to Judyth. In Judyth's opinion, Marcello owned the whole city. The apartment was one bus stop away from Lee's apartment at 4905 Magazine St. They would soon be riding the same bus to and from the same workplace – Reily Coffee Co. – almost every work day for the next eleven weeks, and for many weeks beyond that to other destinations. As for Robert, he finally located Judyth by calling the "Y" where she left a message for him. He would show up now and then to get his clothes washed, and to enjoy marital privileges. His job on the quarter-boat included good pay, room, board, and gambling buddies. "We lived off what I was paid," Judyth observes, "Robert was an utter miser who even calculated that a jar of peanut butter would stretch further if we mixed it half and half with cheap margarine ." Judyth has shown researchers and many friends an example of Robert's ongoing neglect: a postcard he sent to her when he came through New Orleans, partying with friends: "Though Robert was in the same town and had been gone for weeks, he was too busy with his friends to see me," Judyth says. "Robert could be so hurtful, whereas Lee was always there for me." Over time, Judyth grew resentful. "We began to fight when he showed up. He would refuse to let me buy a pair of work shoes. But I was afraid to divorce him. In the 1960s, that could have hurt my reputation at Reily Coffee: Dave Ferrie had reminded me that Reily was a super-conservative, rightwing, anti-communist company. Reily was providing paychecks and cover jobs so Lee and I could work part time, undetected, on The Project. Lee's records were laundered so Personnel wouldn't know he had lived in the Soviet Union." As for Lee, his had been a marriage of convenience, to stop him from getting deported from the USSR, where he had been sent by the CIA as a spy. Not that he didn't care about Marina, his wife: he did. Lee remained 30 months in the USSR, then managed to get his wife and baby to Dallas, that trip financed by a U.S. State Department loan – at the height of the Cold War. Just as Judyth, Lee was unhappily married. His squabbles and fights with Marina had previously resulted in fistfights and periods of separation, but after Judyth said she'd never have anything to do with him if he laid a hand on Marina again, Lee Oswald is on record as having changed his ways. According to a newsgroup post by researcher David Lifton, who personally knew Marina: "[Oswald did not have]...a very nice record. BUT then... >>>> BUT THEN. . . somewhere in the first 3 months of 1963, it stopped. >>>> Completely stopped. And, as far as I know, there was never ever again an >>>> incidence of hitting or slapping or anything like that---during the >>>> entire 5 month New Orleans period (4/24/63 - 9/24/63), and during the >>>> last six weeks after his return from Mexico City (10/4-11/22). >>>> As I say, if anyone takes issue with this, please email me at >>>> dlifton@compuserve.com, and provide cites." Judyth and Lee had fallen in love, and though they kept their affair a secret, their affection for each other did not go unnoticed by witnesses who have gone on record. But there was a big problem. If Lee divorced his pregnant wife, she would return to Russia and he would probably never see his babies again. "Lee, who had affectionately called me 'Juduffki' – who rejoiced because I, too, loved Russian music and literature and could sing duets with him, play chess, ride horses, and speak some Russian – this man who loved my athletic build and my love for the outdoors and animals, a girl who hated money and shallowness as much as he did – this man" Judyth says, "decided he had to return to Russia with his pregnant wife and baby. He couldn't abandon them! He had decided to move as far away from me as he could, so he'd never see me again and regret it." When Lee left, "Juduffki" was devastated. "But it was impossible for us to be apart like that," Judyth says. "We were both incredibly miserable. I knew it was right for him to go back to them, but life had no meaning without Lee. As for Lee, he wept bitterly before his wife, telling her 'I don't know what to do!' That's on record, too.14 Of course, she didn't understand why he was crying so hard." "Lee and I had gone through a lot together" Judyth says. "That is an understatement, but our agony at being separated forever was the worst of all. Lee did try to start the move to Russia, which made his wife extremely happy. But it was hopeless. Lee finally told her she would have to make an application just for herself. He would handle his application separately. It was obvious to Marina that Lee had changed his mind. Finally, Lee did return to me." "I actually hid under the bed so he wouldn't find me, but Lee knelt down and laid his gold wedding ring on the floor between us. 'When I come to you,' he said (after we could escape our troubles by fleeing to Mexico), 'I won't be wearing this ring!' Our rings had cost us many mixed feelings. I wore mine 'American style' on my left hand, but Lee wore his 'Russian style', on his right hand. The rings would clink when we held hands and walked together. We hated that." "We would both throw away our rings when we met to marry! We were now admitting it, that we were hopelessly, helplessly, infinitely, in love. Lee and I hadn't actually slept together all this time yet, but now, our hearts yearned for a physical union to meet our hearts' desires. Lee was my heart's eternal choice, and I was his. Lee had cried himself out over the prospect of divorcing his wife and perhaps losing his babies, but he had made up his mind." "He told me he knew that Baker had declared he would marry me, but had never asked me to marry him, so Lee had decided he would ask me not once, but one hundred times, to marry him! Our special song, "Let It Be Me" by the Everly Brothers, was playing in our room the hour Lee asked me, for the one hundredth time, to be his wife. It was June 29th, 1963, and we were at the Roosevelt Hotel." Juduffki and Lee then exchanged vows to the God of their fathers, before all the invisible witnesses who had lived, loved and died as one. In their eyes, they were married. "From then on, we called each other husband and wife," Judyth says. "And we would never regret it. After that, we went to the Blue Room, where we began planning ways to escape our embroilment in The Project." A huge load had been lifted, says Judyth, adding sadly: "We were so young and full of hope." ### "Ask the Question. Ask the Question!" "I intended to tell Robert everything, feeling guilty," Judyth admits. "But when Robert showed zero interest in my life, I decided I wouldn't tell him a thing unless he asked just one question: 'What did you do today?' That's all I wanted." "Then I'd confess that I was working in secret projects for the government, that I was going to stay in New Orleans, go to medical school, and wanted a divorce. My landlady, Susie Hanover, and Lee himself started counting the days to see how long it would take before Robert might finally ask, "What did you do today? Or anything remotely close. Amazingly, Robert couldn't even say 'I love you.' It was extremely frustrating." "So I kept my mouth shut, thank God. Later, I was so deep into "The Project" – the real reason I had been lured to New Orleans – that I didn't dare tell somebody like Robert Baker anything at all." Today, we think Robert was probably a high-functioning math genius with Aspergers. "I now believe he did his best," Judyth says. "He was a gifted mathematician, had patents in seismology for himself and for Exxon, had solved one of those unconquerable math problems that had sat around for centuries, and he didn't mind how many children we would accumulate because his thoughts were always elsewhere. Before he died, Robert's greatest sorrow was that he was unable to finish his latest math proof. If he was hard on me, he was just as hard on himself." Judy in 1969. She named her first child 'Susie' after Susie Hanover. She did not cut her hair for ten years "because Lee had touched it," and after cutting it, she kept a braid of it, which she still has. * * * 1 1. Judyth Vary Baker. Op cit. 5. 2 2. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399234/> Retrieved Jan. 30, 2017 3 <https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/history/> Retrieved Dec. 15, 2016. 4 5 5. See Len Horowitz' video and comments at http://www.newsofinterest.tv/video_pages_flash/politics/len_horowitz/ilwt_detrick_gallo.php and his accompanying video on YouTube at <https://youtu.be/vzIXugGuLGs>. Retrieved Jan. 30, 2017. 6 7 7. Judyth kept files and records concerning the years between 1960 and 1964, which have been seen by many researchers in her evidence file folders. Many are also published in her books _Me & Lee_ and _David_ _Ferrie:_ _Mafia Pilot._ 8 8. Judyth's college and university records were altered. Even though she attended pre-med classes – she was in the same Comparative Anatomy class as her friend Kathy Santi, for example – no record remains of any of her pre-med classes. 9 9. Judyth's test could detect cancer within a few minutes after centrifuging down blood samples and placing an aggregate of antibody material on a coated slide. In early 1963 she proved the method worked by tagging the antibodies with radioactive iodine. ( A similar approach was reported in 2007: <http://appliedradiology.com/articles/radioactive-antibodies-selective-targeting-and-treatment-of-cancer-and-other-diseases> Retrieved July 15, 2016 ) Judyth used radioactive iodine tagging again in late August, 1963 to detect live cancer cells in prisoners injected with a weaponized cancer, after initially protesting the experiment. Knowing that it would proceed anyway, she agreed to do the blood tests, since they might detect whether the injected cancer had taken hold –information that could halt experiments on additional prisoners. In 2013, a 15-year-old young scientist, Jack Andraka, created a similar but better test that could detect a wider range of cancers (see www.jackandraka.com). However, he was turned down 200 times, he said, before he was allowed to use a facility to develop the test. Judyth was fortunate that in the 1960's there were more opportunities for a young scientist's work to be supported in advanced labs. Today, because she doesn't have "the right degrees" – after having been blackballed by Dr. Alton Ochsner for objecting to the use of unwitting prisoners who volunteered for a cancer research project designed to kill them, Judyth remains locked out of all opportunities to conduct cancer research. 10 10. Ibid. 9496. 11 11. Ibid. 140. 12 12. Ibid. 180, 183. 13 13. Ibid. 283. 14 14. See p. 418, first edition of _Marina and Lee_ , the authorized biography by CIA asset Priscilla Johnson McMillan. Harper & Row, 1977. New Orleans, 1963 ## The End of the Project "After a long summer of hard work on The Project, the details of which are chronicled in Me & Lee, with all that Lee was doing to protect the project by pretending to be "pro-Castro" and ferreting out Castro's spies, on Saturday, August 31, 1963, Lee and I traveled by automobile to East Louisiana State Mental Hospital in Jackson, Louisiana to check on the condition of one or more prisoners from Angola Penitentiary."1 ### Why we were there: The prisoner(s) had been injected with the cancer-causing bioweapon by David Ferrie two days earlier; Clay Shaw (prosecuted by Jim Garrison regarding the Kennedy assassination in 1967) had provided the transportation at that time to bring Ferrie and Oswald into the mental hospital as part of a convoy transferring the "volunteer" prisoners from Angola. "But in Clinton," Judyth tells us, "after picking up an aide who would show them where the clinic was (it was not in the main building) they had to wait by a payphone for a very important phone call. When it came, they were to drive a few miles toward Jackson, where at the turnoff to the mental hospital, they were to join a convoy bringing the prisoners up from Angola. Unfortunately, there was a long delay. And even more unfortunate, the day they had to wait by the payphone was the day after Martin Luther King's famous "I have a dream" speech in Washington, D.C." The usually empty courthouse block was full of inspired and motivated blacks who were attempting to register to vote. The line moved slowly, as Clinton's Registrar did everything possible to delay and discourage them. Thus Lee, Shaw and Ferrie were on view for hours as they waited for the phone call, trapped in their Cadillac. The stale argument that they were there to get Lee registered so he could get a job fails in the face of the car not moving away to a different, less visible location while waiting for Oswald to get registered. The Cadillac, borrowed from the Trade Mart where Shaw was an official, was needed because it would look like part of the convoy and would be allowed to enter, along with the other vehicles in the convoy, no questions asked. Judyth then adds: "In my book, I go into full detail, while here, you're just getting an outline. Basically, Dave Ferrie came along to properly inject the prisoners with the highly aggressive super-cancer. That cancer was killing monkeys in 28 to 30 days. I was told the prisoners first received heavy x-rays, as planned, under Dave's direction. Today, I see how the doctors were willing to hide behind 'untraceables' such as David Ferrie, who had the requisite training to do their bidding. The high x-ray dose destroyed the prisoners' immune system. After the injections, Dave instructed some clinic techs on how to keep the biological weapon alive and sterile, in case an additional injection was needed later. "Lee was there to observe everything. Nothing was to be written down. He could orally pass on the information to an anti-Castro medical contact in Mexico City who, just as Lee, would be posing as pro-Castro." Judyth adds, "Lee had to pass on the information exactly as he had observed it. He had also learned how to handle the material and keep it alive, but he had to memorize what Dave told the techs. No paper trail was allowed. As for Clay Shaw, that distinguished-looking Trade Mart official was there to prove the project was legitimate, and as a longtime friend of Dr. Ochsner, he presented a professional and trusted presence. He also provided bribery money ("security") from Ochsner and conservative right-wing supporters. Some of the money was probably from the Mafia too, compliments of Carlos Marcello." "After Lee saw everything, he asked the clinic's receptionist where the Personnel Office was. Lee had to have an alibi for being there, and he would make sure enough people heard him say he was seeking a job at the hospital so that when he had to return with me, on Saturday, he could say he was there to check on the progress of his job application." As a trained cancer researcher, Judyth's task two days later was to determine if any of the injected cancer cells were still alive in their human hosts. She was no longer in favor with Ochsner, having protested that the experiment was being conducted on healthy prisoners who had not been told the experiment was designed to kill them. "Ochsner was finished with me," Judyth says. "My massive sin had been writing a protest in a private note to the great man. Unfortunately, the note's contents became known to everyone immediately, and Ochsner was furious. He cursed me with such ichor and hatred that I knew my career in cancer was finished. But he still needed me to conduct the blood tests on the prisoners. I was praying the cancer wouldn't take hold in human beings, but I was wrong." When she found a few live cancer cells, Judyth surmised that the bioweapon was effective – so far. If the prisoner's antibodies weren't killing the cancer cells, the weapon could work. The whole procedure took only minutes for each sample. The remaining blood samples were iced down for Dr. Sherman's researchers to study later. Then Lee drove Judyth back to New Orleans, stopping on the way at Reeves Morgan's house in Jackson. Judyth thought it was to cool down the old car, but Lee said he had to "return a key." That same night, after dropping Judyth off at her apartment at 1032 Marengo, Lee purchased a bus ticket to Houston. The original plan was to have him travel by bus to Houston as soon as a patient died. From there, he would cross the border at Laredo, then go on to Mexico City. Therefore, it was important to have as much time between the ticket purchase and the bus trip as possible, so any death would not be linked too close to Lee's trip to Mexico City. After all, Lee had made himself loud and visible at the hospital two days earlier as an anti-Castro "job seeker." All the little details were planned well ahead of time, with alternate plans for travel as well. As for Judyth, both "Dr. Mary" and David Ferrie, who had grown fond of her, could do nothing except to urge Ochsner to send Judyth back to Florida without breaking her neck. A few days later, Judyth found herself forced, at least temporarily, to return to Florida with Robert. Realizing that Judyth would be interviewed by newspaper reporters, and that it would look strange that she wasn't doing cancer research after leaving New Orleans, arrangements were made to have Judyth work as an assistant chemist at Peninsular ChemResearch. "It was a prestigious job," Judyth recalls. "Every chemistry grad student at UF wanted to get the position I got." It seemed that Judyth's career in science was still blooming, if not quite in cancer research, and the reporters went on to other stories. "Keep your head down, be a vanilla girl!" Dave told her. As for Judyth, she kept her suitcase packed under the bed, ready for a call from Lee to fly to Mexico. They had plans for long hikes, wilderness living, and marriage by a Catholic priest after a quickie Mexican divorce. Lee had put "Catholic" on his Mexican visa application to help prepare for it. As for Lee, after the trips to Clinton and Jackson, it was time to lay low. He stopped handing out flyers, there were no more interviews, and he was staying at home a lot, reading books on his porch, not even pretending to look for a job. Lee wanted to be forgotten and out of the news as he waited anxiously to see if a prisoner was going to die. That would be his signal to transport the bioweapon to Mexico City. When a prisoner did die, twenty-eight days later, "the product" was deemed ready to use against Fidel Castro. Everything was ready. For years, Dr. Ochsner had trained many Cuban medical students who were now doctors. Many of them resented being cut off from the USA. Many resented the huge pay cuts Castro enforced. Some of them were trusted by Castro. They had access to him or to technicians who did, with their x-ray units and medical supplies. Judyth and Lee were ordered never to see each other again, but thanks to David Ferrie, they would remain in contact anyway. Dave, who was the same age as Judyth's father, and who had never had a daughter, helped her by arranging a telephone number using a Mafia racing line. After weeks of pretending they had obeyed Ochsner's orders to stay apart, Lee made contact with Judyth from Laredo, just before crossing the border on his way to Mexico City with the deadly cancer. "So much was at stake!" Judyth recalls. "We were unaware that the CIA would never allow the bioweapon to get into Cuban hands. Lee and I were blinded by our hopes to help save Kennedy. What really happened is that Lee was lured to Mexico City so he could be framed there, as a friend of Castro's and of the USSR. We believe that the bioweapon was swapped out when Lee was persuaded to hand over his original canister, which looked like a thermos, in exchange for a "fresher batch" from M.D. Anderson Hospital, just prior to boarding the bus to Laredo." It took years for Judyth to realize that the deadly cancer Ochsner swore would never leave his hands, except to be given to a trusted contact who would use it to kill Castro, was now in the control of unknown others. "That was decades ago," Judyth says. "What have they been able to do with cancer, as a biological weapon, since then? And why do we not have REAL cures for cancer, after all these years? Think money, with a capital 'M,' and look at all the cancer treatment palaces they have. Huge chunks of money are spent on advertising cancer treatment hospitals. It's criminal." * * * 1 1. Yes, Lee could drive, but by pretending he could not, Marina was kept quite isolated, protecting her from suspicions that she might be a spy. ## David Ferrie, The Insider David Ferrie had obtained inside information due to his contacts with the military, to whom Dave had openly exposed a personal hatred for Kennedy. Judyth Vary Baker: "David Ferrie had originally blamed Kennedy for the Bay of Pigs debacle, "but later, when Dave learned that the CIA and military had acted treasonously, while implicating JFK, he changed his mind. After all, they were both Irish Catholics. Dave had even voted for Kennedy. Realizing the importance of his position to get information about the military's treasonous plans, many of whom were also CIA, Dave continued to express his hatred for JFK and was still trusted by the conspirators. They trusted Dave and availed themselves of his services as a pilot, as a speaker of fluent Spanish, and for his anti-Castro contacts. Dave was a trusted asset who became privy to secret discussions to kill JFK. He was risking his life by participating in our underground effort to kill Castro. Dave passed important information on to Lee concerning suspected assassination plotters. Eventually, as I show in my book, David Ferrie: Mafia Pilot, Dave would be surveilled, stalked, threatened, betrayed and then murdered." Along with Lee Oswald and David Ferrie, Dr. Mary Sherman would also pay the ultimate price for trying to save Kennedy's life. The tragic circumstances of her death and details of her brutal murder on the same day the Warren Commission came to get testimonies in New Orleans have been revealed in Edward T. Haslam's book, Dr. Mary's Monkey (Trine Day, updated 2013). ### Four Friends ### Some of Judyth's Witnesses Since 1999, Judyth has continued to bring forth witnesses as to her relationship with Lee Oswald. She also provided conformation to Haslam's theory that Lee was in contact with Dr. Sherman as well as David Ferrie on a regular basis. One witness from New Orleans, Victoria Powell, validates both Judyth and Haslam's stories. She was filmed in 2016 describing how Lee Oswald made frequent visits to Dr. Mary Sherman's apartment building in the fall of 1963. Victoria, who lived almost next door to Dr. Sherman, on the same floor, reported that Lee Oswald even came to her own door seeking Juan Valdez, who worked at the Trade Mart and is on record as being directly involved with Dr. Sherman. Another witness, Claudia Rodick, a great-granddaughter of Judyth's beloved elderly landlady, Susie Hanover, went on record that she saw Lee Oswald often enough at Judyth's apartment that she thought he lived there. She even provided a photo of "Collie" with Susie Hanover – the dog Judyth described as being fond of her and Lee. In Kennedy & Oswald, Judyth reveals more about some of her main witnesses. She presented a tape recording to researcher Martin Shackelford, who transcribed it before returning the tape to Judyth. The tape was made by a Mafia-connected witness, William "Mac" McCullough, who states he saw Judyth and Lee Oswald together on several occasions in New Orleans and that they were "companions." Mac, who at the time suffered from a heart condition, permitted Judyth to publish the recording. Another witness, Anna Lewis, the wife of David Lewis who worked for Guy Banister, is on both film and audiotape, affirming Judyth and Lee's love. Her statements have also been transcribed. In 2014, the daughter of Clinton witness Reeves Morgan, Mary Morgan Jenkins, agreed in the presence of Trine Day publisher Kris Millegan that Judyth had to have been the woman she had once reported to Garrison's people as visible in the old car that brought Lee Oswald to her home: Mary, a high school student at the time, was with her father when Lee briefly visited their home in Jackson, an event he described at Clay Shaw's trial. ### Meet Edward Schwartz, Co-Author On Friday, November 22, 1963, I first heard the news that President Kennedy had been shot as I was walking down a staircase in Lehman College in the Bronx, New York. I had turned twenty-one years of age the previous month. I walked home, turned on the TV just in time to hear Walter Cronkite say that President Kennedy had died. I felt numb. Then, I instinctively left my house and walked into the Bronx Zoo. I found myself in The Great Ape House, looking into a giant mirror that had actual jail bars in front of it. A sign above the mirror read: YOU ARE LOOKING AT THE MOST DANGEROUS ANIMAL ON EARTH I reacted immediately, and emotionally, in deep sorrow to this unexpected, profound experience. President Kennedy was dead! At that moment, my psyche became permanently imprinted with thoughts about what good works on behalf of humanity President Kennedy would have surely accomplished had he lived. In 1968, I wrote a poem: JFK. The last verse reads: The Vietnam War had to go on So one bright November day JFK was gone Years later, I found historical evidence for Kennedy's intention to withdraw all United States para-military advisers from Vietnam before the end of 1965. During the Kennedy Presidency there were no official United States combat forces there. That changed on Saturday, November 23, 1963, the very first full day of Lyndon Johnson's Presidency. President Kennedy's Vietnam policy was reversed the moment President Johnson signed National Security Action Memorandum #273, on that Saturday. United States Marine combat invasion forces would arrive on the shores of Vietnam in March of 1965. At that time I was in Basic Training at Fort Dix, New Jersey, as a member of the United States Army Reserves. In 2004, as my daughter, Lauren Nicole became terminally ill (she died at age 17), I searched for something creative to do to ease the pain of my reality, while doing my best to help my family get through this difficult period. Then, my life suddenly changed. I received a Continuing Education mailing from the college I graduated from (Lehman). Dr. Charles Patterson, author of Eternal Treblinka, was scheduled to teach a class he named, "The Book Inside You," in the fall of 2004. Everyone in the class was interested in writing a book. After the class ended, no one had completed their book. A few students asked Dr. Patterson if we could continue to meet privately with him to do further work to complete our books. Dr. Patterson became my editor. My JFK book was published in 2007, and I subsequently revised and updated it in 2013, after realizing that the first Iraq War, now known as the Gulf War, was just as unjustified as were all the Cold Wars fought after World War II. In 2010, I called Kris Millegan, the publisher of Trine Day, to order a copy of Me & Lee. I was so impressed with Judyth's book that I asked Kris to send her a copy of my book, along with a copy of my unpublished, Oswald's Innocence manuscript. Kris did me that favor, and I remain grateful to him forever for that. Judyth liked my writing, and she agreed to work with me to accomplish this book. Though there were several delays, I feel Judyth would agree with me that the timing for the publication of this book in 2017, on the 100th anniversary of John F. Kennedy's birth in 1917, is indeed fortunate for a number of reasons. ### Paul Kuntzler's Ad On Tuesday, July 31, 2007, an astonishing two-page ad was published on pages A-16 and A-17 in the New York Times demanding justice for JFK. It was written by Kennedy assassination researcher and political activist, Paul Kuntzler, costing him a small fortune. Paul's eyes had been opened. Researcher Myra Bronstein published an excerpt from Paul's ad online: "President John Fitzgerald Kennedy," he contends, "was murdered by Vice President Lyndon Baines Johnson in a widespread, incredibly complex and brilliantly planned conspiracy that involved the Federal Bureau of Investigations directed by J. Edgar Hoover, the Central Intelligence Agency directed by David Atlee Phillips, the Secret Service, the United States Navy, General Curtis LeMay of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Ford Motor Company [for secretly repairing the bullet damage to the limo], the Dallas Police including Dallas mayor Earle Cabell, big oil of Texas, the Texas political establishment, the mafia, and the anti-Castro Cubans."1 Such acts of financial sacrifice are common among those who realize the importance of the Kennedy assassination, and Kuntzler was no exception. It took some of Paul's inheritance to publish it. Ed lived a retired life in Manhattan with his wife, but there was an ache in his heart after his daughter died. He had always been interested in the Kennedy assassination, but Kuntzler's expensive ad fired an intense desire within him to know the truth. He contacted Paul, who eventually got him in contact with Donald Deneselya, and Ed was hooked. His secretary, Yvonne L. Goshorn of Document Design & Creation, would spend hundreds of hours trying to keep up with his handwritten notes, and as he blazed through the best books, examined records, he began writing his own book. Truly on fire with his desire to reach as many people as he could with what he had discovered after interviewing Kuntzler, Deneselya and others, in October, 2013, Ed updated his first book entitled,The Betrayal of the John Fitzgerald Presidency. ### Paul Kuntzler, Don Deneselya, Edward Schwartz But Ed was still working with Don and Paul: "Sometimes," Ed says, "Don would call me or Paul every day." After reading Judyth's book, Me & Lee, he contacted her. The result was that Judyth began reading Ed's newly-updated book. In the end, Judyth and Ed became a team. Between them, they had access to the world's best surviving researchers. The hard work got harder, but the result was Kennedy & Oswald: The Big Picture. "We connected the dots," Ed says. "We filled in the blanks." Hundreds of books have been written about the Kennedy assassination, so what is unique about this book? First of all, beyond what we compiled from the Internet as "evidence of revision," we have put into context CIA and FBI records and interviews previously buried in dry journals, memos and research papers, including newly declassified material, as well as information recently released by the National Archives. The authors navigated a morass of fast-moving change and disinformation, to link today's important issues with the past problems that created them. Though we paint the bloody portrait of The Big Picture with a large brush, with many smaller brushes, we reveal its intimate details. The story you are about to read is an example of how much information the authors have had to dig through, to get to the meat and the bone. Your mission, if you accept it, is to join us in this journey of discovery with an open mind and a commitment to rethink almost everything you have been told. * * * 1 1. <http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?/topic/10609-paul-kuntzler-new-york-times-conspiracy/> Retrieved Jan. 30, 2017 ## Preface Unlike recent years, "the United States was a confident nation in 1963, full of optimism and secure in its vision of the future."1 After Kennedy's death, the confidence and optimism of the American people slowly ebbed, and "The Powers That Be" (Established Families) gradually clouded the legacy of the Kennedy Presidency, decimating the middle class and destroying the American dream. As for the accused assassin, Lee Oswald was immediately identified as a "lone-nut" – a description the media still pushes, despite much new evidence to the contrary. Let it be said here and everywhere: Lee Oswald did not kill Kennedy! Acting in the capacity of a paid U.S. undercover intelligence agent (paid through a secret government account), Lee warned the FBI on at least three separate occasions in 1963 about a CIA plot to kill Kennedy, but his warnings went unheeded because the FBI was itself criminally involved in the plot. Kennedy & Oswald: The Big Picture is the story of not one but two true American heroes: John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Lee Harvey Oswald. **Judyth Vary** **Baker** : I worked closely with Lee during the last seven months of his life, as told in my 2010 book, Me & Lee. You will also find additional information about Lee, and our compatriot, David Ferrie, in my book David Ferrie: Mafia Pilot (2014). After penetrating at least one assassination ring with the help of David Ferrie and his other New Orleans connections, Lee became aware of the CIA-sponsored assassination plot in Dallas. At risk to his own life, he then tried to save Kennedy's. In our last conversation, held only 37 ½ hours before the assassination, Lee told me he expected to be killed because he was under suspicion for having sent warnings that Kennedy's life was in danger in Dallas. A major goal of this book is to get Lee Harvey Oswald's voice heard, to focus your attention on Kennedy's true killers (not the gunmen, but their masters!) , and to understand why and how the plots developed that culminated in Kennedy's murder. On page 586 in Me & Lee, you will find a love letter I wrote to Lee (he read it). It was written right after Lee told me he feared the CIA could use him as a patsy in their plots against Kennedy. That was in July, 1963, months before the assassination! Lee continued to pretend to the CIA that he wasn't aware of that possibility, even after he was ordered to return to Dallas from Mexico City early in October. In that love letter, the only one I ever wrote to him, I told Lee: "Together, today, we live forever. I won't forget! You are forever immortal because of what we have between us."2 Lee responded: "I have to keep some things from you. For your own safety."3 Lee gave the letter back to me to hold, fearing the consequences should the letter fall into the wrong hands. Besides bringing you new material in this book, the authors have also brought together the more reasonable theories and established facts concerning the basic takeover of our Republic by the rich and powerful. Their insatiable lust for money and ruthless pursuit of war for profit destroyed the American Dream, corrupted America's work ethic and replaced hope with fear, while creating havoc worldwide. We also show how this predatory environment led to the Kennedy assassination, changing the course of our nation forever. We indict a corrupt media for cowardice, and for failure to protect the truth. Journalism in the U.S. has always had dicey elements, but tragically, in recent years the corrupt, the ambitious and the cowardly have replaced great reporters, acting as puppets for corporations and billionaires. By 2017 the public had finally lost faith in the three-letter fake news centers such as CBS, CNN, NBC and ABC. In their place, the American public, their families shattered for many reasons, reached out and formed new "social families" on the Internet. Texting and tweets began to rule the media. A symbiotic relationship began to develop between human beings and their mobile phones: it would be the first step that joined humans to electronics to create "cyborgs" – a working hybrid system of man and machine that spread across the planet. Lack of trust in conventional media had created a vacuum that was quickly filled with the voices and electronic trails of millions. Accessible at random were billions of people to choose from in this new planetary revolution: sons and lovers, the anonymous, the renegades, the crackpots, some genuine journalists who cared, heroic whistleblowers, and a well-funded parade of hired hacks pumped in by the alarmed masters of the world. Through economic inducements they sought control and ownership of the Internet. But thanks to the Internet and Social Media, people worldwide had gathered a lot of new information and the "official versions" of the past began to look biased and contrived. People discovered the truth about the Kennedy assassination and observed that the official version was distorted, biased and obsolete. To the well-informed, the official versions of the assassinations of JFK, RFK, MLK, etc. were now visible as despicable examples of how the public was manipulated and fooled. But the reasons behind their lies and actions may be harder to understand. Few people realize that the master-slave relationship is very ancient and easily re-established. We might say it's imprinted in our DNA, which is why humans are so often called "sheeple." Today's 1% are empowered to force us to overwork for less rewards, exploit the vulnerable among us, and limit our hard-won freedoms. They use the weight of the law, the public's safety, and the yoke of fear to control us. "The truth will set you free," but only if there is free access to the truth. The aim of this book is to teach you that it is logical and reasonable to assume that conspiracies can and do exist, that they impact us personally, that the Kennedy assassination rightly belongs in this category, and knowing this helps us understand what is happening today. ### Why You Should Care: The authors will demonstrate that the consequences of the Kennedy assassination were widespread, destructive and lasting. One knotty problem is that ever since 9/11, unpopular information in our fast-moving, litigious and violent world that challenges the status quo can be blocked without warning, typically "in the interests of national security." How to build a bomb or how to make an addictive drug in your kitchen might look like good candidates for censorship, but once access to information is limited to what is approved by a nation's censors, we find ourselves under medieval conditions. Access to the Bible was once denied to the common people by the Roman Catholic church, making it easier to manipulate the illiterate to obey politically expedient interpretations and fake quotes, until heroes such as the priest William Tyndale translated the Bible into English. He was burned alive for his trouble. More often, the Bible itself is burned, rather than its translators. Obviously, religion plays a huge part in human life. In modern terms, we should consider "religion" as a set of beliefs for which a human being is willing to sacrifice, or even die. As Bob Dylan put it, "... you're gonna have to serve somebody...it may be the Devil, it may be the Lord [but] You gotta serve somebody..." To protect our modern Internet libraries, which can be "burned" with one push of a "delete" button, we must defend freedom to access information in all forms. Desperate attempts to turn us away from alternative news, alternative medicine, and unauthorized corrections to the official versions of historical events begin with mockery and mud-slinging, continue with threats and harassment, and end with murders and arrests. "Other" versions, "other" ideas, and "other" emerging leaders, labeled as outsiders, constitute clear and present dangers to today's New World Order. And that's a problem. ### Why "Conspiracy" Is a Bad Word The government has taught us to veer away from talk about conspiracy. We should not question the official versions of why tragedies and murders happen: we are supposed to mind our own business. Most people accept the official versions of things. Consider this: if two old men, both strangers, drive up to your house in an old car, knock on your door, and tell you, "Hold out your hands! We are going to handcuff you!" you would probably slam the door in their faces and call the police. But if the same two old men drove up to your house in a police car, wearing police uniforms, and told you, "Hold out your hands! We are going to handcuff you!" it's likely that you would obey. The difference is perceived authority and power. It's the nature of our species. If we were all leaders, we would have endless contests to keep establishing dominance. But we are herd animals at heart. In nature, herd bosses win and keep their positions by fighting, while the rest of the herd watches. The winner takes all. Among humans, the same rules apply at every level, with the raw quest for power and wealth camouflaged by laws and traditions. These conflicts are sharpened by the human capacity to think ahead, with births and deaths and hate and love the wild cards. Leadership roles are established in families, businesses, cities and nations. We rely on the authority given to our leaders to guide us to and from what, we pray, will be peaceful pastures, even though every battle for dominance and power must be fought in those same pastures. When two or more people plan to overpower a leader by stealth or dirty tricks, that's a conspiracy. The goal is to destroy the leader or the leader's authority. This leaves a vacuum that must be quickly filled before the system collapses due to a lack of direction. Most often, the leader of the conspirators, or a puppet with whom the conspirators will not have to do battle, is put on exhibit as the new leader, who promises the herd to uphold their laws. Any protests must be handled wisely so the herd will obey the installed leader. We have terms for the way conspiracies operate because they are so common in history. First, let's understand the vocabulary. The members of a conspiracy are a Cabal. For example, "A Cabal conspired and plotted to kill JFK." We can say that JFK's murder was a Coup d'état with a Cabal behind it. The dictionary tells us a Coup d'état is a "sudden and decisive action in politics, especially one resulting in a change of government illegally or by force." Further, we can say that Kennedy's assassination was a sudden, decisive action. Typically, such acts are in the domain of the CIA. The CIA uses "Executive Action" to kill the leader of a country. Otherwise, it's just an ordinary "action." The CIA has used its own personnel, surrogates such as the Mafia or NATO snipers, and the Special Activities Division (SAD) to assassinate targeted leaders, then uses propaganda to cover it up. Typically, the United States denies all responsibility. In a Wikipedia article the authors researched for accuracy (as per the access date of Feb. 1, 2017) we learn that SAD is unique in that the President can use SAD to kill any target the President designates when: "covert military and/or diplomatic actions are not viable or politically feasible... unlike any other U.S. special mission force..."4 There's very little that SAD isn't allowed to do for the President: ...SAD/SOG conducts direct action missions such as raids, ambushes, sabotage, targeted killings and unconventional warfare... (SAD/SOG also conducts special reconnaissance... carried out by Paramilitary Officers (also called Paramilitary Operatives) when in "non-permissive environments." Paramilitary Operations Officers are also fully trained case officers (i.e., "spy handlers") and as such conduct clandestine human intelligence (HUMINT) operations throughout the world. SAD/SOG officers are selected from the most elite U.S. military units... The SAD uses the same ploys, disguises and sets of lies that made it so hard to blame Lyndon Johnson, J. Edgar Hoover, General Curtis LeMay, General Charles Cabell, Clint Murchison, Henry Kissinger, the Rockefellers, the Rothchilds, General Edwin Walker, the Dulles Brothers, McGeorge Bundy or any of the other conspirators and cooperating accessories in Kennedy's murder. These ploys, disguises and lies, still used today, include: Special Operations Group (SOG) is the department within SAD responsible for operations that include high threat military or covert operations with which the U.S. government does not wish to be overtly associated. As such, members... normally do not carry any objects or clothing (e.g., military uniforms) that would associate them with the United States government. If they are compromised during a mission, the United States government may deny all knowledge... SOG is generally considered the most secretive special operations force in the United States. The group selects operatives from other tier one special mission units. SOG operatives are usually anonymous. If they are killed in action, ...the highest honors awarded within the CIA organization in recognition of distinguished valor and excellence in the line of duty go to] SAD/SOG operatives... accounting for the majority of the stars displayed on the [Memorial Wall at CIA headquarters. Political cleanups to hide who did the Ops, and why, are also conducted. If innocent parties can be blamed to get SAD/SOG off the hook, that's OK. What's important is to assure that the political change or assassination desired by the President is carried out: The political action group within SAD conducts the deniable psychological operations, also known as black propaganda, as well as "Covert Influence" to effect political change as an important part of any Administration's foreign policy. Covert intervention in a foreign election is the most significant form of political action. But what about way back in 1963? Not to worry: we have examples of how political interference and assassinations were planned and executed, going back well before 1963. Here is just one: a CIA "killer's training manual" written for its assassins was released to the public in 1997. Within its pages the CIA described "The most efficient accident" to use for "...its coup against the Arbenz government in Guatemala" in 1953: [a] simple assassination, is a fall of 75 ft or more onto a hard surface. Elevator shafts, stair wells, unscreened windows and bridges will serve.... The act may be executed by sudden, vigorous [excised] of the ankles, tipping the subject over the edge. If the assassin immediately sets up an outcry, playing the "horrified witness," no alibi or surreptitious withdrawal is necessary.5 When a country's leader is removed by a Cabal in a Coup, and the government is then run by the new boys on the block, controlling everything, we call this setup a Junta. The military and political group that took power in the United States after Kennedy was killed in a Coup d'état, was planned and carried out by a Cabal that formed the Junta that was still in power as of 2016. To protect the Cabal responsible for the Coup, a "patsy" – Lee Harvey Oswald – was rounded up to focus the condemnation and wrath of our shocked and angry people on a target that pointed as far from the true perps as possible. The Junta established on Nov. 22, 1963 has governed the course of the United States and has kept its desired leaders in power ever since. Would dedicated snipers, brought in by SAD, be willing to obey orders to kill the President, their actions obscured by the presence of Mafia gang members, also armed with weapons, protected by a cooperating Cabal? It's possible. Even so, a Junta is vulnerable to exposure and censure because it operates on the world stage. It can be argued that successful Juntas that stay in power obtain (or always had) the support needed to be recognized as legitimate or necessary. Successful Juntas may operate under the influence of "The New World Order" for many years. It's here that the linkage breaks down, as the colossal forces in world politics, war and profiteering collide, mix and do battle, under the influence of the planet's richest and most powerful. ### The New World Order and End-of-World Fears New World Orders have occurred over many centuries with every great sweep of a new super-power, but the present thrust into a New World Order is rightly called a global conspiracy, possible through the cybernetic and information revolution. Currently, to mention "The New World Order" – even though President George H.W. Bush and other top world leaders have used the term freely – is to invite ridicule. We have before us the opportunity to forge for ourselves and for future generations, a new world order, a world where the rule of law, not the law of the jungle, governs the conduct of nations. When we are successful, and we will be, we have a real chance at this new world order. An order in which a credible United Nations can use its peacekeeping role to fulfill the promise and vision of the U.N.'s founders. (Pres. G.H.W. Bush, Jan. 16, 1991)6 We turn again to Wikipedia, the workhorse for the nation's controlled media, which is happy to hammer those concerned about The New World Order with insults: It's the] overnight AM radio shows and [viral propaganda on the Internet that have most effectively contributed to their extremist political ideas about the New World Order, finding their way into the previously apolitical literature of numerous Kennedy assassinologists, ufologists, lost land theorists and, most recently, occultists. From the mid–1990s on, the worldwide appeal of those subcultures transmitted New World Order conspiracism like a "mind virus" to a large new audience of seekers of stigmatized knowledge.7 So "Kennedy assassinologists" were previously "apolitical"? That's news to us. Wikipedia accuses us of having "extremist political ideas" How awful! Furthermore, you readers risk getting infected with "mind viruses" by acquiring "stigmatized knowledge." My God! Thinking for yourself has become a disease! Not only that, but Wikipedia admits that the disease (for some reason) is spreading! "T]he [Internet play[s] a key role in introducing individuals to beliefs once consigned to the outermost fringe of American political and religious life." Christopher Columbus, Galileo, the Pilgrims, and Einstein's Theories come to mind. We the people are incapable, it seems, of using common sense. We need to be guided away from "stigmatized knowledge" – including "forbidden knowledge" passed down from generation to generation since the dawn of civilization. Wikipedia's political articles support the Paid Media's campaign to stop us from questioning the "official version" of things.8 We are children who should not question what we're told. The approved voices of authority – scientists, academics, experts – discourage alternative viewpoints. They cause problems. Our "improper thinking" is supposedly due to only "two phenomena that influences (sic) contemporary American conspiracism." First, The rise of "improvisational millennialism" – belief in an imminent destruction of the world and the creation of a new world as a result of the triumph of good over evil... independent from any single religious or secular tradition (e.g., Christian premillennial dispensationalism, etc.) and indiscriminately syncretizes ideas from different traditions (e.g., Western esotericism, Eastern religions, New Age movement, fringe science, radical politics, etc.)... Good heavens! What sinister forces are colluding to destroy our minds? We can't have any of that! Only the government's approved information can be trusted. The other "phenomena"(sic) was: The popularity of "stigmatized knowledge" – claims to the truth that the claimants regard as verified (e.g., climate change denial, location hypotheses of Atlantis, astrology, alchemy, folk medicine, alien abduction, extraterrestrial hypothesis for UFOs, suppressed cancer cures, etc.), despite the marginalization of those claims by the authoritative institutions that conventionally distinguish between knowledge and error (e.g. academia, scientific community, etc.).9 Of course, only the government's approved scientists and experts have the truth. Don't forget it! Though we admit that there are some indigestible pieces of information in the world's big pantry of "forbidden knowledge" that should be marked "date expired." that doesn't mean that we should toss out the good along with the bad and truly ugly. The list of forbidden knowledge is long, intriguing, and varied. Just for starters, the list includes: The Illuminati... Libros-Tratados... Nephilim... Occult Reptilian Sagas... Mason Rituals... Knights Templar Mysteries... Secret Societies... Mafia traditions... Secret Brotherhoods... Mormon Temple Rituals... Divine and Manipulative Extraterrestrials... Witchcraft... Voodoo... Wicca... Curses... Spells... Demonic Possession... Exorcism... Laying on of Hands... Glossolalia... Out-of-Body Experiences... Seances... Fountains of Youth... Crystal Power... Alien Abductions... Super Races... Planet X and Nibiru... Mayan Calendar End-Times... Armagedden Now... Shamanism... Apocalypses... Channeling... Automatic Writing... Tarot... Flat Earth... Prophets... Demigods... Satanic Rituals and Sexual Abuse... Dousing... Santeria... Druid Cults... New World Order... Mind Control... MK... Zombies... Time Travelers... Soothsaying... Witch Doctors... Mushroom and Hallucination Cults... Potions... Grays... Floating Cities... Alien Moon Bases... Night Terrors... Bilocation...Visions... Stigmatics... Palm-Reading and Tea Leaves... casting of bones... Mummy Curses... Reptilian Shape-Shifting... Wandering Jews... Levitation... seer stones... spoon-bending... etc. To this growing list, our intellectual Guides and Masters like to add "Conspiracy Theories." While we should approach the strange, the rare and the unknown with caution, and with healthy skepticism, we should fight vigorously for the right to do so. We should also be aware of what "approved" New World Order websites say, such as this example from the Global Policy Forum, which argues that The New World Order is merely the natural result of better communication: Over many centuries, human societies across the globe have established progressively closer contacts. Recently, the pace of global integration has dramatically increased. Unprecedented changes in communications, transportation, and computer technology have... made the world more interdependent than ever. Multinational corporations manufacture products in many countries and sell to consumers around the world. Money, technology and raw materials move ever more swiftly across national borders. Along with products and finances, ideas and cultures circulate more freely. As a result, laws, economies, and social movements are forming at the international level.10 Our concern is a one-world government. Anyone who thinks that's a good idea should ask why Great Britain voted to leave the European Union. (JVB: I live in Europe and observed how the EU began to lord it over member nations in the same "Do as I tell you, or else!" way the United States government bullies America's fifty states. ) The New World Order's "One size fits all" Procrustean rules destroy cultures, individuality, flexibility and creativity. When (not if) a one-world system becomes corrupt, then where will you go? Every dystopian nightmare is then possible. With these arguments in mind, the authors hope you are willing to consider the weight of due care and high ethical standards we have applied in our analysis and description of The Big Picture. If some of our sources happen to have been corrupted, just as can happen in any murder case in any courtroom, nevertheless, we offer a high proportion of good arguments based on the best evidence. Had Lee Harvey Oswald gone to trial, he would have been acquitted. Had Lyndon Johnson been brought to trial –and he was in danger of getting indicted for corruption on Nov. 22, 1963 – the same day he let JFK get gunned down – "Lyin' Lyndon" would have gone to prison. ### Two Cases of Corruption, Deceit & Conspiracy Since we will be making some sweeping statements, we need to show you, the reader, how we have handled the evidence. The first example will show you how the corrupt conduct of a Supreme Court Justice exposed the joint efforts of LBJ's White House and Hoover's FBI to ruin Bobby Kennedy's reputation so he could not win in a race for President against Lyndon Johnson. The second example will show how Hoover's FBI deliberately ignored vital information that would have saved President Kennedy's life. #### Case Study #1: **Hoover, a Supreme Court Justice, and** **LBJ's Plot to Ruin** **RFK** We look for motive, means and opportunity for wrongdoing. This example displays all three. The Director of the FBI, John Edgar Hoover, detested the Kennedy brothers, and the feeling was mutual. JFK, had he lived, would have forced Hoover to retire in 1965, when the Director turned 70. Instead, six months after JFK's death, on May 8, 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson, made Hoover Director for life. Then, in 1966 when Hoover was well past 70, FBI documents appeared in a Supreme Court Case "involving Fred Black, a prominent Washington lobbyist who had been convicted of tax fraud... [T]he Justice Department disclosed that the FBI had bugged Black`s office and apartment for 2 and 1/2 months in 1963" without a warrant. Hoover had broken the law. He knew he could be forced to resign in disgrace. What to do? Hoover turned to his longtime friend, President Johnson, who knew just the man to help him: Abraham Fortas. Why Fortas? Though he had his good moments, Associate Supreme Court Justice Fortas was no "honest Abe." To make our point, when LBJ was in a runoff to become Senator of Texas in 1948, the outcome was close: with over a million votes cast, Johnson won the final Democratic primary by only 87 votes. His opponent, former governor Coke R. Stevenson, got a judge to acknowledge that "...There were serious allegations of corruption in the voting process, including 200 votes for Johnson that had been cast in alphabetical order..."1111 Jim Wells County had conveniently provided this sudden influx of an "extra 200 votes for Johnson merely by changing the 7 in ''765'' to a 9."12 In fact, there were actually 202 suspicious votes: The last 202 names on the rolls in Box 13 were written in a different color ink; the new names were listed in alphabetical order; the handwriting was identical; some of the new voters claim they never voted.13 Similar dirty tricks occurred across the state, especially in San Antonio, where in the first primary Stevenson had won by a 2-to-1 margin. Suddenly, San Antonio found an extra 10,000 votes for LBJ that poured in apparently from nowhere. With things looking so suspicious, Johnson asked Fortas, a lawyer with massive political connections, for help. Fortas delivered. He persuaded Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black to overturn the ruling. "Johnson then won the general election and became a U.S. Senator."14 (Note: On the Internet, Fortas is typically described only as "representing" LBJ when results were contested, avoiding any discussion of why.) Not one to forget his useful friends, in 1965 LBJ rewarded Fortas " by persuading Supreme Court Justice Arthur Goldberg to resign his seat to be U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations," making room for Fortas on the Supreme Court. By 1966, when Hoover's illegal wiretapping became a threat to his career, Fortas had established strong contacts with the other Justices. Hoover sent his Assistant FBI Director Cartha DeLoach to discuss the problem with Fortas. Could Fortas find out if the other Judges would support Hoover's claim that Bobby Kennedy was the culprit? After all, RFK had been Hoover's boss! FBI memos show that Hoover, Fortas and the White House seized on this as an opportunity to undermine the reputation of Kennedy, who as head of the Justice Department also had responsibility for the FBI. Kennedy – no friend of Johnson`s – was expected to challenge him for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1968. Cartha D. DeLoach, also close to LBJ, "cautioned Fortas that it involved a matter that could violate judicial ethics." That was okay with Fortas, who informed DeLoach of "the Justices' positions... a breach of judicial ethics..." The private opinions of Supreme Court Judges are supposed to be kept secret. LBJ, pleased at the prospect of hurting RFK's reputation, offered to appoint an arbitrator who would pretend to be neutral, but would do what Fortas, the President and Hoover wanted.15 Later, this was changed to three appointed arbitrators, which looked even better. In 1990, the plot was exposed in FBI papers released to a researcher. "Among the FBI papers is a note from Hoover approving DeLoach's work on the proposal." Johnson and Hoover's problems with Bobby Kennedy were permanently solved on June 5, 1968, when he was fatally shot a few minutes after winning the California Primary. The deed was accomplished by the world's most miraculous gun: police decided that it fired 14 bullets in a few seconds from a chamber that could hold only 8 bullets. These magic bullets hit Kennedy from both the front and back at the same time. Sirhan Sirhan was the designated Lone Nut who pulled off this feat, but though he definitely fired a gun that night, he was unable to explain how he did the trick. The Los Angeles police department couldn't explain it, either, possibly because they had lost so much evidence, such as the 2,410 photographs they burned to save space in their huge building,16 and possibly because carloads of files were being hauled off by outsiders to "study" without any records of what they took and what came back (police insisted that all files were kept under lock and key). The destruction and careless handling of records was never officially investigated or punished after the 1988 discovery.17 With RFK out of the picture, 8 days later Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren resigned, to give LBJ time to nominate Fortas as Chief Justice before the election, since it was a "given" that Richard Nixon, from the other party, would defeat LBJ's handpicked candidate, Hubert Humphrey. On June 23, LBJ put Abe Fortas on his short list of nominees for the position. Then, in July, LBJ formally nominated his faithful Supreme Court snitch: As a sitting justice, he regularly attended White House staff meetings; he briefed the president on secret Court deliberations; and, on behalf of the president, he pressured senators who opposed the war in Vietnam.18 But the Senate balked, knowing Fortas was LBJ's puppet. With a filibuster looming to protest what was basically a laundered bribe connected to Fortas, Abe's luck ran out on May 14, 1969. He became the first Supreme Court Justice forced to resign in modern times, under the threat of impeachment.19 ### Case Study #2 Joseph Adams Milteer : a Case for Conspiracy You have accidentally recorded a friend's plans to murder the Mayor, so you go to the police, but the police do nothing. A week later, the Mayor dies from sudden gunfire. You hurry back to the police with the recording, but they tell you, "We didn't like the Mayor, so go home." Would you be satisfied with that answer? Similarly, we can argue that the FBI was complicit ("involved with others in an illegal activity or wrongdoing") in the murder of President Kennedy, by examining Case Study #2, this time adding information that proves the Secret Service was also involved. The worst moment in the history of the Secret Service was November 22, 1963, the day John F. Kennedy was shot and killed. It was the first and only time since the Secret Service was put fully in charge of protecting the president in 1902 that a president was assassinated.20 In our second Case Study example, concerning an honest FBI Agent, Don Adams and the right-wing extremist Joseph Milteer, we will show that the FBI knew about a credible threat to Kennedy's life only 12 days before his assassination, but did nothing notable to protect the President in Dallas. Nor did the Secret Service. At first, the threat seems to have been taken seriously enough to give Kennedy adequate protection during his visit to Miami, but only days later, no special efforts were made in Fort Worth or Dallas to deter the assassins. We know this because the Secret Service's carelessness at the time of Kennedy's arrival in Fort Worth has become a famous example of shameful misconduct, tantamount to criminal negligence: most of the SS caroused most of the night at two nightclubs, one of them notorious. At one point the SS abandoned the President, leaving him guarded only by the city's fire department, as this timetable reveals: **12:00 am (Nov. 22, 1963)** Nine Secret Service agents are drinking at Pat Kirkwood's bar, the "Cellar Door" in Fort Worth, Texas. Several of the women serving liquor to the agents are also strippers from Jack Ruby's Carousel Club in Dallas. (Pat Kirkwood himself is a licensed pilot and owns a twin-engine plane. He will fly to Mexico hours after JFK's assassination.) Bob Schieffer, night police reporter for the Fort Worth Star-Telegram remembers "... the waitresses wore underwear. That was their business attire, as it were, and people sat around on cushions on the floor." **2:00 am (Nov. 22, 1963)** Seven Secret Service agents are still drinking at "The Cellar. **2:50 am (Nov. 22, 1963)** JFK arrives at the Hotel Texas in Fort Worth. **3:30 am (Nov. 22, 1963)** The Secret Service men at "The Cellar" are joking about how several firemen are the only ones left guarding the President at the Hotel Texas, in Fort Worth. **5:00 am (Nov. 22, 1963)** One Secret Service agent is still drinking at "The Cellar." ALL AGENTS HAVE TO REPORT FOR DUTY AT 8:00 am THIS MORNING – three hours from now. Bob Schieffer remembers: "While there, we were joined by some Secret Service agents from Kennedy's detail. They were off-duty, but they wanted to go. They weren't drinking. But we managed to see the dawn come up and see the sun rise in Fort Worth before we left the place."21 We contend that Kennedy's death was the result of a cooperative effort, involving a range of conspirators, who, furthermore, had little fear of punishment. For example, The Director of the Secret Service, James Joseph Rowley, ...was in charge when John F. Kennedy was assassinated. He stayed in office for another decade. Rowley's publicly promoted legacy is that he modernized the agency's training and methods – after Kennedy's death. The much-discredited Warren Commission recommended he be given that opportunity, and went easy on him for the staggering negligence and/or malfeasance seen in Dallas. Rowley's reward for the ultimate mission failure? The Secret Service emblazoned his name on its agent training center. We are not saying that Rowley was directly involved, but there is no doubt that he allowed his agents to drink on the job, and that secondary-tier agents with less experience took the place of more experienced agents in Dallas, a dangerous city. Only a month earlier, a violent right-wing crowd spat upon UN Ambassador Adlai Stevenson and struck him on the head with a big sign. For days, "Wanted for Treason" posters against JFK had been posted across the city: So how did Chief Rowley discipline the agents who had spent the night drinking? Although this flagrant violation of Secret Service regulations was grounds for dismissal from the service [18 H 665], none of the men were punished in any way whatsoever by Chief Rowley, who did not want to stigmatize the agents and their families.22 In contrast, we need to see what happened to SS Agent Abraham Bolden, who President Kennedy personally selected as the first black Secret Service Agent to be assigned to the Kennedy Detail. The Kennedy Detail was directly responsible for the safety of the President, but Bolden, who took his assignment proudly as a sacred duty, soon became disillusioned. He eventually registered complaints of racial discrimination and the fact that the agents on the Kennedy Detail, which had to travel a lot, were "womanizing" and drinking too much: The biggest problem I ran into with the Secret Service when I was an agent was their constant drinking.... When we would get to a place one of the first things they would do was stock up with liquor. They would drink and then we would go to work. Bolden's complaints got him fired from the Detail. He was shuffled off to the Chicago Office23 where he "...first blew the whistle in October 1963" on the Detail's "poor security" before the assassination and again "after the assassination." For his trouble, Bolden was arrested, went through two trials, and in 1964 "was convicted on trumped up charges of selling a government file and spent six years in jail."24 We have compelling evidence that Bolden was framed (there was even a confession from the false accusers),25 but to this day, Bolden has not received a Presidential Pardon. ### "From an Office Building with a High-Powered Rifle" We will now look upon the stunning testimony of a retired FBI Agent, Don Adams. His book, From an Office Building, with a High-Powered Rifle (Trine Day, 2010) was an amazing story that made a brief media splash and then was ignored, even though his book blows the "Oswald acted alone" mantra right out of the water. In August, 2010, Adams told Fox News and Alex Jones' Infowars that in 1963 he had been assigned to investigate a right-wing extremist who hated Kennedy – Joseph Adams Milteer. Adams, of course, expected to receive updates about Milteer that came in from informants. But Adams was never told that FBI informant Willie Somerset had made a tape recording on November 9, 1963, where Milteer bragged about plans to kill Kennedy. Not only was Adams kept in the dark about Milteer's threat, his own FBI bosses lied to him and to the world about Milteer's actual whereabouts on Nov. 22. In a YouTube video,26 we see what finally reached the world, but it took 47 years: In order to make his case, Adams played an audio recording of Milteer for Fox News. In the recording, Milteer tells an informant the best way to get the president "is from an office building with a high-powered rifle." Asked if he was sincere about a plot to kill Kennedy, Milteer responded: "Oh yes. It's in the works." Despite the threat and possibility of a conspiracy to assassinate the president, the FBI and Secret Service allowed Kennedy to travel to Dallas. "[They] should have stopped the President from traveling instantly," said Adams. "You thought I was kidding when I said he would be killed from a window with a high- powered rifle," a "jubilant" Milteer" told the informant, following the murder. Adams points out that Milteer was in Dallas on the day of the assassination and has a... photo [where] Milteer stands near the presidential limousine prior to the shooting. Adams notes this fact was not mentioned in the Warren Commission report.27 Another source tells us of the complicity of the Secret Service: ...the FBI and the Secret Service acknowledged that they received copies of the tape's transcript no later than November 12, 1963... The Secret Service did cancel a planned motorcade during JFK's visit to Miami on November 18, 1963 and instead transported the president by helicopter. Despite that move, the Secret Service wrote a 250-page report within a month after the assassination that made no mention of the Milteer threat.28 The FBI and police informant was Willie Somersett, trusted by Joseph Adams Milteer. Milteer gloated that plans were afoot to kill Kennedy, probably in Miami: **SOMERSETT** : Yeah, well, he will have a thousand bodyguards, don't worry about that. **MILTEER** : The more bodyguards he has, the easier it is to get him. **SOMERSETT** : What? **MILTEER** : The more bodyguards he has the more easier it is to get him. **SOMERSETT** : Well how in the hell do you figure would be the best way to get him? **MILTEER** : From an office building with a high-powered rifle..." After what seem to be comments about JFK having a lot of lookalikes, Milteer says: **MILTEER** :...Whenever he goes any place they [not legible] he knows he is a marked man. **SOMERSETT** : You think he knows he is a marked man? **MILTEER** : Sure he does. **SOMERSETT** : They are really going to try to kill him? **MILTEER** : Oh, yeah, it is in the working, Brown himself, Brown is just as likely to get him as anybody. He hasn't said so, but he tried to get Martin Luther King. **SOMERSETT** : He did. **MILTEER** : Oh yes, he followed him for miles and miles, and couldn't get close enough to him. **SOMERSETT** : You know exactly where he is in Atlanta don't you. **MILTEER** : Martin Luther King, yeah. **SOMERSETT** : Bustus Street [phonetic]. **MILTEER** : Yeah 530. **SOMERSETT** : Oh Brown tried to get him huh? **MILTEER** : Yeah. **SOMERSETT** : Well, he will damn sure do it, I will tell you that. Milteer also commented that they were to be ready any time, and a patsy would take the blame: **MILTEER** : There ain't any count down to it, we have just got to be sitting on go. Count down they can move in on you, and on go they can't. Count down is alright for a slow prepared operation, but in an emergency operation, you have got to be sitting on go. **SOMERSETT** : Boy, if that Kennedy gets shot, we have got to know where we are at. Because you know that will be a real shake, if they do that. **MILTEER** : They wouldn't leave any stone unturned there no way. They will pick up somebody within hours afterwards, if anything like that would happen just to throw the public off. **SOMERSETT** : Oh, somebody is going to have to go to jail, if he gets killed. **MILTEER** : Just like that Bruno Hauptmann in the Lindbergh case you know [Dials telephone]. 29 Milteer correctly predicted that Kennedy would be shot "from an office building with a high-powered rifle." It seems clear that the FBI had no intention of allowing their rookie FBI Agent to hear the Milteer tape before the assassination, nor to hear it after the assassination. Was it because Adams was a patriotic young man who, after hearing the tape, would have demanded Milteer's arrest for questioning? Importantly, Adams was sure he could identify Milteer in a famous photo of a crowd that is viewing JFK as he passes them. The HSCA acknowledged that similarities between the two faces existed, even to the kind of glasses the Alleged Milteer wore (same style), so an additional effort was made to dismiss the photo. The HSCA said a document existed showing Milteer was only 64" tall, while the Alleged Milteer was calculated at 70" inches tall.30 The claim that Milteer was not in Dallas is based on a letter Milteer wrote, which was sent on Nov. 22 from Milteer's home town of Valdosta, GA to Willie Somersett, asking Somersett to meet him in Jacksonville on the 23rd. Milteer was assumed to have made the 1.5 hour trip on Saturday morning from Valdosta, GA to Jacksonville, FL, where he picked up Somersett at 9:00 am. Prof. Jerry Rose wrote, seemingly unaware of the letter: "Since they met at 9 a.m. on Saturday, November 23, there is a pretty good indication that Milteer was in Jacksonville at or about the time of the assassination, not-withstanding FBI and Secret Service 'alibis' for Milteer being at home on November 22."31 The reference to "alibi" seems to be about a highly-redacted FBI Memorandum which, thanks to researcher Harold Weisberg, tells us Milteer created a false trail as to his whereabouts by having a letter he wrote prior to Nov. 22 mailed for him from his home town of Valdosta, Georgia by "the girl" – when he was actually in Dallas.32 By distancing themselves from their longtime informant, William "Willie" Augustus Somersett, after he reported the Milteer threat and other secrets too widely, the FBI hoped to discredit Somersett's report. The letter asks Willie Somersett to meet him in Jacksonville, FL on Nov. 24, but it could have been Nov. 23. Mail service was better then, than now (co-author JVB has a letter mailed to her from her fiance, Robert Baker, from Fort Walton Beach, FL which reached her in just one day, in New Orleans). Milteer met Somersett at the bus station in Jacksonville, Florida. The two men then drove to Columbia, South Carolina.33 At the same time, Milteer created fake news about the whereabouts of Jack Ruby and Officer "Tippit," planting the idea that they were the real shooters with his informant, after the fact. In 1963, Milteer owned a 1962 Volvo, which he drove to the Jacksonville bus station. But from where? The conventional idea is that he drove there from Valdosta a 1.5 hour drive. But if Milteer actually drove from Dallas to Jacksonville, not going through Valdosta, which was 120 miles out of his way, and he left an hour after the assassination, we find that Milteer could have arrived in Jacksonville in time. Briefly, adding about 20 miles for roads at that time (to = 1,020 miles) and construction that added about 15 minutes to the drive, we can assume from contemporary records an average speed of 55 mph, if Milteer, knowing he had to fulfill his alibi, stopped only when he had to refuel his Volvo, at which time he could grab a snack and take a bathroom break. Coauthor JVB and her husband drove a shorter section of the same route in July, 1963 at an average speed of 55 mph. Hence, we have a good estimate that Milteer, leaving at 1:30 PM from Dallas, could reach Jacksonville after 18.5 hours of drive-and-stops. Add one hour for the time zone difference, and Milteer arrives at 9:00 AM in Jacksonville, just as reported.34 Yes, he had time to drive there from Dallas: the trip from Dallas to Valdosta, GA today is 904 miles on good roads, at an average speed of 67 mph. If we adjust the average speed to 58 mph, which was the speed coauthor JVB and her husband used to drive much of the same route in 1963 (Mr. Baker, being miserly, would not stop for more than a quick snack and bathroom break, plus gas-ups, adding only about 45 minutes to the drive). Adding about 20 extra miles to today's route, with similar breaks for Milteer – if Milteer left Dallas an hour after the assassination – he could easily reach Valdosta by 7:30 am. From Valdosta to Jacksonville was only120 miles, or 2 ½ hours away, driving at only 50 mph. MIlteer supposedly met Somersett at 9 am. We assume Milteer would drive faster than that whenever he could. In 2014, The Citizen Times reported from Quitman, Georgia that citizens remembered that Milteer, though living shabbily, "traveled a lot." Though townsfolk there dismissed Milteer as an eccentric nut-case, they reported that "Joseph Milteer died in 1974 at the age of 72 from what his death certificate describes as severe burns from a heating stove explosion. The Quitman mortician who prepared his body said the burns weren't bad enough to have caused his death, implying foul play."35 Researcher Robert Groden added that the burns had actually healed at the time of Milteer's suspicious death.36 Adams' book, From an Office Building with a High-Powered Rifle was published by Trine Day on May 22, 2012. On Oct. 29, 2012, his new home burned down from a garage fire. "The Adams' were taken to a hospital for their injuries, but their condition is unknown."37 Early in 2014, Jeannette, Adams' wife of 59 years, died. By June 14, 2014,38 Adams was also dead, of a respiratory ailment. Early on, FBI Agent James Hosty, who investigated Lee and Marina Oswald in Dallas, made this sobering assessment of being in the FBI: "With time, my idealism waned, and I accepted the hard fact that law enforcement is basically gray. I also came to understand that one of our jobs was to protect the Bureau's image at all costs, even if it ran roughshod over individuals or principles." from Hosty's book, Assignment: Oswald (1996). Hosty was ordered by his boss, Gordon Shanklin, to destroy the note and the memo that went with it. And he did so. The destruction of material evidence in a murder investigation is a felony. Which of course, makes us wonder what else they destroyed. The second event came when Shanklin ordered Hosty to destroy Oswald's rough-draft letter to the Russian Embassy in Washington, D.C. According to Hosty, Shanklin was not in his right mind from the long, stressful hours and irrationally blew up at him, demanding that Oswald's draft and Ruth Paine's updated copy be destroyed. Hosty, more cautious this time, decided instead to create an FD-302 report and file the letters away in a standard evidence folder. Later, in a better state of mind, Shanklin thanked Hosty for filing and preserving this important piece of evidence. The second felony was thus avoided. The third time, implied, was when Hosty was sent to retrieve evidence at the Dallas Police headquarters. This included Oswald's wallet, which will be mentioned later but more importantly, Oswald's notebook, which featured one page with Hosty's name, car license number, and office location in it. When he returned the items he got what he described as a funny look from Special agents Shanklin and Malley. Later, he asked a colleague, Emory Horton about this, who told Hosty they were hoping he would rip the page out of the notebook with his name in it! Hosty apparently never thought of doing such a thing, nor was he ever ordered to do so. Once again, more potential embarrassment for Hoover. When giving his Warren Commission testimony, James Hosty is never asked about the destruction of Oswald's note to him. Nor is he asked about why he is listed in Oswald's notebook. That is probably because when the FBI transcribed the notebook for the Warren Commission they intentionally left out the Hosty page. The destruction of the Oswald note would follow James Hosty through his career, resurfacing from time to time, and embellished to include a bomb threat. According to Hosty, the other players in this drama, including Gordon Shanklin would be playing a game of "cover the ass." Hosty believes that justice was served in the case since, one, he never lied under oath to the WC about the note as he was never asked about it; two, he didn't commit 'obstruction of justice' because there was no pending trial or hearing when the note was destroyed; and finally, no charges for destruction of government property as the note was not officially entered in as evidence as it was considered an unsigned personal letter. All technicalities, of course. Nevertheless, Hosty does admit to doing wrong by destroying the note. Even though he was disciplined twice by Hoover, which included a month's suspended pay, he was reimbursed for it years later. In the end, all he had to do was worry over it, for there would be no legal consequences for his actions. ### The Origin of The Second Wallet Ed Schwartz: Long considered a conspiracy wacko theory by the Lone Nut gang, the story of the two wallets, both owned by Oswald, which I have covered before, has its real genesis in the comments made by FBI Special Agent, Robert Barrett to James Hosty who documents the event in the book. So to be clear, this doesn't originate with nuts looking for a plot; it comes to us from law enforcement officials. According to Barrett, he came upon the Tippit murder scene to be shown a wallet by Captain W. R. Westbrook of the Dallas Police. Barrett is asked if he knows a Lee Oswald or an Alex Hidell, which he does not. Even more remarkable, the billfold is seen being examined by Capt. Westbrook and two other Dallas Police officers on newsreel footage (no audio) shot by Ron Reiland of WFAA-TV. Interesting enough, nobody, either the Dallas Police officers present at the crime scene nor Barrett, documents this evidence in their official reports. The confusion builds with Oswald being arrested with a billfold on him. Two wallets? Who runs around with two? This leads to theories of Oswald being framed for the Tippit murder and hence, a conspiracy. Robert Barrett firmly believed the murder of Tippit was a shut case, a "slam-dunk" as he said. Why? Partly because he saw the wallet (with Oswald's ID in it) at the Tippit murder site. As stated above, when Hosty is sent to the Dallas Police to retrieve evidence he signs a receipt for a wallet and he neatly writes the whole thing off as being the one taken off Oswald shortly after his arrest. The point being, Oswald already had a wallet on him. So, they take the billfold from the Tippit murder scene and imply it fell out of his pocket there? I think not. As they stated at the time, the police didn't search Oswald before they placed him in the squad car and sped away to book him. It is documented that a wallet was found in his left-back pocket when they did search him. As one can see, the two billfolds do make for a confusing episode. Warren Commission supporter Dale K. Myers simply says the second wallet has "no pedigree" and "To date, the wallet's origin and owner remain unknown." Another defender of the WC, Vince Bugliosi, in the End Notes to his book Reclaiming History simply concludes that the errant wallet is Tippit's. But that is not what SA Robert Barrett told James Hosty. The Dallas Police officers seen handling a wallet on film never said it was Tippit's. And besides, Tippit's wallet is documented to have been found with his belongings at the hospital. The last known person to have the wallet in hand was officer Westbrook. After that, it's lost in the fog. ### Tampering of a Personnel File Probably Hosty's most interesting revelation is that his own personnel file was tampered with containing altered documents to make him out to be derelict in his duties. After an internal investigation of Hosty's handling of the case, Gordon Shanklin and Jim Malley questioned Hosty about what he knew, typed it up and placed it in his file. Years later, when turned down for a promotion, Hosty inquired about it and found out that he had been blacklisted by the second in command of the FBI, Clyde Tolson (Hoover's roommate). After he got access to his file, he found to his shock that the answers to the questions had been changed to make him look at fault and negligent in his investigation of Oswald. Hosty had wisely made a copy of the original questions and answers. He also photocopied the new documents that had been altered. He had no proof, but speculated it was Shanklin and Malley who made the alterations. Here's a list of more allegations and events: Robert Oswald was found to be in the room when Marina Oswald was being questioned. Hosty was there and thought Robert was a Secret Service agent. This is a violation of procedure in the questioning a witness. Marina Oswald's phone was tapped. One time she is heard saying that the American people were suckers to send her any money. Hosty reports a total of $70,000 initially came in. Hosty apparently never knew that Marina could speak, read, and write in English. Lee mailed her letters written in English while they were still living in Russia. It is of note that Hosty apparently never saw this evidence or Robert Oswald's statements to the FBI that Marina spoke to him numerous times in English. The bullet retrieved from the Gen. Walker shooting was a "tentative match" by the FBI lab for Oswald's rifle. But it was only a 5-point match – and the FBI required a 7-point match. So, the Warren Commission sent the bullet off for testing by the New York State Police lab. They only required a 5-point match and of course they got it. But Walker's bullet was steel-jacketed, not copper-jacketed, and Walker himself said the bullet had been "substituted." "James P. Hosty was like a lot of guys. Your average, honest working stiff who starts out gung-ho and then runs into the Wall, where politics and power crush justice, truth, and morals. The Long Knives arrive to stab you in the back for the things they did. That's why Hosty remarked, 'I also came to understand that one of our jobs was to protect the Bureau's image at all costs...' "There is a lot of irony here, too. Hosty takesß his swipes at the 'conspiracy buffs' for coming up with nonsense involving the assassination, but his focus is narrow. He only centers on his view, and the work he did. He seems to have no interest in areas of his story that conflict with the official account as revealed in the Warren Report. He goes along with it all, being a Company Man. Yet his account of the machinations of his fellow FBI agents behind the scenes, being ordered to destroy documents, his own personnel file being tampered with (containing altered documents to make him the fall-guy) is itself a broad reaching account of conspiratorial activity. How then, are these men able to conduct an honest investigation into the death of the President?Or for that matter, in our century, to honestly report on the September 11 attacks that occurred? The official 9/11 Report doesn't even mention the freefall destruction of Building Seven, which had not been struck by a plane. Can we ever trust these people?"39 **Judyth Vary** **Baker** : The FBI responded to Lee's warning about the Chicago plot, but after that, Lee said he was 'under suspicion' and that the FBI wasn't responding to his latest warnings– warnings that could have saved Kennedy's life. For a long time, I wondered if a Telex, supposedly from J. Edgar Hoover himself, but full of misspelling such as Lee would have made, had been sent on Sunday, the 17th to warn the FBI of plans to kill JFK in Dallas. After all, Lee told me he had been sending warnings, and even a fake threat, trying to get better security for JFK. But there are problems with the Telex that the young FBI night clerk, William Walter said he received that Sunday afternoon in New Orleans from "The Director." Walter said he contacted five agents right away about it, then filed the Telex, which then disappeared. Five years later, Walter gave a copy of the Telex, which he said he wrote from memory, to Jim Garrison, who was investigating the Kennedy assassination. "The misspellings were consistent with the bad spelling of Lee, with which I was very familiar, and I had hopes the Telex really did come from Lee Oswald," Judyth says. "After all, Lee told me that he had been sending warnings to the FBI, including one on Sunday, and that because of it, he was under suspicion. He was afraid he would be killed by the conspirators." The problem is that we can't find another copy of the Telex, nor can we find any agent willing to agree they received one. However, researcher Walt Cakebread says the original was published in the book Bloody Treason. Knowing the ability of the FBI to cover its own tracks, we can only ask, why would Walter make this up? ### The Morphing of the CIA In 1947, President Harry Truman approved a charter for the creation of the CIA. He meant it to be an intelligence gathering agency – nothing more. Instead, according to Deneselya, an unauthorized "Domestic Operations Base" (DOB), was secretly created by the CIA within a few months. The DOB usurped the power and authority to act militarily, that rightfully belongs to the United States government under law. By 1948, CIA became an overseas political infiltration organization that to this day still secretly influences and sometimes creates our foreign policy. Its first known overseas venture was in Italy to influence the Italian elections to prevent a Communist takeover. The Communists were defeated.40 Around 1950, Deneselya told us, the CIA became a paramilitary organization as well. The CIA became so powerful that it dared to go against the orders of the President, as occurred during the U-2 incident. ### The U-2 Incident During the same two weeks that Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev traveled, then arrived in the U.S. for a two-week visit, Lee Oswald obtained a passport, got a "hardship discharge" to take care of his "injured mother" who had a box of candy land on her nose, and went to New Orleans to take a ship. On September 16, one day after Khrushchev and U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower met at Camp David to propose a summit meeting to be held the following May, Lee Oswald was on his way to the Soviet Union. In May, 1960, President Eisenhower's Crusade for Peace campaign was to be launched upon the successful conclusion of this much-anticipated summit conference in Paris between himself and Khrushchev. In preparation for the conference, Eisenhower ordered the cancellation of all aerial surveillance over Communist territory. Worldwide peace was to be the theme of the summit conference, but the CIA had other plans. The Crusade for Peace was torpedoed when a U-2 spy plane was flown over Russian territory, contrary to Eisenhower's order on May 1, 1960. That's like a Soviet plane coming over U.S. territory on the 4th of July; it would be a blatant challenge to the integrity of the nation's borders, and the Soviets had to respond. Whatever the cause, the plane crashed. It couldn't be hidden. The Soviets claimed they shot down the U-2, while the CIA claimed the plane crashed due to engine trouble. The incident infuriated Khrushchev and led to his cancellation of the summit with Eisenhower. According to Col. Fletcher Prouty, the CIA purposely undermined Eisenhower's Crusade for Peace by engineering the engine trouble that caused Gary Powers' U-2 to descend and crash (see The Secret Team – Skyhorse). Lee Oswald told me the U-2 was "supposed to crash" – probably by using information he had been told to supply, though it was likely the Soviets already had the information. Prouty said the camera on board the U-2 was obsolete, meaning the Soviets didn't get the latest technology, but at the 2016 JFK Assassination Conference in Dallas, Gary Powers, Jr. said the plane was carrying the latest equipment. It seems the U-2 was deliberately placed in a situation to make sure it would provoke the Soviets to shoot it down. As for the cameras, Prouty insisted that: The camera the Russians recovered from Powers' U-2 was a military-type, 73B, serial number 732400. With wide-angle capability, it took pictures of a 125-mile-wide strip. The film was twenty-four centimeters wide and two thousand meters long, capable of shooting four thousand paired aerial pictures. That camera was not the one routinely used by the CIA spy U-2's. This U-2 had been doctored in Japan by someone who was willing to give away the plane but unwilling to reveal the technology of the newer U-2 camera. This was skillful deception from the inside.41 ### Sources of the U-2 Information **Ed** **Schwartz** : Oswald dutifully carried out his assignment to provide information about the U-2 that would, as he saw it, protect American interests: Eisenhower, he was told, had weaknesses that Khrushchev could exploit. Joan Mellen reports that Sgt. Edward Dunlap corroborated Lee Oswald's information leak to the Soviets with his own version, profoundly improving Lee Harvey Oswald's historical image. It bolsters our case that Oswald was, as Judyth says, "a true American hero."42 During the eight-year Eisenhower Administration, America was a dominating colonialist power, especially in Latin America, using its newly-emerged military-industrial complex system, combined with international banking practices, as tools for exploiting developing nations. Upon leaving office, Eisenhower warned America about the "military-industrial complex" and the danger it presented: In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist.43 When Kennedy took office, he followed Eisenhower's advice and opposed this system, but three years into his Presidency, behind-the-scenes practitioners of the military-industrial complex successfully conspired with secret forces to end Kennedy's vision of leadership, via assassination. JFK's death allowed the conspirators and their backers to take control of the federal government. American foreign policy shifted to support regime changes and to police the world, as evidenced by the wars in Vietnam, Iraq and Afghanistan. As a result, American colonialism evolved into New World Order globalism, creating a host of problems, including the shrinkage of the American middle class and poverty rates not seen since 1959.44 **Judyth Vary** **Baker** : Lee had been a double agent for over two and a half years in the USSR. He told me he supplied information to the Soviets about the U-2, ordered to do so by the CIA. The shoot down of a U-2 over Russian territory put a halt to the proposed Paris Peace Talks before they could take place. Since Eisenhower had suffered small strokes, CIA elites feared his physical and elocutionary weaknesses would have been detected by the Soviets. The BBC, in their interview with Gary Powers, Jr. explained how the U.S. tried to fool the American people as to the true role of the U-2 flight over USSR territory: The U.S. concocted a cover story claiming Powers had been studying weather patterns for NASA and had merely strayed off course. The cover-up even went as far as to present the U.S. media with a U-2 plane painted with fake NASA logos and serial numbers. But the deception unraveled when the Soviets revealed they had not only captured Powers, but recovered the wreckage of his plane - and from it, information about his planned route across the USSR. The incident undermined a major peace summit between the two Cold War superpowers, and resulted in the withdrawal of an invitation to U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower to visit Moscow.45 As was typical during the Cold War, what the CIA released to the press was structured to make Powers, who underwent a harrowing trial in Moscow and received a sentence of 10 years of hard labor in prison, look bad: "When my father returns home he is shocked to discover that editorials had been written while he was in prison. These editorials in the American and British press basically said he had defected," says Gary Powers Junior. "He had landed the plane intact, he had spilled his guts and told the Soviets everything he knew, or that he hadn't followed orders and committed suicide – all of which were part truths, mis-truths, some outright lies and innuendoes."46 Lee Oswald, in the same way, would be utterly betrayed. Donald Deneselya, the former CIA officer working in the Soviet Russia (SR) Division during the Kennedy Administration, says Oswald was sent to Russia specifically to provide the Russians with information about the U-2. That matches what Lee told Judyth Baker. During World War II, the Russians perfected a technique to shoot down enemy aircraft using ordinance in their anti-aircraft guns in conjunction with proximity fuses that produced shrapnel flak. Though pilot Gary Powers' U-2 might have been hit by shrapnel flak, it certainly wasn't a direct hit, and that is why, Deneselya says, it landed in large pieces. Powers was supposed to commit suicide by injecting himself with poison, allegedly under CIA orders, but the truth was that he had the right to decide that for himself. He was placed on trial and subjected to intense Soviet cross-examination, to the great embarrassment of the United States.47 The CIA could dare to purposely sacrifice Powers' U-2 because, Lee told me, the CIA had an alternative option to use to replace the U-2: the Corona spy satellite. Lee had learned of the program shortly before he left for the Soviet Union, though he didn't know the name of the project itself. However, Lee was aware that there would be lots of them: The official Government version is that "CORONA was the nation's first photo reconnaissance satellites, operating from August 1960 until May 1972. The program was declassified at the request of the Central Intelligence Agency in February 1995."48 Wikipedia (using verified sources) elaborates: "The Corona program was a series of American strategic reconnaissance satellites produced and operated by the CIA's Directorate of Science & Technology with substantial assistance from the U.S. Air Force for photographic surveillance of the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China and other locations, beginning in June 1959 and ending in May 1972. The Corona project was pushed forward especially following the shooting down of a U-2 spy plane over the Soviet Union in May 1960." **Judyth Vary** **Baker** : Lee told me he spoke with Gary Powers in Moscow. Wish I'd asked whether he actually saw Powers in person, or was this by telephone? I failed to ask – but I was young – awestruck. Lee was not a person you would interrupt, as he rarely spoke of these matters. You let him talk or he would stop, and you'd hear nothing more about it. Lee believed that he gave the USSR information to tear down the planned summit. I stated this to researchers before I knew any details from Prouty or anybody else. I have corresponded with Gary Powers' son, who indicated his father had paced back and forth when he saw Lee on TV after his arrest, saying "I know that man." Lee had a chance to flee Dallas to save himself, but he stood his ground to protect his children and others he loved from future retaliation by the monstrous forces he faced. Though I wished I could join Lee in death, feeling trapped in a life without him, without a chance to continue cancer research, and having seen him shot to death on live TV, I soon realized I had to stay alive to inform Lee's children that their father had not killed Kennedy. I have accomplished that goal. Me & Lee is dedicated to Marina Oswald and their children. Lee had hoped that he might be able to save Kennedy in the eleventh hour, having joined an abort team to be brought in to protect Kennedy. I spoke of this abort team to Jim Marrs long before knowledge of it became public. Expressing his amazement that I knew about the abort team, Marrs decided to examine my claims and ended up including my story in his 2013 edition of his best-selling book Crossfire: The Plot that Killed Kennedy. In November 2014, at the JFK Assassination Conference held in Arlington, Texas, witness Robert "Tosh" Plumlee, a seasoned CIA contract pilot who has spoken as a witness before congressional committees even as late as 2014, publicly verified at the Conference, for the first time, that Lee was indeed a member of the abort team. However, the team had been called in at other times, where assassination attempts had not occurred, so team members, Plumlee said, did not take the potential problem in Dallas as seriously as they should have. In fact, Plumlee may have flown some persons into Dealey Plaza who had sinister intentions against JFK. Dealey Plaza was essentially a fishbowl from which Kennedy would not escape alive.49 On Nov. 24, 21014, Robert "Tosh" Plumlee verified that Lee Oswald was a member of the abort team that entered Dealey Plaza too late to stop Kennedy's assassination. While President John Kennedy was alive, small businesses stoked a strong middle class standard of living, while the global economy forced upon us after Kennedy's death spells doom for small business and the middle class. A Great Depression II looms as a possibility. So does World War III. And it all began when shots rang out in Dealey Plaza at 12:31 pm, in Dallas. Today, our once unique American System of government and economics – "a shining light unto the world" – a republic with a uniquely protective Constitution and Bill of Rights for its citizens – has been grotesquely transmogrified beyond recognition, and is on the verge of oblivion. Kennedy & Oswald: The Big Picture is meant to inform. Not only will you learn how Kennedy and Oswald were destroyed, which set the United States on a course of decline ever since their deaths; it is also a resource for the historical record dating back to the Woodrow Wilson Presidency that set the stage for our present woes. ### Edward Schwartz and Judyth Vary Baker Edward Schwartz' first book about the Kennedy assassination, The Betrayal of the John Fitzgerald Kennedy Presidency (2007, updated 2013), dealt with the following questions: What was President Kennedy trying to accomplish? Why was he stopped? What can we do now? ### Other Important Books Since then, other groundbreaking books about the Kennedy assassination have appeared, confounding Warren Commission apologists who have clung to their long-disproven, disputed, and obsolete story line. JFK and the Unspeakable: Why He Died and Why It Matters (Orbis, 2008, new edition 2016) by James Douglass, stresses the turn toward peace by the Cold Warrior, John Kennedy, and how his change of heart, in tandem with his other actions, cost him his life. Inside the ARRB – also known as Inside the Assassination Records Review Board: The U.S. Government's Final Attempt to Reconcile the Conflicting Medical Evidence in the Assassination of JFK (in five volumes, was self-published) in 2009 by Douglas Horne, the chief medical analyst on the government-appointed ARRB Board. Horne presents incontrovertible evidence that JFK assassination records, including JFK's autopsy photos, were "lost," destroyed, suppressed, altered or forged. **Judyth Vary** **Baker** : In 2010, my own book Me & Lee: How I Came to Know, Love and Lose Lee Harvey Oswald was published by Trine Day, offering a firsthand witness account of the courageous actions of Lee Harvey Oswald, an agent used by the CIA and FBI to ferret out pro-Castro spies in New Orleans, and more importantly, to help me and David Ferrie develop a cancer-causing virus injection to be used to eliminate Fidel Castro. In 2017, Antonio Veciana's book Trained to Kill (Skyhorse) verified that indeed Lee Harvey Oswald met with the important CIA agent David Atlee Phillips, in his presence, in September, 1963, in Dallas. In 2016, I also identified Rafael Cruz, the anti-Castro (once pro-Castro) father of presidential candidate Ted Cruz, in his role assisting Lee Oswald at the New Orleans Trade Mart on August16, 1963, where Cruz was assigned to help protect Oswald. Despite his denials, which came only after an embarrassing lapse of time as Cruz sought witnesses to the contrary, I have stated to the media, including the BBC,50 that I was present on not one but two occasions when Cruz was pointed out to me by Lee Oswald. As for Dr. Mary Sherman, the close associate of the New Orleans Project manager, Dr. Alton Ochsner, who headed the sponsors, her story has been told by Edward T. Haslam, who also links Me & Lee to the events in New Orleans that laid the groundwork for the Kennedy assassination. Haslam's fine book, Dr. Mary's Monkey (Trine Day, 2007, 2nd edition 2014) also presents evidence as to why the cover-up concerning Lee Oswald continues to this day. Mary's Mosaic (2012, Skyhorse), by Peter Janney, concerns "the CIA conspiracy to murder John F. Kennedy, Mary Pinchot Meyer, and their vision for world peace." Another book of importance, The Devil's Chessboard by Salon's David Talbot, places Allen Dulles (former CIA director forced into retirement by JFK after the Bay of Pigs debacle) at the Heart of Darkness. Writes Jon Schwarz, of The Intercept: "As Talbot points out...while Dulles is the star of The Devil's Chessboard, he's surrounded by an enormous supporting cast... [he includes] detailed reexaminations of Dulles's most notorious failures, such as the Bay of Pigs in 1961 and the nightmarish mind control program MK-ULTRA, as well as his most notorious "successes," the CIA's overthrow of democratic governments in Iran in 1953 and in Guatemala in 1954... Perhaps most compelling is Talbot's in-depth look at Dulles's lesser-known yet still extraordinarily sordid projects.... Dulles... led the push to save Reinhard Gehlen, Nazi head of intelligence on the Eastern Front and a genuine monster, from any post-war justice. Dulles... helped push him to the top of West Germany's Federal Intelligence Service... Also gruesome is the lurid story of how Jesus de Galindez, a lecturer at Columbia University, was kidnapped in Manhattan by U.S. government cutouts and delivered to Dominican Republic dictator Rafael Trujillo. Trujillo then had Galindez, whose exposés of corruption Trujillo feared, boiled alive and fed to sharks, and ordered the murder of the American pilot who'd flown Galindez there. All under the beneficent gaze of CIA Director Allen Dulles... The Devil's Chessboard... sets] the stage for the final chapters about the assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Robert Kennedy...Dulles had a lifetime of experience in arranging assassinations... you discover the depth of his grudge against John F. Kennedy, who dismissed him and several of his key underlings after the Bay of Pigs... he [also] unquestionably makes the case that...yes, there is an amorphous group of unelected corporate lawyers, bankers, and intelligence and military officials who form an American "[deep state"... who] collaborate with and nurture their deep state counterparts in other countries, to whom they feel far more loyalty than their fellow citizens.... [They]hate and fear even the mildest moves towards democracy, and fight against it by any means available to them... [but] if you don't go looking you will never hear a single word about it.... Talbot [recently argued, "The surveillance state that Snowden and others have exposed is very much a legacy of the Dulles past..." Or as a staff member of the 1970s Congressional investigation of Kennedy's murder said in an interview with Talbot: "One CIA official told me, 'So you're from Congress – what the hell is that to us? You'll be packed up and gone in a couple of years, and we'll still be here.'"51 Stunning information in Roger Stone's 2013 book The Man Who Killed Kennedy: the Case Against LBJ is echoed by Phil Nelson's LBJ: the Mastermind of the JFK Assassination. Both are published by Skyhorse, as is Jesse Ventura's They Killed Our President, also published in 2013. With these new books, and through the release of secret files in 2017, the final pieces of the JFK puzzle were now in place. But then, my friend Edward Schwartz, and Trine Day's publisher, Kris Millegan, realized that in today's hectic world, where history is being constantly rewritten in an increasingly dystopian world, a single book was needed to present the most important facts and link them together. We have done our best to bring that book to you. ### Restoring the American Dream When America's people realize that the present government is actually illegitimate, beginning with the accession of LBJ, they can unite to place limitations on today's corrupt Congress and Supreme Court by forced retirements. Reform can only come by limiting the number of years members of the Senate, House, and Supreme Court can hold office – which can also limit undue influence of the Presidency. We can limit Senators to two consecutive terms – just as the President is limited; we can limit House members to four consecutive terms; we can add 50-100 new members to the House of Representatives who should not be affiliated with any political party to introduce fresh blood and create a more representative body; we can limit Supreme Court terms to ten years; we can place a ban on "contributions" (bribes) to Congressmen by corporations; we can limit how much can be spent on a political campaign, such as a cap of $1 per registered voter; we can break up the monopolies on media; finally, we can limit the number of lobbyists per corporation in House and Senate. Nor should any former member of the House or Senate be allowed to become a lobbyist. For some time, the media has been used as a tool to keep and enhance the Establishment's power. Typically, the media ignores or attacks today's whistleblowers, including 9/11 truth-tellers, and JFK assassination truth-tellers, exposing who really owns "the news." The very meaning of "truth" itself has been mutated to "truthers" to reduce its importance, while the term "conspiracy theorist" is used against many who try to expose the truth. In 2017, the History Channel used 21-yr-CIA veteran agent Bob Baer to "independently investigate" Lee Harvey Oswald as "the lone gunman who may have had accomplices among the Russians and Cubans" in a series of six shows that disgracefully used Kennedy's 100th birthday as an excuse to once again obstruct justice for JFK. After enduring the outrageous claims made in the first episode, renowned researcher Edgar Tatro wrote this scathing assessment: The History Channel is presenting a new mini-documentary series entitled 'JFK Declassified: Tracking Oswald.' Episode One has three men – an ex-CIA agent, an ex -L.A. cop, and an ex-military officer proving Oswald killed Kennedy alone at the behest of the KGB. The show is full of assumptions and fallacies and absurd deductions-"could haves" – "may haves" – "might prove" – "all the pieces are starting to fit together" – ramblings. Based on a postcard of a bull fight arena in Oswald's possession, these guys speculate that Oswald met secretly with KGB personnel there. They show actors playing Russians as silent, sinister characters throughout the dramatization. They refer to the documentation that Oswald met with Valeri Kostikov to convince their audience of an Oswald/KGB plot. Moreover, they give the audience the impression that this Kostikov data is newly declassified and never researched previously by anyone in the world. They actually show the men finding it out all by themselves via computer searches that "Kostin" is Kostikov, with references to Dept. 13 and assassination squad data. No consideration is offered to cite a motive for Oswald or for the Russians to want JFK dead. No consideration is given to look at Oswald's actions as an intelligence representative of the U. S. government in any fashion. These men make reference to the story that the FBI kept meticulous records of everything in Oswald's possession, an inaccurate assertion which implied that the FBI had conducted an honest investigation. They continually insist that the CIA's surveillance of Oswald and any suspicious characters in Mexico City forced the Russians to cleverly meet Oswald without detection. The History Channel has reached a new low in disinformation. The links are incredibly juvenile and fallacious in its entirety. The preview of Episode two suggests that there is a document signed by J. Edgar Hoover (that bastion of integrity) in which Oswald admitted that he was going to kill Kennedy. The document was flashed quickly and the threat was shown in quotation marks. The fact that this garbage is being broadcast now, just prior to the release of more previously classified documentation in the Fall is no accident. It was difficult to watch this Orwellian hogwash, but it is proof that the propaganda machine is alive and well despite the passage of nearly 54 years. – Ed Tatro Oswald has been so demonized by a complicit media that a true picture of this admittedly flawed yet courageous and loyal Marine – a true patriot – was nearly lost to the world. Who among today's readers – if uninformed – could comprehend the tragic fact that Oswald penetrated (or was lured into) an assassination ring, where he remained locatable in order to try to save the President's life? After Me & Lee demonstrated who Lee really was, roses began to appear at Lee's humble grave at Shannon Rose Hill cemetery. Oswald had to be shot, despite the presence of national TV coverage and a host of Dallas police. However, the myth that Oswald shot JFK is losing ground to reality. I first spoke of Lee's attempts to save JFK in 1999: in 2008 it was confirmed in former Secret Service agent Abraham Bolden's book, The Echo from Dealey Plaza and in James Douglass' JFK and the Unspeakable: Why He Died and Why It Matters. Bolden tells us that he was present when the FBI called his branch of the Chicago Secret Service and revealed that a person named "Lee" saved Kennedy's life by sending warnings to Chicago's FBI office, resulting in the breakup of an assassination attempt on Kennedy's life. The President's life was extended about three weeks, but at the eventual cost of Oswald's. The FBI betrayed Lee as well. Only a few hours after Lee's arrest, on the same day JFK was shot, Lee was declared the only suspect by the FBI's J. Edgar Hoover: "Not necessary to cover as true subject located – JnH" (John Hoover) to FBI's SAC, Dallas, in response to information involving suspect Jimmy George Robinson and his extremist organization located in nearby Garland, TX. Kennedy & Oswald provides a fresh look at the meaning and magnitude of the tragedy that still stalks our nation today, and why the truth about the Kennedy assassination still matters. ### Learning About the Real Lee Harvey Oswald Lee as a 15-year-old Civil Air Patrol cadet. Lee told Judyth he wanted to be a spy ever since seeing "I Led 3 Lives" on TV, its episodes based on real-life FBI spy Herbert Philbrick's infiltration of communist cells in the U.S. Lee has been described as reading Marxist and Communist literature, but he did so to learn more about "the enemy." Not mentioned is the fact that Lee was also reading the works of the Founding Fathers – Adams, Hancock, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, and even Hobbes – while still a young teen. Before turning 20, as a Marine-turned-fake-defector, he would penetrate the Iron Curtain at the height of the Cold War, promising the U.S. embassy that he would give away secrets to the Soviets (he could do that: he had been stationed at Atsugi and had crypto-clearance to be a radar operator for the U-2). Embassy officials let him walk out, into Moscow's arms. Almost 3 years later, Lee returned to the Embassy, picked up his passport, and was loaned money from the State Department to return to the U.S. with his Russian wife and child: he was not arrested, which demonstrates his true identity. Oswald continued his clandestine activities for the government in the U.S., as told in detail in Me & Lee. Below is an excerpt from that book describing Oswald's last hours as the designated "patsy" for Kennedy's assassination. The following is an excerpt from Chapter 25 – Countdown from Me & Lee, reprinted here with the kind permission of the publisher, Trine Day. (pp. 515-537) ## Chapter 25: Countdown The plot against President Kennedy thickened in November. By now, Lee had convinced me that Kennedy was a great President who sought peace, and I shared Lee's fear that his life would soon end. Lee had been recruited in the Baton Rouge meetings into the Dallas plot. He had penetrated the ring. Now, he was meeting with one or more of the plotters on a regular basis. "But I'm meeting too many new people," he told me. He said he felt he was being "treated like a dangle." He was given tasks to do, as if they trusted him, but he was never certain who was who. A Secret Service agent sought his help in assessing the possible ambush sites that might be used when the President came to Dallas. Presumably, this was to afford protection for Kennedy, but of course, such work would also reveal which sites were best for murder. One meeting in particular disturbed Lee: he called it the "trophy" meeting. It was held at the posh 3525 Turtle Creek address. Lee had not attended that meeting, but he'd been told about it. "Kennedy won't be killed on Turtle Creek Boulevard," Lee revealed, "because Mayor Cabell, Senator John Tower, and Clint Murchison all have apartments right there, at 3525 Turtle Creek."(1) General Walker happened to live on Turtle Creek, too, Lee said, but farther away. Lee said the motorcade would turn at the 3600 block "because the plotters want to show their power... that they are in charge of their trophy."(2) They would also be taking trophy photos of the assassination. At this time, Lee believed the kill site would probably be the Dallas Trade Mart – if Kennedy wasn't terminated earlier in Chicago or Miami. Sickening to me and Lee was their plan to circulate a photo of JFK's head, "dead, with his eyes left open." Today, I wonder if Lee's contacts were fake agents, going through the motions to properly position him for his role as patsy – a possibility never far from Lee's mind since our showdown at Katzenjammer's. Was Lee thus kept from interacting meaningfully in Dallas with persons who might have been able to save the president? Or worse, did Lee give a fake Secret Service agent good advice on possible ambush sites, hoping to save Kennedy from execution, only to have them turn it around, and use it to kill the president more easily? These are questions that still haunt me.(3) ### Saturday, November 16, 1963 Lee met with an FBI contact at a location unknown to me, revealing that a right-wing group was planning to assassinate President Kennedy during his visit to Dallas on November 22nd. Someone in the FBI took the information seriously and sent out a teletype message to field offices that night. William Walter, a clerk in the FBI office in New Orleans, saw this telex the following morning and later affirmed he had seen this document to Jim Garrison when he investigated the JFK assassination in the late 1960s. The FBI claimed it could find no copies of such a document, but that hardly surprises me. There are many things that Marina and I might disagree on, simply because our situations and perspectives were different at a difficult time for both of us, but I am pleased to report that we agree on this important issue. Marina wrote a bold letter to the Chairman of the U.S. Government's JFK Assassination Records Review Board in which she said: "I now believe that my former husband met with the Dallas FBI on November 16, 1963, and provided informant information on which this teletype was based."(4) I don't know what led her to that conclusion, but I came to the same conclusion based on my own experience, since I was in near-daily contact with Lee at the time. Given that Lee knew J. Edgar Hoover was compromised by his relationship with the Mafia, he literally risked his life to try to use the FBI as a means of sending his warnings through the Telex. True enough, Lee had several trusted contacts, but Dallas FBI agent James Hosty, who knew Lee was not to be bothered, was not on the list. He had begun hanging around Ruth Paine and Marina. "Hosty worries me," Lee told me. "He's been pretending he's trying to find me, but he knows where I work. He's actually picking up information from 'The Pain.'" Lee saw Ruth Paine as a real danger: he had caught her snooping through his things in New Orleans and knew about her CIA connections. He'd told me never to trust her, and Marina would be advised by the Secret Service to stay away from her because she was CIA. Lee's most important achievement – temporarily saving Kennedy's life – was an accomplishment he only hinted at, typically understating what he had done.(5) I knew that Dr. Mary Sherman had given him the names of some trusted contacts, and that one of his warnings to save Kennedy had been successful. But I had no more information. I knew that Dr. Sherman's contacts were in Chicago, but I didn't know how that linked to Lee's successful warning until James Douglass kindly sent me his book, JFK and the Unspeakable – Why He Died and Why It Matters. Only then did I realize how important Dr. Sherman's role had been in the attempt to save Kennedy. I knew she must have been frustrated by our failed get-Castro project, which she had hoped would save the President's life. I now understood that Dr. Sherman had continued to work with Lee. Nor had she cut me completely off: she had promised to give me a recommendation to a medical school in the Americas. But I did not realize that Dr. Sherman's role – assisting Lee – had extended beyond New Orleans, back to her familiar territory in Chicago. I now understood what courage Dr. Mary had. On July 21, 1964, only a few hours before the Warren Commission met in New Orleans to hear witness testimonies, she was brutally murdered. ### Sunday, November 17, 1963 Just before Lee hung up, he uttered one of the normal-sounding sentences we used to indicate when he would call again, on our call wheel. "I'll call back in a few days," actually meant the same night and the same phone, but three hours later in our code system. To miss a call "broke" the wheel, meaning I'd have to wait for my time to call him. Because we took risks to be at the phone when it was the proper time and day, and because Lee had never before failed to follow through, I became frightened. As I waited, risking Robert's imminent return home from the university library, I reviewed how Lee had told me, in the flat tone of an undertaker, that Kennedy would be killed in one of three possible places: Love Field, the Trade Mart, or Dealey Plaza. Each site had its problems: Love Field was without good natural cover, making escape difficult for the perpetrators, but the large crowd expected there would provide some cover. The Trade Mart had good sniper positions available inside and out, but it would be so heavily guarded that, again, escape would be difficult. That left Dealey Plaza, where several tall buildings surrounded what was essentially a fishbowl. However, the Dallas Police headquarters were located there. Unless the police were also involved, the mob of police certain to be present there to help guard the President should be able to home in on the snipers and catch them quickly, unless the snipers shot from the overpass, or from the low hill near the end of the Plaza. Because I knew Lee would move heaven and earth to call me if he could, I was now terrified. What if somebody had overheard? What if they'd killed him? #### Comments – Chapter 25 (1) Lee did not give me a numerical address where these dignitaries lived: I looked it up years later. (2) The route scheduled to be driven was as follows: left turn from the south end of Love Field to West Mockingbird Lane, right on Lemmon Ave, and just after passing Lee Parkway (ironic name), make a right turn at the Robert E. Lee Park, onto Turtle Creek Blvd. From 3525 Turtle Creek Blvd., you could view the motorcade as it turned onto Turtle Creek Blvd. The motorcade then proceeded down Turtle Creek, which turned into Cedar Springs Road, then turned left on North Harwood Street, turned right on Main Street, turned right on Houston Street, then made the deadly, sharp left on Elm Street, and through the Triple Underpass. The rest of the route would have included a right turn up the ramp to North Stemmons Freeway, to the Dallas Trade Mart at 2100 North Stemmons. (3) Douglas Horne's five books, Inside the ARRB, James Douglass' book, JFK and the Unspeakable: Why He Died and Why It Matters, and Vince Palamara's fine research all point to Secret Service involvement in the plot to kill JFK. (4) Marina Oswald Porter, April 19, 1996, letter to Mr. John Tunheim, Chairman, JFK Assassination Records Review Board, 600 E Street NW, Second Floor, Washington, D.C. 20530, (Certified Mail No. P 271 942 632) (5) Ref: Douglass, James: JFK and the Unspeakable: Why He Died and Why It Matters, p. 200-201, 213-217, as reported by Abraham Bolden and his wife, and corroborated by official records. ### Killing Kennedy to Destroy America John F. Kennedy's New Frontier Presidency brought hope to America that the country's two biggest problems – the Cold War confrontation with Communism abroad, and racial problems at home – could be resolved peacefully to form a progressive American society that would set a shining example for all nations. Did November 22, 1963 mark the last day of true freedom in our American Republic? Scrutiny of the interconnection between the Vietnam War (1945-1975) and the Iraq Wars during the Bush 41st and 43rd Presidencies makes the motivation for Kennedy and Oswald's murders readily apparent: monetary profit and total control of political power. The radical arming of the nation's civil police force with military style weapons and tanks is another sad outcome. The wars first commenced upon Presidential requests for Congressional approval under false pretexts. The pretext for the tremendous expansion of the Vietnam War, the Gulf of Tonkin incident – the claim that North Vietnamese gunboats attacked American destroyers – did not happen. President Lyndon B. Johnson cited the attacks to persuade Congress to authorize broad military action in Vietnam, but historians in recent years have concluded that the Aug. 4 [1964] attack never happened.52 Cost in human lives: "(U.S.) 58,000 lives and 350,000 casualties. It also resulted in between one and two million Vietnamese deaths."53 Likewise, weapons of mass destruction – supposedly in Iraq – became the pretext for the second Iraq War soon after the September 11 attack in New York City. The WMD, in fact, did not exist. Yet in both instances the result was the same – an American-instigated war. In an appearance on ABC's "The View" this morning, just-departed Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice said she regretted that faulty intelligence had reported that there were weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, but had no regrets that U.S. troops toppled dictator Saddam Hussein from power.54 Cost in human lives (incomplete), from Wikileaks: The reports detail 109,032 deaths in Iraq, comprised of 66,081 "civilians"; 23,984 "enemy" (those labeled as insurgents); 15,196 "host nation" (Iraqi government forces) and 3,771 "friendly" (coalition forces). The majority of the deaths (66,000, over 60 percent) of these are civilian deaths. That is 31 civilians dying every day during the six-year period.55 The goal of these unwinnable wars is to provide gargantuan profits for Establishment Families in the cabal that runs America – Big Banks, Big Oil, Big Energy, Big Pharma – in other words, Big Business. Our valiant soldiers have been sent to die in contrived wars. The money raised by our government for these wars comes from ordinary American citizens. Most of the profit from war money finds its way into the pockets of less than one percent of our population. At the same time, major companies avoid paying taxes by moving overseas, or successfully lobby for subsidies and enormous tax breaks. Though Kennedy was a Democrat, he transcended his party's affiliation. He was, in reality, an Independent President who didn't have to run for the Presidency. Independently wealthy, JFK had his country's best interests on his mind at all times. He was not indebted to the Council on Foreign Relations, the elite Establishment private club that had been running American foreign policy behind the scenes since 1919. Judyth with Lee Oswald's Marine buddy, Jim Botelho, Dallas, TX 2015 "Lee was the best roommate in the Marines I ever had," said Botelho, who later became a California judge. "I believe he was preparing himself to become a spy for the CIA or the ONI." In the early 1960s, racial problems in America came to prominence. The Civil Rights movement scorched its way into the headlines, with news stories of southern student protests, and lunch counter sit-ins in 1960, Freedom Rides in 1961, the white riot against James Meredith's admission to the University of Mississippi in 1962, and the March on Washington on August 28, 1963, where Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his famous "I Have a Dream" speech. Kennedy eased racial tensions in America, but after he died, terrible racial violence erupted, culminating in chaos and rioting in the streets of major cities. We needed candidates to run for the Presidency who would get us out of war, not throw us into new conflicts. Robert F. Kennedy was such a candidate in 1968. RFK promised to immediately pull our troops out of Vietnam if elected, but he was gunned down by the usual "lone nut." RFK was actually shot from behind, but Sirhan Sirhan, of Palestinian lineage, who shot from the front, was blamed for the crime. In Barack Obama, we needed – but didn't get – a President who would put an end to perpetual warfare. Some say the worst is yet to come – not because of what America's newly-elected president might do, but because of deeply-entrenched power struggles with pure greed as the motive. Many good, middle class manufacturing and technology jobs have been eliminated in America. Companies once proudly American now send these jobs overseas or bring foreign workers to our shores at vastly reduced salaries. Health care costs have skyrocketed. Regulations to keep healthcare costs under control do not exist. Banks have been "saved" at the cost of the loss of uncounted thousands of foreclosed homes. The destruction of the American labor force as evidenced today was planned by oligarchic decision makers who have been dismantling the accomplishments of FDR and JFK since the 1963 assassinations of JFK and Oswald. Quality jobs were slowly replaced with part-time, low wage jobs. The deliberate policy of dollar devaluation, otherwise known as inflation, makes it impossible for savings to make a difference. The federal government has been paying its foreign debts and it domestic obligations in devalued dollars for decades, at the expense of our people. As for our immigration problems, it is not widely known that John F. Kennedy wrote a book on immigration policy entitled A Nation of Immigrants. This book contains the blueprints for a sensible immigration policy. Lyndon Johnson's Immigration Act of 1965, on the other hand, led to disastrous consequences for America. The differences in the immigration policies of these two Presidents are remarkable. Kennedy believed that in our national interest we should have a system of limited, selective and regulated immigration, screening out those who might become terrorists, murderers, criminals, or rapists. He was in favor of selecting skilled workers and badly needed scientists and engineers as priorities. President Johnson signed a bill into law that seemed to reflect Kennedy's ideals, but in fact, this 1996 comment reflects what is still the situation today: The unexpected result has been one of the greatest waves of immigration in the nation's history – more than 18 million legal immigrants since the law's passage, over triple the number admitted during the previous 30 years, as well as uncountable millions of illegal immigrants. And the new immigrants are more likely to stay (rather than return home after a time) than those who came around the turn of the century.56 Without full knowledge of Kennedy's immigration policies, it is impossible to understand today's. Only after we understand the assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy in terms of a conspiratorial coup d'etat that took immediate control of our government can we comprehend the wide range of its consequences. Kennedy's statements and policies are compiled in his books, as well as in his speeches. The Strategy of Peace (1960) and To Turn the Tide (1962) present his ideas for breakthrough technological advancements, social improvements, and plans for peace for a world that had been heading toward nuclear war. Kennedy was firmly in the nationalist camp, as was FDR fifteen years earlier. He recognized that colonialism was being challenged. After the rebellions were over, a new strategy of respect was required to deal with these newly emerging independent nations to promote peace and prosperity worldwide. ### Killing JFK's Policies JFK's agenda had begun to bear fruit, as evidenced by an invigorated economy that spilled over into Lyndon Johnson's term. Though Johnson's regime benefited from Kennedy's policies, by the time Nixon took office, inflation and war was taking its toll. Nevertheless, it took a long time to slow down and destroy America's engines of prosperity.57 Today, outrageous employment practices flourish that take advantage of the American people's willingness to work harder, with fewer benefits, stagnant wages, and less vacation days than workers in other industrialized nations, as reported by the Los Angeles Times: Just counting work that's on the books, we now put in an average of 122 more hours per year than Brits, and 378 hours (nearly 10 weeks!) more than Germans. Worldwide, almost everyone except Americans has, at least on paper, a right to at least one day a week off, paid vacation time and paid maternity leave.58 By July 2016, it was being reported that "[h]alf of Americans who work 50 hours a week or more don't use all of their available vacation days. One in three Americans who do take vacation end up working during it. Americans took an average of 20 days of vacation in 2000. In 2015, the average was 16 days."59 After JFK, Establishment policies created many problems for America and were ultimately responsible for America's losing the political battle for the hearts and minds of peoples and nations worldwide. In the wake of the Kennedy assassination, the promise of his Presidency was lost and his expansive agenda forgotten. The American Republic has been eroded by decades of Establishment control, as evidenced by their garnishing an ever greater percentage of our wealth through winless wars that add to corporate profits and taxpayer debt, and through free-trade agreements that promote cheap labor. Our infrastructure has also suffered: most of our aging highways were constructed during the Eisenhower and Kennedy years. JFK proposed funding for infrastructure development not only in the United States, but also in Latin America, a necessary requirement, along with manufacturing and farming, for mutually successful economies. Infrastructure building was part of JFK's Alliance for Progress initiative with Latin America. By 1963, the Alliance had begun paying dividends in terms of rising goodwill and the promise of future economic gains for all the Americas. But JFK's strategy for peace and prosperity between Latin America and the USA was betrayed three months into his presidency by the CIA-rigged Bay of Pigs invasion failure and the blatant interference with Latin American governments that has continued to the present hour. James Douglass and other researchers revealed that the CIA purposely designed the Cuban invasion to fail, to make the President more obedient to the demands of the military. Other issues relating to Cuba, Castro and the Kennedys are noteworthy: Operation Northwoods, Operation Mongoose, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and a proposed meeting with Castro to negotiate a normalization of relations between the United States and Cuba. ### Changing the System During the 2016 election year, grassroots efforts to form independent parties in America spluttered along without much hope for change, though the people were angry as to their lack of choice: they distrusted both candidates offered. Further, they became aware that the nominating system itself was rigged in various ways. It is likely that any newly created party would enjoy wide support if it adopted Kennedy's 1960 Democratic Party platform. In the spirit of what could still be accomplished, we propose that current U.S. policy of global policing must end. Our troops currently serve at the behest of the military-industrial complex in winless warfare for corporate profit. At home, our Supreme Court judges and members of Congress should be subject to limited terms to allow true change and more flexibility. Corporations should be blocked from contributing to political campaigns. American domestic policy must also focus on reestablishing our manufacturing roots, as accomplished first by Alexander Hamilton. The outsourcing of America's labor must be stopped and reversed. Debt must be dramatically reduced: by closing a majority of the minor military bases that cover the globe, we could start that process. Mother Jones magazine tells us that Maintaining scores of bases costing billions of dollars a year is unnecessary to protect oil supplies and ensure regional peace – especially in an era in which the United States gets only around 10% of its net oil and natural gas from the region. In addition to the direct damage our military spending has caused, it has diverted money and attention from developing the kinds of alternative energy sources that could free the United States and the world from a dependence on Middle Eastern oil – and from the cycle of war that our military bases have fed.60 If America is to be competitive again, strong, independent research and development programs need more support. Too many young scientists and industry leaders are tempted to leave the United States for better opportunities and more freedom to pursue independent projects. As they continue to leave, our nation's scientific achievements and innovative advances in the manufacturing segment are losing ground. John F. Kennedy was, ultimately, a social architect. He envisioned a more harmonious world that would have provided enhanced living for all citizens – a beautiful world. As a people, we responded to his vision. Even today, "Kennedy's idealism" propels many young Americans to hope and work for a better tomorrow.61 ### The Lies That Changed Our World Paul Kuntzler **Edward** **Schwartz** : Paul Kuntzler, who inherited Miller Reporting Company on Capitol Hill, the company that reported the hearings of the Assassination Records Review Board (ARRB), placed a two-page advertisement regarding the assassination of President Kennedy in the Tuesday, July 31, 2007 edition of the New York Times, on pages A16 and A17. That advertisement cost him just short of $200,000.62 Mr. Kuntzler invited the public to contact him. Comments on the ad were soon being posted on the Internet: When asked why he cares so keenly about this issue, why he's devoted so much time and money to something most people just shrug away with a rueful frown, his normally even-keeled voice rises considerably. "Because it changed the course of history. The last 43 years! There would have been no Vietnam war, where 57,000 Americans died and 300,000 were injured, including my brother. Two million Vietnamese. Nixon wouldn't have been president. There wouldn't have been any Bushes. There wouldn't have been an Iraq War. It's a matter of integrity. I think the American people, once they learn the truth, will take a big broom and clean house."63 Finally, he says, "I came to two conclusions: Lee Harvey Oswald killed no one – neither Dallas police officer Jefferson Davis Tippit nor President John Fitzgerald Kennedy. And that the government had restructured evidence to bring it in line with their version of events." **Judyth Vary** **Baker** : A senior researcher, Jack White, summed up nicely the good and the bad in Kuntzler's ad: I read the entire thing and from a lay viewpoint it is rather compelling, despite numerous minor errors of fact and some opinions presented as fact. It could have been vastly improved by judicious editing by someone like Jim Fetzer or Marrs... both professional editors and both having a vast memory of all correct facts. Nevertheless, I feel it will raise the right questions for anyone who reads it, and the good outweighs the bad. Jack.64 Kuntzler has cared enough to bring out many pieces of hidden information, at great financial cost, and he should not be faulted for expressing any personal opinions with which others might disagree. I concur that the good outweighs the bad. For example, this statement from the ad: On Monday, November 9, 1998, the National Archives released to the public all the working files of the Assassination Records Review Board and its staff covering the recently completed 4-year effort of that independent Federal agency to find and release government records related to the Kennedy assassination. Among the internal records released that day was a 32-page research paper, written by AARB's Chief Analyst for Military Records, which provide compelling evidence that there were two different brain specimens examined following the autopsy on the body of JFK – President Kennedy's brain, as was expected, and a fraudulent, substituted brain specimen at a later date – and that the brain photographs in the National Archives today in the so-called "autopsy collection" are not images of President Kennedy's brain, but are images of someone else's. All photographic records of President Kennedy's brain have disappeared, since its pattern of damage was consistent with being shot from the front; the images of the substituted specimen show damage generally consistent with the official version of what happened as a result of being shot from above and behind. **Edward** **Schwartz** : On Monday, November 9, 1998, after the ARRB issued its final report, and Douglas Horne who was ARRB's chief analyst for military records called a final press conference to announce that investigators for the board had discovered that the government's autopsy photographs purporting to represent President Kennedy's head wounds were found to be forgeries. These photographs were supposedly taken at Bethesda Naval Hospital on the night of his death. The photographs are available at the National Archives in College Park, Maryland. To quote Kuntzler: The final shot that killed President Kennedy came from the front. In preparation for making the forged autopsy photographs indicative of a shot from the back a soft-matte insert was put into place to cover up the massive blowout of the back of his head. The small hole in Kennedy's right temple was covered over and hidden. Donald Deneselya summarized the ARRB's findings: "It is assumed that the assassin used an explosive mercury-laden dum-dum bullet that flattens out without leaving any internal traces. The premeditated murder of Kennedy was an extremely cruel act of terrorism, full of hatred, meant to inflict certain death. Even if Kennedy had only been slightly wounded, the toxic nature of mercury in the bloodstream would have guaranteed his agonizing death." After the Bay of Pigs disaster Kennedy wanted to scatter CIA elites to the wind. Instead, CIA-sponsored assassins scattered Kennedy's brains to the wind. The CIA betrayed Presidents Truman, Eisenhower, and Kennedy, as well as the United States. Damning evidence and photos proving government conspiracy and cover-ups were collected into 5 volumes – Inside the ARRB – by the ARRB's Douglas Horne. The ARRB's report, though issued by a government-sponsored investigatory board charged with collecting and finding suppressed assassination records and witness statements, is rarely mentioned by the media. Instead, the conventional entries at Wikipedia and elsewhere parrot the Warren Commission's outdated and prejudiced "findings," declaring that three or even four "government investigations" concluded that Kennedy, who we now know was killed by high-powered rifles in a crossfire, was instead slain by a "lone nut" with an inferior weapon that cannot be directly traced to the accused assassin. For example: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia says: Lee Harvey Oswald (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was, according to four government investigations, the sniper who killed John F. Kennedy, the 35th President... This same statement has been shamelessly repeated across the Internet. For example: **Lee Harvey Oswald:** Facts, Discussion Forum, and Encyclopedia Article **Lee Harvey Oswald** (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was an American who, according to four government investigations by the Federal ..." www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Lee_Harvey_Oswald However, protests from researchers have recently created amendments to some of these statements, reducing the number of investigations listed to only two: Harvey, Oswald Lee: Lee Harvey Oswald (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was, according to two United States government investigations, the assassin of U.S. President John F. Kennedy on ... www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Lee_Harvey_Oswald The media, which is now almost totally owned in the USA by only few major corporations, continues to generally ignore the findings of the ARRB and those of a host of responsible, honest researchers, whose books almost never receive so much as a Publisher's Weekly review. Every November, Americans have it drummed into their heads that Lee Harvey Oswald did the evil deed. Such predictable actions by the media tell us all we need to know about why it is important to understand who killed Kennedy and why we must identify Kennedy's mortal enemies. Common Cause, on the Internet, tells us that the media will not be on our side in bringing the truth to the people: Fact: Three media giants own all of the cable news networks. Comcast and AOL Time Warner serve 40 percent of cable households. Fact: Major corporations, including AOL Time Warner, the New York Times, CNN, ABC News and USA Today dominate the top Internet news sites. Fact: Viacom owns CBS; General Electric owns NBC; Disney owns ABC; and News Corporation owns Fox Broadcasting Company. Currently, six major companies control most of the media in our country.65 According to British Intelligence investigator Dr. John Coleman, the American people have been suffering from "low-intensity psychological warfare" for the past 100-plus years, coming from the after-effects of WWI, WWII, wars in Vietnam, Korea, Iraq, Serbia, Iraq again, Afghanistan, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, etc. , largely engineered by the same group of wealthy families that have long influenced the policies of the United States, Great Britain, and the European Union. Coleman asks: How is it that an intelligent people like the Americans can be so deceived over such a long period of time? His answer is that the American people have been living through one crisis after another and have been conditioned not to think about the bad things happening in the world. We are "shell shocked" and react in what psychologists term a "maladaptive response." Our "programmers" may not care today about who protests their agenda, but they will care if the people learn that their "programs" are leading humanity toward disaster. The human mind, vulnerable as it is to propaganda and knee-jerk reactions to false flag attacks, remains the activating factor responsible for our own human destiny and our own individual reality. Harsh and shocking as it may sound, the devastating assassinations of the Kennedy brothers and Oswald marked the continuation of a cruel policy of covert, convenient murders and regime changes designed to control us and to bring us helplessly to our knees. We are supposed to function as pawns, under programmed psychological control. Establishment families are increasing their power and control over the United States daily by employing a system known as "psychological profiling" to carry out their agenda. We must expose our children to reasons to love life. We must teach them to fight for the right to choose their destinies. We must not be seduced by the messages wielded by the so-called Left-Wing and Right-Wing (a Hegelian Dialectic conflict) where we are taught to think there are only those two choices. Common to both "choices" offered is increased government dominance over the people, leaving them with no truly representative government. An honest and thorough inquiry into the Kennedy assassination reveals that the so-called "Left" and "Right" are mere illusions: it is all about power. In the midst of this confusion, Lee Harvey Oswald's voice must finally be heard, even though posthumously, as the ultimate symbol of how we all have been used, abused, and betrayed. Kennedy and Oswald, together, show us what happens when an oligarchy takes over a country. Though it took one hundred years, we are now experiencing a return to feudalism and fascism via a "post-industrial zero-growth" global economy. Our once mighty manufacturing machines, the engines of our economic strength on U.S. soil, have been gradually eliminated through various Free Trade agreements. The crippling of manufacturing and a return to feudal-style working conditions where the people are overworked, neglected and underpaid brings with it the destruction of the middle class. * * * 1 1. Kenneth Slawenski. _J.D. Salinger: A_ _Life_. Random House, 2010. 355. 2 2. Judyth Vary Baker. _Me & Lee: How I Came to Know, Love and Lose __Lee Harvey Oswald_. Walterville, OR: Trine Day, 2010. 586. 3 3. Ibid. 416. 4 4. This information is from the Wikipedia article, "Special Activities Division" at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Activities_Division where its citations have been checked for accuracy. For example: "Joint Publication 1-02, Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms" (PDF). United States Department of Defense. October 17, 2008: 512. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 23, 2008. Retrieved November 29, 2008. Retrieved Jan. 31, 2017. 5 5. <http://www.theweek.co.uk/politics/21051/cia-and-long-history-assassinations> Retrieved Feb. 2, 2017. 6 6.Nervous' Jeb defends Poppy Bush's 'new world order' Leo Hohmann, WND, Feb.2,2016. http://www.wnd.com/2016/02/nervous-jeb-defends-poppy-bushs-new-world-order/ Retrieved Feb. 2, 2017 7 7. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)> Retrieved Feb. 1, 2017. 8 8. Wikipedia publishes lengthy quotes from this book, _A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America_ , while also praising the book by citing a quote from its publisher (which is unethical) :"the University of California Press, and scholarly critics[which?] describe the book as the most comprehensive and authoritative examination of contemporary American conspiracism to date by a leading expert on the subject." <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Culture_of_Conspiracy> Retrieved Feb. 1, 2017. 9 9. Ibid. 10 10. <https://www.globalpolicy.org/globalization.html> Retrieved Feb. 1, 2017. 11 11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Fortas (even this source acknowledges the dishonesty behind LBJ's Senate win in 1948) Retrieved Jan. 31, 2017. 12 12. <http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/11/us/how-johnson-won-election-he-d-lost.html> Retrieved Jan. 31, 2017. 13 13. Quote from an article by Dan Balz, _Washington Post_ , March 4, 1990. Balze tries to castigate LBJ biographer Robert Caro as being unduly prejudiced against Johnson. By now, the media has been seriously influenced to minimize Johnson as to motive, means and opportunity in Kennedy's murder. Balze excuses this example of LBJ's criminal conduct by commenting that Stevenson, Johnson's opponent was just as corrupt and that voter fraud was common "in West Texas." (article in authors' possession) 14 14. Ibid. 15 15. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-02-11/news/9004180199_1_fbi-director-justice-department-justice-fortas Retrieved Jan. 31, 2017. 16 16. <http://articles.latimes.com/1988-04-19/news/mn-1441_1_key-evidence> Retrieved Jan. 20, 2017. 17 17. <http://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/21/us/robert-kennedy-assassination-photos-burned.html> Retrieved Jan. 20, 2017. 18. "Inventory of the Los Angeles Police Department Records of the Robert F. Kennedy Assassination Investigation, ca. 1968-1978" Consult repository to obtain Collection Number. No online items <http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf387002h3/> Further search reveals an inventory at California's State Archives of a mere 155 Items listed for use in Sirhan Sirhan's trial, some of it such as the door jamb and the ceiling tiles (called "insulation") "disposed" (destroyed) with the whereabouts of five boxes of the shell casings listed as "unknown" (lost or destroyed). 8-10 original photos, not duplicates, showing bullet holes in the pantry, also vanished. (See p. 95 in Philip H. Melanson's book, The Robert F. Kennedy Assassination: New Revelations...) A business card was suppressed: ("item "42 Business card of Dr. Paul Nilsson & Dr. E. Gordon Hiehn 'Motion to Suppress-People's Exhibit #8'): these doctors had treated Sirhan Sirhan for eye problems after he fell from a horse and had a brain injury. (http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/K%20Disk/Kennedy%20Robert%20F%20Assassination%20Clips/Item%20005.pdf ). It has been a concern that Sirhan's concussion may have made him vulnerable to mind control. Friends say his personality changed after the fall and he became uncommunicative. He had been working at stables with ties to the Mafia. RFK was the mafia's dire enemy. 91-year-old Paul Schrade, who had been shot in the head when RFK was shot, testified at Sirhan Sirhan's parole hearing in 2016, saying: "The evidence clearly shows you were not the gunman who shot Robert Kennedy. There is clear evidence of a second gunman in that kitchen pantry who shot Robert Kennedy. One of the bullets – the fatal bullet – struck Bob in the back of the head. Two bullets struck Bob literally in his back. A fourth bullet struck the back of his coat's upper right seam and passed harmlessly through his coat. I believe all four of those bullets were fired from a second gunman standing behind Bob. You were never behind Bob, nor was Bob's back ever exposed to you. Indeed, Sirhan, the evidence not only shows that you did not shoot Robert Kennedy but it shows that you could not have shot Robert Kennedy. Gentlemen, the evidence clearly shows that Sirhan Sirhan could not and did not shoot Senator Bob Kennedy. Several days ago, I made sure that several documents were submitted to this board for you to review. If you have not done so as yet, I would ask you to please review them very carefully during your deliberation. I will be glad to re-submit these documents to you, here today. I believe, after you review these documents, that it should become clear to you that Sirhan Sirhan did not shoot – and could not have shot – Robert Kennedy. What I am saying to you is that Sirhan himself was a victim. Obviously there was someone else there in that pantry also firing a gun. While Sirhan was standing in front of Bob Kennedy and his shots were creating a distraction, the other shooter secretly fired at the senator from behind and fatally wounded him. Bob died 25 hours later. Gentlemen, I believe you should grant Sirhan Sirhan parole. And I ask you to do that today. Along with what Sirhan's lawyers have submitted to you, the following are the documents that I made sure were submitted to you and which should also be factored into your decision today. First, I want to show you this. It's a letter written in 2012 by my good friend, Robert F. Kennedy Junior[1]. Bobby wrote this letter to Eric Holder, who was then the Attorney General of the United States. In his letter to Mr. Holder, Bobby requests that federal authorities examine the Pruszynski Recording, the only known audio recording made of his father's assassination at the Ambassador Hotel. The recording was uncovered in 2004 at the California State Archives by CNN International senior writer Brad Johnson. This next document is a federal court declaration from audio expert Philip Van Praag,[2] who Johnson recruited to analyze the Pruszynski Recording. In this document, Van Praag declares that his analysis of the recording concludes that two guns were fired in the Robert Kennedy shooting. Van Praag found a total of 13 gunshots in the Pruszynski Recording.[3] Sirhan's one and only gun at the crime scene held no more than eight bullets and Sirhan had no opportunity to reload it." Here is a photo of the Parker Center, which claimed it didn't have enough room to store the photos, door jamb, etc: http://archives.cdn.sos.ca.gov/collections/rfk/appendix-a.pdf 18 19. <https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Filibuster_Derails_Supreme_Court_Appointment.htm> Retrieved Feb. 3, 2017. 19 20. <https://www.oyez.org/justices/abe_fortas> Retrieved Feb. 2, 2017. 20 21. <http://reason.com/archives/2012/04/30/the-biggest-secret-service-failure-of-al> Retrieved Feb. 3, 2017. 21 22. http://jfk.deeppoliticsforum.com/JFK%20Chronolog%202.pdf Retrieved Jan. 31, 2017 22 23. Vince Palamara, quoted from his blog on the Secret Service. <http://vincepalamara.blogspot.com/2011_08_01_archive.html> Retrieved Dec. 18, 2016. 23 24. Susan Cheever. "Could the Secret Service Have Saved J.F.K?" _Vanity Fair_ , Oct 17 2014. http://www.vanityfair.com/news/politics/2014/10/secret-service-jfk-assassination 24 25. As quoted from Bolden's book, _The_ _Echo from Dealey Plaza:_ <http://echofromdealeyplaza.net/id14.html> Dec. 29, 2016. Many efforts to gobtain a Presidential Pardon for Bolden have failed as of February, 2017. 25 26. "...one of the witnesses, Joseph Spagnoli, who testified against Bolden, confessed that he and another witness, Frank William Jones, concocted and fabricated the criminal case against Bolden with the help of an Assistant United States Attorney... the accused assistant government attorney refused to answer the question of the subornation of perjury and availed himself of his fifth amendment rights against self incrimination. Notwithstanding, Bolden was sent away to the penitentiary... subsequently sent to the prison camp at the Springfield Medical Center for Federal Prisoners...Bolden [ended up] in solitary confinement... [and] without the mandatory court order regarding inmate medical treatment...[was] forced to ingest psychotropic drugs. The effort to declare Bolden insane was unsuccessful and Bolden was paroled in September of 1969 after serving three years and three months..." <http://politicalassassinations.net/2012/02/petition-for-abraham-boldens-presidential-pardon/> 26 27. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vjrc7hdcYk> 27 28. <http://www.infowars.com/former-fbi-agent-reveals-new-angle-on-kennedy-assassination/> – Trine Day published Adams' 336 page book, _From an Office Building with a High-Powered Rifle_ , in 2012. By 2014, Adams' house had burned down in what was deemed an accident, and he was dead a few months later. The blog at JFK FACTS, in its R.I.P. On Feb. 1, 2015, reported that "Adams recalled being shown the Zapruder film shortly after he was transferred to the Dallas FBI office in 1964 and, on seeing Kennedy's hands go to his throat, remark[ed] that the shot must have come from the front, not from the behind Kennedy's limousine. "Don, keep your comments to yourself," he was told." 28 29. http://jfkfacts.org/how-the-fbi-thwarted-one-agents-jfk-investigation/ 29 30. https://www.maryferrell.org/pages/Transcript_of_Milteer-Somersett_Tape.html Retrieved Jan. 26, 2017. 30 31. <http://flagpole.com/news/news-features/2013/10/23/the-georgian-who-knew-a-sniper-would-kill-jfk> Retrieved Jan. 28, 2017. 32. "..., making him about 2.5" taller than "the average 55-64 year old U.S. male in the early 1960's [67.5"]." The HSCA noted that there could be a measurement error in the unseen document: the real Milteer's height was topped at 66" maximum. But the HSCA should have used the average height for all males in 1960-1962, the most recent figures compiled by the government, which was 68.2," meaning the Alleged Milteer might have been only 1.5" inches taller than average male in 1960 -1962, not 2.5" taller, since there were some men in the age range they chose who could have been taller or shorter than the average. Why quibble on an inch? The figure's height looked more out of range that way. Ref: Statistical Abstract of the United States, published by the Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare, Series11, No. 8, p. 87. 31 33. http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/T%20Disk/Third-Fourth%20Decade%20The/Item%2008%20v4n2.pdf 32 34. Ibid. 33 35. http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/N%20Disk/National%20States%20Rights%20Party/Item%20011.pdf 34 36. All current distances shown on the Internet , such as at Travel Math (http://www.travelmath.com/driving-time/from/Dallas,+TX/to/Jacksonville,+FL ) are a few miles shorter than the original route, and the roads are better. JVB's former husband, being a mathematician, kept meticulous records for travel time, mileage, etc. Being a miser, he even kept track of how many times the oven was used in 1963 in Gainesville, FL. 35 37. <http://www.citizen-times.com/story/news/2014/01/12/carole-currie-was-small-town-nut-a-jfk-conspirator-/4422369/> 36 38. https://archive.org/stream/nsia-GrodenRobertJ/nsia-GrodenRobertJ/Groden%20Robert%2027_djvu.txt 37 39. According to a local newspaper article: <http://fairlawn-bath.patch.com/articles/former-fairlawn-chief-wife-injured-in-blaze> Retrieved Jan. 28, 2017. 38 40. Http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/ohio/obituary.aspx?pid=171381122 39 41. Sources: _Assignment: Oswal_ d by James P. Hosty, Jr. with Thomas C. Hosty, Arcade Publishing, 1996, photographs, 328 pages. Also see: James P. Hosty's Warren Commission testimony http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh4/pdf/WH4_Hosty.pdf and http://oswaldsmother.blogspot.com/2011/01/assignment-oswald-by-james-p-hosty.html 40 42. Christopher Simpson. _Blowback_. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988. 8995. 41 43. https://ratical.org/ratville/JFK/SAP.html, quoting from Prouty's article "The Sabotaging of the American Presidency" by L. Fletcher Prouty , "reprinted by permission of the author,"from the Jan, 1979 edition of _The Gallery_. Retrieved Dec. 12, 2015. 42 44. Researcher Joan Mellen tells a completely different story concerning the U-2 incident in her revised and updated 2013 book entitled _A Farewell to Justice_ : "The information provided to the Soviets did not come from Lee Harvey Oswald. Rather, the source was a former United States Army sergeant named Jack Edward Dunlap, assigned to the National Security Agency." (165) However, the authors do not say that Lee Oswald's role in the U-2 matter was the only effort to get that information into Soviet hands. Lee's information, along with Dunlap's, provided a means to verify that the information had corroboration and could be deemed trustworthy. 43 45. Dwight D. Eisenhower. "Farewell Address." _American Rhetoric: Top 100 Speeches._ <http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/dwightdeisenhowerfarewell.html>. 44 46. Ren Scherer. "U.S. Adds 3.8 million more to ranks of the poor as poverty rate jumps." _Christian Science Monitor_. <http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2010/0916/U.S.-adds-3.8-million-more-to-ranks-of-the-poor-as-poverty-rate-jumps>, September 16, 2010. 45 47. <http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35064221> pub. Jan 3, 2016. 46 48. Ibid. 47 49. Ray and Mary LaFontaine. _Oswald Talked: The New Evidence in the_ _JFK Assassination_. Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing, 1997. 8687. (Note:this book has some errors) 48 50. National Reconnaissance Office: <http://www.nro.gov/history/csnr/corona/> Retrieved 08/08/2014. 49 51. Judyth Vary Baker. Op. cit. v, 518, 540. 50 52. As of Aug. 18 -23, 2016. 51 53. "A New Biography Traces the Pathology of Allen Dulles and His Appalling Cabal" <https://theintercept.com/2015/11/02/the-deepest-state-the-safari-club-allen-dulles-and-the-devils-chessboard/> Retrieved Aug. 21, 2016. 52 54. Elisabeth Bumiller. "Records Show Doubts on '64 Vietnam Crisis." _New York Times_ , 14 July, 2010. 53 55. "Learn More about the Vietnam War." Digital History: Using New Technologies to Enhance Teaching and Research. <www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/modules/vietnam/index.cfm>. 54 56. Andrew Malcolm. "Condoleezza Rice regrets there were no weapons of mass destruction in Iraq." Top of the Ticket: Political Commentary from Andrew Malcolm, <<http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/washington/2009/01/condoleezza-ric.html>>, January 29, 2009. 55 57. Russell Goldman and Luis Martinez. "Wikileaks: At Least 109,000 Killed During Iraq War." _ABC Nightline News_ , <http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wikileaks-109000-deaths-iraq-war/story?id=11949670>, Oct. 22, 2010. 56 58. "Three Decades of Mass Immigration: The Legacy of the 1965 Immigration Act." CIS, Sept. 1995. <http://cis.org/1965ImmigrationAct-MassImmigration> Retrieved 08/09/2014. 57 59. Geert Bekaert, Eric Engstrom and Campbell R. Harvey. "Chronology of Economic, Political and Financial Events in United States of America." Prepared for The U.S. Risk Premium. Duke University. <http://www.duke.edu/~charvey/Country_risk/chronology/us-events.htm>. 58 60. Monika Bauerlein and Clara Jeffery. "U.S. workers are the victims of a speedup." _Los Angeles Times._ <http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-oe-jeffery-bauerlein-speedup-20110814,0,5795904.story>, Aug. 14, 2011. 59 61. <http://www.turnto23.com/news/local-news/study-americans-who-work-50-hours-dont-use-their-vacation-time> "The poll was conducted by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and NPR." Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016. 60 62.<http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/11/america-still-has-hundreds-military-bases-worldwide-have-they-made-us-any-safer> Retrieved Jan. 9, 2015. 61 63. David Gergen. "JFK 50: Kennedy's Idealism and Today's Generation." Harvard Kennedy School. You Tube Video. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZB0Tv3-lZEc&feature=player_embedded>, Jan. 24, 2011. 62 64. <http://www.latimes.com/la-oe-daum4aug04-column.html> Retrieved Aug. 21, 2016. 63 65. <http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=10609> Retrieved July 30, 2016 64 66. Ibid. 65 67. "Facts On Media In America: Did You Know?" Media Consolidation Fact Sheets. Common Cause. <http://www.commoncause.org/site/pp.asp?c=dkLNK1MQIwG&b=2127045>. # Part I – Yesterday's Links To Today's Evils Chapter 1 ## The Military – Industrial Complex, Big Business, and Globalism I am an idealist without illusions. – John Fitzgerald Kennedy ### Why "The Big Picture" Is Full of Holes The assassination of President John F. Kennedy involved a conspiracy. But wait! Better not mention that word. It's anathema. Political suicide. "Conspiracy" describes any collusion, secret dealings, or plans for evildoing in politics, government, business, the media, etc., between two or more people. Conspiracy has always been with us, as Shakespeare relates: Julius Caesar was assassinated by a mob of his own Senators, but who remembers the names of the Senators who stabbed him to death? What we remember is that Caesar, with his dying breath, cried out "Et tu, Brute?" (And you [too], Brutus?) He then stopped struggling: his "adopted son" after all, had also turned against him. We can now point towards the beneficiaries and their links to Kennedy's murder. The public no longer believes the "Lone Nut" story. What about the others involved? Nevertheless, the government usually preaches: "Only 'lone nuts' do bad things to us. There are no conspiracies in America! The media has spoken." To the trigger word "conspiracy" the media has added "theory." After all, a theory is an unproven assumption. The media uses the term "conspiracy theory" to warn the public that whatever comes next should be considered suspicious and untrue. Only the official media-blessed versions are true, though subject to change at any time. Here is how it works: if the media labels a story a "conspiracy theory," even if any of it is true, it is still a conspiracy theory and even the part that's true is just used to make you believe the rest of it. It's political suicide to defend a "conspiracy theory." That makes you a "conspiracy theorist" – meaning that neither you nor anyone believing you should be trusted. Why you should care: Though "conspiracy" is an unpopular, almost forbidden word, conspiracy occurs in our government and in our intelligence agencies, behind closed doors, day and night. Though often denied, conspiracy is a fact of life in the U.S. government, the product of a vast system of deception supported by not only our intelligence agencies, but by the government itself at every level. The 2016 U.S. election provided an excellent example of outside manipulations reeking of "Operation Mockingbird" and "fake news." ### Operation Mockingbird and "Fake News" "Fake news" has emerged as the poster child of conspiracy thought, becoming a subject of intense interest during and after the election of 2016. Insiders, whether Democrat or Republican, were aware that beyond truthful news and even "spin" lay a dark area where outright lies could influence voters. That's because they knew that "Operation Mockingbird" was in play, allowing the FBI, the CIA, the U.S. State Department and other government agencies to issue fake news. The Operation Mockingbird propaganda program was launched in the late 1940s by Frank Wisner. It was steered by the CIA's Allen Dulles and Cord Meyer to help intensify the Cold War. Over the years, there has been little doubt that the bones of Mockingbird have remained in operation – spreading disinformation and lies. As a watchdog Internet group noted, "The scope of the infiltration of the media was vast, encompassing newspapers, periodicals, press services, news agencies, radio and television stations, book publishers and foreign media outlets."1 In 2011, declassified documents revealed one such example of government infiltration to influence the news when efforts to discredit and malign Wikileaks' Julian Assange raged in the media, calling for Assange's extradition to the U.S. and his execution as a traitor, despite the fact that he was an Australian citizen: An agency of the U.S. government was exposed trying to control the public narrative over WikiLeaks in 2011 by influencing media outlets coverage, as revealed in the latest batch of Hillary Clinton emails released by the State Department. The emails from Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs at the time, Philip J. Crowley, exposed the U.S. State Department "planting" a number of "questions and concerns" with CBS News for a 60 Minutes piece on WikiLeaks, featuring Julian Assange. "I just received confirmation from 60 Minutes that a piece on Julian Assange will air Sunday night. He will be the only person featured..." Crowley wrote. "60 Minutes assures me that they raised a number of questions and concerns we planted with them during the course of the interview."2 In September, 2016, Operation Mockingbird-like tactics were exposed when the Department of Justice Office of Inspector General published: ...what's become the subject of outrage for journalists, civil and constitutional rights advocates, and legal experts –A Review of the FBI's Impersonation of a Journalist in a Criminal Investigation. Allowing agents to infiltrate media organizations for any reason threatens to utterly undermine public trust, kill the very concept of journalistic integrity, and throttle the flow of information from sources and whistleblowers concerned with the legitimacy of journalists they contact.3 US News & World Report (and many other news magazines and news sources) chimed in: FBI agents may impersonate journalists while conducting undercover investigations, and an agent who posed as an editor with the Associated Press during a 2007 investigation did not violate agency policies, the Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General found in a report released Thursday. The conclusion sparked consternation across social media by journalists, civil rights groups and some legal experts, who have argued that the practice – by its very existence – threatens to heighten public mistrust of reporters, damage journalists' credibility and have a chilling effect on sources and whistleblowers who may fear that their contacts in the media are actually undercover agents. "The Associated Press is deeply disappointed by the Inspector General's findings, which effectively condone the FBI's impersonation of an AP journalist in 2007," Associated Press Vice President Paul Colford said in a statement. "Such action compromises the ability of a free press to gather the news safely and effectively and raises serious constitutional concerns."4 Under these conditions, the Presidential race of 2016 was fraught with fake news from many sources. The Democrats claimed that Russia hacked into Clinton's campaign manager's emails (revealing corruption of the Clinton Foundation) to help Donald Trump win the presidency. The Republicans claimed that the FBI was the pawn of the Clintons, dragging its feet in its investigation of Hillary Clinton's careless use of a private server to send classified emails while Secretary of State. It has been claimed delays were made so she could escape prosecution until after getting elected President. Most news sources had assumed Clinton would win, based on polls that Trump claimed were "rigged." Trump's multiple complaints that the election was "rigged" were pooh-poohed by President Obama, who was campaigning for Clinton: ... "no serious person" would believe the presidential election could be rigged. The President... went on to attack GOP nominee Donald Trump by saying, "I've never seen in my lifetime or in modern political history any presidential candidate trying to discredit the elections and the election process before votes have even taken place." In 2008, however, then-candidate Obama was singing a very different tune. Speaking at a campaign stop at Kent State University in Ohio, [when] Senator Obama said elections in the past had been rigged... he was asked by a supporter, "I would just like to know what you can say to reassure us that this election will not be rigged or stolen?" As the crowd cheered, Obama answered, "Well, I tell you what it helps in Ohio, that we got Democrats in charge of the machines." The crowd cheered again.5 The public, of course, became confused and distrustful. Financial Times, in a Jan. 17, 2017 report from Davos, described the fallout: Public trust in traditional media has fallen to an all-time low as people increasingly favour their friends and contacts on the internet as sources of news and truth, according to research to be presented at the World Economic Forum in Davos this week. While the Big Picture is being solved by more and more people, resulting in paranoia, suspicion and anger, the power of the super-elite is so enormous and their positons so immovable that a sense of helplessness has emerged, as the Jan. 17 report from Davos' World Economic Forum suggested: Globalisation and rapid changes in technology have fuelled "virulent populism and nationalism," said Richard Edelman, chief executive of the world's largest public relations consultancy by revenues, which publishes the annual Edelman Trust Barometer. Public anger will be fuelled by new estimates of global wealth inequality...[because] eight billionaires hold as much wealth as half of the world's 7.2bn people. This is a number so far from "1%" as to be almost incomprehensible – the elite of the elite. In the Edelman index, for the first time, three-quarters of the 28 countries surveyed were categorised as "distrustful" of government, business, media and non-governmental organisations....People now view media as part of the elite. The implications of this accelerating scepticism are "deep and wide-ranging" said Mr Edelman, pointing to the election of Donald Trump in the U.S., Britain's vote to leave the European Union, likening the decline in trust to "the second and third waves of a tsunami" after the financial crisis of 2008. Among the biggest losers of credibility was the media. Trust in media plunged... to... an all-time low... But people have to get their news from somewhere. Said Edelman: People are shifting their faith towards the Internet rather than traditional media as purveyors of truth.... In fact online search engines were deemed more reliable than traditional media for information, a reversal from five years ago. Since the super-wealthy have the power and means to buy and influence the media to their own advantage, they do so. Meanwhile, the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. At the 2015 meeting in Davos, the charity Oxfam made this clear when attendees were told about the stunningly unequal distribution of wealth across the planet. In 2016, the message was repeated, using new, more reliable data: Oxfam now estimates that only eight billionaires own as much as 3.6bn people....They were Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft; Amancio Ortega, founder of Inditex; Warren Buffett, chief executive of Berkshire Hathaway; Carlos Slim, the Mexican telecoms titan; Jeff Bezos, founder of Amazon; Mark Zuckerberg, co-founder of Facebook; Larry Ellison, co-founder of Oracle; and Michael Bloomberg, founder of Bloomberg. Seeking to channel anger at institutions and the richest people, Mark Goldring, UK chief executive of Oxfam said: "The fact that a super-rich elite are able to prosper at the expense of the rest of us at home and overseas shows how warped our economy has become."6 ### Labels That Kill We return to our argument: the media has been sculpted over the years to heap scorn and mockery on the word "conspiracy" while assuring the public that the government has been honest about everything from the Kennedy assassination to 9/11 to every act of terror that might, in fact, be a "false flag" incident. ### Why we should care: The government has conducted various secret, violent, pre-planned events deliberately created to inflame the public against another government or despised group. Lies and faked evidence are then used to justify military action and/or economic sanctions against the innocent party. These labels that kill are called "false flags," hailing back to eras when pirate ships would raise a flag of a certain country before a raid, and that country would then be blamed for their lawless violence. False flags most often occur "when elements within a government stage a secret operation whereby government forces pretend to be a targeted enemy while attacking their own forces or people. The attack is then falsely blamed on the enemy in order to justify going to war against that enemy."7 Forty-two false flag incidents that supposedly have been admitted by the governments involved have been listed on sites mirrored across the Internet. Most of them are sufficiently documented to be believed.8 Whistleblowers who have revealed false flag events, mischief in the workplace, or corruption in the government or military have often been severely punished, but there have been some bright spots: in 2016, the U.S. Senate unanimously passed S.Res.522, designating July 30, 2016 as "National Whistleblower Appreciation Day." "National Whistleblower Day was sparked by the re-discovery of America's first whistleblower law, enacted on July 30, 1778" according to the National Whistleblower Center. "Truther" is another label used to mark anyone who believes even a portion of an unwanted conspiracy theory. Online dictionaries tell us that a "truther" is "a person who doubts the generally accepted account of an event, believing that an official conspiracy exists to conceal the true explanation; a conspiracy theorist." "Truthers" commit the "crime" of casting doubt on one or more aspects of the official version. These labels discourage the public from looking into anything the media rejects. Unlike the situation in Russia, where honest reporters have been mowed down ruthlessly, honest reporters who look into "conspiracy theories" in the USA most often find themselves blackballed or unemployed. The method works well not only to quash the careers of unwanted reporters, but also to discourage whistleblowers in America and Great Britain, so that murder is usually unnecessary, though some will be jailed or forced to live in exile, such as Chelsea [Bradley] Manning, Edward Snowden or Julian Assange, who personally exposed the underbelly of government corruption with incontrovertible evidence snatched from computers. The occasional necessary murder is usually denied by the government, such as in the case of British biowarfare expert and UN weapons inspector Dr. David Kelly, who was found dead July 18, 2003. In 2013, a group of doctors told the press: "As doctors, we have multiple serious concerns about the medical, forensic and other evidence supporting the official story that Dr. Kelly committed suicide." One doctor added, "He was in a position to rubbish the Government's line and they need to quell that... David had great integrity – he was interested in the truth."9 The media presents itself as an unimpeachable source of truth, while often revising or reversing what it may have previously proclaimed to the public, often without apology or notice. If noticed, "we were fooled" is a common excuse. For example, the CIA convinced the world that Saddam Hussein had WMDs (weapons of mass destruction), an accusation repeated as a mantra by the media, even though it was eventually revealed as a lie, clumsily attributed to an informant of dubious reputation (as if a nation would go to war based on the report of an untrustworthy informant!). Additional false accusations were soon added to the WMD claims, to justify war (casus belli) against Iraq. The media spread the news that Iraq sought to buy "yellow cake" (carnotite) from which they could illegally extract radioactive material to make atomic bombs, that Iraq ordered "aluminum pipes" for centrifuges to concentrate radioactive materials, and that secret labs in traveling trucks and boxcars were creating tons of dangerous biological weapons. Secretary of State Colin Powell did his part, showing the United Nations drawings and photos he claimed were proof of these nefarious acts. He identified one photo of a water truck as a laboratory making biological weapons, damning Iraq for non-compliance with UN dicta to dismantle its nuclear development program. Though Iraq had, in most ways, complied, the media spread the lie and Iraq's fate was sealed. The invasion began six weeks after Powell's tour de force at the United Nations. Soon, a search for Iraqi weapons of mass destruction was in full swing. None turned up. In January 2004 – 11 months after Powell's U.N. speech – the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace released a report concluding that top officials in the Bush administration "systematically misrepresented the threat from Iraq's WMD and ballistic missile programs." Left twisting in the wind was Powell's speech to the U.N. Security Council, where he'd issued a "conservative estimate" that Iraq "has a stockpile of between 100 and 500 tons of chemical weapons agent." The secretary of state had declared: "There can be no doubt that Saddam Hussein has biological weapons and the capability to rapidly produce more, many more." Nineteen months after the speech, in mid-September 2004, Powell made a terse public acknowledgment. "I think it's unlikely that we will find any stockpiles," he said. But no gingerly climb-down could mitigate the bloodshed that continued in Iraq.10 Powell never retracted some of his false claims, such as that Iraq kicked out weapons inspectors in 1998, some of which are still being quoted, as media watchdog Janine Jackson explained to Stephen Zunes: We have] been getting outlets to correct a claim made by Secretary of State Colin Powell that Saddam Hussein threw out weapons inspectors in 1998, and that made it more difficult for intelligence agencies to get [the correct] information. The New York Times and others repeat that claim as fact. If they're called on it, they run a [correction, because, in fact, the inspectors were not kicked out; they were removed in advance of an American bombing campaign.... But then, my point is, a few months later, the same outlet will make the same false statement or let a politician make it unchallenged, maybe run a correction, maybe not, and then a few years later do it all again... SZ:...I recall in 2008, Hillary Clinton repeated the line that inspectors were thrown out, when in fact it was her husband who ordered them to be removed... the statement was pretty much unchallenged, including her claim that she wasn't voting for war, she was only voting for a return of the inspectors... in fact, she voted against the Levin amendment... [a]nd instead she supported the Republican-sponsored resolution that essentially gave President Bush a blank check to invade Iraq at the time and circumstances of his own choosing. JJ:...there's a line that we all were duped, we all were confused about the reasons for invading Iraq. As someone who wrote "The Case Against War," which ran in The Nation, September 12, 2002, I just wonder how you make sense of this idea that we all were fooled... SZ: Oh, clearly I think the media have a motivation to push this line that, "Oh, we were all fooled," because they did such a poor job in challenging the lies of the Bush administration in the lead-up to the war... this idea they had some kind of offensive capability of chemical weapons or biological weapons was a total fantasy. Why we should care: The media tends to excuse any exposed lies and misinformation as "we were just fooled." Retractions are likely to be published in small print in an obscure place. Regarding a conspiracy, reporters and researchers once might have been able to question official versions without having the dreaded label "conspiracy theorist" slapped across their CV's and resumes. But that was long ago. The media's cowardice and complicity has been a long-term problem which becomes obvious every November 22 when Lee Harvey Oswald is labeled "the assassin" of President Kennedy in the government's most notorious ongoing cover-up. When people ask, "Why does the Kennedy assassination matter today?" tell them that because of the strict demand to cover up the truth, the media hasn't been able to tell the public about other important, inconvenient truths either – rightly fearful of the consequences. ### Using "Conspiracy Theory" to "Cover-Up" How was the Kennedy assassination cover-up crafted, to so deeply infect the media with its incurable disease of deception? The answer hinges on the use of the term "conspiracy theory." Its importance in "cover-up" can be found at The Unspeakable Project, inspired by James Douglass' masterpiece, JFK and the Unspeakable, in James T. Tracy's "The Memory Hole Blog":11 ...the Central Intelligence Agency... likely played the greatest role in effectively "weaponizing" the term. In the groundswell of public skepticism toward the Warren Commission's findings on the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, the CIA sent a detailed directive to all of its bureaus. Titled "Countering Criticism of the Warren Commission Report," the dispatch played a definitive role in making the "conspiracy theory" term a weapon to be wielded against almost any individual or group calling the government's increasingly clandestine programs and activities into question. ### Document 1035-960 Tracy's article follows a sordid history, first exposed by the New York Times: CIA Document 1035-960 was released in response to a 1976 FOIA request by the New York Times. The directive... outlines the CIA's concern regarding "the whole reputation of the American government" vis-à-vis the Warren Commission Report. The [CIA] was especially interested in maintaining its own image and role as it "contributed information to the investigation." The memorandum lays out a detailed series of actions and techniques for "countering and discrediting the claims of the conspiracy theorists, so as to inhibit the circulation of such claims in other countries." For example, approaching "friendly elite contacts (especially politicians and editors) to remind them of the Warren Commission's integrity and soundness should be prioritized. [Tell them that T]he charges of the critics are without serious foundation," the document reads, and "further speculative discussion only plays into the hands of the [Communist] opposition." The agency also directed its members "[t]o employ propaganda assets to [negate] and refute the attacks of the critics. Book reviews and feature articles are particularly appropriate for this purpose." Tracy went on to explain that: 1035-960 further delineates specific techniques for countering "conspiratorial" arguments centering on the Warren Commission's findings. Such responses and their coupling with the pejorative label have been routinely wheeled out in various guises by corporate media outlets, commentators and political leaders to this day against those demanding truth and accountability about momentous public events. Here is the CIA's list of comments from CIA Document 1035-960 to use in the cover-up: •No significant new evidence has emerged which the [Warren] Commission did not consider. •Critics usually overvalue particular items and ignore others. •Conspiracy on the large scale often suggested would be impossible to conceal in the United States. •Critics have often been enticed by a form of intellectual pride: they light on some theory and fall in love with it. •Oswald would not have been any sensible person's choice for a co-conspirator. ### Dead Witnesses Don't Talk The CIA added one more suggestion that proved dishonest intentions: "*Such vague accusations as that "more than ten people have died mysteriously" [during the Warren Commission's inquiry] can always be explained in some natural way e.g.: the individuals concerned have for the most part died of natural causes." Today, we have the advantage of a competent statistical study of the astonishing number of deaths associated with the Kennedy assassination, conducted by respected statistician Richard Charnin. All Charnin needed was data: when he applied it to official lists of dead witnesses in the Kennedy assassination, the results were astonishing.12 Indeed, Charnin can handle all kinds of data about all kinds of things and pop out satisfying information. For example, he can tell you how many chocolate chips you can expect to find in a certain brand of chocolate chip cookie, the chance that the earth will be hit by a big asteroid within the next hundred years, or if an election has been rigged. Charnin has calculated that witnesses and key protesters were being systematically eliminated. In 2014, 2015 and 2016, he published charts and probability data based on the official death statistics for witnesses, including this one, grouped by location: He then brought forth the results of his calculations: WARREN COMMISSION- 418 witnesses (CIA statistics) Normally, 5 unnatural deaths would be expected. Using the 0.00057 WC witness rate, the probability of at least 18 deaths is ZERO:P = E-13 = 1- POISSON (17, 1.61, false) P = 1 in 5 trillion. Probability of at least 11 homicides is ZERO: P = E-11 = 1-POISSON(10, 0.53, false) P = 1 in 70 billion. 1400 MATERIAL WITNESSES (Who's Who in the JFK Assassination) 1964-66: at least 42 officially ruled unnatural deaths. Normally, 3 would be expected. Using the 0.000213 weighted rate, the probability is ZERO: P = 2.75E-54 = POISSON (42, 0.89, false) P = 1 in 1 trillion trillion trillion trillion. 1964-78: at least 78 officially ruled unnatural deaths. Normally, 17 would be expected. Using the 0.000247 weighted rate, the probability is ZERO: P = 2.76E-62 = POISSON (78, 5.18, false) P = 1 in 1 trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion. 1964-78: at least 34 officially ruled homicides. Normally, 2 would be expected. Using the 0.000084 average national homicide rate, the probability is ZERO: P = E-31 = POISSON (34, 1.57, false) P = 1 in 6 million trillion trillion. In other words, we're looking at impossible odds that these death rates were normal. We must conclude, therefore, that all manner of clever contrivances, accidents, exposures to biological agents and to situations that could produce death at the hands of police, assassins or thugs were used to kill these witnesses. ### "The Four Amigos" and the City of Dallas There is precious little show of love or respect for John F. Kennedy in the City of Dallas. Aside from a block of concrete on a side street which resembles a giant European public urinal, as of this writing, there is not so much as an alleyway in the City of Hate that honors JFK. Instead, we find "Lyndon B. Johnson Freeway," "President George H. W. Bush Turnpike," "George Bush Expressway," "George Bush Intercontinental Airport" and the "George Bush Library and Museum" with statues of father and son. Even "The Sixth Floor Museum" excludes the name of John F. Kennedy in its title. Campaigns to erect a statue of John F. Kennedy in Dealey Plaza have been ignored.13 The official version of the Kennedy assassination seemed to be set in stone as the 50th anniversary of JFK's death arrived in 2013: one viewer reported to co-author JVB that only one TV documentary (aired by the Travel Channel) of some 38 "specials" depicted Lee Harvey Oswald as innocent. Lee Oswald, originally described as "the accused assassin" in most newspapers, was being consistently labeled "the assassin" 50 years later. Anti-Oswald newspaper articles are still being written by Dallas resident Hugh Aynesworth, who obtained fame with his interviews of Marina Oswald in 1963. His books, newspaper articles (and profits) have been constant. In 1964 his wife sold a copy of Lee Oswald's diary for $2,500 to Holland McCombs for LIFE magazine (soon after, LIFE approached Marina Oswald and obtained the original for $20,000 plus royalties).14 ### Farris Rookstool: Damage Control Expert But former FBI analyst Farris Rookstool, III has profited even more. Describing himself as "the world's leading expert on the assassination of President John F. Kennedy,"15 Rookstool, who handled, transported, studied and possibly censored the government's immense JFK assassination records, is a wealthy man who is also loaded with conflicts of interest: During his distinguished career with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Rookstool spent more than nine years reading more than 500,000 pages of classified FBI documents concerning the assassination and prepared over 3,500 pages of follow-up investigative reports.(Emphasis by authors) No other FBI analyst has been so deeply involved. It is Rookstool who crafted what the government then called Oswald's most likely escape route between Lee Oswald's boarding house and his arrest at the Texas Theater, with the murder of Dallas Police Officer J. D. Tippit smack in the middle. Rookstool patched together a route that could not include any actual witnesses concerning the route, since there were none. To that he added the much disputed "official version" of "Oswald's escape route" from the Texas School Book Depository Building (TSBD) to Oswald's room at the boarding house. The version was then complete, ready for Rookstool to present to the world: He is the only historian to brief the United States Secret Service director and assistant directors on the JFK Assassination events and personally took them to Dealey Plaza and Oswald's escape route. Rookstool was the only FBI analyst granted access to the National Archives Records Administration Southwest Region vault where Parkland Hospital Trauma Room One was stored. We find him everywhere: he is co-author of Nick McDonald's book Oswald and I where McDonald claims he arrested Lee Oswald almost single-handedly. At the 50th anniversary, in Fort Worth, Rookstool (described at the event as a "car collector") parked a very special white car in front of the Ritz-Carlton, "the 1963 Lincoln Continental convertible that carried the President and First Lady from the breakfast" in Fort Worth "to Carswell AFB for their trip to Dallas."16 In 2012, the City of Dallas exercised extreme prejudice by erecting the second of two bronze plaques, this one at the site of the murder of officer J.D. Tippit. It says that Oswald, acting alone, killed Tippit at the site after assassinating John F. Kennedy. Despite evidence to the contrary, the $1,200 bronze plaque serves as Oswald's judge and jury to hundreds of thousands of visitors. Continual news stories from Dallas also feature Rookstool saying "Oswald did it" at the slightest opportunity. ### Unsubstantiated! The two Tippit plaques with their damning verdicts remain erected, as of 2017, even though witnesses Acquila Clemons, Frank Wright and William Scoggins presented information contradicting the official version of Tippit's murder. The legend of Oswald as Tippit's murderer was mostly based on corrupted testimony, led by a witness, Helen Markham, who had fainted at the death scene. She claimed she talked 20-25 minutes to Tippit, though other witnesses claimed Tippit died immediately. Markham also denied she ever spoke to lawyer Mark Lane, even after Warren Commission lawyer Wesley Liebeler played Lane's tape back to her. Helen Markham is still proudly quoted on the Tippit Plaque as the star witness proving Oswald was the killer. While Farris Rookstool III "provided a 109-page narrative used to prepare the text for the Tippit marker unveiled... at 10th and Patton,"17 lecturer-author Dale Myers – a radio and TV personality specializing in the Tippit murder case – also wrote a long research paper for the first such marker. It was placed on the site of the former Tippit farm in Clarksville, Texas, Nov. 17, 2001.18 Myers was the author of With Malice, Lee Harvey Oswald and the Murder of Officer J. D. Tippit (1998) which accurately described everything Rookstool and his fellow FBI agents put together to indict Oswald as Tippit's murderer. Myers claimed the book was the product of 35 years of his own research. That much knowledge originally prompted Myers to defend Oswald (until he began to be more famous). While the media loved With Malice, often quoting the book, in contrast, Joseph McBride's book, Into the Nightmare: My Search for the Killers of President John F. Kennedy and Officer J. D. Tippit, also three decades in the making, has been ignored. Why? By now, the reader should be able to guess. McBride wrote to the Deep Politics Forum, a large Internet-based research group, that he had interviewed "such people as... Henry Wade, Senator Ralph Yarborough, Austin Cook, Johnnie Maxie Witherspoon, and Edgar Lee Tippit, the officer's father. He had never been interviewed before and provided some of the most important insights. I did a great deal of archival research in Washington and elsewhere and benefited from the work of many other researchers.... In the course of the book, I have exonerated some suspects in both killings (including Oswald) and pointed to others while providing a theoretical overview, drawn from both existing and new evidence... that may help make more sense of the many contradictions in the case."19 But Myers had more miles under his belt. Though Myers lives in Michigan, he shows up regularly in Dallas. His book, updated in 2013, is sold at the "official" Tippit website. Myers is also famous – he won an Emmy for a badly-distorted 2004 animated version of the trajectory of the Magic Bullet which wowed the media.20 There were problems with Myers' artwork: just one of many of his alterations of reality is presented here, which handily shows Myers' duplicity. John Connally was a big man. To make the Magic Bullet line up properly, Myers had to make Connally into a little man. Researchers Bob Harris and Pat Speer are among many critics who have provided convincing examples of Myers' misleading work.21 If Myers was willing to mislead viewers right before their eyes, one can only imagine the subtleties involved using hundreds of evidence files to make Lee Oswald "guilty." Myers and Rookstool have their disputes, even though Rookstool laced together and promoted the so-called "Oswald escape route." Where Rookstool shines is in his claims to have "... personally transported all of the official records from Dallas to Washington, D.C. and served on the FBI JFK Task Force in Washington, D.C.... also brief[ing] the attorney general, FBI director, and members of Congress on the Kennedy assassination records..." And Rookstool didn't stop there. He joined former CIA Executive Director Charles Briggs in a collusion of historic proportions, compiling and writing material for the Sixth Floor Museum that presents Lee Harvey Oswald as Kennedy's assassin, acting alone. Since both the FBI and the CIA are represented in this heady mix, it behooves us to look more deeply into their lives to help us decide if they have conducted honest investigations and research. We'll look more closely at Farris Rookstool, III first. We can guess that Rookstool "retired" sometime after he spoke out against the film JFK, according to a letter sent to researcher Harold Weisberg and his wife in 1995, where Dallas researcher Mary Ferrell inquires if Rookstool was fired by the FBI as Weisberg told her, and if Rookstool really is suing the FBI. She tells the Weisbergs that "Chrissa"[sic: she means Krissa Kearton] the daughter of witness Jeanne de Mohrenschild, was indeed suing Rookstool to "get things of her mother's... Farris met Jeanne here in my house..." writes Ferrell, who lived in Dallas. "She screamed at him and was just terrible because he was FBI... (later) she made a new will and left [him] everything she had... I thought Farris quit the Bureau because of the Waco mess."22 Farris Rookstool, who calls himself "the foremost authority on the Kennedy assassination" has never contacted Judyth Baker. A hint of Rookstool's deviousness is found in a July, 1994 narrative in Probe Magazine where Krissa speaks of Rookstool "...who mother referred to as an: "FBI agent." Writes Krissa: "Only after mother's death did I learn that he is only a staff photographer for the Dallas office of the Bureau." (Oh, really? Is that all he was?) Krissa continues: Rookstool and my mother had met at a banquet given in Dallas by the "Grassy Knoll Gazette" back in 1983. It was Rookstool who later returned the infamous "backyard photograph" to my mother late in 1989. (This photo had been in the custody of the House Select Committee On Assassinations in 1977-79. I still don't know how Rookstool obtained this photograph in the first place.) But when the Oliver Stone blockbuster, JFK came out, Rookstool had a change of heart and flew to California where Jeanne lived. Krissa comments that Jeanne didn't think the backyard photo was valuable because: "In recent interviews, Marina is reported to have said she did take a photograph of Lee in such a pose, but that it was from a different angle than that as depicted in the infamous photo..." She then says she was informed that: Ferris Rookstool was desperate to convince my mother that he had "definite proof" that Oswald had acted alone in killing President Kennedy, that he told her he needed the photograph to help "prove" it, and that she was promised "a substantial sum of money" if she would permit Rookstool to sell it for her. Jeanne had decided not to hand over the photo to Rookstool when, only 30 days before she died, she wrote a strange and troubling will, leaving her only child, Krissa, out of it. Jeanne mysteriously signed over everything she owned to "the Behrens" – friends who already owed her $20,000! Not only was Krissa cut out from the will, but she was surprised to learn that somehow: Ferris Rookstool had, not only the photo, but other assassination-linked items as well which the Behrens had given to him... [while I] received nothing for the photo or other items. The purported Will the Behrens supposedly had written up on her Christmas visit in 1992, has never been filed in any court for probate.23 Despite his fame, it is strange that no biography of Farris Rookstool III is in Wikipedia or can be found online as of this writing. What we do know is Rookstool assisted the former Executive Director of the CIA, Charles Briggs, to write the material in the Sixth Floor Museum. We now have an idea about the level of honesty and integrity exhibited by Farris Rookstool, III. But what about Charles Briggs? Though Briggs, a former high-ranking CIA officer, had a "license" to lie to protect the CIA, once, however, he did get caught: Charles Briggs, a retired CIA official who had been the Executive Director of the CIA, assisted the Sixth Floor Museum in Dallas as a researcher and writer, once submitted a "dishonest" sworn affidavit in a high-profile arms smuggling case in Texas, according to a federal judge.24 ### CIA-betrayed: The Case of Edwin Wilson Briggs' work with Rookstool for the Sixth Floor Museum, which opened in 1989, was to create a legend that would protect the CIA, a duty he fulfilled in spades by doing everything he could to blame Lee Oswald for the Kennedy assassination. Briggs also denied that Oswald had ever worked for the CIA. It was not Briggs' first important public lie. He lied about CIA spy Edwin Wilson, too. (photo, right). In particular, Charles Briggs had sent his own CIA spy – Edwin Wilson – to prison some seven years earlier. There Wilson languished in solitary confinement for the next 22 years, based on Briggs' affidavit that Wilson wasn't working for the CIA. Witnesses to the contrary were ignored. In 2004, Wilson was finally out on parole after fighting for his rights for decades: Wilson had finally gotten documents to help support the claim he had made all along: that despite his 1971 retirement, the CIA was still secretly using him to gather intelligence and knew about many of his activities in Libya. The government had denied it for years. His attorney, Steve Berman, said the CIA didn't want to be publicly connected to anything it had authorized Wilson to do, so it simply "hung him out to dry." The people Wilson is suing – former officials in the U.S. Attorney's Office, the Justice Department and the CIA, including two men who are now federal judges – contend they can't be held liable for doing their jobs, even if his rights were violated.25 Thanks to a CIA-Drugs Symposium held by publisher, Kris Millegan in 2000, we know that ...some members of Kris' CIA-Drugs group were... researching whether former CIA agent Edwin Wilson was still in "the C.I.A." when he sold tons of ] C-4 explosive in 1977 to Libya, as a consequence of Houston Judge Lynn N. Hughes' appointing a lawyer for the former agent to consider [new evidence in Wilson's case. Hughes' ruling, which took four years, eventually set Wilson free: "Because the government knowingly used false evidence against him and suppressed favorable evidence, his conviction will be vacated."26 A comment written by James Feldman in 2016 adds these details: Judge Lynn Hughes' opinion is worth reading if only to gain some insight into the CIA's operations and how the U.S. Government can and does lie. Judge Hughes puts it more mildly: "This opinion refers only to the part of the record that the government has reluctantly agreed may be made public. It does not attempt to recount even that limited range of data in its entirety; the governmental deceit mentioned here is illustrative – not exhaustive." As a final note to Wilson's case, after he successfully overturned his conviction, he filed a civil lawsuit against Charles Briggs and seven former prosecutors, two of whom were then district court judges. As you might guess, Wilson's civil lawsuit was dismissed – on the grounds that all eight defendants had immunity governing their otherwise illegal actions.27 Wilson died in 2012, unpardoned, while Briggs claimed "immunity" as a CIA officer and said his lies were necessary to protect the reputation of the CIA. Since we know that neither Agent Briggs, nor Agent Rookstool, can be trusted, and that together they wrote much of the material for Dallas' Sixth Floor Museum condemning Lee Harvey Oswald, that material cannot be considered unbiased or reliable. Their material written against CIA agent/FBI informant Lee Harvey Oswald, who was "hung out to dry," cannot be considered reliable or honest. ### "The Four Amigos" We are reminded of one of Document 1035-960's arguments, to be used if accusations of conspiracy arise: "Conspiracy on the large scale often suggested would be impossible to conceal in the United States." The Big Picture is not only full of holes, but some of the holes have been so clumsily filled in with government lies that they cannot be hidden. Though the Internet kept accumulating information that raised serious doubts about the charges against Oswald, distracting fake stories kept appearing with the marks of Operation Mockingbird all over them, such as a claim that Jackie Kennedy shot her husband, or that the criminally inept limo driver, William Greer, shot JFK, or, silliest of all, that a Secret Service agent stationed in the car behind JFK accidentally shot the President. The public's more gullible and ignorant believed this tale or that, complicated by confessions from more credible people such as Mafia hitman-and-driver James Files, who presented enough information to prove he was associated with prime Mafia suspects that other witnesses say were in Dallas that day. Files says he was there, too, and that he killed JFK. These stories typically influence and confuse novices just entering the research arena. They cause some people to distrust new information, but (being charitable) it doesn't take the sharpest knife in the box to cut through a pile of baloney. One problem is that human beings tend to believe the first convincing argument they encounter. Arguing with them, once their minds are made up, is futile. Defense mechanisms and cognitive dissonance come into play. One purpose of this book is to reach curious minds that are still open to new ideas on the subject, with a picture big enough and clear enough to reveal as much truth as possible. Of course, there is still Wikipedia, discredited by academia as a non-reliable source where history, biographies, or politics are concerned: Wikipedia has long waved the "Lone Nut" flag, thanks to "Gamaliel" and others working out of Tampa who kept a close eye on attempts to update entries connected to the JFK, RFK and MLK assassinations. The authors have verified that any edits challenging the "official version" of Lee Oswald's life or of the Kennedy assassination are typically erased within minutes. Though media's former designated "assassination expert" (dismissed) Marquette University professor John McAdams, was busy defending the obsolete Warren Commission well into the first decade of the 21st century, writing articles defaming Oswald for encyclopedias and slapping "crackpot" labels on even the most astute, authoritative and formidable witnesses and experts, after 2013, he and his cohorts began to lose ground. Too many of Kennedy's enemies are now dead or dying, while many experts, authors and witnesses such as Dr. Cyril Wecht, Jim Marrs, David Talbot, James Douglass, Phillip Nelson, John Barbour, Abraham Bolden, St. John Hunt, Roger Stone and Edward T. Haslam (and this book's authors) continue to shout out Oswald's innocence through conferences, Tweets, YouTube, Facebook, blogs and podcasts. We can't be ignored forever. Even though many evils have been exposed, we as human beings must still deal with the entrenched interests of ambitious, dominant, aggressive leaders and those of old, wealthy families and their cartels, whose members seem to have been especially bred to continue a course of avarice and selfishness. As noted economist Adam Smith long ago put it, "People of the same trade seldom meet together, even for merriment and diversion, but the conversation ends in a conspiracy against the public, or in some contrivance to raise prices." ### Our Favorite Families (Not) For a long time, America's Ship of State has been steered toward a one-world government, with a few incredibly wealthy and powerful oligarchs and corporations at the helm. Unable to be content with what they already have, this deep-rooted oligarchy has continued to use the military-industrial complex to gain even more wealth and power. They find ways to wage profitable wars by creating armed conflicts. On the domestic side, they ruthlessly exploit the environment, attack labor unions, craft lucrative trade treaties, launder money, avoid taxes, contrive monopolies, grab mineral, oil, land, sea and water rights, take ownership of medical treatments and facilities, and seek to permanently control the world's food supply. Standing in their way were the interests of China, India, Russia and the Muslim nations, ready to form their own alliances. Family dynasties are not new in human history. Between 1989 and 2008, the President of the United States was either a Bush or a Clinton, and between 2008 and 2016 it was Barack Obama, who, along with his wife, openly campaigned for Hillary Clinton in 2016, proving how deep their ties were to the covert rulers. When President Obama and Hillary Clinton flew together to North Carolina, Clinton got to ride in Air Force One. "[A]n outgoing president is having his preferred successor join him on Air Force One to travel together," noted CNBC on July 5, 2016, "That's a first, because the potential negatives from such a visible and symbolic collusion have always outweighed the positives."28 Then came the election, and Clinton's defeat. The Washington Times began "Counting up the losers: Hillary, her pantsuit, a president's legacy, family dynasties, the media lead the way."29 The modern dynasties (there have been others) began in Texas with Lyndon Johnson as President and George H.W. Bush as Director of the CIA, replacing the undesired Kennedy dynasty that might have otherwise prevailed. An early President, Thomas Jefferson, warned that the United States could become an aristocracy run by persons of great wealth and inherited political power: Jefferson's distrust of concentrated and consolidated power was such that he left a legacy for any and every dissenter against the state. But Jefferson did not stop there. He was, as well, a relentless critic of the monopolizing of economic power by banks, corporations and those who put their faith in what the third president referred to as "the selfish spirit of commerce (that) knows no country, and feels no passion or principle but that of gain."30 Jefferson's foreknowledge was based on the eternally true concept that the hunger for power is insatiable and must be kept in check: In the early years of the 19th century, as banks and corporations began to flex their political muscles, he announced that: "I hope we shall crush... in its birth the aristocracy of our moneyed corporations, which dare already to challenge our government to a trial of strength and bid defiance to the laws of our country.31 Jefferson's warning has proven to be well founded. The aristocracy he cautioned against is today a heartless oligarchy that holds most of the political and financial power that controls the United States government. As Trump's Presidency began, his promise was to "drain the swamp." But electing a billionaire businessman to overcome this power structure is rather like using fire to fight fire. The power structure was briefly threatened in the 1960s, leading to the assassinations of the key American political figures involved, such as John F. Kennedy, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy. Since popular culture anti-establishment figures such as John Lennon and Bob Marley were also stones in somebody's shoes, they, too, coincidentally died. Some hope remains for a future independent-style "True American Party" President who will protect an honest investigation into the JFK assassination, just as JFK's brother, Robert F. Kennedy, had hoped to spearhead, if he became president. By now the reader should understand that the Warren Commission hearings in 1964 and the HSCA's further investigations in the 1970s were mere charades. If any doubts remain, keep reading. ### The Warren Commission's Mission We are now armed with enough information to understand the true purpose for the existence of The Warren Commission: to blame Lee Harvey Oswald (and only Lee Harvey Oswald) for President Kennedy's murder and to stop speculations about conspiracy. By examining how it was done, we can understand how governmental ivestigations ever since have been influenced, such as the 9/11 Commission. Its public report, for example, never mentioned the collapse of Building Seven, which was never hit by a plane. You need to know who actually controls a commission. Who was involved in controlling the Warren Commission? In various ways, President Lyndon Johnson, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, Assistant Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach, and Allen Dulles of the CIA (a Warren Commission appointee) controlled major aspects of the Commission's activities. For example, before the inquiry began, the famous Katzenbach memo to Bill Moyers (special assistant to President Johnson) outlined what needed to be done to make Oswald look like a "Lone Nut." The memo was based on a scribbled note put together by Katzenbach, soon after Lee Oswald was shot. Both men would be rewarded: Katzenbach soon became Attorney General, while the affable Moyers would rise to serve Lyndon Johnson as press secretary. This memo was the first, but not the last, that would issue instructions on how to control the views of the media and the people about the assassination. Katzenbach wanted the public convinced that no confederates were still at large, even though the FBI investigation was less than three days old. "The public must be satisfied," he wrote, "that Oswald was the assassin." He mentions that Oswald was shot "and thus silenced," suggesting Katzenbach knew Oswald might have known some dangerous information (he did). To stop lawful investigations by the police in Dallas, Texas, "Hoover and Johnson ordered a Justice Department lawyer close to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Herbert J. Miller, Jr., to rush to Texas to forbid the Dallas police from doing any investigating on its own." The Warren Commission from left to right: John McCloy, J. Lee Rankin (General Counsel), Sen. Richard Russell, Rep. Gerald Ford, Chief Justice Earl Warren presenting the 888 page Warren Report to Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson, Allen Dulles, Sen. John Sherman Cooper, and Rep. Hale Boggs. ### The Commission's Conflicts of Interest The Dulles brothers worked with the War Industries Board during World War II; McCloy was former World Bank President and Assistant Secretary of War under FDR. Additionally, Dulles was not only the former Director of the CIA, which was another conflict of interest, but his hatred towards Kennedy, for firing him from the CIA over the Bay of Pigs debacle, was also well known. As such, the prejudice of these two men against the policies and person of John F. Kennedy, who we now know planned to withdraw troops from Vietnam, meant they should never have been members of the Commission – and everyone at the top knew it. Documents released under the JFK Act, forced free from censorship as the result of the public outcry after Oliver Stone's blockbuster film JFK, included transcripts of telephone calls made to the White House immediately after the JFK assassination. This made it possible to chart the birth of the Warren Commission. The transcripts reveal that the real purpose to form the Warren Commission was to prevent a legitimate investigation of the JFK assassination by the Congress and the Senate. According to author Donald Gibson, "the Rostow-Acheson-Alsop group" orchestrated the creation of the Commission and pushed LBJ to endorse it. Walt Rostow, a CFR member, who in 1966 became President Johnson's National Security Adviser, had earlier called for an international police force, and an end to United States sovereignty in his 1960 book, The United States in the World Arena. Then there was Eugene Rostow, Dean of the Yale Law School. He was the first to suggest the idea in a telephone call he made to LBJ aide Bill Moyers the afternoon of November 24. At the end of the conversation, according to telephone recordings, Moyers assured Rostow that he would discuss the idea with President Johnson. Journalist Joseph Alsop made an important follow-up call to President Johnson the next morning, suggesting that CFR member Dean Acheson would support the creation of a "blue ribbon commission" to review assassination evidence. Alsop had already discussed the idea with Acheson, Johnson was told, impressing upon Johnson that this idea came from heavy-hitters. Before the conversation ended, LBJ agreed to contact Acheson. Joe Alsop was at the time one of the country's best-known columnists and one of the most influential promoters of Establishment policies. Though not a member of the CFR, Alsop had strong connections with the CIA, especially with former Director and future member of the Warren Commission, Allen Dulles. Dulles and John J. McCloy were not only members of the CFR: they were also active promoters of the Vietnam War, which should be no surprise when their connections to profiteering from World War II are examined. Gibson also opines on who most deeply influenced the Warren Commission from within: During testimony of the witnesses, Dulles, McCloy and Rankin repeatedly acted as if settling dust and reaching pre-established conclusions were their primary goal. On issues related to questions about security, wounds, and the infamous CE399 bullet, to the question of conspiracy... the trio of Dulles, McCloy and Rankin repeatedly acted as if cover-up was their real purpose. They were joined in this by others, including Alan Belmont, Gerald Ford, and Arlen Specter. Gibson correctly notes that: The Rostow-Acheson-Alsop group instigated the creation of the Commission. Alan Belmont surfaces as a key figure in the FBI's role in the "investigation." J. Edgar Hoover quickly became complicit. Katzenbach and individuals such as Dean Rusk acted in supporting roles. [Dallas] Mayor Cabell and elements of the media made significant contributions. In some areas media figures took the lead. The contributions of McCloy, Dulles, and Rankin were critical. In 2017, a secret file was released showing us that Earle Cabell, Dallas mayor and brother of Gen. Charles Cabell of the CIA, was also CIA. The Commissioners themselves were all busy men, most of whom rarely attended sessions, rarely heard testimonies and rarely attended their few internal meetings. Allen Dulles actually walked out as Lee Oswald's own brother Robert began to testify, because he had a court case. Their attorneys handled most matters, relying on stacks of FBI reports, and asking questions of various witnesses. The matter might have rested, but in March 1965, New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison met with Louisiana Congressman Hale Boggs, a former member of the Warren Commission. Boggs confided to Garrison that during the January ٢٢, ١٩٦٤ session, the Commission examined Oswald's FBI number and FBI wages documents. Boggs told Garrison what he also told Earl Warren and Allen Dulles: "I would hope none of these records are circulated to anybody." Boggs had his reasons: Lee Oswald had been born in his state and had lived there for months in ١٩٦٣, moving to Texas only ٤٦ days before the assassination. At one point Oswald had been arrested in New Orleans for handing out pro-Castro literature. Boggs wanted no unpleasant fallout hitting his state. Boggs' concerns backfired: they sparked a desire in Jim Garrison to look into the Kennedy assassination that culminated in the famous trial of Trade Mart scion and socialite Clay Lavergne Shaw, as depicted in Stone's movie, JFK. Garrison's famous Playboy interview of October, 1967, provides us with a glimpse of the poor performance of the Warren Commission: **PLAYBOY** : Do you mean to imply that the Warren Commission deliberately concealed or falsified the facts of the assassination? **GARRISON** : No, you don't need any explanation more sinister than incompetence to account for the Warren Report... the Commission simply didn't have all the facts, and many of those they had were fraudulent... thanks to the evidence withheld and manufactured by the CIA... most of the Commission members had already presumed Oswald's guilt and were merely looking for facts to confirm it – and in the process tranquilize the American public... in the final analysis, it doesn't make a damn bit of difference whether the Commission members were sincere patriots or mountebanks; the question is whether Lee Oswald killed the President alone and unaided; if the evidence doesn't support that conclusion – and it doesn't – a thousand honorable men sitting shoulder to shoulder along the banks of the Potomac won't change the facts. **PLAYBOY** : So you began your investigation of the President's assassination on nothing stronger than your own doubts and the theories of the Commission's critics? **GARRISON** : No, please don't put words in my mouth. After I realized that something was seriously wrong, I had no alternative but to face the fact that Oswald had arrived in Dallas only a short time before the assassination and that prior to that time he had lived in New Orleans... I became curious about what this alleged assassin was doing while under my jurisdiction. We interviewed people the Warren Commission had never questioned, and a whole new world began opening up." In early recorded phone calls to Boggs by LBJ, Boggs was seen to be working closely with him to establish the Warren Commission, supporting the President ١٠٠٪. But later, when Boggs realized Lee Oswald had been railroaded by the Commission, he began to publicly criticize its findings and Hoover's role in the cover-up. Soon after, Boggs died in a plane crash in Alaska – just another name on a long list of suspicious deaths. ### Playing Hide-and-Seek with the Evidence In 1993, after the film JFK had made its impact, the JFK Assassination Records Collection Act was passed. In 1994, a government-appointed committee, The Assassination Records Review Board (ARRB), reviewed many of these records and took important live testimonies. During the period of the ARRB's existence, several million pages of documents were declassified. However, many of them contained redactions (black-outs). Among the documents were files that verified: destruction of evidence, the manufacturing of fake evidence, evidence of information being withheld from the Warren Commission, and of cover-ups by the FBI, CIA, members of the Warren Commission, and the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA): below is just one classic example of what was going on: Arlen Specter invents the "magic bullet" – but as this photo shows, the location of the bullet hole in Kennedy's back, as determined by the FBI, means the shot could not have come from "the sniper's nest" from which Oswald supposedly shot. The FBI's own re-enactment shows the proper location of the bullet wound: squarely in Kennedy's back. Creation of the "SBT" (Single Bullet Theory, also called "the Magic Bullet"): The FBI placed a white dot where the bullet entered Kennedy's back, as can be seen in this original photo. This dot is being ignored by Arlen Specter, who places the bullet entry level some 5 inches higher, who knew that placing it lower meant the bullet did not come from the sniper's nest where Oswald was supposedly located. Illustration above provided by the authors of <http://www.whokilledjfk.net/single_bullet.htm>. Because the inferior rifle that supposedly was used by Oswald couldn't fire enough bullets in the time slot established, the Single Bullet Theory had to be manufactured. If only three bullets were fired, it would then be just barely possible for Oswald to have had time to shoot. We call the bullet (Commission Exhibit 399) "the Magic Bullet." But there was a problem. The bullet that hit Kennedy in the back and which had to be shown as emerging from his throat was located too low to exit there. The bullet hole was also too low to have come from a rifle fired from the sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository (TSBD) where the FBI claimed Oswald was located in a "sniper's nest." That meant that Oswald didn't do it. What could be done? They would lie. Commission attorney Arlen Specter (later a long-installed Senator) decided to solve the problem by moving the official location of the bullet some 5 inches higher. Next, Specter asked Warren Commission member Gerald Ford to alter the Warren Commission's official description of the location of the bullet wound in JFK's back from Kennedy's upper back to "the base of the back of the neck." Before he died, President Ford confessed to the deed: On July 3, 1997, former U.S. president Gerald Ford, the only surviving member of the Warren Commission, admitted he had altered the commission's description of the gunshot.... Ford changed the bullet's entrance point from Kennedy's upper back to "the base of the back of the neck." Such a seemingly minor change would support the commission's single-assassin hypothesis that was based on the "magical" path of a single bullet that could pass through Kennedy's neck and leave another six wounds... striking Texas governor John Connally's back, ribs, right wrist, and left leg. The Warren Commission altered the truth. By doing so, the WC deceived the American public with the claim that Lee Harvey Oswald shot JFK from the TSBD. The Sixth Floor Museum makes a huge profit every year broadcasting this lie, displaying the window and depicting Oswald as the "Lone Nut." By doing so, the Museum and the City of Dallas are guilty of obstruction of justice. Though justice is being denied John F. Kennedy and Lee H. Oswald today, the efforts being used to keep this ongoing deception afloat reveal how and by whom the public is manipulated, who is truthful, who we can trust, and who we can't. It is now easy to expose those who are dishonest, those who are paid shills, those who are misinformed, and those who are mere fools, simply by asking them if Lee Harvey Oswald shot JFK. It's the ultimate litmus test. President Kennedy was killed through the implementation of a well-planned conspiracy. Lee Oswald did not kill President Kennedy. Oswald tried, but failed, to save Kennedy's life. The Warren Report represents a breach of honor against our American Republic. Its false finding must be exposed and acted upon in order to restore our honor as a nation. ### Hoover Cooperated in the Cover-Up With the CIA discouraging outsiders' questions and the Warren Commission largely relying on FBI reports, it was easy for the FBI's longtime Director, J. Edgar Hoover (who was being blackmailed by the Mafia for his homosexual relationship with his longtime companion and second-in-command, Clyde Tolson) to turn all suspicions away from the Mafia's role as an accessory before and after the fact in the assassination saga. Since the CIA had been secretly working with Mafia members such as Johnny Roselli to try to assassinate Fidel Castro, a matter which also involved using Lee Oswald himself in both Dallas and New Orleans as a decoy and infiltrator, not a peep from the CIA or the FBI regarding the "Mob" sullied the writings of the Warren Commission. The Warren Commission blatantly covered up the Mob's involvement in the conspiracy to kill Kennedy and Oswald for many reasons, but in the book Contract on America, author David E. Scheim exposes organized crime's role. For example, part of the conspiracy involved former Dallas Mafia boss Joseph Civello's relationship with Jack Ruby, who shot and killed Lee Oswald. In the book, Scheim provides a photocopy of the original FBI Commission Document 84 from the National Archive files, dated November 27, 1963, only a part of which was used for Warren Commission Exhibit (WCE) 1536. In a side-by-side comparison, Scheim presents both the original and the published WCE 1536. In the published WCE 1536, the description of Jack Ruby's close association with Civello is blanked out in the last three paragraphs "of an otherwise perfect photo reproduction..." It can be seen that a deep and thorough orchestration of events in our lives is being conducted by a powerful and closely-linked "deadly alliance." But where, how did it all begin? ### The Secrets of Jekyll Island The Warren Commission's members represented the interests of a Cabal that eventually took over America. The Oligarchy's Octopus may have been born when a secret nine-day conference was held in 1910 on Jekyll Island, a private island located off the coast of Georgia owned by Britisher John Pierpont Morgan. Seven of the wealthiest and most powerful international investment bankers attended. This conclave of international bankers created the blueprint for the Federal Reserve System. A major goal of the conferees, who represented the world's leading banking consortia – Morgan, Rockefeller, Rothschild, Warburg and Kuhn-Loeb – was for the financial institutions of Wall Street, including private banks, to take control of the USA's money supply. The historic conference culminated in a private sector plan to unite the world's most powerful banks. The plan bore fruit three years later in 1913 when the Congress enacted the Federal Reserve into law. Later, Woodrow Wilson wrote: "I have unwittingly ruined my country... all our activities are in the hands of a few men. We have come to be one of the worst ruled, one of the most completely controlled and dominated Governments in the civilized world, no longer a Government by free opinion, no longer a Government by conviction and the vote of the majority, but a Government by the opinion and duress of a small group of dominant men." The Act did the unthinkable – it handed over control of a sovereign nation's money supply to a private banking system. A private consortium now owned the "American Dollar." With the passage of this Act, the nation's most powerful banks were henceforth under oligarchic control. The original stockholders of the Federal Reserve Bank in 1913 were the Rockefeller's, JP Morgan, Rothschild's, Lazard Frères, Schoellkopf, Kuhn-Loeb, Warburgs, Lehman Brothers and Goldman Sachs. The Fed – a private consortium of twelve banks – operates under the guise of being under federal government control. It was understood that the dollar was to be backed by gold and silver to ensure price stability and no inflation and, therefore, no loss of the buying power of the dollar would occur. However, it didn't take long for the Federal Reserve to dilute the buying power of the dollar: all bank debts became cheaper to pay off. The principle of inflation as "good for the economy" became dogma. That's how bankers get rich: their debts cost less to pay off in original dollar value, because they have cheaper dollars to pay them off, while ordinary people have to pay more dollars to buy what fewer dollars once purchased. Kennedy's Executive Order of June 4, 1963 was a direct attack on the money interests, decreasing Kennedy's chances to survive 1963. ### Executive Order No. 11110: An Example of Kennedy's Courage Are we obligated to remain the chattels of "the Feds"? Remarkably, one man resisted the Federal Reserve Act, establishing a law whereby the United States could resume printing its own money. That man was President John F. Kennedy. At the same time, Kennedy assured the Federal Reserve of his full support, indicating that he would be only temporarily issuing U.S. Treasury notes so citizens could turn them in for silver: "On June 4, 1963, President John F. Kennedy signed Executive order No. 11110 that returned to the U.S. government the power to issue currency, without going through the Federal Reserve (U.S. Central Bank). Mr. Kennedy's order gave the Treasury the power "to issue silver certificates against any silver bullion, silver, or standard silver dollars in the Treasury." This meant that for every ounce of silver in the U.S. Treasury's vault, the government could introduce new money into circulation. As a result, more than $4 billion in United States Notes were brought into circulation in $2 and $5 denominations. $10 and $20 United States Notes were never circulated but were being printed by the Treasury Department when Kennedy was assassinated. With the stroke of a pen, President Kennedy was on his way to putting the Federal Reserve Bank out of business. If enough of these silver certificates were to come into circulation they would have eliminated the demand for Federal Reserve notes. This is because the silver certificates are backed by silver and the Federal Reserve notes are not backed by anything. After Mr. Kennedy was assassinated just five months later, no more silver certificates were issued." As soon as Kennedy was dead, the Oligarchy resumed its control of the country's money supply by removing the silver-backed notes from circulation. Later, "Congress effectively repealed its underlying authority with new laws in 1982. President Reagan took the then-defunct order 'off the books' in 1987." Of course, control of the country also requires the takeover of the country's political and social power structure. That was achieved with Kennedy's assassination. The seven participants of the Jekyll Island Conference would have been pleased to see their dreams come true. Donald Gibson created an acronym to refer to the founders of the American Oligarchy: "MARGEE": Morgan, Anglo-American, Rockefeller Group, Eastern Establishment. When we use the term "Oligarchy" it is meant to represent all or any of the following: MARGEE, Global Banking and Business, Cabal, Anglo-American Establishment, Military-Industrial Complex, and the Conspiracy. Is it Still Valid? The argument that The Executive Order was never repealed by any U.S. President and that Kennedy's Executive Order is still valid refers to a portion of Executive Order No. 11110 that reads as follows: By virtue of the authority vested in me by section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code, it is ordered as follows: SECTION 1. Executive Order No. 10289 of September 19, 1951, as amended, is hereby further amended –(a) By adding at the end of paragraph 1 thereof the following subparagraph (j): (j) "The authority vested in the President by paragraph (b) of section 43 of the Act of May 12, 1933, as amended (31 U.S.C. 821 (b)), to issue silver certificates against any silver bullion, silver, or standard silver dollars in the Treasury not then held for redemption of any outstanding silver certificates, to prescribe the denominations of such silver certificates, and to coin standard silver dollars and subsidiary silver currency for their redemption," and SEC. 2. The amendment made by this Order shall not affect any act done, or any right accruing or accrued or any suit or proceeding had or commenced in any civil or criminal cause prior to the date of this Order but all such liabilities shall continue and may be enforced as if said amendments had not been made. JOHN F. KENNEDY THE WHITE HOUSE June 4, 1963 Subtle changes under the Reagan administration were made to gut the power of Kennedy's revisions. ### The Council on Foreign Relations: Strengthening the Oligarchy With the Federal Reserve System in place by 1913, J.P. Morgan, John D. Rockefeller, Rothschild, et al, positioned themselves to finance and make profit from both sides of the battlefields of the Great War. They also thought ahead. In 1917, while the war was still in progress, the Cabal took steps to greatly advance its power. Colonel Edward Mandell House, President Woodrow Wilson's adviser, gathered a group of members of the elite for a conference in New York to plan the most lucrative settlement for themselves in the postwar world. At this conference, they developed the blueprint for Wilson's "Fourteen Points" that argued for their viewpoint under the guise of being a basis for a just peace. The Treaty of Versailles, signed in France on June 28, 1919, called for free trade and a League of Nations. Before the Treaty of Versailles was signed, however, Colonel House called the British and American Paris Peace Conference delegates to a private conference in Paris's Majestic Hotel on May 30, 1919. The participants resolved to form an Institute of International Affairs, with one branch in the United States known today as the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) and the other branch in England, known today as the Royal Institute of International Affairs (RIIA). Their long-term goal was to establish a one-world government headquartered eventually at the future United Nations. Original CFR members included Colonel House, John Foster Dulles (later to become Secretary of State), and his brother Allen W. Dulles, (later to become Director of the CIA). Most of the earliest CFR members had connections to either the House of Morgan or the House of Rockefeller, with Rothschild behind the scenes. To recap, the banking and business establishment wanted access to taxpayer money. Therefore, certain institutions had to be formed, activated and used for that purpose. Today, we know them as "the Feds" (Federal Reserve System - 1913), "the CFR" (Council on Foreign Relations -1919), and "the CIA" (the Central Intelligence Agency -1947) in support of the Deep State and its military-industrial complex. ### The Bretton Woods Conference The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was founded in ١٩٤٤ at the Bretton Woods Conference. The IMF was created by ٢٩ member countries and headquartered in Washington, D.C. It was supposed to help the western world rebuild after the devastation of World War II; today the IMF oversees monetary policies in at least ١٨٨ countries. Wikipedia gently tells the reader (who wants to upset the sheeple?) that the IMF monitors: ...the economic and financial policies of its 188 member countries. This activity is known as surveillance and facilitates international co-operation... Since the demise of the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates in the early 1970s, surveillance meant that IMF activities... changed from those of guardian to those of overseer of members' policies. After World War II the Oligarchy covertly employed the CIA to hide the Anglo-American military-industrial complex's access to government funds and activities. The CIA has been used by the Oligarchy from the time of its creation to instigate wars and regime changes, perform key assassinations, and participate in illegal drug dealing. The IMF handles the Oligarchy's financial emergencies. Simply put, the banking and business establishment has gained access to taxpayer money and links it, through the IMF, to a world economic system they first claimed to guard, and today openly control as "overseers." ### The OSS and the Central Intelligence Agency The cabal has been employing a system that generates war, known as the military-industrial complex, without any significant resistance since the end of World War II. Though the CIA was officially founded in 1947, their personnel were, for the most part, comprised of holdovers from the OSS who had been functioning during the war. The Dulles brothers played a crucial role in the development of the military-industrial complex. They were charter members of the Council on Foreign Relations. John Foster became Secretary of State, providing the Establishment with a link to the United States government; Allen became Director of the CIA, providing the Establishment with a link to the United States military. The 1910 Jekyll Island Conference gave birth to an Octopus that we assert helped plan and coordinate the assassination of President Kennedy. The Octopus grew in 1913 with the passage of the Federal Reserve Bank Act. It became a sinister force upon the creation of the Council on Foreign Relations in 1919, with tentacles that spanned the Atlantic Ocean between the United States and Great Britain. In 1944, the IMF gave clout to the Anglo-American military-industrial complex: and the "Creature from Jekyll Island" grew stronger when the Office of Strategic Services spawned another arm of the octopus – the CIA. Formed during World War II as a spy and covert action group constructed to help in the war effort, after the war, the OSS was scheduled to be dismantled and terminated. Instead, some OSS personnel manipulated themselves into a permanent position in the government – the Central Intelligence Agency. The Brothers (2013) exposed the abuse of power conducted by John Foster Dulles and his brother Allen. The Devil's Chessboard: Allen Dulles, the CIA, and the Rise of America's Secret Government (2015) by David Talbot further exposes the sins of the Dulles Brothers. Ever since, the CIA has secretly engaged not only in international espionage, but has inserted itself into domestic espionage operations as well, in open contravention of its charter. Prominent members of the OSS who continued on in the CIA included Allen Dulles, William Casey, Richard Helms, James Angleton, E. Howard Hunt, Tracy Barnes, Frank Wisner, and Boris Pash. Through the efforts of researchers and whistleblowers, some of whom lost their lives or reputations for doing so, we are now aware that the CIA has been using unlimited and secret taxpayer funds, such as drug-trafficking money, to carry out its secret agenda. While many of its members are probably unaware that they are obeying numerous orders that support the demands of elite members of the Federal Reserve Bank System and the Council on Foreign Relations, its leaders understand who is really in charge. We believe the Oligarchy protected government entities and agents and aided them in the assassination of President Kennedy, with cover-up actions conducted by both the CIA and FBI. Because the CIA is a secret agency that functions autonomously and is not answerable to any other governmental agency, it has been able to hide, censor, alter and destroy thousands of incriminating records and documents, and we have evidence that it has done so. Former CIA agent E. Howard Hunt wrote his memoirs in American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate and Beyond, published in 2007. There, Hunt pointed to Lyndon Johnson as the prime suspect in Kennedy's assassination, using his connections in Dallas to coordinate the planning of the assassination. In his son's book, Bond of Secrecy (Trine Day, 2012) by St. John Hunt, Howard Hunt's near death-bed confession on tape also implicates the CIA, including David Atlee Phillips, Cord Meyer, Jr., David Morales, Frank Sturgis and William Harvey. William Harvey had been demoted by Kennedy from his post as head of the CIA's Cuban Task Force W (the CIA, Mafia, Castro assassination plots), after defying Kennedy's orders to cease covert operations against Castro. Harvey, who aspired to become CIA Director, believed LBJ could place him in that post if Johnson became President. ### Dec. 22, 1963: A Former President Warns the Nation About the CIA On December 22, 1963, exactly one month after Kennedy's assassination, the Washington Post published an editorial written by former President Harry Truman titled "U.S. Should Hold CIA to Intelligence Role" on page A11. It appeared only in the first morning edition and was then removed from all subsequent editions that day. The following are excerpts from Truman's editorial: For some time I have been disturbed by the way the CIA has been diverted from its original assignment. It has become an operational and at times a policy-making arm of the government.... I never had any thought when I set up the CIA that it would be injected into peacetime cloak and dagger operations.... I would like to see the CIA restored to its original assignment as the intelligence arm of the president, and that its operational duties be terminated or properly used elsewhere. There is something about the way the CIA has been functioning that is casting a shadow over our historic position and I feel we need to correct it. According to researcher and author Ray Marcus, many believed that Truman was really telling the people that the CIA was involved in Kennedy's death. "I can't read it any other way," Marcus wrote, "but as a warning by President Truman that the CIA was involved in the JFK assassination." Anglo-American elites made an immense profit from World War I through their creation of the Anglo-American, military-industrial complex. It can be argued that both ٢٠th century world wars were instigated by Anglo-American elites (the Oligarchy), using international bankers for funding; employing political intrigue to enrich and encourage belligerent leaders. After World War II, in all military conflicts involving U.S. troops, beginning with the Korean War in 1950, and continuing into today's Middle East situations, the Anglo-American military-industrial complex has been a major player. The Creation of the Anglo-American Military-Industrial Complex There was a London-Texas-based Anglo-American military-industrial complex conspiracy involvement in the Kennedy assassination. Present at its creation, pre-World War I, were the Rockefeller, Harriman, Morgan and Bush families. With the exception of the British Morgans, many members of these families were also members of Yale University's Skull and Bones secret society. "As war loomed in Europe in 1914, Percy Rockefeller (Skull and Bones Class of 1900), took control of the Remington Arms Company, and appointed his own man, Samuel F. Pryor, as the new chief executive. "During World War I, Remington Arms supplied weapons and ammunition for the U.S. Army and for Czarist Russia. British arms companies supplied the same for their own soldiers. "Wall Street international financiers, subservient to British strategy, wanted a world war and they wanted the United States in it as Britain's ally. U.S. and British arms companies, owned by these financiers, poured out weapons and ammunition for the war."32 As we have demonstrated, the U.S. State Department and the CIA have worked together to create reasons to go to war in pre-emptive acts against targeted nations and to facilitate espionage. However, "turf wars" between the two can also occur. That happened in May, 2013, over some email issues about what should be changed in the "official version" of a story about Benghazi and the role of Al Qaeda: ...a blame game [emerged] between the CIA and the State Department... following revelations that that the two agencies had a shared security arrangement in Benghazi. As a November Wall Street Journal report explained, the two agencies had a "symbiotic" relationship in which the State Department consulate served as cover for CIA staff, meanwhile, "The State Department believed it had a formal agreement with the CIA to provide backup security." When it became obvious that the article had revealed too much about power struggles behind the scenes, which are usually well hidden, the internet magazine that had published the conflict dutifully added an update, where an anonymous "intelligence official" set the record straight: Update: A U.S. intelligence official... tells The Cable the CIA had no intention of making the State Department look bad, and was not engaged in a "turf battle." "The changes don't reflect a turf battle," said the official. "They were attempts to find the appropriate level of detail for unclassified, preliminary talking points that could be used by members of Congress to address a fluid situation." Interestingly, the official went on to defend [a] request that references to al Qaeda affiliate Ansar al-Sharia be erased from the CIA's original talking points. "Overall, the changes were made to address intelligence and legal issues," said the official. "First, the information about individuals linked to al-Qaeda was derived from classified sources. Second, when early links are tenuous, it makes sense to be cautious before pointing fingers to avoid setting off a chain of circular and self-reinforcing assumptions and reporting. Finally, it is important to take care not to prejudice a criminal investigation in its early stages." ### Kennedy vs the CIA, the Military and the State Department: the Cuban Missile Crisis John F. Kennedy no doubt saved millions of lives by resisting the demands of the "Hawks" who wanted to make a preemptive strike against Castro through bombs and invasion. At the same time, JFK was conducting back-channel efforts with the USSR's Premier, Nikita Khrushchev, to avoid what he knew would precipitate nuclear war. Files declassified in Oct., 2012 included a list made by Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy of those who wanted to "blockade" and those who wanted to "strike" Cuba: the "strikers" were America's most powerful military leaders, plus the CIA, while in this "turf war" the U.S. Department of State stood with JFK: The "Chiefs" (Joint Chiefs of Staff) were U.S. Marine Corps Gen. David Shoup; U.S. Army Gen. Earle Wheeler; U.S. Air Force Gen. Curtis LeMay, U.S. Navy Adm. George Anderson, led by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Gen. Maxwell Taylor. "Mac" McGeorge Bundy, the National Security Advisor to the President, former U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson (called in as an advisor), Treasury Secretary D. Douglas Dillon (also in charge of the Secret Service) and, importantly, CIA Director John McCone and his assistant. The CIA, the Treasury (Secret Service) and the Military were the Hawks. Against them were the Doves: Secretary of State Dean Rusk, Assistant Secretary of State Edwin Martin, Deputy Undersecretary of State Alexis Johnson, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, Deputy Secretary of Defense Roswell Gilpatrick, U.S. Ambassador to Russia "Tommy" Thompson, former U.S. Ambassador to Russia Charles Bohlen, UN Ambassador Adlai Stevenson, and advisor Robert Lovett. Kennedy came to realize these two United States government organizations had the capacity to incite tensions, create wars, and subvert his pursuit of peace, progress and prosperity. Records of his interactions with the State Department and the CIA during the Cuban Missile Crisis of Oct., ١٩٦٢ were declassified in Oct., ٢٠١٢. They include a lineup for "Strike" or "Blockade" scribbled out by Robert F. Kennedy that reveals the military ("Chiefs"), the CIA and the biggest names in the State Department all wanted to "strike" Cuba, rather than opt for a blockade. Peter Kornbluh noted that the State Department's own official historians, referring to the initial letter to Castro, had admitted that "none of these drafts have been found." The fact that the Robert Kennedy papers have yielded new information previously undiscovered by the government's own researchers, Kornbluh said, "underscores the historical importance of this declassification on the 50th anniversary of the crisis." The Archive also posted two diagrams Robert Kennedy drew on his notepad during the crisis deliberations, including his initial tally of the "hawks" and the "doves" as Kennedy's advisors took positions on diplomacy versus the use of force against Cuba." Decades earlier, Presidential candidate Franklin Delano Roosevelt had his own confrontation with the most powerful forces in the country. While the matter did not involve an invasion of another country, it did involve the most important non-military emergency ever to face America. What happened next provided the military-industrial complex and the banking cartels with the template they needed to assure the takeover of the country. * * * 1 1. <http://thefreethoughtproject.com/feds-exposed-planting-talking-points-questions-60-minutes-episode-wikileaks/> Retrieved Jan. 24. 2017. 2 2. Ibid. 3 3. Ibid. 4 4. http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-09-15/fbi-agents-can-pose-as-journalists-inspector-general-says Retrieved Jan. 24, 2017. 5 5.http://dailycaller.com/2016/10/22/flashback-obama-believed-in-rigged-elections-in-2008-video/#ixzz4WiX4p9jD Retrieved Jan. 24, 2017. 6 6. "Public trust in media at all time low, research shows" January 15, 2017 by: Anna Nicolaou in New York and Chris Giles in London <https://www.ft.com/content/fa332f58-d9bf-11e6-944b-e7eb37a6aa8e> Retrieved Jan. 21, 2017. 7 7. <http://www.wanttoknow.info/falseflag> 8 8. For example, at http://www.whatreallyhappened.com/WRHARTICLES/42falseflags.php#axzz4WilVXswK Retrieved Jan. 22, 2017. 9 9. <http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/doctors-claim-coverup-over-death-of-weapons-expert-dr-david-kelly-29426678.html> 10 10. Retrieved Jan. 20, 2017 from <http://theinsightnewspaper.blogspot.com> 11 11. <https://projectunspeakable.com/conspiracy-theory-invention-of-cia/> Jan. 20, 2013. Retrieved Jan. 20, 2017. 12 12. <https://richardcharnin.wordpress.com/tag/jfk-statistics/> Retrieved Nov. 22, 2016. 13 13. Facebook pages and a campaign spearheaded by David Middleton urge that a statue honoring Kennedy should be erected in Dealey Plaza. Such a statue exists in nearby Fort Worth. Ironically, Farris Rookstool, III oversaw a funding collection to erect such a statue, but the funds were never used for a statue. 14 14. http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/A%20Disk/Aynesworth%20Hugh/Item%2021.pdf Retrieved Jan. 26, 2017. 15 15. <http://farrisrookstool.com/> Retrieved June 18, 2015. 16 16. <http://docplayer.net/25628984-Acce-s-award-winning-journal-for-and-about-chambers-of-commerce-spring-an-intersection-of-history-jfk-in-fort-worth.html> Retrieved Nov. 28, 2016. 17 17. <http://www.dallasnews.com/news/oak-cliff/2013/12/04/and-now-for-a-few-words-about-that-historical-marker-outside-the-texas-theatre> Retrieved Nov. 5, 2014. 18 18. <https://www.jdtippit.com/clarksville_mem.htm> Retrieved Jan. 27, 2017. 19 19. <https://deeppoliticsforum.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-11861.html?s=dc883818dbcf9bce85fdf04ae226e7b4> Retrieved Jan. 27, 2017. 20 20. http://www.jdtippit.com/ 21 21. http://www.patspeer.com/chapter12c%3Aanimania 22 22. http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/R%20Disk/Rookstool%20Farris%20L%20III/Item%2009.pdf Retrieved Jan. 26, 2017. 23 23. http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/C%20Disk/Citizens%20For%20Truth%20About%20The%20Kennedy%20Assassination/Item%2001.pdf Retrieved Jan. 26, 2017. 24 24. <http://jfkfacts.org/charles-briggs-retired-cia-officer-who-assisted-jfk-museum-was-accused-of-deception-by-a-federal-judge/> Retrieved Sept. 10, 2016. 25 25. http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/Former-CIA-spy-branded-a-traitor-wants-to-clear-1217855.php 26 26. Linda Minor. "Quixotic Joust Blogspot" : <http://quixoticjoust.blogspot.com/2013/04/daniel-hopsicker-wants-to-know.html> Retrieved May 2, 2017. 27 27. REF: <https://www.fas.org/sgp/jud/wilson102703.pdf> "Unfortunately for Wilson, he got caught in these government-sponsored activities..." <http://jfkfacts.org/charles-briggs-retired-cia-officer-who-assisted-jfk-museum-was-accused-of-deception-by-a-federal-judge/> Retrieved May 2, 2017. 28 28. http://www.cnbc.com/2016/07/05/unprecedented-air-force-one-use-for-a-non-incumbent.html 29 29. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/nov/20/hillary-obamas-legacy-the-media-among-election-los/ 30 30. "Thomas Jefferson Feared an Aristocracy of Corporations" by John Nichols, _The Nation_ , July 4, 2010. 31 31. Ibid. 32 32. Paraphrased from: https://archive.org/stream/GeorgeBushTheUnauthorizedBiography/BushUA_djvu.txt. Retrieved Sept29, 2017. Chapter 2 ## When a Dollar Was Gold Today, most countries, including the United States, use a system of fiat money. This money is made of paper. It is not backed by gold, silver or a commodity such as oil. You can't go to the government and turn your dollars in for anything. In the future, only credit cards will likely be used for financial transactions. Sweden was the first country to announce the goal of removing all money from its financial system.1 There will be no way to save "money" under this system. In September, 2016, German citizens who had purchased gold from the Deutsche Bank, which was holding over 40 tons of gold for its customers, began trying to cash in their certificates for the gold represented. They were turned down. The gold, they were told, was not available. But not to worry. Even though the bank was not releasing any gold to certificate holders, they could always turn in their gold certificates for paper money. German citizens were, of course, furious. They realized that their "gold" might never be available. With paper for money, it's easy for a country to abuse its people by devaluing the currency to pay its debts. This is accomplished by printing extra money. Note that just because your country may have twice as many dollars tomorrow when you wake up, that doesn't mean you have more value for more paper dollars, unless your wages or income also goes up to equal the new value. If you owed 12 gallons of milk, you couldn't pay off your debt by pouring the milk into 24 cartons and handing over 12 of those cartons to pay your debt. You still have to hand over 12 gallons. But if it's paper money that's owed, governments will try to print as much extra money as they dare to pay off debts. We have classic examples of the consequences in Zimbabwe and Germany, where people ended up filling wheelbarrows and gunnysacks with paper money, which they tried to exchange for some bread. Credit cards and electronic access may soon become the only way to obtain goods and services. Without approved cards, you will be forbidden to buy or sell most goods and services. In a global system, how can the world's people keep safe the right to own, barter or trade their property, goods or services without surveillance? Think about it. It's coming. ### Big Government Is Big Business On July 4, 1929, Presidential candidate Franklin Delano Roosevelt addressed a huge crowd at the dedication of the new Tammany Hall. ''I want to preach a new doctrine," he told them, "a complete separation of business and government.'' It was only three months before the stock market crash in October that plunged America into the Great Depression. Prophetically, Roosevelt warned his listeners that a few industrialists and international bankers, whose moneymaking ability was amplified by the technology of the Machine Age, were moving to control the nation. Big Business was selfishly abusing its economic power. It had to be reined in. Though Big Business perceived FDR as their enemy, even so, many millionaires' wealth increased during the Depression years. That's not what you learned in school, but that's what happened. As memories of the Great Recession faded, regulations relaxed. By 2007, corrupt banking practices once more plunged the country into the Great Recession of 2008, creating a similar deep canyon cut between haves and have-nots. Just as in 2007-2008, the multi-millionaires and World Bank CEO's were losing wealth during the Great Depression, but by working together, they convinced FDR to accept outrageous concessions to enrich themselves only one day after he took office. In the words of a gold commodity broker, President Franklin D. Roosevelt... called Congress into an emergency session on March 5, 1933, less than 1 day after his inauguration. The House and Senate quickly passed the rather noble sounding law titled: "An Act To Provide Relief In The Existing National Emergency In Banking, And For Other Purposes"... If you didn't know what it really meant (as most of the U.S. public certainly did not), it sounded like magnificent medicine for the current sickness of the depression... "Too big to fail" was the excuse used to rescue banks in 2008. It wasn't any different on March 4, 1933, when FDR began his tenure in the midst of a bank panic. At that time, he told the nation "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself," even as the "Act to Provide Relief" empowered bankers and millionaires here and abroad to conduct "sweeping, unparalleled confiscation of private property from law abiding citizens." Under their pressure, Roosevelt made it even worse by signing a succession of executive orders making it illegal for U.S. citizens to own gold coins or bullion. ...U.S. citizens, if they had been allowed to own gold, would have automatically almost doubled their money a few months later. How?...8 months later, new Federal legislation known as the Gold Reserve Act of 1934... revalued gold versus the dollar. The official price was raised from $20.67 USD per ounce to $35.00 USD per ounce.... The dollar was devalued. A 20 dollar gold coin could have theoretically been exchanged for 35 paper dollars. This would have helped the unemployed and financially ruined citizens of this nation..." Instead, the bankers, elite leaders, and multi-millionaires "made a killing." They bought up land, foreclosed on farms, and ruthlessly evicted the jobless from their foreclosed homes. But there was one tiny problem: they had to hide their ill-gotten gains. The answer was to send it overseas: ...in bags by the thousands to European banks (primarily in Switzerland and Great Britain) for anonymous safekeeping, far away from the reach of U.S. authorities....When gold ownership was again legalized for U.S. citizens in 1975, tons of the coins appeared back on the U.S. market. In 2008, a similar confiscation of private property occurred when "U.S. foreclosure filings spiked by more than 81% in 2008, a record.... A total of 861,664 families lost their homes... [with] more than 3.1 million foreclosure filings issued during 2008."2 When we don't remember history, we can be condemned to repeat it. During the "Great Recession of 2008" taxpayer dollars were used to bail out huge mortgage companies, corporations and failing banks [that continued to give million-dollar bonuses to their executives and continued business as usual], while countless ordinary Americans lost their homes, small businesses and property to foreclosure. This colossal bailout program, as of 2016, is still in progress. As Forbes' Mike Collins tells us: Most people think that the big bank bailout was the $700 billion that the treasury department used to save the banks during the financial crash in September of 2008. But... the bailout is still ongoing... the total commitment of government is $16.8 trillion dollars with the $4.6 trillion already paid out. Yes, it was trillions not billions and the banks are now larger and still too big to fail....This is a story about lies, cheating, and a multi-faceted corruption which was often criminal. Collins went on to explain how faked financial ratings were used to buttress confidence in failing banks: • Rating agencies – Rating agencies like Standard and Poor's are paid by the banks (which is a conflict of interest) and have a huge influence on the ratings of securities. During the housing bubble ratings agencies continued to give triple AAA ratings to toxic mortgages. The justice department wants $5 billion in restitution from Standard and Poor's for its part in falsifying ratings. Collins also lambasted the failure to significantly punish banks engaging in misconduct: • Money laundering – the American Division of the HSBC bank did money laundering for Mexican drug cartels to the tune of $881 billion.... The penalty to this bank for blatant corruption was $1.9 billion and the New York Times laments that HSBC was too big to indict. Nobody goes to jail at a time when an unemployed black person gets 10 years for robbing a minute mart. • Betting Against – Both JP Morgan Chase and Goldman Sachs worked with hedge funds to bet against the toxic mortgages after the crash had started. They made money by selling short on the financial catastrophe they had created. JP Morgan was fined [only] $296.9 million and Goldman Sachs was fined [only] $550 million for actions. Collins went on to say "The speculation and lack of effective regulation eventually led to... The Great Recession. The industry is not afraid to do it again because they know no one goes to jail and the government will bail them out. Why didn't more people know that the bailout had climbed into the trillions?" In an article 'Secrets and Lies of the Bailout,' seasoned journalist Matt Taibbi added, It was all a lie – one of the biggest and most elaborate falsehoods ever sold to the American people. We were told that the taxpayer was stepping in – only temporarily, mind you – to prop up the economy and save the world from financial catastrophe. What we actually ended up doing was the exact opposite: committing American taxpayers to permanent, blind support of an ungovernable, unregulatable, hyper concentrated new financial system that exacerbates the greed and inequality that caused the crash, and forces Wall Street banks like Goldman Sachs and Citigroup to increase risk rather than reduce it.3 ### The Panama Papers: Deja Vu After Roosevelt handed over the gold standard to the world's bankers, almost overnight the ordinary American's paper dollar lost 41% of its value. Imagine being paid a $1000.00 paycheck one night, and the next morning, when you cash it, you can only get $590.00. In essence, this is what happened to the purchasing power of the average American citizen in 1933. But the conspirators and their entourage, who previously got $20.67 an ounce for their gold, now got $35 an ounce – almost 75% more. Their "paycheck for $1000.00" became the equivalent of $1,750.00. That wealth increase, however, apparently wasn't large enough to satisfy their unbounded avarice. When FDR understood how he'd been bamboozled, he began instituting economic reforms in areas where he still had power. The New Deal was the result, including the Social Security Act, the right of unions to organize, and their right to engage in collective bargaining (Big Business vowed revenge). In 1934, the reaction included plans for a fascist coup against FDR's government by a cabal of financial interests led by the British House of Morgan. Today, who is aware it was ever planned? ...our nation's history has been scrubbed clean of this important story.... American school children know little about the Great Depression and the buildup toward World War II. They have never heard or read Roosevelt's speeches against the "money changers,'' nor have they been taught about this President's war against the British House of Morgan. History books do not mention the 1934 [coup] attempt against Roosevelt. The Pecora hearings, and their dramatic exposure of the power of Morgan, are but obscure footnotes in some economic and history texts.4 ### Get Used to the Word "Oligarchy" The Merriam-Webster dictionary tells us that an oligarchy is "(1): government by the few. The corporation is ruled by oligarchy. (2): a government in which a small group exercises control especially for corrupt and selfish purposes." The definition doesn't include the fact that these people are almost always amazingly wealthy and can act above the law. Clear evidence of the vindictiveness of the "money changers" was exposed when President Ronald Reagan broke the Air Traffic Controllers' Union after its members went on strike in the early 1980s. The ruthless greed of the oligarchy struck again in 2008 when banks "too big to fail" were bailed out by means of a $700 billion emergency transfusion.5 By 2017, regulations placed to protect consumers had relaxed again, banks resumed their risky casino-like hedging and lending deals, and the stock market soared as the 1% continued to accumulate profits that didn't make it to the rest of the country. Meanwhile, the IRS was riding snails as it prosecuted large corporations and the families of the upper 1% . The IRS typically concentrates on retired middle-class ex-pats whose modest bank accounts are examined and assessed fines with surgical precision. But things began to change when hackers with a conscience broke into the huge files of Mossack Fonseca, a Panamanian law firm that handles offshore banking for over 300,000 businesses. They revealed, when the rock was turned over, a seething mass of corruption that scurried away as quickly as the media could cover it up again. "The Panama Papers are an unprecedented leak of 11.5m files from the database of the world's fourth biggest offshore law firm, Mossack Fonseca," the Guardian revealed, thanks to "records... from an anonymous source..." Mossack Fonseca (Panama), the world's fourth biggest provider of offshore financial services, handles more than 300,000 companies, including some of the 1%'s most toxic wealth through UK and British-administered tax havens. Mossack Fonseca creates "myriad ways" for "the rich [to] exploit secretive offshore tax regimes. Twelve national leaders are among 143 politicians, their families and close associates from around the world known to have been using" Mossack Fonseca. Even Vladimir Putin, the Russian President, was soiled by the news: his close friend Sergei Roldugin was "at the centre of a scheme in which money from Russian state banks is hidden offshore." We now know that: ...Nawaz Sharif, Pakistan's prime minister; Ayad Allawi, ex-interim prime minister and former vice-president of Iraq; Petro Poroshenko, president of Ukraine; Alaa Mubarak, son of Egypt's former president; and the prime minister of Iceland... [and] the father of British prime minister David Cameron avoided ever having to pay tax in Britain by hiring a small army of Bahama residents to sign its paperwork... [a short list of] 13,000 owners from all over the world, recently compiled by Mossack Fonseca [shows]... China and Russia top the list.6 Meanwhile, the burden of national debt continues to weigh down working Americans, whose income flat-lined, even though they were working harder and more efficiently than ever, with longer hours and shorter vacations. The result has been catastrophic for the poor and middle class in America. In 2016, as the gap between rich and poor in the United States became worse than ever, voters' desperate attempt to obtain real change resulted in the election of construction and hotel mogul-TV celebrity Donald Trump as President. Failing to win a plurality, Trump, disliked by both a majority of the people and by the media, nonetheless collected enough Electoral College votes to gain the Presidency over "the establishment's" predictable and unpopular Hillary Clinton, who won a majority of the votes. In the ugliest and most divisive battle for power in recent American political history, Trump and Clinton had spared no punches and disgraced themselves in a ruthless battle to win the Presidency. After the election, Clinton's supporters claimed Russia had hacked into Clinton's emails, releasing damaging evidence of corruption, which was being investigated by the FBI, while Trump's supporters exposed rampant media bias in favor of Clinton, which focused on Trump's astonishing display of crudity and hubris. Clearly, there seemed nowhere else for voters to turn, especially in crucial swing states, as the Democratic National Committee had secretly impeded socialist Bernie Sanders' bid for power.7 The word "socialist" was still frightening to Americans, even though FDR's reforms – including Social Security – were also labeled "socialist." Nevertheless, a third political party, composed mostly of younger voters, began to emerge from the ashes of the contentious election of 2016. ### The Military-Industrial Complex and Government Corruption At stake in the November election of 2016 was access to the power of the military-industrial complex and who would control it. The modern-day military-industrial complex, according to whistleblower-author John Perkins,8 was constructed by Robert S. McNamara, who became Defense Secretary for President Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson. Warning lights should go on whenever the World Bank and the Department of Defense are linked to the same people. President Eisenhower, upon leaving office, famously warned the nation of the dangers of a situation "new" to the American experience: In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist.9 Robert McNamara was president of the World Bank between1968 and 1981, giving him ample time to make it an agent of the global empire. As such, U.S. federal spending programs are supposed to be open to competitive bids, instead began to be illegally awarded to pre-selected companies. McNamara spread his net wide, using key officials in the Executive Branch, members of the House and Senate, and fellow members of the World Bank to marry Big Business and the federal government to the United States military and the World Bank. Making war and supporting "their" politicians guaranteed the flow of huge profits. It is clear that McNamara "helped lead the U.S. into the Vietnam War... [then] spent the rest of his life wrestling with its moral consequences." Corruption is a lion in the night where oversight is blind. In Jan. 2016, Secretary of State John Kerry, in an address generally positive and hopeful, told The World Economic Forum at Davos that worldwide corruption was growing "at an alarming pace and threatens global growth, global stability, and indeed the global future."10 What was feeding the root of this corruption? ### The Gold Standard and the Economy With the United States on the gold standard prior to the Great Depression of the 1930s, government holdings of gold and silver supported the paper dollar. Gold standard rules mandated that no additional paper currency could be released for circulation without sufficient gold or silver available to back it. The economy had functioned well deep into the 1920s, but greedy bosses had failed to raise workers' wages, preferring to accumulate wealth for themselves. This lack of care for their workers created a cycle where the goods made by the workers became too expensive for the workers to buy. Small farmers function much as the canary in the coal mine: they occupy the bottom of the production chain, and if farmers don't make enough money to pay back loans needed to buy and keep running expensive new farm machinery, their farms can fail. Unable to sell their products for a sustainable amount, the cracks in the nation's economic foundation widened when farmers defaulted on their mortgages and were driven off their land. Soon after, when the "prosperity bubble" broke, it broke for everyone and America entered The Great Depression. Between 1900 and 1929, the Bank of the United States had been underwriting corporate stocks, artificially inflating the market. Then the bubble burst. The nation's banks closed for four days: 4,000 would never reopen. The resulting run on the banks created havoc, panic and despair. Millions of people throughout the United States and the world went hungry. Many starved to death. The Glass-Steagall Act was passed to stabilize and rebuild the nation's economy, with regulations for the Federal Reserve. As banks could no longer trade in corporate securities, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) was created to protect the public. When FDR took the United States off the gold standard, the Treasury began collecting gold from raids and confiscations. At the same time, more devalued dollar bills were put into circulation. FDR made these dollars work despite their lower value by putting people to work again. His New Deal policy created jobs focused on improving the nation's infrastructure. Schools, hospitals, roads, bridges, dams and electric power plants were built, especially in rural areas. However, nobody missed the fact that World War II probably rescued the economy. It was a lesson the military-industrial complex would not forget. Factories making automobiles, trucks, buses and washing machines were converted to the manufacture of military equipment, including jeeps, tanks, ships, aircraft and munitions. With the men at war, women went to work across the nation to help in the war effort. Many would never return again to the life of a housewife. The role of the male as the sole breadwinner, and the woman as homemaker and mother blended, and then slowly vanished. Toward the close of World War II, while Roosevelt was still president, the gold standard was restored at Bretton Woods. Eisenhower had lived through the twin national emergencies of the 1930s and 1940s – the Great Depression and World War II. He was there when President Roosevelt launched an unprecedented military spending program for the war effort. In 1944, near the war's end, plans to prevent future depressions and to reconstruct a devastated Europe were introduced at the Bretton Woods Monetary Conference, but they would be subverted for other purposes by the emerging oligarchy. On Dec. 27, 1945, the Bretton Wood conferees, telling the world they meant only good, created the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. Next came the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade as vehicles to carry out their plans. With the gold standard reinstated (although U.S. citizens could not legally buy gold again until 1974), America resumed settling its foreign debts with gold payments, which helped stabilize the dollar. Matters were encouraging by the time John F. Kennedy became President, but after Kennedy died, by "... 1971, things changed. Soaring deficits due to the high costs of the unnecessary Vietnam War that had gained so many profits for the military-industrial complex – especially Texas-owned companies favored by former President Johnson – created pressure to devalue the dollar." On August 15, 1971, President Nixon responded. Under pressure from Congress, he devalued the dollar by refusing to pay in gold to a foreign nation – namely, France – to settle a U.S. debt. His action took the United States off the gold standard once more. As of this writing, it has never been restored. Not surprisingly, by 2007 the dollar had lost 80 percent of its value. An item costing $20 in 1970 cost $123.71 in 2016, with a cumulative inflation of 518.6%.11 War always brings inflation, which means profits for the military-industrial complex. The Korean War was no exception: by the time Kennedy came to office, the shaky peacetime economy he inherited needed to be adjusted to the re-established gold standard. In order for an economy to function properly, an equilibrium between wages and prices is required to maintain price stability. Kennedy, a well-educated man, understood this principle. He prevented a wage-price spiral crisis in the steel industry, then the largest industry in the United States, working out concessions from labor leaders to restrict their wage demands to line up with steel industry profits. The tacit understanding from steel industry executives was simple: there would be no increase in the price of steel. But a confrontation between the new, young President and the powerful steel industry soon emerged. On April 10, 1962, in defiance of the settlement, U.S. Steel Chairman Roger Blough announced a 3.5 percent increase in the price of steel, effective at midnight. Kennedy was outraged. His brother, Attorney General Robert Kennedy, announced a grand jury probe to look into possible collusion and price fixing by U.S. Steel in collaboration with the other major steel manufacturers. He was prepared to subpoena U.S. Steel corporate documents. On April 13, U.S. Steel backed down. It announced it was withdrawing its price increase. Thanks to Kennedy, the American people won, but the President created an enemy in Big Business. Fortune magazine, in an editorial prophetically entitled "Steel: The Ides of April" suggested that Big Business wanted to undermine Kennedy's attempt to create cooperation between government and business. Their poster boy to push their special interests was none other than John J. McCloy. John J. McCloy, Jr. McCloy was the former Assistant Secretary of War (WW II) with longstanding ties to the Morgans and Rockefellers. Not only was McCloy Chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations, he was also President of the World Bank from 1947 through 1949. He would next become a [highly biased] member of the Warren Commission. Johnson knew what he was doing. As a Commission member, McCloy would suppress any and all suggestions that the military-industrial complex was involved in any elaborate plan to kill Kennedy. The Commission's get-out-of-jail free card was embodied in their expressed aim: to assure the public that only Lee Harvey Oswald was involved in Kennedy's murder. The press was also made ready to quash any other notion. In reality, a coup has happened. Today, thanks to the Internet, the Commission has become a legendary example of blatant government deceit and stubbornly-defended lies. Thinking people recognize that justice has not been served for either John F. Kennedy or the hapless accused assassin. The beneficiaries of the illegal system that came into power with JFK's death selected and groomed their heirs, keeping the government in the hands of an oligarchy that cannot allow the truth to be exposed, lest they lose control. However the word is avoided, murder by conspiracy is a common event in history. The basic plan seems to deny that the Coup occurred, to ignore or mock any witnesses or researchers who say otherwise, and to guarantee writers and reporters who work to promote the lie with access, job security, and favoritism. Those who resist can encounter difficulties. While in the process of finishing this book and leading a popular "JFK Assassination Conference" in November, 2015 in Dallas, with a sister conference in New Orleans, co-author Judyth Vary Baker was suddenly deluged with a barrage of personal attacks and threats. While most threatening messages were erased before they could be copied from the Private Message feature of Facebook, one was published openly, advising that jail time was being planned for her.12 The author went on to hold the conference anyway. In 2016, when the conference was held again, it had doubled in size. Part of the goal of any coup is to destroy, as much as possible, the reputation of the murdered leader. After all, if the people remember John F. Kennedy merely as a womanizer and a drug user who was soft on Communism, why should anybody care? ### FDR, JFK and LBJ on the Road to Globalization During the Depression and the ensuing war, President Roosevelt was forced to shift the country's economic policy from yearly balanced budgets to deficit budgets in an effort to help end the Depression and pay for war costs. Though FDR was severely criticized for such actions, he had to deal simultaneously with the twin crises of Depression and war. The Yalta Conference gave the powers running world politics their big opportunity to move into better positions. Why we should care: In Feb. 1945, the Yalta agreements were held shortly before the conclusion of World War II. The agreements were part of an overall Establishment plan to benefit the victor nations. Control of the world's most important oil reserves was basically distributed among the most powerful winners, with the military-industrial complex as co-beneficiaries. The Middle East was divided almost at whim into countries that could never be at peace with each other, since the divisions ignored ethnic and religious boundaries, while unilaterally creating the State of Israel in the center of Muslim-dominated holy territory. The area has been a hotbed of conflict, terrorism and suffering ever since, where proxy wars benefiting the military-industrial complex have been fought almost ceaselessly. Senator Joseph McCarty had this to say about the Yalta Conference: [I]t was at the Yalta conference in 1945 that Roosevelt and Stalin planned, not only the Korean War... but also the Vietnamese war that was to follow some 10 to 12 years later. It was on September 23, 1950 that McCarthy charged: "Here was signed the death warrant of the young men who were dying today in the hills and valleys of Korea. Here was signed the death warrant of the young men who will die tomorrow in the jungles of Indochina [Vietnam]."13 The Yalta Conference provided the framework for the validation of the Korean War five years later and for the extension of the Vietnam War twenty years later. As Laurence Shoup and William Minter show in Imperial Brain Trust, "formal discussion of the need to control Southeast Asia began at the Council on Foreign Relations in 1940." A secret protocol made there also called for the partitioning of Korea along the 38th parallel. The partition allowed the Soviet Union and China to control the northern part of Korea, laying the foundation for the Korean War. Few people realize that this war was never resolved, ending in a mere cease-fire agreement. The Korean War paved the way for future unresolved wars and conflicts where peace was not a profitable option, and therefore, not the desired objective for the Daddy Warbucks of the world. In hindsight, Churchill and Roosevelt made two mistakes in their agreements with Stalin at Yalta: 1)They didn't know that Stalin intended to turn all the Popular Front governments in Europe into Soviet Communist satellites after the war. 2)They mistakenly assumed that Soviet assistance would be vital to defeat the Japanese in the Pacific and in Manchuria, so they made concessions to Stalin. Only two months after the Yalta Conference, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) advised that the Russians were intent on seeking world domination. To stop them, the OSS recommended policies to block Russian ambitions. ### 1945: An Important Year on the Road to Globalization The United Nations was established in April, 1945, near the end of World War II. The U.N. was meant to become the headquarters for world government globalization. In August, 1945, Pres. Harry Truman ordered two nuclear bombs to be detonated atop two major Japanese cities, with devastating physical and psychological results. With nuclear war as the Ace in the game, the world's major military powers raced to develop their own arsenals of nuclear warheads. Enormous profits were amassed by the military-industrial complex by bringing these power players into this deadly game. Few realize that only one month after the A-bombs were dropped – in September, 1945 – the Vietnam War began. It would be the first "limited war" for a USA that dared not deploy nuclear bombs "ever again." The war, as advertised between the Communist North Vietnamese and the French, was actually an attempt by the Vietnamese to escape French rule, which had begun in 1858. When France began to lose ground, Great Britain and the U.S. were induced to "fight the Communists." In December, 1945, while Russia was still an official ally, General George Patton correctly assessed that Russia would become a postwar enemy. He also accurately anticipated Russia's efforts to capture Germany as a prelude to taking control of most of the ally-liberated European nations. As he suspected, Russia metamorphosed from ally to enemy soon after the Yalta Conference, despite Patton's attempts to stop Russia from taking Germany's place as a superpower. Patton thought he saw a chance to save Germany: his soldiers, after all, had captured Hitler's Holy Relics there. One of these relics was the ancient Holy Lance, purported to have been used by Longinus to make certain Jesus was dead. "A Roman soldier, standing at the foot of the cross, drove his spear deep into Jesus' right side, from which flowed blood and water," (John 19:34). All the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire had used the relics to enhance their legitimacy. In 1938, Hitler, realizing their propaganda value, had them shipped from the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna to the Nazi heartland. In true "Indiana Jones" fashion, Patton planned to grab the relics and bring them to the USA, but he was thwarted by Supreme Commander Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower, who ordered the relics returned to the Vienna museum. Long irritated by Patton's eccentric schemes, Eisenhower fired him after the General's indiscrete remarks about wanting to lead a U.S. invasion against Russia. Such an invasion would have been disastrous for the exhausted Allies: two months later, Patton was conveniently dead.14 Some historians believe Patton was assassinated in a Russian-U.S. conspiracy. If so, such an act of cooperation between the two emerging super powers would not be seen again for a long time. ### Operation Paperclip As anti-Communist sentiment rose, "Operation Paperclip" (also called "Operation Overcast" and "Project Paperclip")15 was created to protect German scientists and professionals – most of them Nazis – from being enslaved for scientific work or killed by the Russians. In December, 1945, Arthur Rudolph, Operations Director at the Mittlewerk V2 rocket manufacturing facility, became one of the first Nazi scientists to enter the U.S. He was the father of the mighty Saturn V rocket that powered America's alleged moon landing in 1969. Nazi General Reinhard Gehlen, Commander of German intelligence in Europe during the war, arrived in the U.S. on August 24, 1945 with six of his top agents. Gehlen and his agents went on to be hired by the CIA in 1948. Thousands of Nazi scientists, professors and psychological warfare experts began filling the highest levels of our institutions. The Nazi influence on our government was massive. Many American ideas about ethical standards in science and medicine were influenced by fascists. Think about it. While in the CIA, Gehlen wrote a false report claiming that Russia, his old enemy, was amassing troops to invade Central Europe. The Gehlen Report was used as an excuse for huge U.S. military arms buildups in Europe, which started the Cold War against Russia. The military-industrial complex financed it all through the use of American taxpayer money, setting the stage to make America the policeman of the world. The frightened American people took on the entire debt. ### The Korean War Early in 1949, fifteen months before North Korea's June, 1950 attack on the South, James Forrestal, America's first Secretary of Defense, told a friend that American soldiers would soon be dying in Korea. The "surprise" attack would have been no surprise to Forrestal, had he lived. Forrestal died before the invasion, under suspicious circumstances, after being fired by President Truman. Early in 1950, President Truman's Secretary of State, Dean Acheson (member of the Council on Foreign Relations), stated that Korea was "outside" the defensive perimeter of the United States, a clear invitation to North Korean Premier Kim Il-Sung to invade the South, with the Soviets looking on. Did Acheson hope to encourage an attack? By June 1950, the Cold War was heating up after North Korean troops invaded South Korea. The globalists of the Banking and Business Establishment would benefit from the first of the many "conflicts" worldwide that have plagued us ever since. From the Vietnam War to the present, these conflicts would end with no clear victory for the United States, though wartime profits and growing monopolies would create a tiny, super-rich 1% whose global wealth would become greater than 50% of the world's population combined by 2017. The endless "war on terrorism" has given the military-industrial complex both unrestricted powers and endless excuses to conduct profitable, unwinnable wars and their own acts of terror across the world, all in the name of Freedom and the American Way. At the same time, U.S. prisons started filling up with the dregs of war, addictions and waste. By 2013, one-third of the incarcerated women in the world were American women, mostly women of color, and in 2016, more people per capita were still in prison in the Land of the Free than in any other country on earth.16 A for-profit prison industry using slave labor had developed into a lucrative enterprise, along with for-profit hospitals and robber-baron drug companies. Meanwhile, the rich became richer and the poor became poorer: The "Oxfam Report] made headlines at Davos last year with a study showing that the [85 richest people on the planet have the same wealth as the poorest 50% (3.5 billion people). The charity said this year [2015] that the comparison was now even more stark, with just 80 people owning the same amount of wealth as more than 3.5 billion people, down from 388 in 2010. In 2017, the world's most wealthy conferees were headlined again at Davos, their growing fear and greed embarrassingly on display: With populism raging across the West, the world's elites consider giving more money to the poor.... Billionaire hedge-fund manager Ray Dalio for one, is scared as hell, telling Bloomberg Television's Francine Lacqua that "we may be at a point where globalization is ending, and provincialization and nationalization is taking hold... [b]ut it needs to be focused on what will people get out of..." Lagarde told the panel entitled "Squeezed and angry: how to fix the middle-class crisis." Excessive inequalities were a brake on sustainable growth, she said. The supercilious attitude of the extremely wealthy could scarcely be hidden in these additional remarks: Yes, all it takes is a torch-and pitchfork-wielding horde outside the gates of Paris, and Berlin, and suddenly everyone sounds like Elizabeth Warren on a bender.... Outgoing [U.S.] vice president Joe Biden said... "our goal should be a world where everyone's standard of living is rising.... The top 1 percent is not carrying their own weight." The World Economic Forum's organizers could have probably just passed around a donation box as Biden spoke and allowed attendees to contribute roughly half of the cash in their wallets and fixed this whole thing then and there, but baby steps are fine too."17 ### The Amazing Insight of JFK Many people don't realize that JFK wrote and/or edited many of his own speeches. This almost illegible, handwritten inaugural speech is one example: And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country. My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man. Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you. Kennedy's closest adviser and top aide, Ted Sorensen, was his best-known speech-writer. He reflected Kennedy's ideals and placed them into speeches that stirred the nation. The following quotes from his book, Kennedy, reveal how Vice President Nixon and Kennedy, in their October, 1960 TV debate looked at the outflow of gold from the U.S. Treasury: Q: In the past 3 years, there has been an exodus of more than $4 billion of gold from the U.S., apparently because exports have slumped, and because of increased American investments abroad. How would you go about stopping this departure of gold? NIXON: Well, the first thing we have to do is to continue to keep confidence abroad in the American dollar. That means that we must continue to have a balanced budget. Secondly, we have to increase our exports, as compared with our imports. KENNEDY: The difficulty, of course, is that we do have heavy obligations abroad, that we therefore have to maintain not only a favorable balance of trade but also send a good deal of our dollars overseas to pay our troops, maintain our bases, and sustain other economies. In other words, if we're going to continue to maintain our position, we have to maintain a sound monetary and fiscal policy. We have to have control over inflation, and we also have to have a favorable balance of trade.18 In the days before teleprompters or earbuds could guide a candidate's statements, Kennedy's reply showed a depth of understanding that simply escaped his opponent. Though today we hear how Nixon was ill, unshaven and sweating, while JFK was cool, healthy-looking and composed, Kennedy's informative statements also made an impression on viewers. After he won the election, Sorensen tells us: The need was to get money into the economy fast. Kennedy directed all Federal agencies to accelerate their procurement and construction. He released over a billion dollars in state highway aid funds ahead of schedule, raised farm price supports and advanced their payment, sped up the distribution of tax refunds and GI life insurance dividends. He created a "pilot" Food Stamp program for the needy and expanded U.S. Employment Offices. Finally, he encouraged the Federal Reserve Board to help keep long-term interest rates low through the purchase of long-term bonds.19 As for every economic stimulus project, the fix was costly: While most of Kennedy's administrative moves added to the deficit – some by billions of dollars – none of them had to wait for legislation or appropriations. The money was paid out when the economy needed it most. He made clear--and this may have had the most important effect of all--that he would not cut back Federal spending when the recession reduced Federal revenues, or permit a tightening of credit when recovery began.20 Even though Kennedy's term was cut short, his approach was correct and beneficial, as Sorensen reminds us: During the four years following John Kennedy's inauguration, the U.S. experienced the longest and strongest economic expansion in this nation's modern history – GDP increased more in 4 years than it had in the previous 8. By 1964, a record $100 billion, 16% growth in the nation's total output had provided more than 2.75 million more jobs and a record rise in labor income. The amount of idle manufacturing capacity had been reduced by half, and for the first time, the 70-million-job barrier had been shattered. JFK tried to restore a balanced budget. Throughout his Presidency he worked diligently to reduce yearly deficits, but after his assassination, deficits under LBJ jumped a quantum-leap higher. Today LBJ is credited for what was created by Kennedy's program. In fact, it took successive years of corruption and mismanagement to destroy what Kennedy set in action. With JFK out of the way, the Conspiracy's military-industrial complex was free to maximize opportunities for wealth and power again by expandinging the Vietnam War. Throughout this debacle, enhanced by the false-flag attack at The Gulf of Tonkin, which was created out of thin air,21 LBJ lobbied the Senate and House for outrageous sums to fuel the Vietnam War (largely to feed and groom his Texas-based military-industrial complex) and the War on Poverty (which helped too few). Billions were wasted over a war that never should have been fought. Millions of Vietnamese and thousands of American lives were needlessly and criminally lost in Vietnam and Cambodia. ### Bilder-what? The Bilderbergs Here is a quote from investigator Daniel Estulin's book, The True Story of the Bilderberg Group [2009, Trine Day], which revealed for the first time the secret agenda of this group, initially headquartered at the Bilderberg Hotel in The Netherlands. [In 1954,] the most powerful men in the world met for the first time in Oosterbeek, Netherlands...[T]hey 'debated the future of the world,' and decided to meet annually in secret. They called themselves the Bilderberg Group with a membership representing a who's who of world power elites, mostly from America, Canada, and Western Europe with familiar names like David Rockefeller, Henry Kissinger, Bill Clinton, Gordon Brown, Angela Merkel, Alan Greenspan, Ben Bernanke, Larry Summers, Tim Geithner, Lloyd Blankfein, George Soros, Donald Rumsfeld, Rupert Murdoch, other heads of state, influential senators, congressmen and parliamentarians, Pentagon and NATO brass, members of European royalty, selected media figures, and invited others...[such as] Barack Obama and many of his top officials. Always well represented are top figures from the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), IMF, World Bank, Trilateral Commission, EU, and powerful central bankers from the Federal Reserve, the ECB's Jean-Claude Trichet, and Bank of England's Mervyn King.22 The media has kept most Americans ignorant of the protests in Europe that occur when these meetings are held. Moreover, most Americans have no idea what "Bilderberg" means. As this secret network of the .05% grows in power, its control tightens over the fates and fortunes of the world's corporations and the media, working behind the scenes. According to its Steering Committee rules, Estulin tells us, the Bilderberg Group is so secret that not even wives, husbands, boyfriends or bodyguards are allowed entry into the secret meetings. Estulin calls the Bilderberg Group ...a shadow world government... nobody buys their way in... Membership consists of annual attendees (around 80 of the world's most powerful) and others only invited occasionally because of their knowledge or involvement in relevant topics... The Group's grand design is for "a One World Government (World Company) with a single, global marketplace, policed by a one world army, and financially regulated by one 'World (Central) Bank' using one global currency.23 Many Americans have felt helpless about regaining any control over the actions of their government. When President Barack Hussein Obama was elected, he had campaigned under the slogan "Yes We Can!" along with vows to provide true 'transparency' in government, pull the nation out of war, and reverse "the economic assault on the middle class."24 Hampered by the Great Recession, which he inherited from the Bush administration, Obama ended up accomplishing none of the above. Next, the people attempted to form alternative political parties, such as the Tea Party, which the IRS attacked, calling Tea Party groups "icky" (yes, that term was used).25 After nation-wide demonstrations called "Occupy Wall Street" were brutally quashed, the people resorted to creating groups on Facebook, Twitter and elsewhere. Through social networking on the Internet, they began to educate each other on what was going wrong. Businessman Donald J. Trump communicated with such effectiveness, using social media such as Twitter, that although he had never before held a public office, enough people, hoping for a change at last, voted for Trump, who was sworn in on Jan. 20, 2017. The goal was to "Make America Great Again" – a slogan that Trump copyrighted. ### The American Oligarchy and American Voters The United States oligarchy has purposely kept America in a perpetual state of war and fear, without regard for the weakening of the republic and the ongoing sufferings of the people. To change the pattern, the question must be raised: will American voters get their country back? Curmudgeon and socialist Bernie Sanders, a longtime Senator who joined the Democrats to run for nomination for the 2016 presidential election, created a high tide of hope that was quickly sucked away when the DNC's pre-designated nominee, veteran warhorse Hillary Clinton, was selected in what Sanders supporters called a rigged convention. Despite being investigated by the FBI and the Republican-backed committees for misconduct, Hillary Clinton, despised as dishonest and corrupt, was placed against an unlikely opponent. Independently wealthy, with fewer ties to the Establishment, and less baggage, Clinton's opponent – billionaire-raconteur Donald Trump – was nevertheless equally distrusted and disliked. Trump's aggressive and frequently sexist statements concerned many voters. Confronted with two unwanted choices, the media lionized Clinton, who if elected would become the first female president. The media, its pundits and its pollsters declared Clinton an easy victor, only to be stunned when Trump achieved victory through the Electoral College. Unlike many other countries, ther are no cap limits on how much money can be given or spent in an election, nor how long a campaign can be run. In the Clinton-Trump race for President, Clinton's poor health was pitted against Trump's boundless energy. Neither her endorsement by the media or by celebrities was enough to win the critical swing-states where half of America's population felt deprived of a future. Since 1984, when the FCC shot down the "equal time" rule that meant all candidates had equal TV coverage, today only major party candidates get significant time, or mention. Much of that was biased in favor of what the few corporations, who now monopolize the media, allowed the public to see. In response, many turned to the Internet, where chaos reigns and the toxic wastes of all candidates are exposed in true Wild West fashion. The United States has some of the most stringent laws regulating who can vote, and difficulties face the average worker who can't get the day off to vote. The Nation suggested that at the very least, Election Day should be a holiday to allow working voters a chance to reach the polls. There are other factors that also limit who can vote: ...the Supreme Court only made matters worse with its 2014 decision to undermine the Voting Rights Act... the crisis is worsening... the crisis will continue to worsen if we do not take appropriate actions to assure that elections are reflective of the will of the whole people.26 Even so, the president's power is limited, despite his or her charisma and leadership abilities. The president owes too much to the powers that embed him or her into office, and he/she is further impeded by those already ensconced in their positions of power for many years. The great innovative thinker R. Buckminster Fuller said before his death in 1983 that the power of the President of the United States is "approximately zero." Presidents do gain a modicum of power and authority if they push the desired agenda: George H.W. Bush knocked out the secular Sunni Muslims in Iraq by invading Iraq and overthrowing Saddam Hussein's regime. However, the Iraqi provisional government managed to provide a counterbalance shield from our main enemy, the fundamentalist Islamic militant jihadists of the Middle East. In due time, the military-industrial complex used Bush's son to attack Iraq again, based on the lie that weapons of mass destruction were in Saddam Hussein's possession to use against America. One war not being enough, we were already involved with an invasion of Afghanistan – supposedly launched to "find" Osama Bin Laden, who was blamed for the 9/11 disaster. For years, it seemed that Osama was hiding in plain sight in Pakistan, unless he had already died, as many believe, from chronic kidney failure. In fact, the ailing Osama Bin Laden was never the real reason we became involved in Afghanistan. Do Americans know why we invaded Afghanistan? The American people, told that all the horrors of endless war were necessary to protect their country, and to "spread democracy," finally began to reconsider their role as the watchdogs of the world. While the Middle East evolved into a breeding ground for suicide bombers, the 1% cavorted in Switzerland on ski slopes, or quaffed rare wines in penthouses overlooking Dubai, as American soldiers kept returning without arms or legs, or in caskets. We can now assess the damage caused by the United States oligarchy in the Middle East. They created a civil war (Shiites versus Sunnis) in the Middle East, just as in Vietnam (North versus South: the role the United States played in the creation of the civil war in Vietnam is discussed in Chapter 3). When ISIS (Islamic State in Syria and other terrorist organizations) overwhelmed Syria, it caused the greatest modern migration in history. With the stress of this human flood on Europe's nations unfairly distributed, Hungary, for example, refused to take refugees, while generous Sweden found itself overwhelmed. Germany's people, who had opened their arms to almost limitless immigration through Chancellor Angela Merkel, backlashed against her, but she was eventually re-elected. When the European Union tried to impose rules on how many immigrants each member nation had to accept, it was the last straw for voters in Great Britain. The out-of-touch 1% running the media and producing false poll figures as propaganda were shocked when England's citizens voted to exit the EU by a comfortable and unexpected margin. "Brexit" – Britain's exit from the EU – created an unstable EU atop a plunging euro and Chinese stagnation that drove investors to seek refuge in the American dollar. After all, the American military was everywhere, spending American dollars. As the American dollar soared, Donald Trump's victory also excited the stock market: his promise to bring manufacturing and factories back to life in the USA served as an escape from having to conduct war in order to make lots of money. ### The U.S. "Defense" Budget and Our Warrior Mentality The chart below shows 2014 figures after "cutbacks" by the Obama administration from record-high expenditures, but it doesn't begin to illustrate the impact of U.S. military presence worldwide. Even as far back as 2003, the Defense Department's annual "Base Structure Report," which itemized "foreign and domestic U.S. military real estate," showed "the Pentagon currently owns or rents 702 overseas bases in about 130 countries and... another 6,000 bases in the United States and its territories.... The military high command deploys to our overseas bases some 253,288 uniformed personnel, plus an equal number of dependents and Department of Defense civilian officials, and employs an additional 44,446 locally hired foreigners..." Ten years later, Texas Senator Ron Paul ( R ) told CNN that the U.S. had enough "defenses" to destroy the world 25 times over.27 In 2015, the DoD reported that it owned 14,477,496 acres of land, rented an additional 329,335 acres for its use, and ran facilities on an additional 9,890,374 acres by permission (p. 15, annual report). The Army alone has "more than 77,000 facilities... in the United States and Territories," not counting what's located on foreign soil. The DoD claims it has been reduced in size, with 562,000 facilities, but facilities located on less than 10 acres or worth less than 10 million dollars are not counted. Some 3,002,075 personnel are involved worldwide, with 1,328,273 on active duty. We even have 142 structures on Greenland.28 These numbers, though staggeringly large, do not enumerate the actual bases we occupy globally. The 2003 Base Status Report failed to mention, for instance, any garrisons in Kosovo. The 2015 Base Status Report tells us only three structures are located there – even though Kosovo is the site of huge Camp Bondsteel, built in 1999 and maintained by Kellogg, Brown & Root. Look at the photo here to see if you can find more than three buildings: The Report similarly plays down the size and numbers of bases in Afghanistan, Iraq, Israel, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Qatar, and Uzbekistan, although the U.S. military has established colossal base structures throughout this so-called "arc of instability" since 9/11."29 In fact, the United States oligarchy has kept America involved in military adventures around the world to produce huge profits for the military-industrial complex. At the same time, multinational United States corporations flourish across the world with no concern about America's future. Trump's success with voters was largely based on his promises to bring these corporations back home to recreate good jobs and, at the same time, enhance the military while reining in its most wasteful projects. Enough billionaires agreed: it was like having your cake and eating it, too. They joined his cabinet. Corruption among corporations and at the Pentagon has been a persistent problem. Whistleblowers and Cassandras suffer (even die), but sometimes win a battle. On July 27, 2011, media across the world reported that: Bunnatine "Bunny" Greenhouse... blew the whistle when her employer, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, gave a no-bid $7bn contract to the Halliburton subsidiary Kellogg, Brown and Root (KBR) as the U.S. was about to invade Iraq. She was doing her job, trying to ensure a competitive bidding process that would save the U.S. government money. For that, she was forced out of her senior position, demoted and harassed... after waging a legal battle for more than half a decade... (t)he U.S. Army Corps of Engineers settled with Greenhouse for $970,000, representing full restitution for lost wages, compensatory damages and attorneys' fees... KBR was owned then by Halliburton, whose CEO until 2000 was... then-Vice President Dick Cheney. KBR was the only company invited to bid. Bunny Greenhouse told her superiors that the process was illegal. She was overridden. ### To Control the Nation, Our Official History Must Be Controlled As indicated above, distorting facts and figures helps conceal unwanted information from the public (and of course, from our enemies). Control of our official history is also important. One of Lee Oswald's favorite books (we know this from various sources) was George Orwell's 1984. Prophetically, Orwell wrote about "the memory hole" where yesterday's evidence, if it did not conform to the current official version, was thrown away. Today, "memory holes" exist wherever it's inconvenient to have the truth impede the kind of information the public is allowed to access. Books will not reach libraries, evidence files at National Archives will be classified or "sanitized" for a hundred years or more, or destroyed. Those events that can't be forgotten will simply get rewritten and set before the public by a "respectable" or "popular" source on the Internet, on TV, or by radio. One good example is the TV rendition of Stephen King's book called 11-22-1963, which depicts a time traveler trying to stop Lee Harvey Oswald from shooting Kennedy. No effort was made to tell the public that the TV series was fictional. A new generation saw 11-22-63 as a science fiction series based on a basic truth, that Oswald was the assassin, and he was a bad man. ### Erasing Kennedy's Heroism from History Not only has Oswald been labeled a killer without a trial, so has President Kennedy been repackaged as a womanizer and drug addict. After all, Kennedy must be made smaller than life, with all his faults and flaws emphasized, so the public will not care as much when the truth is exposed that the government allowed him to be murdered and used Oswald as the patsy. This point cannot be stressed enough. The truth is that Kennedy, raised in a wealthy household, and of frail health, could have avoided the military. Instead, he joined the Navy. There is no doubt he wished to be treated just as everyone else, and is was obvious that he loved his country. Until Donald Trump was elected, Kennedy was the only President to refuse to take a salary for his service as President. On June 12, 1944, Lt. John F. Kennedy received "the Navy's highest honor for gallantry for his heroic actions as a gunboat pilot during World War II.... The future president also received a Purple Heart for wounds received during battle." For a new generation, Kennedy's experience was briefly retold by The History Channel: As a young man, Kennedy had desperately wanted to go into the Navy but was originally rejected because of chronic health problems, particularly a back injury he had sustained playing football while attending Harvard. In 1941... his politically connected father used his influence to get Jack into the service. In 1942, Kennedy volunteered for PT (motorized torpedo) boat duty in the Pacific. In July 1943... Kennedy and the crew of PT 109 were ordered into combat near the Solomon Islands. In the middle of the night on August 2, their boat was rammed by a Japanese destroyer and caught fire. Several of Kennedy's shipmates were blown overboard into a sea of burning oil. Kennedy dove in to rescue three of the crew and in the process swallowed some of the toxic mixture. (Kennedy would later blame this for chronic stomach problems.) **Judyth Vary** **Baker** : As I copied the above information, then read on, I was shocked to see that The History Channel was rewriting history. After making certain that this was the case, with anger and disgust, I posted the following message on Sept. 11, 2016, on Facebook: THE HISTORY CHANNEL IS LYING ABOUT JFK'S HEROISM! History rewritten before our eyes. The History Channel, as you should know, was forced to sell out to pressure after airing (ever-so-briefly) Episodes 7-8-9 of THE MEN WHO KILLED KENNEDY. That included my story (Episode 8 - The Love Affair). Attacked by LBJ's defenders on every side, The History Channel caved in, banning the entire series. Since then, The History Channel has done its best to disgrace JFK as a womanizer and drug abuser who carelessly helped get himself murdered. WHY? Today's media must minimize JFK's greatness. The less respected he is, the less the people will care about who really killed him. In June, 2016 The History Channel shamefully rewrote the story of PT-109, the patrol boat which he skippered, which was suddenly cut in half by a destroyer in the middle of the night. After describing Kennedy's rescue of three men thrown overboard into flaming waters, The History Channel hid the truth about what happened next: "For 12 hours, Kennedy and his crew clung to the wrecked hull, before he ordered them to abandon ship. Kennedy and the other good swimmers placed the injured on a makeshift raft, and then took turns pushing and towing the raft four miles to safety on a nearby island... BUT THAT'S NOT WHAT HAPPENED. The History Channel says Kennedy merely helped "pushing and towing" a "raft" for four miles, hiding the truth about how this man with a bad back heroically saved a critically burned crewmen by towing the burned man by straps he held with his teeth – for miles. READ THE TRUTH HERE: To tow the injured man, "Pappy" McMahon,JFK needed to use a strap on the man's military jacket: "After tugging the strap a few times Kennedy took out his knife and cut it. Then he clamped the loose end in his teeth and began swimming the breast stroke. He and McMahon were back to back. Kennedy was low in the water under McMahon, who was floating along on his back with his head behind Kennedy's... towing McMahon he would move in spurts, swimming the breast stroke vigorously for ten or fifteen minutes and then pausing to rest. "How far do we have to go now?" McMahon would inquire. Kennedy would assure him that they were making good progress. "How do you feel, Mac?" he would ask, and McMahon would invariably reply, "I'm okay, Mr. Kennedy, how about you?" Being a sensitive person, McMahon would have found the swim unbearable if he had realized that Kennedy was hauling him through three miles or so of water with a bad back... He could not see Kennedy but he could feel the tugs forward with each stretch of Kennedy's shoulder muscles and could hear his labored breathing. McMahon tried kicking now and then but he was extremely weary. The swim seemed endless...He was hungry and thirsty and fearful that they would be attacked by sharks...His fate, he well knew, was at the end of a strap in Kennedy's teeth..." (see http://www.orwelltoday.com/jfkpt109evanscoastwatcherrescue....) THE HISTORY CHANNEL said Kennedy helped push and tow a raft for four miles, along with other crewmen. SHAME ON THEM. ("Their" version is at http://www.history.com/this-.../john-f-kennedy-receives-medals) (The URL for "then took turns pushing and towing the raft four miles to safety on a nearby island" version can be found in this endnote.30) The media's goal today is to make Kennedy look as small and worthless as possible, probably because it is becoming clear that the government had Kennedy killed. Therefore, Kennedy's good points and heroic actions have to be minimized. ### Another Witness Exposes the Greatness of JFK On Sept. 11, 2016, researcher Will Ruha responded positively to my Facebook post about The History Channel's rewriting the history of JFK's courage regarding PT-109. He wrote: Judyth, A good friend of mine was the late Commander Ted Robinson (who recently passed). It was his PT Boat that picked Jack Kennedy up after the carved coconut message was received and Jack and his crew were found alive. He said Jack was so emaciated, his feet so shredded from coral, that he couldn't even walk to meet him. He crawled out (while he ordered his crew to stay back, lest the person coming forth was Japanese), and when he saw it was "Robbie," teased him with the sardonic quip, "Where the hell have you been? I've been at this bus stop for a week!" The Commander, who also later lost his own PT Boat and suffered injuries, spent several months in a naval hospital tent with Jack as his next bed companion, and he and JFK became close friends. Now, understand this: Ted Robinson was a lifelong ultra-conservative Republican. His political views were the diametric opposite of JFK's. But you could NOT say an ill word about JFK, his character, judgment, or heroism to the Commander without him raining down upon you a cogent articulated defense of JFK. Almost until his dying day at age of 96, he traveled the country giving a detailed explanation - charts, photos, and all - of events the night of August 2, 1943, which he too had shared as an ensign in the lead boat. He said, basically that Kennedy and his crew had been placed at critical risk by their commander at the time who made terrible blunders in his orders, and that Jack unhappily complied. When the Amagiri struck, Jack showed tremendous courage and stamina, rounding up his injured and disoriented crewmembers, leading them on a swim of several miles (while towing Pappy McMahon) to Plum Island, and then, once there (after passing out from exhaustion) risked his life swimming out into Blackett Strait trying to flag down a passing boat or ship. Jack then moved his crew to Olasana, again personally risked his own life to seek their rescue, and continued to lend them moral support throughout, until which time they were rescued. In the hospital tent, Ted got to know Jack intimately. He described him as insatiably curious, a rapacious reader, of inestimably high intelligence, sharp wit, sincere humility, immense compassion, and concern about the lives of those he met, always inquiring and probing as to their welfare...He told me that, after tearing up his decommissioning papers in order to stay out there rather than be shipped home, Jack was given PT-59. One day all the PT boat crews were summoned into the main tent and told of a terrible problem. "We got a radio report from a group of Marines trapped on a Japanese-occupied atoll. There's about 55 of them needing immediate rescue. We told them that for us to send a PT boat out in daylight would be suicide, as the Jap Zeros would cut it down before it crossed the strait, so we'd send one tonight. They radioed back to forget it as they'd all be captured and beheaded by then. I need a volunteer." The Commander told me how every sailor in the room, but one, sat on their hands, or turned their backs, unwilling to step forth – except Jack Kennedy. He stood up. A nearby sailor grabbed his arm and tried to pull him down. "Are you nuts?" he told Kennedy. "It's suicide. No one can make that trip. You'd have to have a death wish." Jack pulled back and stood, telling the sailor, "Look, the rest of you guys have wives and families, but I'm single, and if I don't make it, it won't be any great loss. I'll take it." The Commander said he recognized what Jack meant – that his health was so negligible anyway, that he preferred to go out this way, rather than die from the ailments that plagued him constantly, leaving him a frail, emaciated, wreck – which was obvious to all, despite Jack's constant attempts to hide it. "Other guys malingered, trying to get out of duty," one of his crewmen said, "But that damned Kennedy. He feigns wellness in order to serve, giving us that broad, grand grin. He should have been sent home months ago. In fact, he should have never been allowed here at all!" So Jack took the 59 out across the strait, miraculously managing daylight passage although, I believe at one point a Zero did attempt to strafe him. He dared anchor the 59 just off the atoll, and took all 55 Marines on board – so many they were literally hanging off the sides. Not far behind the men were scores of armed Japanese, but Jack and the men were blessed not to have been detected. Having too little fuel to even get all the way back, Jack nonetheless managed to bring the endangered party back unscathed. Years later, after one of the Commander's presentations, he received a phone call from an aged black Marine, who wept copiously into the phone, explaining, "All my life I wondered who that brave sailor was who risked his life to save me and my fellow Marines from that Japanese-occupied atoll. We were literally dead men waiting. And until your talk today, I had no idea that it was the future President of the United States, John Kennedy." The Commander wrote much about all this in his memoir, Saltwater in My Veins, an excellent chronicle of an extraordinary life. But I had occasion, as a guest in his home, to interview him at length, and he regaled me with numerous tales of his experiences with Jack in the South Pacific. He told me that everyone he knew who had ever encountered Jack, simply revered him for his courage, leadership, humility, humor, and absolute selflessness. He was incensed at what the media – especially The History Channel – had done in trying to ruin Jack's image and reputation. He told me that he and a number of others who had been interviewed at length, were deeply offended to find their comments so edited, chopped up, and revised as to actually make it look as if they supported the criticism. (Another good friend of mine, Paul "Red" Fay, Jr., had told me the same thing about some of his experiences.) So he set about giving a series of presentations to correct this insidious calumny. Owing to his age, political ideology, and reluctance to talk about Jack's death, I most often deferred from addressing the entire matter of JFK's murder and his "posthumous assassination," except to make it clear that it was indeed a conspiracy of which Lee Oswald was not a malicious part. In covering the Commander, the news media always seemed to slip in its own conclusions stating otherwise. Rather than get embroiled in all that, he demurred.31 JFK was just "Jack" to his fellow sailors. Kennedy's experience in war contributed to his radical turn toward world peace, as James Douglass in his fine book JFK and the Unspeakable makes eminently clear. If we are to regain the admiration and respect of the world's people, The United States must make a similar radical turn towards peace. By doing so, our own people will prosper. We're told not to believe in conspiracies. Across the Internet and on TV news programs, "conspiracy" is a smear word, used only by extremists. New laws have made it harder to act as a whistleblower. In American political and military affairs, whistleblowing is now considered the act of a traitor, especially if it involves the exposure of secrecy in government. We need only glance at the treatment of Julian Assange, Chelsea [Bradley] Manning and Edward Snowden to make the point. In the future, it may become too dangerous to speak, or to write books such as this one. It seems clear that the Junta that came into power with Kennedy's public execution will not allow a President to be elected unless that candidate does its bidding. If there is an upset, and an unwanted candidate becomes President and is defiant, demonstrations and investigations will occur. Coauthor Edward Schwartz believes an option exists: "We need an independent, new party to bring us a John Fitzgerald Kennedy-type candidate into the presidency," he says, "one representing a yet to be created True American Party. We may begin with just one new party, but ideally, following the pattern of Scandinavian free nations, we should hope for even more political parties from which to choose, representing the true needs of the people. Two parties are easily controlled, but where new parties emerge, change can occur. The danger is that an emerging party will use radical means to get to the top, offering new but dangerous policies that may seem attractive to people sick of the old ways. In this manner, Adolf Hitler took Germany by storm." In the election of 2016, when Donald Trump emerged as a surprise to the establishment, speaking with a bluntness that shocked and frightened many, the media compared him to Hitler. A level playing field could be established by placing an upper limit on the campaign expenditures of all parties. New parties presently offer what may be our only hope to reverse the effects of the sellout of America to the Federal Reserve System and its cohorts. But it won't be easy to break away from more than a century of their dominion. **Judyth Vary** **Baker** : I don't think it's possible to add a genuine third or fourth party to the established two-party system. Technology has brought Big Brother to our doorsteps. Troublesome new leaders will be kept in line. Perhaps our only hope will be to see some big states seceding from the Union. Think it sound 'far out'? Fast forward a couple of decades. Americans now know they've been used and abused to create wealth for the 1%. The Conspiracy has diminished the meaning and pride of United States citizenship, weakened family structures, and confused the moral values of the nation. Infrastructure failures, floods, wildfires and disasters such as the Hurricane Katrina levee failures will continue unless action is taken. Our transit, bridges, power grid and water systems need upgrading and repair. The cost requires trillions of dollars. A "New Deal" such as implemented by FDR could make a difference. We have the means to fix what could be mortal wounds to our democracy, if we halt spending trillions of dollars on unnecessary wars, close down unnecessary military bases worldwide, and bring manufacturing home again. The hemorrhaging could be stopped. Internet freedom, which still exists as of 2016 (despite ICANN32 having gained control of domains worldwide) is the only current source of a wide range of information. Internet freedom must be protected. What stands in the way? ### The North American Leaders' Summit of 2005 A plan, sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations, was created by the first of four trilateral meetings between President Bush, Mexican President Vicente Fox, and Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin on March 23, 2005. At what was grandly called "The North American Leaders Summit" (NALS) they planned a roadmap to integrate the economies of the three North American countries. It was at this first meeting that President Bush pinned the epithet "vigilantes" on the volunteers guarding our border in Arizona. An essential part of this CFR-backed plan is to integrate Mexico, the U.S. and Canada into a single economic unit. Cheap labor from Mexico would be brought into the U.S. and Canada, massive U.S. foreign aid, paid for by U.S. taxpayers, would help fuel the economies of the other two countries. The United States and its two neighbors have now developed the largest free-trade zone in the world, and an economic relationship that has swelled to nearly $1 trillion a year. Free trade is not necessarily advantageous to America when a neighbor nation can undermine wages and U.S.-based companies by providing cheaper labor and cheaper products. The idea of free trade zones is to create a "one world" situation where the 1% is in control of wages and prices. Competition is eliminated and the 1% manipulates the prices upwards as desired. The Federal Reserve manipulates the cost of our money in this manner, without the consent of America's people. On May 4, 2016, USA Today reported President Obama's upcoming Summit meeting with Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto as "further recognition of the value of a more integrated North America to advance the security and prosperity of the continent." In addition, Obama would attend "a G-20 Summit in China in September, and an Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Summit in Peru in November."33 Other trade deals that support the above included the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and President Clinton's NAFTA, The North American Free Trade Agreement of 1994 that the recent "NAL Summits" are based upon. Across much of the developed world, concerns over the impact of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and in the U.S., about NAFTA, sparked demonstrations. Then, on Jan. 20, 2017, the Trump administration announced plans to overhaul such trade agreements to better benefit the people of the U.S. "This strategy starts" said the Trump website, "by withdrawing from the Trans-Pacific Partnership and making certain that any new trade deals are in the interests of American workers." That withdrawal did occur. President Trump seemed to be committed to renegotiating NAFTA. "If our partners refuse a renegotiation that gives American workers a fair deal, then the President will give notice of the United States' intent to withdraw from NAFTA," the website went on.34 The announcement offered a glimmer of hope. Trump was acting as if he could act independently of the demands of the 1%. It was a dangerous thing to do. Had JFK lived, the dollar would have remained predominant. There would have been no hint of a dollar crisis. The price of gold would have remained low. In June 1963, Kennedy directed the U.S. Treasury to issue U.S. Notes, backed first by silver and then by gold, at a "no interest" cost to the public, thus bypassing the Federal Reserve System, which had been issuing Federal Reserve Notes since 1913 at considerable interest cost to the public. Imagine this situation: A nation decides that a group of banks will own all of its money. In addition, this group of banks decides how much money to print and what it will charge the government to use the money. That is the situation in the United States. Under such an arrangement, the government will always be in debt and can never get into the black. The issuance of Federal Reserve Notes, paying interest to bankers in the private sector, is in contrary to the intent of the Constitution of the United States of America, which states that only Congress shall coin and regulate money. An attempt to defy this situation occurred when President John F. Kennedy issued United States Notes that could be turned in for their own value in silver. After Kennedy was assassinated the United States Notes were immediately cancelled by Johnson and taken out of circulation, and those that were being printed up to the time of the assassination were never circulated to the public. Executive Order 11110 gave the President the implicit authority to strip the Federal Reserve banks of their power. In a well-publicized speech to Congress, Kennedy assured the Federal Reserve of his full support of their system, assuring them that his Order would simply allow Americans who might wish to exchange their notes for silver to do so, thus giving them confidence in U.S. funds. Federal Reserve Notes, he stressed, would replace Silver Certificates. What Kennedy didn't tell Congress or the Feds was that he intended to flood the system with the debt-free "silver backed" currency, and nobody thereafter would use Federal Reserve Notes. The four billion in $2 and $5 notes would soon be followed by $10 and $20 notes – all of which were canceled when Kennedy died, proving they were contrary to the desire of the banking cartel. We can assert this because Kennedy printed so many of them. This Order still exists though it was gutted by later acts of Congress, which could easily be repealed. One comment among many who have argued that the Order was Constitutional and gutting it was an abomination, is this one by South African Jock Obushveldt: The Federal Reserve Act that began it all must surely rank as one of the most disastrous and outrageous pieces of legislation to the public welfare ever to come out of any legislative body. It may have also have been and still is illegal according to Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution which happens to be the inviolable law of the land. Such an opinion is popular among the most radical independents. Obushveldt goes on to say: The article states that Congress shall have the power to coin (create) money and regulate the value thereof. In 1935, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled the Congress cannot constitutionally delegate its power to another group or body. The Congress thus acted in violation of the Constitution it's sworn to uphold and in so doing created the Federal Reserve System that, as will be explained below, is a private for-profit corporation operating at the expense of the public welfare. By its action, our lawmakers committed fraud against the people of the country and so far have gotten away with it without the public even knowing about the harm done.35 Author G. Edward Griffin states in his book The Creature from Jekyll Island, that President Ronald Reagan's Executive Order 12608, issued September 9, 1987, rescinded President Kennedy's Executive Order 11110. What actually occurred was an obscure rewording of a small section of the order that could be easily reversed as a special-interest, unconstitutional amendment. Executive Order 11110 would have ended the predations of the private Federal Reserve System. Our soaring national debt of trillions of dollars, created since 1963, would be nonexistent today if John Kennedy had lived to fulfill his courageous agenda. The Federal Reserve, combined with wars, has cost us enough money to pay our national debt several times over. During the 1960 campaign, John Kennedy promised, if elected, to increase military spending. He believed the Pentagon figures showing that the Soviet Union possessed between 500 and 1,000 intercontinental ballistic missiles. Later, reports indicated that the real number of enemy missiles was about 50. It was then that Kennedy understood the Pentagon's strategy to increase its power at all costs. The Pentagon had falsely claimed that vast sums of money were needed to catch up to the Russians to close the non-existent missile gap. Kennedy became concerned with the three-billion dollar budget deficit. He realized that it threatened to devalue the dollar. With a show of courage we may never see again in a U.S. President, on March 30, 1963 the Kennedy Administration made an important effort to reduce military spending and thereby eliminate the budget deficit. Secretary of Defense McNamara announced a plan to close 52 military installations in the United States and 21 overseas bases within three years. Kennedy's murder ended all of America's efforts to reduce military spending. The bases and installations remained open, thousands of additional bases have been built since then, and the budget deficit has been climbing ever since. It is now the highest in the world. One purpose of this book is to inform U.S. citizens that President Kennedy tried to stop the Establishment from achieving its ultimate goal of global control of banking, corporations, and the military. He intended first to bypass the Federal Reserve System, then dismantle it. The Federal Reserve, which has issued Federal Reserve Notes since 1913 in violation of the U.S. Constitution, is the servant of a global banking system that aims to control the world's money supply. Kennedy knew that secret societies empowered the Federal Reserve. He gave his most famous address on the subject of freedom of the press before the American Newspaper Publishers Association on April 27, 1961, ten days after the Bay of Pigs calamity. It is so important that most of it is repeated here. Some call it "the speech that got Kennedy killed" because of this section, which carried some double meanings beyond mere "freedom of the press": Ladies and gentlemen: the very word "secrecy" is repugnant in a free and open society. And we are as a people, inherently and historically, opposed to secret societies, to secret oaths, and to secret proceedings. By inserting "secret societies" and "secret oaths" Kennedy made a jab at the Shadow Government and the New World Order, having just endured the necessity to take the blame for an invasion created for defeat by the CIA to make JFK look weak. He knew who was running the world behind the scenes. Kennedy then turned to the press once more, in an attempt to inspire its journalists to act independently and honestly. In today's world, where reporters are fired if they don't obey their "owners," Kennedy's words are almost prophetic: We decided long ago that the dangers of excessive and unwarranted concealment of pertinent facts far outweigh the dangers which are cited to justify it.... Even today, there is little value in assuring the survival of our nation if our traditions do not survive with it. And there is very grave danger that an announced need for increased security will be seized upon by those anxious to expand its meaning to the very limits of official censorship and concealment. That I do not intend to permit, to the extent that it's in my control. Unfortunately, due to so much secrecy in government and the compliance of the press to keep dirty little (and big) secrets being so rampant, Kennedy's expressed concerns seem to be a melancholy cry that is lost in translation: And no official of my administration, whether his rank is high or low, civilian or military, should interpret my words here tonight as an excuse to censor the news, to stifle dissent, to cover up our mistakes, or to withhold from the press or the public the facts they deserve to know. Kennedy then focused on the great and present danger that communism was presenting, including the prospects for World War III: For we are opposed around the world by a monolithic and ruthless conspiracy that relies primarily on covert means for expanding its sphere of influence, on infiltration instead of invasion, on subversion instead of elections, on intimidation instead of free choice, on guerrillas by night instead of armies by day. It is a system which has conscripted vast human and material resources into the building of a tightly knit, highly efficient machine that combines military, diplomatic, intelligence, economic, scientific and political operations. Its preparations are concealed, not published. It's mistakes are buried, not headlined. Its dissenters are silenced, not praised. No expenditure is questioned, no rumor is printed, no secret is revealed. In contrast, Kennedy invited criticism, debate, and freedom of speech: No President should fear public scrutiny of his program, for from that scrutiny comes understanding, and from that understanding comes support or opposition, and both are necessary.... Without debate, without criticism, no administration and no country can succeed, and no republic can survive. That is why the Athenian lawmaker, Solon, decreed it a crime for any citizen to shrink from controversy. ...it means, finally, that government at all levels must meet its obligation to provide you with the fullest possible information outside the narrowest limits of national security. And so it is to the printing press, to the recorder of man's deeds, the keeper of his conscience, the courier of his news, that we look for strength and assistance. Confident that with your help, man will be what he was born to be, free and independent. Marina Oswald, Lee Oswald's widow, understood the power behind the scenes, telling researcher A. J. Weberman, "The answer to the Kennedy assassination is with the Federal Reserve Bank. Don't underestimate that. It's wrong to blame it on Angleton and the CIA per se only. This is only one finger of the same hand. The people who supply the money are above the CIA." Was she thinking of the Council on Foreign Relations, the CFR? In 1975, United States Admiral and Council on Foreign Relations member, Chester Ward, stated: ...the CFR has as a goal] submergence of U.S. sovereignty and national independence into an all-powerful one-world government... this lust to surrender the sovereignty and independence of the United States is pervasive throughout most of the membership.... In the entire CFR lexicon, there is no term of revulsion carrying a meaning so deep as "America First." ([Chester Ward, Kissinger on the Couch, pp. 144-150. 1975.) But that was 1975. The blowing winds of globalization are subject to change. Foreign investors are one day more reluctant to hold American dollars, then want them on the next. The dollar has become a yo-yo upon which the fates of nations depend. But despite all adjustments and bandages applied by the Feds, America's growing debt forced foreign nations to be wary of U.S. dollars as payment for the exports they sent to us. Instead, they demand to own our ports, buy our highway toll roads and toll bridges, accumulate our real estate, and make us deliver up our gold as payment. When Kennedy's strategy for peace and prosperity ended with his death, the majority of U.S. citizens ended up negatively impacted both economically and socially. Only the 1% benefited. When "Bush 41" was elected, the media dutifully proclaimed that a Golden Age had arrived, but by Jan. 2015, it was acknowledged that the standard of living for the middle class had been on a downward trend that began a few years after the Kennedy assassination. The middle class that President Obama identified in his State of the Union speech last week as the foundation of the American economy has been shrinking for almost half a century. In the late 1960s, more than half of the households in the United States were squarely in the middle, earning, in today's dollars, $35,000 to $100,000 a year... since 2000, the middle-class share of households has continued to narrow, the main reason being that more people have fallen to the bottom.36 U.S. citizens suffered the loss of millions of higher paying jobs due to outsourcing – U.S. companies creating jobs in foreign nations – atop costly, endless wars and "missions." Higher rates of alcoholism, drug abuse (brought in by the CIA to finance their projects), divorce, mental illness, and membership in highly radical organizations and gangs expanded the lower class and delivered hopelessness as their future. Atop that, Muslim-extremist terrorism has plagued the nation, resulting in NSC spying on the civilian population; an invasion of privacy rights ever since The Patriot Act of 9/11. As middle class Americans slipped into the lower class, they began to take on the same destructive lower class lifestyle. It's hard to look nice and dress nicely when you're poor, overworked, or unemployed. The classic "Wal-Mart look" of America's working class – jeans and pullover shirts – can be contrasted with the way ordinary working-class people used to "dress up" when they went to town. By 2016, social media had developed enough that the 3-letter news outlets such as CBS, NBC and CNN were becoming secondary sources. Facebook and Twitter stories spread real and "fake" news, effectively exposing the corruption of the establishment, giving radical new sources such as Wikileaks a platform. The result was an upset in the critical race for President in 2016. The public turned in enough votes to elect a man who had never run for office before, whose Facebook pages and Tweets bypassed the traditional news sources. After President Trump took office, he expressed intentions so radical as a "fix" for America's problems that the CIA and the deeply-entrenched Establishment reacted with unprecedented ichor. Famed blogger Jacob Hornberger pointed out the problem: Ever since the Kennedy assassination, no president has dared to tangle with the national-security establishment at a fundamental level. Everyone in Washington knows where the real power of the federal government is centered. (See the excellent book National Security and Double Government by Michael Glennon.) Every president knows that he is expected to operate within the parameters set forth by the national-security establishment and every president since Kennedy has dutifully complied...[but] Donald Trump might be the first president since Kennedy to violate that sacred rule of the national-security establishment. If he does and if he refuses to do what previous presidents have done, it will be interesting to see the outcome. As Sen. Schumer has pointed out, the CIA and other intelligence agencies have "six ways from Sunday" by which to retaliate.37 What was predictable is that the establishment would want social media reined in and controlled by various means of censorship, disguised as "identifying fake news for the good of the country." ### College, Jobs and Mobility: Crushing the American Dream Crippling the youth by means of war and penury keeps change at arm's length. Young soldiers should not have to worry about mere survival after returning to a country that ignores their most pressing needs for medical care, a decent job, and a chance to get a college education. They should not have to worry about winding up in the poorhouse. Most Americans believed a college education could bring them job security or at least a middle class lifestyle, but as of 2017, college graduates were not finding jobs to support themselves, let alone the extra money needed to pay off student loans. Student loan debts were often so enormous that even those with good jobs were overburdened. Many young adults had to return home to live with their parents in order to handle student loan payments. In fact, being saddled with heavy debt is the easiest way to keep young people overworked and safely sequestered from taking over the good jobs of their older "superiors." Locked into menial jobs even after graduation fitted them for good jobs, and loaded with student loans that forced them into hardship if they paid, or ruined their credit if they didn't, many young men and women foresaw a bleak future and decided, instead, to remain in the armed forces. The better opportunities there shuttled thousands into marriages of convenience that provided even more benefits. The result was the creation of a class of professional soldiers with larger families that rely on war and America's huge network of military bases to thrive: this sector of the middle class has a powerful voice to keep the status quo. Meanwhile, the minimum wage remained stagnant. Since the 1980s, by manipulating the threshold for "poverty" the mandated minimum wage was kept artificially low, meaning an existence below the poverty line.38 Furthermore, to avoid paying for health insurance and other requirements for fulltime workers, too many jobs have seen their hours cut, creating a system that has destroyed the morale and hope of the middle class.39 Many are forced to take on work at extra jobs to make ends meet, without health insurance. With wages nearly frozen at what today is below even the artificially low threshhold for poverty, students and graduates find themselves unable to advance their lives. Another argument exists: if there is no minimum wage, there will be more jobs. We only have to look at which advanced nations with a strong middle class don't have minimum wage laws to see how they have managed to prosper without a guaranteed minimum wage. In two words, the answer is labor unions: M]ost developed countries that have no legal minimum wage still have minimum wages set by industry through [collective bargaining contracts. The majority of their working populations are unionized. These unions negotiate a fair baseline pay rate on behalf of the participating workers so the government does not have to do it. Since each industry may require vastly different things of its employees, it makes sense the minimum wage varies from business to business. Five developed nations that have no legal minimum wage are Sweden, Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland.40 These five countries are considered among the most advanced in the world. Their people live longer, have free college education, socialized medicine, high but not onerous taxes, social mobility and multiple political parties, with the highest percentage of active voters in the world. In Switzerland, laws can't be made without the approval of voters.41 In contrast, in 2014 the top five countries that have slavery were also notorious for not tolerating or ignoring labor union activity, or forbidding certain population segments in their countries to join or form labor unions. These countries were (#5) Russia, with an estimated 1 million enslaved, (#4) Uzbekistan, Est. population in modern slavery: 1.2 million, (#3) Pakistan, Est. population in modern slavery: 2.1 million, (#2) China, Est. population in modern slavery: 3.2 million, (#1) India, Est. population in modern slavery: 14.3 million.42 Salon.com describes the situation in India, where slavery is rampant: "...680 million Indians live in deprivation. These people – half the Indian population – are deprived of the basics of life such as food, energy, housing, drinking water, sanitation, health care, education and social security. Most of India's workers and peasants are among the deprived. Ninety percent of India's workers are in the informal sector, where protections at the workplace are minimal and their rights to form unions are virtually non-existent."43 In Russia, members of unions have little bargaining power: ...the FNPR traditionally overestimates its membership numbers, due to the fact that they include "formal membership," in which people are members of the union, but have no kind of connection with the trade union at all, and at times don't even know that they are a trade union member."... Membership in the independent unions can be dangerous for workers: union organizers and members have been fired and physically assaulted on more than one occasion. As a result, the independent unions do not publish definitive numbers.44 In the United States, labor unions have been under fire, and membership has plummeted, even though Union workers earn about $200 more per week on average than non-union workers, and have better retirement pay and health insurance. These compensation premiums hold up even after controlling for factors like age and education. Studies have shown that unions also help raise pay for non-union workers by setting a higher prevailing wage. This has caused some economists to link today's wage stagnation, broadening income inequality and lack of economic mobility to the decline in unions.45 Unions create higher wages and more prosperity. Low minimum wages = overworked, impoverished workers. In Scandinavia, Switzerland, etc. workers are Union, enjoying long life, prosperity, free college education, free medical care, etc. Imagine their system in the U.S.: the ensuing prosperity and buying power would compensate for higher export prices. Tiny Sweden (100% union), is famed for Swedish steel, cars, and long vacations, whereas the U.S. State of Georgia (same population, but only 4% union) is known for poverty and stagnation. Then there's the mobility issue: as the July 14, 2016 edition of The Atlantic put it, in an article titled "Poor at 20: Poor for Life": It's not an exaggeration: It really is getting harder to move up in America. Those who make very little money in their first jobs will probably still be making very little decades later, and those who start off making middle-class wages have similarly limited paths. Only those who start out at the top are likely to continue making good money throughout their working lives... Michael D. Carr and Emily E. Wiemers, two economists at the University of Massachusetts in Boston... [used] data from the Census Bureau's Survey of Income and Program Participation... to examine how earnings mobility changed between 1981 and 2008... [when] the researchers... measured a given worker's chances of moving [upwards].... They found quite a disparity. "The probability of ending where you start has gone up, and the probability of moving up from where you start has gone down," Carr said....Overall, the probability of someone starting and ending their career in the same decile has gone up for every income rank. (emphasis by authors) In Jan. 2015, the New York Times reported student loan debt was at a record high of $1.1 trillion, with no escape through bankruptcy. Through special lobbying efforts, private loan institutions, led by "Sallie Mae" had made it virtually unlawful to discharge student loan debts through bankruptcy – a situation unheard of in any other country. Those who spearheaded the new bankruptcy law became multimillionaires by doing so.46 Today, record numbers of high school graduates can't afford to attend college, refusing to go deep into debt. Instead, many enter the military, hoping for help to pay for their education after their stint, which may force them into combat. Being maimed for life – or getting killed – may be their fate. Students today are unaware that once upon a time, with decent grades, the dream of college was attainable for all. Note that one of Judyth Baker's ID cards from The University of Florida, showing the cost of tuition and fees of $113.00 for a trimester in 1965 –the equivalent of about $850.00 in today's funds. An academic year, including the summer session, cost less than $300 (~$2,550 in todays funds). Judyth's records for 1962 shows she spent almost $1,400 for a year's tuition and fees (the same rate as in 1965), plus books, room, board, and clothing, equal to about $11,900.00 in today's funds. But education in 2016-2017 for a one year's tuition and fees at UF now costs almost $3,680 for a Florida resident, with the total cost for an undergraduate to live on campus for a year conservatively estimated at $21,230.47 ### Trump, the TPP Partnership Deal, and Death Threats On Donald Trump's first day in office as President, as millions of women marched against him, protesting that their rights would be trampled by "a megalomaniac,"48 The Atlantic reported that the POTUS' "most significant order immediately withdrew the U.S. from the Trans-Pacific Partnership," which was described as "a multilateral free-trade agreement between the U.S. and eleven other Pacific Rim countries." The article made the President's order look like a bad decision, remarking that "The pact, aimed at counterbalancing China's growing economic clout in east Asia, was among the Obama administration's signature foreign policy achievements and a cornerstone of the pivot to Asia."49 For those who plowed past the negatives, there was a weak acknowledgement that Trump may have done the right thing: But the agreement also drew its share of domestic criticism on both sides of the campaign aisle. Both Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton, who initially supported it, and her primary rival Bernie Sanders criticized the pact for not doing enough to support American workers. Trump was among its most vociferous critics, at one point calling it "a continuing rape of our country." The media had close to zero to say in favor of Trump's actions during his first day in office, The Atlantic's article being one of the few that focused on any benefits to imposing a hiring freeze. "Throughout the federal government on non-military workers": The freeze also follows in Reagan's footsteps, who imposed a similar blanket ban shortly after taking office in 1981. On the campaign trail, Trump made the federal hiring freeze part of his broader pledge to tackle corruption and waste in Washington, D.C., by "draining the swamp." The media's opposition to the new President had been continual and consistent, with outcries that the CIA had determined that Russia had helped "Hitler" win the election. In Europe, Trump's election was met with disbelief and dread. After all, they had been told that Hillary Clinton would win the election handily. These assurances had been backed by polls showing Clinton would win by a landslide. Earlier in 2016, Europeans had also been stunned when the British voted to leave the European Union. After all, the pollsters had said that "Brexit" couldn't happen. In 2017, the rigging of polls, media bias and mudslinging would continue. And in the disappointed corridors of power, whispers turned to heady speculations that maybe it was time for another assassination: CNN, whose commentator Donna Brazile famously fed failed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton questions before the 2016 presidential race debates, on Thursday took a dark turn on the eve of President-elect Donald Trump's inauguration, speculating about an assassination of Trump, incoming Vice President Mike Pence and congressional leaders. How did such an atrocity develop? Less than two weeks earlier, CNN, along with Mother Jones and Buzzfeed had publicized the existence of a set of memos commissioned by anti-Trump partisans from both sides of the aisle. The memos purported to reveal dreadful things about Trump. Buzzfeed soon printed the memos, which had been viciously circulating as "truthful" for months. They included a fake story that Trump, while at the Moscow Ritz-Carlton, had hired naked Russian prostitutes to urinate on a bed in which the Clintons had slept, in a "golden rain" stunt, among other claims. Trump, outraged, then refused to take questions from CNN reporters during his first press conference on Jan. 11, 2017, raising an outcry that Trump was abusing "freedom of the Press." The news giant then struck back: The news network discussed the constitutional line of succession to the presidency in the case of an assassination, or worse yet, a disaster that would kill multiple American leaders. And then it emphasized that, should such a tragedy occur, it would be an "Obama appointee" who likely would end up in the Oval Office, since Trump's Cabinet members have yet to be confirmed by the Senate... given the huge number of death threats leveled at Trump – including one family friend of Hillary Clinton who was arrested after he threatened to assassinate Trump at the inauguration – is CNN irresponsible in drawing attention to this issue?50 Every President has faced death threats, but until Trump's election, only President Kennedy seems to have faced death threats from so many directions, beginning with his being a Roman Catholic: During the 1960 campaign, Kennedy confronted the persistent strain of anti-Catholic bigotry... buoyed by the argument that a Catholic president would put loyalty to the Pope ahead of loyalty to the United States. Just weeks after his election, a virulently anti-Catholic retired postal worker tried to assassinate Kennedy in Florida.... Kennedy's initially tentative embrace of civil rights caused him to be hated by some in the South. When James Meredith integrated the University of Mississippi, he was escorted by 300 federal troops, while more than 2,000 students protested, chanting "Two, four, one, three, we hate Kennedy." In Georgia, a movie theatre showing the film PT109 decorated its marquee with this message: "See how the Japs almost got Kennedy." Today, Kennedy is an "Icon, beloved in death" but the UK Telegraph article goes on to remind us that: ...Kennedy was not always beloved by the Left. He was never fully embraced by the liberal wing of the Democratic Party and as a result of his hard line against Khrushchev during the Cuban Missile Crisis, British Nobel Prize winner and pacifist Bertrand Russell (who once described Kennedy as "much more wicked than Hitler") sent a telegram to Kennedy stating "Your actions desperate ... no conceivable justification. We will not have mass murder end this madness." On the flip-side of the aisle, the far-Right wing John Birch Society mouthpiece, American Opinion, accused Kennedy of "shameless intimidation, bribery, and blackmail" which compelled "weaklings in Congress to approve treasonable acts designed to disarm us and make us the helpless prey of the affiliated criminals and savages of the United Nations." Kennedy escaped numerous plots and threats, but Dallas ended the Hope of Camelot. The Telegraph article added the text of the most famous threat against Kennedy that was posted everywhere in the city prior to his arrival: ...thousands of fliers were distributed in downtown Dallas, featuring a mugshot photo of Kennedy over the words "Wanted for Treason." Among the charges: • Betraying the Constitution (which he swore to uphold): He is turning sovereignty of the U.S. over to the communist controlled United Nations: He is betraying our friends and befriending our enemies. • He has given support and encouragement to the Communist-inspired racial riots. • He has illegally invaded a sovereign State with federal troops. • He has consistently appointed Anti-Christians to Federal office: Upholds the Supreme Court in its Anti-Christian rulings. Aliens and known Communists abound in federal offices. Against the backdrop of history, it is sobering to learn that the U.S. Secret Service, which protects presidents, investigated 34 threats on President Kennedy's life from the state of Texas alone.... The persistence of this paranoid style in American politics says more about its articulators than the political leaders they project upon. They will not look any better in the eyes of history."51 * * * 1 1. "Sweden Leads the race to Become Cashless Society." Jon Henley. 4 June 2016 <https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/jun/04/sweden-cashless-society-cards-phone-apps-leading-europe> Retrieved Jan. 17, 2017. 2 2. "Filings continued to soar through the end of the year - and there's no relief in sight for 2009" Les Christie, CNNMoney.com staff writer Jan. 15, 2009: 3:48 AM ET <http://money.cnn.com/2009/01/15/real_estate/millions_in_foreclosure/> Retrieved Sept. 3, 2016. 3 3. http://www.forbes.com/sites/mikecollins/2015/07/14/the-big-bank-bailout/#1eb2957c3723 Retrieved Sept. 3, 2016. 4 4. "Franklin Delano Roosevelt vs. the Banks: Morgan's Fascist Plot, and How It Was Defeated, Part IV," L. Wolfe, _The American Almanac_ , July 25, 1994. http://american_almanac.tripod.com/morgan4.htm Retrieved October 1, 2017. 5 5. http://www.forbes.com/sites/mikecollins/2015/07/14/the-big-bank-bailout/#1eb2957c3723 Retrieved Sept. 3, 2016. 6 6. Ibid. 7 7. <http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/jul/23/dnc-officials-worked-against-sanders-during-primar/> Retrieved Jan. 16, 2017. 8 8. John Perkins' _Confessions of an Economic Hitman_ exposed the worldwide corruption connected to the military-industrial complex, the World Bank, etc. "As Chief Economist at a major international consulting firm, John Perkins advised the World Bank, United Nations, IMF, U.S. Treasury Department, Fortune 500 corporations, and leaders of countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East." Ref: http://johnperkins.org/ 9 9. <http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/eisenhower-warns-of-the-military-industrial-complex> Retrieved Jan, 25, 2015. 10 10. <http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2016/01/251663.htm> Retrieved Sept. 9, 2016. 11 11. http://www.usinflationcalculator.com/ 12 12. Denis Kitty Morissette: "Judyth Baker knows well I'm not her friend. But sometimes, your friends put you in trouble while your "enemies" save your a$$. I know what's going on behind the curtains. I STRONGLY advise her to come clean by admit[sic] her lies. Legal procedures are in progress. I mean, you can't make profit by selling your books with lies. If she does not want to lose the little she has and spend some time in jail, I would say the best is to come clean. People will forgive her. " (Facebook, 2015). JVB's response: "Readers are advised to read the author's blog at http://www.judythbaker.blogspot.com to find replies to a variety of false accusations and articles the content of which is based on objections and personal attacks beginning in 1999, many sponsored by [dismissed] Marquette University professor John McAdams. As the American people realize that we who spearhead the cause for justice for Kennedy and Oswald have a good case, threats of jail time/death have again come against the author. One must ask why." 13 13. A. Ralph Epperson. _The Unseen Hand: An Introduction to the Conspiratorial View of History_ , pages 310-311. 14 14. <http://nypost.com/2010/12/19/was-patton-killed/> Retrieved Dec. 20, 2014. 15 15. <http://www.operationpaperclip.info/> Retrieved Jan. 27, 2015. 16 16. <http://globalsistersreport.org/equality/one-third-worlds-imprisoned-women-are-us-jails-3256> Retrieved Ja, 28, 2015. 17 17. <http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/01/davos-attendees-pause-poor-people-simulations-to-ponder-how-they-got-it-all-so-wrong> Retrieved Jan. 19, 2017. 18 18. The Third Kennedy-Nixon Presidential Debate , Oct 13, 1960. <http://www.ontheissues.org/Celeb/John_F__Kennedy_Budget_+_Economy.htm> Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016. 19 19. Ibid. 20 20. Ibid. Subsection: p. 397-398, Jan. 1, 1965. 21 21. <https://www.maryferrell.org/wiki/index.php/Gulf_of_Tonkin_Incident>. Retrieved Jan. 15, 2015 22 22. <http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-true-story-of-the-bilderberg-group-and-what-they-may-be-planning-now/13808> Retrieved Jan. 12, 2015. 23 23. Ibid. 24 24. <http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/state-union-looming-president-obama-vows-reverse-economic-assault-middle-class-article-1.462568> Retrieved Sept. 1, 2016. 25 25. <http://dailycaller.com/2014/12/22/bombshell-report-irs-targeted-icky-conservative-groups/> Retrieved Feb. 1, 2015. 26 26. "What to Do About Record Low Voter Turnout? Call a Holiday!," John Nichols, https://www.thenation.com/article/what-do-about-record-low-voter-turnout-call-holiday/ Retreived 10/2/2017. 27 27. YouTube, CNN Debate,Oct. 24, 2011: www.youtube.com/watch?v=0BMA1Rvf_nU Retrieved Jan. 3, 2015. 28 28. "BASE STRUCTURE REPORT - FISCAL YEAR 2015 BASELINE" <http://www.acq.osd.mil/eie/Downloads/BSI/Base%20Structure%20Report%20FY15.pdf> acquired June 10, 2016 29 29. Ibid. The quote continues::"...For Okinawa, the southernmost island of Japan, which has been an American military colony for the past 58 years, the report deceptively lists only one Marine base, Camp Butler, when in fact Okinawa "hosts" ten Marine Corps bases, including Marine Corps Air Station Futenma occupying 1,186 acres in the center of that modest-sized island's second largest city. (Manhattan's Central Park, by contrast, is only 843 acres.). The Pentagon similarly fails to note all of the $5-billion-worth of military and espionage installations in Britain, which have long been conveniently disguised as Royal Air Force bases. If there were an honest count, the actual size of our military empire would probably top 1,000 different bases in other people's countries, but no one -- possibly not even the Pentagon -- knows the exact number for sure..." 30 30. <http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/john-f-kennedy-receives-medals> Retrieved Aug. 19, 2016. 31 31. http://www.kcra.com/news/local-news/news-sacramento/meet-the-carmichael-man-who-rescued-jfk/23115188 32 32. "ICANN is the body responsible for the administration of gTLD (generic top level domain names). The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ... as such, it has taken control of all access to the Internet. The U.S. handed over the last vestiges of oversight to ICANN in 2016. The danger exists that if ICANN doesn't like you, you might not be able to get a home for your views on the Internet. 33 33. http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/theoval/2016/05/04/obama-visit-canada-north-american-summit/83927286/ 34 34. https://www.whitehouse.gov/trade-deals-working-all-americans 35 35. <http://duncantrussell.com/forum/discussion/7298/the-federal-reserve-killed-jfk-for-printing-dollars-backed-by-silver-what-say-you-yeah-or-nay/p1> Retrieved Feb. 3, 2015. 36 36. <http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/26/business/economy/middle-class-shrinks-further-as-more-fall-out-instead-of-climbing-up.html?_r=0> Retrieved Feb. 3, 2015. 37 37. "Will the CIA Retaliate Against Trump?" Jacob Hornberger, Jan. 10, 2017. <http://www.fff.org/2017/01/10/will-cia-retaliate-trump/> Retrieved Jan. 23, 2017. 38 38. See <http://www.civilrights.org/publications/reports/minimum-wage/fig2-forweb.jpg> Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016. 39 39. http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2016-08-29/why-record-number-college-grads-are-working-minimum-wage-jobs 40 40. 5 Developed Countries without Minimum Wages | Investopedia <http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/080515/5-developed-countries-without-minimum-wages.asp#ixzz4WaspI7B4> Retrieved Jan. 2, 2017. 41 41. Ibid. "Sweden Sweden is often touted as the poster-child for abolishing the minimum wage. However, the Nordic nation is certainly no free-market free-for-all. Instead, minimum wages are set by sector or industry through collective bargaining. Nearly all Swedish citizens belong to one of about 60 trade unions and 50 employers' organizations that negotiate wage rates for regular hourly work, salaries and overtime. The minimum wage tends to hover near 60-70% of the average wage in Sweden. Swedish law limits the workweek to 40 hours, just like in the U.S. However, it also dictates that all workers are entitled to 25 paid vacation days and 16 additional public holidays each year, which is far more generous than the U.S. standard. Denmark Relations between workers and employers in Denmark have been deemed downright harmonious due to the lack of a federally mandated minimum wage. Once again, trade unions take care of ensuring that workers are paid a reasonable wage and seem to be doing a fine job of it, keeping the average minimum wage across industries at a healthy $20 per hour. Iceland Iceland does not receive very much attention except for its breathtaking scenery. However, this tiny island nation consistently ranks among the happiest countries on earth, along with every other nation listed here, because of its low crime rates, high wages and happy, healthy populace. Employees in Iceland are automatically enrolled in trade unions, which are responsible for negotiating baseline salaries for the industries they represent. A recent Gallup poll showed nearly unanimous support for a plan put forward by the Icelandic Professional Trade Association to increase the negotiated minimum monthly wage to ISK 300,000, or roughly $2,233, within the next three years. Norway Norway is yet another northern nation that has eschewed a federally mandated minimum wage in favor of having union-negotiated wages set by industry. Norwegians enjoy good job security, healthy wages and ample vacation time. Basic hourly wages vary by industry. However, unskilled workers in the agriculture, construction, freight transport and cleaning industries, for example, earn minimum rates ranging from $16 to $21 per hour, with increases based on experience and skill level. Switzerland Switzerland saw a proposal for a legally enforced minimum wage soundly rejected in 2014. The decisive vote against a $25 per hour base salary was touted as evidence the Swiss do not want or need government intervention, which might cause low-wage workers to lose jobs if employers are unable to pay more. However, like all the countries listed in this article, Switzerland relies heavily on trade unions and employee organizations to negotiate fair wages for each industry, meaning 90% of the Swiss earn more than the proposed minimum anyway. 42 42. "Countries With the Most Slaves" by Alexander E.M. Hess and Thomas C. Frohlich November 20, 2014 5:55 am EST. 24/7 Wall St, <http://247wallst.com/special-report/2014/11/20/countries-with-the-most-slaves/> Retrieved Jan. 2, 2017. 43 43. _Salon_ , Saturday, Sep 10, 2016 03:30 PM CDT "The class struggle is real: India is making labor history with the world's largest general strike. About 150 million workers walked off the job, but the media continue to ignore it" by Vijay Prashad, AlterNet. (Note: despite the presence of unions, they cover only a small percentage of workers.) <http://www.salon.com/2016/09/10/the-class-struggle-is-real-india-is-making-labor-history-with-the-worlds-largest-general-strike_partner/> Retrieved Jan. 3, 2017. 44 44. <http://newlaborforum.cuny.edu/2016/12/08/labor-under-putin-the-state-of-the-russian-working-class/> Retrieved Jan. 22, 2017. 45 45. <https://www.bloomberg.com/quicktake/u-s-labor-unions> Retrieved Jan. 23, 2017. 46 46. _Salon_ reported on June 8, 2012: "As it completed its journey to full privatization, Sallie Mae rapidly became the dominant force in student lending, with net profit approaching $2 billion a year, and a total portfolio of student debt near $100 billion – which in 2005, represented 45 percent of all federally backed student loans. From 1999-2004, Sallie Mae's top two executives, Al Lord and Tom Fitzpatrick, received compensation worth $225 million and $245 million, respectively. After 2004, now fully private, Sallie Mae went on an aggressive spending spree, buying up competitors, expanding into the loan servicing, loan guaranteeing and debt collection business; cutting sweetheart deals with for-profit colleges that gave Sallie Mae preferred access to their students; and most important, boosting its portfolio of subprime loans. From June 2006-December 2007, according to the class action suit, Sallie Mae's private loan portfolio doubled from $7 billion to $15.8 billion. Sallie Mae, say critics, also spearheaded the lobbying effort that managed to make private student loans non-dischargeable in bankruptcy as part of the overhaul of bankruptcy laws in 2005. Private loans also tended to have much higher interest rates than government-backed loans." <http://www.salon.com/2012/06/08/selling_out_students/> Retrieved Feb. 1, 2015. 47 47. For Academic Year 2016-2017, incl summer session. <http://www.sfa.ufl.edu/cost/> 48 48. <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/taylor-dibbert/donald-trump-megalomaniac_b_9601520.html> 49 49. <https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/01/trump-executive-orders/514139/> Retrieved Jan. 23, 2017. 50 50. http://www.wnd.com/2017/01/cnn-obama-appointee-could-be-prez-if-trump-killed/ "CNN's anti-Trump reporting takes dark turn: Poses assassination scenario in which Obama official would become president" Jan. 19, 2017, story by Bob Unrah. Retrieved Jan. 23, 2017. 51 51.. The Telegraph. "A Beloved Icon in Death, in life, Kennedy was hated by many." by John Avlon, 1:39PM GMT 23 Nov 2013. <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-politics/10469889/A-beloved-icon-in-death-in-life-Kennedy-was-hated-by-many.html> Retrieved Dec. 15, 2016. Chapter 3 ## JFK and the Vietnam War Kennedy's handling of the thirty-year Vietnam War, in progress since 1945, created dire enemies. The problem began Jan. 8, 1954 when Pres. Dwight Eisenhower presided over a meeting of the National Security Council (NSC) concerning Vietnam. A man whose name is familiar – CIA Director Allen Dulles – was there. So was his brother, U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles. Vice Pres. Richard Nixon was also present. Eisenhower stated, ...There is just no sense in even talking about United States forces replacing the French in Indochina. If we did so, the Vietnamese could be expected to transfer their hatred of the French to us. I cannot tell you how bitterly opposed I am to such a course of action...1 Eisenhower's objections were ignored. A week later, the National Security Council introduced a proposal to fight the Vietminh Communists in Vietnam if the French were defeated. On January 29, the President's Special Committee on Indochina decided that CIA Director Allen Dulles could assign the flamboyant Colonel Edward G. Lansdale to coordinate the U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) with the French in Saigon. Lansdale was CIA. His specialty was waging war, using new ways to do so. Why We Should Care: This turn from peace would ultimately be responsible for over 58,000 Americans killed in a no-win situation. Lansdale's "unconventional" style of warfare would include napalm – which stuck to the body as it burned – and Agent Orange, used to defoliate forests to expose Vietnamese huts and villages, and to destroy their crops. We now know that Agent Orange also did great harm to our own troops. As for bombs, the U.S. had plenty of them left over from Korea. More bombs fell in the small area of Indochina – some 7 million tons – than in all of World War II (2 million tons). In the end, the Vietnamese finally got their country back, but America's taxpayers are still paying the piper. On August 9, 2012, the U.S. government began a $35 million project to clean up the most heavily contaminated sites in Vietnam, which are still poisoning people and deforming unborn babies. Our troops have sometimes been the victims of our own biological weapons. Agent Orange, produced by Dow Chemical, was loaded with toxic dioxin. Countless American troops also suffered from exposure to it, and many of their children had birth defects. It took decades for the U.S. government to admit that Agent Orange might be responsible. Later, our troops were smitten with the Gulf War Syndrome, having apparently been exposed to a gas that caused neurological damage. Often told that their illness was psychological, it took over 20 years –until June, 2013 – for the "Gulf War Illness" to be recognized, thanks to studies at Georgetown University. Depleted uranium created havoc among the Iraqi people with illness, cancers and hideous birth defects off the chart. The Iraqi city of Fallujah is just one example: ...British and Iraqi doctors petitioned the U.N. to investigate the alarming rise in birth defects at Fallujah's hospitals. "Young women in Fallujah," they wrote... are terrified of having children because of the increasing number of babies born grotesquely deformed, with no heads, two heads, a single eye in their foreheads, scaly bodies or missing limbs. In addition, young children in Fallujah are now experiencing hideous cancers and leukemias... Fallujah is experiencing higher rates of cancer, leukemia and infant mortality than Hiroshima and Nagasaki did in 1945.... When asked in 2003 about Iraq's complaints about depleted uranium shells, Colonel James Naughton of U.S. Army Material Command stated in a Pentagon briefing that "They want it to go away because we kicked the crap out of them."2 Our troops were also exposed – resulting in cancer and degenerative diseases, while their children – once again – suffered a high rate of birth defects. In Afghanistan and Iraq, roadside bombs and suicide bombers not only killed – they also maimed. The appalling sight of soldiers returning home in wheelchairs, missing their arms and legs, will remain with us for decades to come. And for what? John F. Kennedy had been a war hero. He had seen his friends die. His own brother, Joe, signed up for not one but three tours of duty and died in 1944 when the experimental drone bomber he piloted exploded. JFK understood the real costs of war. Did LBJ, Dulles, Lansdale or the Bushes? ### NSAM #52 On May 11, 1961, Kennedy, aware of the failure of CIA intelligence operations throughout the 1950s from his experience as a member of Congress, directed the deployment of a 400-man Special Forces group to South Vietnam to accelerate the training of the South Vietnamese Army under the directive of his National Security Action Memorandum (NSAM) #52.3 Kennedy took this action in response to Khrushchev's bellicose speech of January 6, 1961, promising Soviet support for "wars of national liberation," which specifically mentioned Vietnam. The very first provision of NSAM #52 was the approval of the U.S. objective to prevent Communist domination of South Vietnam. Kennedy knew that Communists were close to, if not already in a dominant position there, but he remained adamant that no U.S. combat troops were to be used to fight the Vietcong. U.S. troops were to be used solely for the purpose of training the 20,000 man increase in the South Vietnamese Army, as called for in the Counterinsurgency Plan (CIP) that had been approved January 28 in the President's office.4 ### McGeorge Bundy and the Sabotage of NSAM #263 McGeorge Bundy A major reason for Kennedy's assassination was to guarantee the Vietnam war. JFK's NSAM #263 of October 11, 1963, would have put the brakes on U.S. involvement in Vietnam. But McGeorge Bundy, Kennedy's National Security Adviser, gutted that plan one day before JFK died, behind the President back. Author James Douglass in his book JFK and the Unspeakable, identifies Bundy's action as treason. So does researcher Greg Burnham. As for Lyndon Johnson, he kept Bundy in his powerful cabinet position. Due to plans that began no later than April, 1963, by Nov. 21, Kennedy had been maneuvered into visiting Texas by John Connally and Lyndon Johnson, using a tribute dinner in Houston for Albert Thomas as bait.5 That's why we have the famous photo of Albert Thomas winking at Lyndon Johnson just after he was sworn in as President, aboard Air Force One. The day before Kennedy died, while his boss was busy in Texas, Bundy was in the White House, secretly preparing a document known as National Security Action Memorandum (NSAM) #273. Bundy wrote it as if it was Kennedy's own directive. It changed the course of history. The document called for the escalation of the Vietnam War. Bundy's memorandum says Kennedy "directs" a "win" in Vietnam – even as it contradicts Kennedy's order to withdraw troops from Vietnam. Did Bundy know JFK would not return from Dallas? Researcher Greg Burnham gives his measured opinion:6 ### "The DRAFT" Perhaps the most powerful evidence indicating that select Senior Administration Officials and Senior Military personnel may have had foreknowledge of the plot to assassinate the 35th President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, is found in the DRAFT of National Security Action Memorandum (NSAM) Number 273. There are several smoking guns, but the one that initially stands out as the most obvious is the date of the DRAFT, which was subsequently signed by McGeorge Bundy, Special Assistant to the President for National Security. The DRAFT was written and dated November 21st, 1963 less than 24 hours before the assassination. It was ostensibly the result of the meetings that took place the previous day at the Honolulu Conference. Burnham lists reasons [edited for brevity] that indicate conspiracy: The first sentence is indeed quite revelatory of its dubious nature: "The President has reviewed the discussions of South Vietnam which occurred in Honolulu, and has discussed the matter further with Ambassador Lodge." That is false... The conference itself took place on the 20th and part of the 21st. The DRAFT was written on the evening of the 21st. JFK and Jackie left Washington aboard Air Force One [en route to San Antonio, where Kennedy gave a speech at Brooks AFB the afternoon of] the 21st. The President met LBJ and Gov. John Connally in San Antonio. He and Jackie then left San Antonio and continued on to Houston, where JFK addressed a Latin American citizens' organization. He then spoke at a testimonial dinner for Congressman Albert Thomas before flying to Fort Worth. It was a very, very busy day, filled with travel, and he would be in a coffin the next day. Burnham tells us that: [T]he conference took place... without the President in attendance... the President could not have reviewed the discussions conducted in Honolulu in depth, nor could he have spoken with Ambassador Lodge in a meaningful way about the conference before the DRAFT of NSAM 273 was written... So, to which President does this document refer in its first sentence? The Gravel Edition of the Pentagon Papers states, referring to the Honolulu Conference: "...the meeting ended inconclusively. After [Ambassador] Lodge had conferred with the president a few days later in Washington, the White House tried to pull together some conclusions and offer some guidance for our continuing and now deeper involvement in Vietnam." [That] could not have been the sitting president, JFK, as he was in Texas at the time... the first and only President to ever review the discussions conducted at the Honolulu Conference and further discuss them with Ambassador Lodge in Washington was LBJ.... The only person to whom this DRAFT document could therefore refer... is LBJ... who met with Ambassador Lodge in Washington and... signed the final version of NSAM 273 on the 26th.[emphasis added] Some "official version" defenders who run websites devoted to the government versions of everything, describe Kennedy's long-term plan to withdraw all troops from Vietnam by 1965 as a mere ploy to influence the Diem regime. One website tells readers, "Note that NSAM 273 was drafted during Kennedy's administration, and then approved by Johnson."7 It goes on to quote JFK's cold war rhetoric in his last days of life–as if this draft reflected Kennedy's last desires. **Ed** **Schwartz** : Burnham's work makes clear what had previously been hidden by the media. The Diem regime was destroyed by assassinations before Kennedy's directive was written, even though JFK's public speeches, crafted to reassure the American people of his resolve against Communism, avoided the subject. Let's be clear about it: NSAM 273 was a policy drafted behind Kennedy's back only hours before he died. It was created to replace JFK's Memorandum 263, which was active government policy as of October 11, 1963, as Burnham tells us: As of October 11, 1963 it was the policy of the USG to withdraw the bulk of all U.S. personnel from Vietnam as per [the] EXISTING National Security Action Memorandum (263). DRAFT NSAM 273 was written to destroy that policy, based on this outright lie: It remains the central object of the United States in South Vietnam to assist the people and Government of that country to win their contest against the externally directed and supported Communist conspiracy... The word "remains" holds the weight of this lie, for it sneakily refers to the earlier memorandum which Memorandum 263 had made null and void. We quote to you here from #263: A program be established to train Vietnamese so that essential functions now performed by U.S. military personnel can be carried out by Vietnamese by the end of 1965. It should be possible to withdraw the bulk of U.S. personnel by that time. In accordance with the program to train progressively Vietnamese to take over military functions, the Defense Department should announce in the very near future presently prepared plans to withdraw 1000 U.S. military personnel by the end of 1963. This action should be explained in low key as an initial step in a long-term program to replace U.S. personnel with trained Vietnamese without impairment of the war effort. (quoted from Section 1, part B)8 In contradiction, Bundy's Draft (part #2) says "The objectives of the United States with respect to the withdrawal of U.S. military personnel remain as stated in the White House statement of October 2, 1963." But Kennedy's Memorandum #263 was created October 11, 1963, so Bundy's Draft goes back in time as if it did not exist. It refers to the McNamara and Taylor report to President Kennedy of October 2, 1963, even though Kennedy approved only a small portion of that report, as seen in the October 11 memorandum. Burnham comments: 1)...consider the simplicity of [the original order –] NSAM 263 – JFK, after reviewing the McNamara-Taylor Report, approved only the recommendation to WITHDRAW. Done deal.... Yet, Bundy's NSAM 273 draft directs [the U.S. to assist] the South Vietnamese so that they will 'win their contest against... .the Communist conspiracy'... such a plan was in direct opposition to [JFK's]...standing order to his military to withdraw." Burnham considers the treasonous implications: 2)...the official record serves to confirm these conclusions... the JOINT STATE/DEFENSE Department Cable, dated November 13th 1963, directs the participants as to the topics...to be discussed at the [Honolulu] conference. It does NOT indicate discussions of any reversal or modification of JFK's Vietnam withdrawal policy.... The part of the cable discussing the military (item 2) refers to implementation of the recommendations contained in the McNamara-Taylor Report... but the only part of the McNamara-Taylor Report that the President approved concerning U.S. military policy is the section incorporated by direct reference in his National Security Action Memorandum Number 263 which called for the withdrawal of the bulk of all U.S. Personnel by the end of 1965... 3)...[the new Memorandum] indicates foreknowledge... [either] foreknowledge by the majority of attendees... [or] foreknowledge by only a few of them–perhaps only one [of the assassination]... Lyndon Johnson signed the final version of NSAM 273 on November 26th, 1963, just four days after the assassination and one day after the funeral.9 When Lyndon Johnson signed Bundy's NSAM 273 on November 26, going to war in Vietnam became official policy, though it would be called a "conflict" for some time. As the Vietnam War escalated during the Johnson Presidency, many historians mistakenly assumed the war was based on Kennedy's policy because of NSAM 273. Many historians are still unaware of Kennedy's withdrawal plan for Vietnam because of McGeorge Bundy's duplicity. Kenny O'Donnell and President Kennedy Kennedy's White House Appointment Secretary, Kenny O'Donnell, was one of his trusted "Irish Mafia." In 1963 JFK privately told O'Donnell and Senator Mike Mansfield that he intended to pull out of Vietnam completely in 1965 after he was reelected. After Mansfield left the office, the President confided to O'Donnell: In 1965, I'll become one of the most unpopular presidents in history. I'll be damned everywhere as a Communist appeaser. But I don't care. If I tried to pull out completely now from Vietnam, we would have another Joe McCarthy red scare on our hands, but I can do it after I'm reelected. So we had better make damned sure that I am reelected.10 The "Red Scare" to which Kennedy referred involved the paranoia generated by the McCarthy hearings, where Communist activity in the U.S. was exposed. However, many prominent people falsely accused of being Communists saw their lives destroyed. Because these hearings threatened to expose CIA activities, some of which were also "anti-American," Dulles put Patrick Lyman and Richard Helms in charge of ruining Joe McCarthy's reputation (Helms would be rewarded for his services by being elevated to CIA Director). In 1954, Senator McCarthy was censured by the U.S. Senate for his witch-hunting activities, and "The Powers That Be" no longer feared that McCarthy would stumble upon the truth about who was taking control of the United States. It has been forgotten that McCarthy wasn't always wrong. ### How, When and Why the Vietnam War Began The Vietnam War story began while World War II was in progress, well before the invention of the atomic bomb. U.S. military strategists had planned a land invasion of Japan in the belief that a successful invasion was a requirement for victory. After the island of Okinawa was captured in July 1945, it became the site of enormous stockpiles of military equipment delivered there by U.S. Navy transport vessels, enough for an invasion force of 500,000 men. In September, 1945, after Hiroshima and Nagasaki were devastated by U.S. atomic bombs, the Japanese surrendered and the land invasion was cancelled. The equipment was reloaded onto the same vessels that had delivered it. It was shipped out of Okinawa's Naha Harbor, but it was not returned to the United States.11 L. Fletcher Prouty, author of JFK, the CIA, Vietnam and the Plot to Assassinate John F. Kennedy, witnessed the reloading of the equipment onto those vessels and saw them leave the harbor. The harbormaster told Prouty, "One half of this stuff, enough to equip and support 150,000 men, is going to Korea, and the other half is going to Indochina."12 In other words, Korea and Indochina were pre-selected to be the future battlefields after the conclusion of World War II.13 How the U.S. got us into war in Vietnam was exposed when Daniel Ellsberg and Anthony Russo blew the whistle on "The Pentagon Papers" – the U.S. Department of Defense study of the Vietnam War. There we learned that Ho Chi Minh's Viet Minh, heading the only Vietnamese political organization capable of effective resistance against the Japanese or the French, defeated the Japanese and established the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.14 For a few weeks in September, 1945, Vietnam, united under Ho Chi Minh, was free of war and foreign domination. The French would not allow it to stay that way.15 Upon the conclusion of World War II, the French decided to use force to get their colony back. Vietnam was rich in petroleum, tin, rubber, bauxite, tungsten and iron ore – all the right reasons to wage a war. Vietnam also provided vitally needed rice which could be sold across a territory stretching from India to Japan. At first, Ho sought help from the United States, his World War II ally, as well as from Chiang Kai-shek, the Chinese Nationalist leader. When they refused to deal with him Ho turned to Mao Zedong, the powerful Communist leader of the newly-formed People's Republic of China. Mao Zedong's government recognized Vietnam as a nation in January 1950 – the first nation to do so. By backing France in Vietnam instead of freedom and independence for the Vietnamese people, the United States lost the moral high ground in world opinion as a supporter of colonial imperialism.16 This same destructive pattern would be repeated in Central and South America. The Vietnam War was the Establishment's war. It was formulated by the Council on Foreign Relations and instigated by "guerrilla operations" through the CIA's Saigon Military Mission – a skilled, clandestine terrorist organization. The CIA ignored President Eisenhower's 1954 warning to leave Vietnam alone, through the influence of none other than the Dulles brothers. These two powerful international Wall Street lawyers-turned- statesmen17 created strategies for the CIA to do as it pleased. Today, the CIA continues to get what it wants. On Aug. 29, 2013, the Washington Post published information released by whistleblower Edward Snowden, who was under political asylum protection in Moscow, despite efforts to get him arrested as a traitor for revealing that everyone with a cell phone, computer or telephone had their personal information recorded and available, without their knowledge or consent, to the government, to its secret agencies, and to its most powerful leaders. Further, whole nations were being spied on by the NSA, as described by the Washington Post: U.S. spy agencies have built an intelligence-gathering colossus since the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001.... The $52.6 billion "black budget" for fiscal 2013, obtained by the _Washington Post_ from former intelligence contractor Edward Snowden, maps a bureaucratic and operational landscape that has never been subject to public scrutiny. Although the government has annually released its overall level of intelligence spending since 2007, it has not divulged how it uses the money or how it performs against the goals set by the president and Congress. The 178-page budget summary for the National Intelligence Program details the successes, failures and objectives of the 16 spy agencies that make up the U.S. intelligence community, which has 107,035 employees. Col. F. Fletcher "Fletch" Prouty Allen Dulles' influence in establishing the power of this "information-gathering colossus" cannot be underestimated. Col. Prouty, former Chief of Special Operations for the Joint Chiefs of Staff under President John F. Kennedy, tells us: This was the plan and the wisdom of the Dulles idea.... On the basis of security, he would place people in all areas of the Government, and then he would move them up and deeper into their cover jobs, until they began to take a very active part in the role of their own cover organizations. This is how the Secret Team was born.... With the spread of the influence of the CIA into so many other branches of the Federal Government, the agents found it very easy to make friends and win willing disciples.... By the time of the Bay of Pigs operations, the CIA was part of a greater team, which used the Agency and other parts of the Government to carry out almost any secret operation it wanted. By that time this organization had the equipment, the facilities, the men, and the funds to carry out clandestine operations that were so vast that even on the basis of simple definition they were no longer truly secret, nor could anyone hope that they might be.18 ### The Saigon Military Mission and the Death of Millions Ho Chi Minh wanted to maintain his friendship with the United States. There would have been no Vietnam War if the United States had simply recognized the legitimacy of the Ho Chi Minh government. But it was not to be. Col. Prouty described the Saigon Military Mission (SMM) as "the most important single 'war-making' American organization established in Indochina between 1945 and 1975."19 So it was that on June 1, 1954, less than a month after the French were defeated at Dien Bien Phu, CIA agent Lansdale arrived in Saigon as Chief of the SMM to assist the South Vietnamese in counter-guerrilla training and to advise them on measures needed to resist Communist actions. Lt. Col. Dan Marvin, a decorated Green Beret, revealed in his book Expendable Elite [Trine Day, 2006] that the CIA was active in helping the South Vietnamese resist communism, but not with peace as a goal. In fact, unlike the Green Berets who were working with the peasants and anti-communist rebels as advisors, the CIA wanted to extend the war into Cambodia. ### False Flag: To Kill a Prince Lt. Col Dan Marvin False flags have occurred from time to time whenever it was expedient to start a war. In June, 1966, the CIA ordered Lt. Col. Marvin to invade Cambodia and kill Prince Sihanouk in "Operation Snuff Crown" – an operation to be blamed on the North Vietnamese in order to justify invading Cambodia to rout out the "killers." [Photo, right, shows Lt. Marvin in 1966] When Marvin refused, he and his men became "expendable" – slated for extermination themselves. Saved through the efforts of a South Vietnamese General, one of Marvin's Green Berets would later write to Marvin, saying: ...the politicians and the CIA versus the Green Berets ...use us and when they get through using us... they just discard us like they would a condom... they not only discarded you and the rest of us who were with you, they decided it's best to wipe out the whole bunch of us so we couldn't tell what had almost gone down with Sihanouk. Even now you would have one heck of a time trying to prove it. 20 Col. Prouty tells us that under the direction of the CIA's Lansdale, the SMM promoted the mass migration movement of 1,100,000 Vietnamese from the north to the south with promises of safety, food, land, and freedom. They accomplished this by convincing them that the Communists would massacre them if they stayed in the north. This migration was unprecedented in the thousands of years of Indochinese history. The Tonkinese Catholics of the north had never before mixed with the Cochinchinese Buddhists of the south. They had completely different cultural and societal lifestyles. After members of the SMM convinced the Tonkinese to leave their sacred ancestral villages and head south, they were herded like cattle into U.S. Navy transport vessels for the trip. Thousands more traveled south on CIA Civil Air Transport aircraft, or walked. But the SMM lied about their promises of food, safety, money and basic support. When the Tonkinese, reduced to starvation, became bandits and raiders out of necessity, they were labeled "Communist insurgents."21 The SMM mercenaries who were flown from the Saigon vicinity in the south to the Hanoi vicinity in the north to fight Ho's Vietminh were not loyal to the puppet regime of South Vietnam's President Ngo Dinh Diem. Instead, they supported North Vietnam's leader Ho Chi Minh, even joining Ho's Vietminh soldiers in their soup lines for meals.22 The mercenaries, though paid by the SMM, often congregated with the so-called "enemy." ### Why Vietnam Was Chosen for War By now, a dire pattern of U.S. Cold War and post-Cold War hostilities in foreign countries had emerged. From the Vietnam War that began in 1945, to the Korean War, to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan –and with more wars on the horizon– the CIA's pattern has been consistent. First, CIA gets involved with an indigenous group they say they support. They then create or support a conflict that results in combat with opposing forces, usually involving shipments of arms. When combat intensifies, they call in the U.S. military for support.23 Financial factors –international banking interests/the Military-Industrial Complex – back these enterprises, with "National Security" or the "liberation" of a targeted people/country used as an excuse. For example, Lansdale and the CIA caused trouble by virtually installing Ngo Dinh Diem into power. By installing Diem, a Catholic born in the North, the CIA arbitrarily decided to support the northern Tonkinese Catholics. Here was the outcome: In October, 1955, the South Vietnamese people were asked to choose between Bao Dai, the former Emperor of Vietnam, and Diem for the leadership of the country. Colonel Edward Lansdale suggested that Diem should provide two ballot papers, red for Diem and green for Bao Dai. Lansdale hoped that the Vietnamese belief that red signified good luck whilst green indicated bad fortune, would help influence the result. When the voters arrived at the polling stations they found Diem's supporters in attendance. One voter complained afterwards: "They told us to put the red ballot into envelopes and to throw the green ones into the wastebasket. A few people, faithful to Bao Dai, disobeyed. As soon as they left, the agents went after them, and roughed them up... They beat one of my relatives to a pulp." After the election, Diem informed his American advisers that he had achieved 98.2 per cent of the vote. Warned that these figures would not be believed, it was suggested that he publish a figure of around 70 per cent. Diem refused. The North Vietnamese government reminded Diem that a General Election for the whole of the country was due in July, 1956. Diem... instead began arresting his opponents. In a short period of time, approximately 100,000 people were put in prison camps. Communists and socialists were his main targets, but journalists, trade-unionists and leaders of religious groups were also arrested. Even children found writing anti-Diem messages on walls were put in prison. When it became clear that Diem had no intention of holding elections for a united Vietnam... people [began] leaving their homes to form armed groups in the forests of Vietnam."24 This conflict in Vietnam, created "by the OSS and CIA on one side and the Russian KGB, (with Chinese assistance) on the other," led to the Americanization of the war.25 Diem's soldiers often fought not only Ho's forces but the native southerners as well. By 1960, Ho had formed the National Liberation Front (NLF), and his popularity was growing exponentially. In 1961, Kennedy sent 400 Special Forces (Green Berets) into Vietnam with the task of "advising" and training Vietnamese soldiers selected by the CIA. After Kennedy was killed, combat intensified dramatically. CIA sponsored the March 1965 U.S. Marine force invasion of Vietnam, setting the scenario for ten years of intensive combat until war ended in 1975. ### Karma and the United States According to the Hindu theory of "Karma Law," each human being is responsible for his own moral thoughts and actions. Thoughts and actions in the present are related to those in the past and the future in a chain-like link of causation that is inescapable. We live between yesterday and tomorrow. All that we are is the result of what we have thought and what we have done. Abraham Lincoln stated the principle of Karma succinctly when he wrote, "We cannot escape history." According to Lin Yutang: "Evil breeds sorrow and good breeds happiness. That is the theory of moral responsibility of all human acts and thoughts. That is the 'Wheel of Karma Law.'" In American thought: "What goes around comes around," or "We have it coming to us." The CIA had urged President Diem "to drive out the Communists." Diem's soldiers decided that the Communist "enemy" was "anyone who ran" regardless of their origin, north or south. Diem's troops patrolled the land, firing their American-supplied weapons.26 These people did not know what a Communist was! By the time the war ended in 1975, approximately four million Vietnamese had been killed, along with 58,000 American soldiers.27 Unlike World War II, when Establishment elites were obliged to send their sons into battle (Joseph Kennedy, for example, sent his sons Joseph and John), Establishment elites today, for the most part, pay no personal price for the profits they accrue from such projects as the Iraq War.28 Diem, who was Catholic, used land he confiscated to establish commune-like "Agrovilles" in the south to provide essentials for his fellow Catholics who had migrated from the north. Beginning in mid-1959, Diem placed his fellow Catholic brethren as administrators of the Agrovilles, which were established to serve as self-sustaining and fortified "gated communities." On many occasions, however, in the dead of night, the desperate southerners raided the Agrovilles for food and supplies. The northerners who fled the raiders became military targets just because they ran. The southerners also became military targets when they fled the Agrovilles with their booty. President Diem placed his brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu, along with his wife, Madame Nhu, who publicly baited Buddhists, in charge of South Vietnam's role in this Agroville strategic hamlet program.29 ### "Kill the Insurgents and Communists!" The Agroville-strategic hamlet program was a disastrous failure. The native southern villagers living outside the hamlets eventually clashed with the northern refugees living inside the hamlets. They were labeled "Communist Vietcong." The northern refugees, on the other hand, were labeled "Communist insurgents." Since it was impossible to determine on first glance who the Communist enemy was, anyone who seemed suspicious was fired upon. Therefore, no Vietnamese civilian, whether from the south or north, was safe from being labeled "Communist" and becoming a military target throughout the war. Diem's cruel patronizing strengthened Ho Chi Minh's Vietminh. Diem's soldiers spitefully machine-gunned the huge water urns (earthen jars) in the south that had been passed down through generations. The southern villagers then had no available drinking water to support their survival.30 ### Enter President Kennedy On January 26, 1961, only six days after Kennedy's inauguration, Walt Rostow, Kennedy's National Security Council specialist on Southeast Asia, urged him to read General Lansdale's fact-finding Vietnam report. Lansdale had it prepared after his return from Vietnam earlier that month. The Lansdale Report stated that the situation in Vietnam was grave. The Vietcong had made impressive gains and their goal was to take over South Vietnam. The report recommended stronger support for President Diem and the removal of the United States Ambassador to South Vietnam, Elbridge Durbrow, from his post. Lansdale wanted to take Durbrow's place as ambassador. It's important to understand that Rostow's older brother, Eugene initiated the idea of the Warren Commission just two days after Kennedy's assassination. It was all going like clockwork. On January 28, 1961, an important meeting was held in the President's office to discuss the Cuban invasion scheduled for April 17. Because of his interest in the Lansdale report, Kennedy expanded the meeting to include Vietnam. The meeting included Vice President Lyndon Johnson, Secretary of State Dean Rusk, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Lyman Lemnitzer, CIA Director Allen Dulles, and Lansdale himself. Edward Lansdale After discussing the Cuban invasion plan, Kennedy asked for a briefing on the Counterinsurgency Plan for Vietnam. The plan called for additional U.S. military aid to support an increase of 20,000 men to Diem's army. Ambassador Elbridge Durbrow recommended that the aid be given only on the condition that Diem enact democratic reforms in his government. Those present at the meeting approved the Counterinsurgency Plan (CIP). At first, President Kennedy and his staff were beguiled by Lansdale's James Bond mystique. Lansdale thus got his way when, on April 28, 1961, Lansdale changed key words in the Pentagon's Laos Annex to the Vietnam Report. He changed the wording about U.S. troops from training the South Vietnamese Army to using the troops for combat. When the Joint Chiefs, always itching for war, realized that Kennedy had no intention of intervening in Laos,31 the Joint Chiefs tried, instead, to get Kennedy to send troops to Vietnam for combat purposes. Though Kennedy never authorized the use of U.S. combat troops in Vietnam, Lansdale had powerful allies supporting his plans. They were the usual suspects: Vice President Johnson, CIA Director Dulles, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Lemnitzer, Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Arleigh Burke, CIA Station Chief in Saigon, William Colby, and MAAG Chief, General Lionel McGarr.32 Lansdale's word changes were not acceptable, and a week later, on May 3, Kennedy and his aides shelved Lansdale's insertion to use combat troops. Instead, Kennedy approved a new draft which eliminated the use of U.S. combat troops. The Dulles-Cabell-Bissell-Lansdale CIA team had to retreat, and lick its wounds. They were not pleased.33 ### The Hueys, the Vietnam War, and Dallas The CIA luxuriated in an armament spending spree in Vietnam. Twenty helicopters were ordered to the Saigon region in December, 1960. The buildup of Cold War armaments would eventually cost hundreds of billions of dollars. The Deputy Director of the CIA, General Charles Cabell, was the first person to order helicopters meant for battle in Vietnam. Cabell was the same man who carried out the order to cancel the air strike to destroy Castro's T-33 jets prior to the Bay of Pigs invasion (to be discussed in Part II).34 President Kennedy earned CIA enmity by eventually firing CIA Director Allen Dulles; Dulles' deputy, General Charles Cabell, would resign in disgrace. Cabell's brother, Earle, was the Mayor of Dallas when Kennedy was assassinated. ### The Dulles Connection to Dallas Kennedy, faced with the CIA's attempts to force him into war in Vietnam, had already been tested as to the CIA's dirty tricks. He had to take responsibility for the CIA's flawed Bay of Pigs invasion, partly because of the Kennedy-Nixon debates, as author-journalist Jerome Corsi explains in his book, Who Really Killed Kennedy (2013, WND): ...the Bay of Pigs invasion had been planned by the CIA during the Eisenhower administration as an eleventh-hour "October surprise" designed to catapult Vice President Richard M. Nixon into the White House over his Democratic Party rival, Kennedy. The plan was thwarted, however, after Kennedy learned of the plot in a briefing by Dulles and began suggesting publicly he would employ such a policy if elected. The Eisenhower administration was forced to called off the invasion, and Nixon was pressed into the campaign position of countering Kennedy by denouncing any attempted overthrow as illegal.... [Nevertheless, ] within days of Kennedy taking the oath of office on Jan. 20, 1961, the CIA reminded him of his campaign promise to invade Cuba.... There was no assurance the invasion would trigger a popular uprising, and there was little likelihood it would succeed with direct and obvious U.S. military support. Still, Dulles was insistent. "Mr. President, I know you're doubtful about this," Dulles told Kennedy in the Oval Office. "But I stood at this very desk and said to President Eisenhower about a similar operation in Guatemala, 'I believe it will work.' And I say to you now, Mr. President, that the prospects for this plan are even better than our prospects were in Guatema-la."... On Sunday night, April 16, 1961, the last thing Kennedy did before he went to bed was to call Dean Rusk and tell him to order the cancellation of a dawn attack by the entire exile force of sixteen B-26s, leaving Castro with airplanes to strafe the invading exiles, called Brigade 2506, who planned to hit the beach in the Bay of Pigs at dawn. On Monday morning, April 17, 1961, Kennedy refused to allow U.S. jets to provide air cover by launching from the air-craft carrier U.S.S. Essex 30 miles offshore from Cuba. When [he had to make sure that] the Bay of Pigs failed, Kennedy felt betrayed by top CIA operatives, including the CIA director, who thought they could force him to provide U.S. military power in an invasion he never enthusiastically endorse.... The Bay of Pigs fiasco scarred Kennedy badly. Within days of becoming president, Kennedy realized how little power he truly had. The CIA had played him, disregarding his expressed concern that the U.S. not be involved... Kennedy fired Bissell and Dulles in a threat to break the CIA up into a thousand pieces. That impulse to destroy the CIA was one Kennedy never followed to completion, contributing to him losing not only his presidency, but also his life."35 In March 1963, a significant modification in the rules of engagement for American CIA-trained military "advisers" allowed them to fire at the enemy first, without being fired upon, if they felt endangered. Enormous numbers of starving, displaced native southern villagers were pillaging the well-stocked hamlets at night, stealing food and supplies. The South Vietnamese Army was supposed to be enabled to handle such problems, but on October 13, 1963, CIA helicopters made an attack against the Vietcong.36 The CIA – originally founded to be an intelligence-gathering agency, and nothing more – was once again showing its hand in military force, acting on behalf of Big Business elites in violation of its charter, and against the President's wishes. ### The Sacrifice That Changed History On May 8, 1963, many Buddhists gathered in Hue, the ancient capital city of Vietnam, to commemorate Buddha's birthday. The Catholic deputy province chief took this gathering as a challenge to his authority and ordered his troops to fire on the crowd. Nine Buddhists were killed, and many were injured. The following day in Hue, ten thousand people demonstrated in protest. On June 11, the first immolation suicide of a Buddhist monk to protest the Diem government occurred in Hue. His name was Thich Quang Duc. His death sent shockwaves around the world. On August 21, President Diem's brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu, used U.S.-trained Special Forces shock troops to invade Buddhist pagodas in Saigon, Hue and other cities. He arrested more than 1,400 Buddhists and injured many more. The next day, August 22, Henry Cabot Lodge arrived in Saigon as the new U.S. Ambassador to Vietnam (President Kennedy had exactly three months left to live). Though he usually insisted in public that U.S. troops might have to remain in Vietnam, Kennedy was beginning to reveal his true plans by September 2, 1963, when he was interviewed on CBS television by Walter Cronkite. Mr. Cronkite: Mr. President, the only hot war we've got running at the moment is of course the one in Viet-Nam, and we have our difficulties there, quite obviously. The President: I don't think that unless a greater effort is made by the Government to win popular support that the war can be won out there. In the final analysis, it is their war. They are the ones who have to win it or lose it. We can help them, we can give them equipment, we can send our men out there as advisers, but they have to win it, the people of Viet-Nam, against the Communists.... The repressions against the Buddhists, we felt, were very unwise. Now all we can do is to make it very clear that we don't think this is the way to win..."37 On September 2nd, General Maxwell Taylor, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, wrote a memo to the President stating, "Finally, progress continues with the strategic hamlet program." This memo contained misinformation. It gave the President the false impression that the war was being won, when he may have suspected otherwise. Thus, at the National Security Council meeting held September 6, it was decided to send Joseph A. Mendenhall, an experienced senior officer conversant with Diem's ploys, to Vietnam, accompanied by Marine Lt. General Victor H. Krulak, to find out the truth. Upon their return on September 10, 1963, Lt. General Krulak, the Special Assistant to the Joint Chiefs for Counterinsurgency, reported the military's position, which disregarded inconvenient facts. Mendenhall presented such a pessimistic report about the strategic hamlet program that President Kennedy asked, "You two did visit the same country, didn't you?" Krulak told the President that he had been in the countryside with the troops while Mendenhall had been among students, but Kennedy now began to distrust his military reports.38 ### The McNamara-Taylor Tour and Report Kennedy tried again. This time, he sent Secretary McNamara and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Taylor on yet another fact-finding mission to Vietnam. This mission would have paid huge dividends for Kennedy, had he lived to be re-elected. The team left for Vietnam on September 23 and returned to Washington after a brief stop in Hawaii on October 2. A massive report was generated39 – and Kennedy's fingerprints were all over it, as we shall see. Upon completion, the report was flown to Hawaii for McNamara and Taylor to study during their eight-hour flight back to Washington. They duly presented the report to Kennedy on the White House lawn as soon as they stepped out of the helicopter. According to L. Fletcher Prouty, his boss, Krulak was assigned to the Joint Chiefs during August-December 1963 to work closely with both Taylor and Kennedy: While McNamara and Taylor were touring Vietnam, the President, Bobby Kennedy, and General Krulak were setting down the outline of their report – aided by frequent contact with McNamara in Saigon via 'back-channel' communications – which would contain precisely the items desired by the President, in the manner in which he wanted them.40 In other words, Kennedy was the "idea man" behind the report. The gist of this report outlined the withdrawal from Vietnam41 and recommended the "Vietnamization" of the war; the South Vietnamese Army would have to assume full responsibility for fighting their own civil war. Prouty always claimed that the McNamara-Taylor report was Kennedy's production. The information in the "Report of the McNamara-Taylor Mission to South Vietnam" provided a platform for Kennedy's own solution to end the Vietnam problem. The report included information and advice for a complete U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam. It was to serve as a major plank for his 1964 re-election platform. The report was sufficiently optimistic about the military progress made in Vietnam to recommend the transfer of military functions from the CIA paramilitary to the Vietnamese Army by the end of 1965, so that all U.S. personnel could be withdrawn from Vietnam by that time. ### The Diem Coup But a sinister coalition decided to do as it pleased, again behind Kennedy's back. On September 30, 1963, the CIA, the U.S. military, Ambassador Lodge, and South Vietnamese Army generals made the decision to violently remove Diem. The war, so far, had been a failure. Ho Chi Minh's National Liberation Front (NLF) military and social organization, formed in 1960, had taken control of most of the countryside of South Vietnam by June, 1963, when the first of many horrific self-immolations by Buddhist monks took place. Diem was losing control, and some of his opportunistic Buddhist generals saw their chance to take over. These generals communicated their plans to CIA agent Lucien Conein, their go-between to Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge. Meanwhile, a planted article in the New York Times on October 1, 1963 would later allow Lodge to pretend he knew nothing about the murders to come. * * * 1 1. L. Fletcher Prouty. _JFK. The_ _CIA, Vietnam and the Plot to Assassinate_ _John F. Kennedy_. New York: Carol Publishing Group, 1992. 51. 2 2. "U.S. Depleted Uranium as Malicious as Syrian Chemical Weapons" _Huffington Post_ , Sept. 15, 2013. "http://www.huffingtonpost.com/craig-considine/us-depleted- uranium-as- ma_b_3812888.html (Accessed Sept. 15, 2013). 3 3. Prouty. Op cit. 167. 4 4. John M. Newman. _JFK and Vietnam_. New York: Warner Books, 1992. 82. 5 5. See the Appendix for more information on how Kennedy was lured to Texas by John Connally and Lyndon Baines Johnson. 6 6. Greg Burnham. "Introduction to National Security Action Memorandum Number 273: Part One: The Draft." http://www.jfklancer.com/NSAM273.html. 7 7. John McAdams. "Going to Withdraw from Vietnam?" http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/context1.htm 8 8. Greg Burnham. Exhibit at: http://www.jfklancer.com/NSAM263.html 9 9. Greg Burnham. Op cit. 10 10. Kenneth P. O'Donnell, David F. Powers and Joe McCarthy (O'Donnell's and Powers's friend). _Johnny We Hardly Knew Ye_. Boston: Little, Brown, 1972. 16. 11 11. Prouty. Op. cit. 17-18. 12 12. Ibid. 18. 13 13. Ibid. 17, 44. 14 14. https://www.archives.gov/research/pentagon-papers Retreived October 2, 2017. 15 15. Zinn. Op. cit. 470. 16 16. Carroll Quigley. _Tragedy and Hope._ New York: Macmillan, 1974. 1043. 17. Lin Yutang. Between Tears and Laughter. New York: John Day, 1943. 16, 104-05. In actuality, the United States had lost its moral high ground well before its wrong turn in Vietnam in 1945, because it did nothing to stop the Japanese rape of Nanking and the slaughter of its people in China in 1937. According to Lin Yutang, if the United States had gotten supplies to China during the 1930s instead of sending scrap iron and oil to Japan, China would have been able to drive the Japanese into the sea without the sacrifice of American soldiers' lives in the Pacific theater during World War II. 17 18. Prouty. Op. cit. 56-58. 18 19. L. Fletcher Prouty. _The Secret Team_ [ebook edition] Ch. 11 http://www.bilderberg.org/st/SecretTeamChapter11.htm 19 20. Prouty. JFK. Op. cit. 58. 20 21. Lt. Col. Daniel Marvin. _Expendable Elite- One Soldier's Journey into Covert Warfare_. 2006. Walterville, Oregon. Trine Day. 296. 21 22. L. Fletcher Prouty. _The Secret Team_ [ebook edition] Ch. 11 http://www.bilderberg.org/st/SecretTeamChapter11.htm. 62, 66-67. 22 23. Ibid. 66. 23 24. Ibid. 40. 24 25. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/VNngo.htm 25 26. L. Fletcher Prouty. _JFK, The_ _CIA, Vietnam and the Plot to Assassinate_ _John F. Kennedy_. New York: Birch Lane Press, 1992. 104. 26 27. Ibid. 90. 27 28. Ibid. 55 ("Two American medical doctors estimate that South Vietnam...has suffered 4 million casualties..."), 83. 28 29. An exception is the case of retired General Alexander Haig, who served in the administrations of six U.S. presidents. Haig's grandson joined the Airborne Rangers and was eligible for combat duty in Iraq. "Mr. Haig declared himself 'the vicar of foreign policy' – in the Roman Catholic Church, to which he belonged, the pope is the 'vicar of Christ'." Tim Weiner. "Alexander M. Haig Jr. Dies at 85; Was Forceful Aide to 2 Presidents." Liz Robbins and Sarah Wheaton contributed reporting. _New York Times_ , Sunday, February 21, 2010. 1, 24. 29 30. Prouty. Op. cit. 106, 107, 208, 209, 258. 30 31. Ibid. 110. 31 32.Newman. Op. cit. 7, 1920. 32 33. Ibid. 1718, 29, 40. 33 34. Prouty. Op. cit. 208. 34 35. Ibid. 95, 96, 225. 35 36.0http://mobile.wnd.com/2013/09/did-jfk-sign-his-death-warrant-by-firing-cia-chief/ Retrieved May 3, 2017 36 37.Op. Cit. Prouty. 107, 256, 289-290. 37 38. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=9388 Retrieved May 3, 2017. 38 39. Op. Cit. Prouty. 256-57. . 39 40. Ibid. 262. 40 41. Ibid. 41 42. Ibid. 261-264 David Atlee Phillips Chapter 4 ## The Mythmakers Exposed A month before the Diem brothers were killed in Vietnam, Lee Oswald was sent to Mexico City from New Orleans. He went via an extraordinary route, mostly secret, mostly conducted by plane, that first took him to Austin and Dallas before he landed on the tarmac in Houston, where he caught a bus to Laredo in a ride that ended in Mexico City.1 Lee's mission was to deliver a deadly cancer-causing biological weapon into the hands of a "pro-Castro" medical Cuban contact, who was supposed to be fully trusted. Instead, Lee would be left holding the bag. In this book, you will learn the true reasons for Lee Oswald's strange and even reckless behavior in Mexico City in order to gain a "transit visa" he needed to enter Cuba – without his wife, without his child. Lee could have gone straight to the Russian Embassy if he truly wished to end up in Russia, except that entering Cuba, not Russia, was Lee's true target. Originally, Lee was merely to act as a pro-Castro American tourist, so he could deliver a deadly weapon that, if successful, would kill The Beard. When nobody appeared to take the bioweapon off his hands, Lee realized he had to make an attempt, himself, to enter Cuba to hand off the material, at the very least, to make him seem dedicated to the CIA's orders. Therefore, Lee had to insist that he had to go to Cuba first, no matter what. Imagine the suspicion that would have raised, had he not acted half-mad in his quest for an emergency transit visa. However, once we understand that Lee was carrying a biological weapon aimed to destroy Castro, disguised as a container of chicken broth, the true situation becomes clearer: if the bioweapon was discovered, Lee could claim he was defecting with stolen material, having infiltrated a plan to kill Castro, and that he did not dare disclose what he had "stolen" to just anybody. In other words, he would seem to have intervened to save Castro's life, and could prove it (the cells would be dead by then – but their remnants would be convincing). Of course, he could say he couldn't trust anyone in the Cuban Consulate and the Soviet Embassy with this important information – they were heavily bugged, and there could be traitors working there. Lee's wanting to go quickly on to Russia2 after a brief visit to Cuba would make sense, as he could claim that CIA operatives in Cuba would try to track him down and kill him. On the other hand, if Lee could manage to smuggle the bioweapon in, and deliver it to a trusted contact (at the risk of his life) there was still an outside chance that Castro could be killed and Kennedy's life would be spared. With everything strictly time-limited, the window of opportunity was short. Even with a change of new medium to keep the cancer cells alive, which Lee had been trained to do, he had only about ten days, after reaching Mexico City, before the cells would die. By presenting himself as a frightened, emotional fool who previously had tried to kill himself when he had been denied permission to stay in the USSR, Lee was arguing that the Russians should have mercy on him, and grant the visa. Lee's extraordinary courage and the huge risk he took to fulfill the mission was covered up for decades by the CIA. It is being revealed to you here for the first time. Col. Oleg Nechiporenko, who would later "defect" to the United States (there to be tortured and shamefully mistreated in solitary confinement), described one of the tantrums Lee pulled to try to get the Soviet visa, which then would let Cuba issue the transit visa to him: Nechiporenko... listened to Oswald's urgent request for an immediate visa... but the answer [was that it] would still be sent to his permanent [U.S.] residence, and it would take, at the very least, four months." Oswald listened with growing exasperation. "When I had finished speaking," Nechiporenko recalled, "he slowly leaned forward, and, barely able to restrain himself, practically shouted in my face, "This won't do for me! This is not my case! For me, it's all going to end in tragedy!" Nechiporenko showed the unruly American out of the compound... If Castro died (CIA's original Plan A), the CIA could install a puppet government through assassination, propaganda and cover-up. If Castro remained alive, its wrath against Kennedy would continue to grow. Kennedy was currently slated for death, his government scheduled for dissolution. The same assemblage of murderers, media propaganda and cover-up artists would implement Plan B, to bring in a government more to the liking of the CIA and its powerful supporters. Lee, knowing the consequences, therefore made a final attempt. He returned to the Russian embassy the next morning to meet with Valeri Kostikov and Pavel Yatskov. In 2017, the History Channel would irresponsibly accuse Lee of meeting with the Soviets to plan Kennedy's death. They avoided mentioning the acrobatics the CIA performed to hide Lee's visits there. These photos, and the FBI's comments show that an imposter was involved. Nechiporenko described Lee's second visit to the Soviet embassy in this manner: Oswald became even more agitated than he had been the day before, referring to FBI surveillance and persecution. He took a revolver from his jacket pocket, placed it on a table, and said, "See? This is what I now must carry to preserve my life." The Soviet officials carefully took the gun and removed its bullets. Having lived in the Soviet Union for some 30 months, Lee was well aware that he could not get a transit visa from the Cuban Consulate, or a visa from the Soviet Embassy, on such short notice without trying extreme measures. On the other hand, Lee didn't want to go to Cuba: the CIA promised that Lee could become a long-term CIA informant in Mexico, including eventually attending a university. "Lee said there was a 'CIA presence' in Merida. We had planned to get quickie divorces and marry, probably in Merida," Judyth says, adding that: Lee realized that his efforts to enter Cuba and the USSR made him look like a pro-Castro communist, after all the pro-Castro posturing he had done in New Orleans. Lee understood that he could be betrayed, after the way he was treated in Mexico City, but he decided to pretend he suspected nothing. ### Dispelling the Myths Running off with Judyth – and claiming to be hiding from an angry Marina – was an excuse to keep the CIA from believing that Lee was trying to hide from them. "Hiding from the CIA would have been impossible," Judyth explained, "while hiding from an angry ex-wife would make sense to them. Out of sight, out of mind, was our plan. After things cooled down, we felt that the CIA would allow Lee to work for them in Mexico as a long-term informant – and Dr. Sherman had promised to put in a good word for me at a medical school. You didn't need much money to live in Mexico." Lee and Judyth ultimately decided to live in the Cayman Islands for a year after their trek through the jungle to Chichen-Itza from Cancun, which at that time was "just a small coconut plantation among some ruins."3 Cancun rancho, coconut plantation and beaches, 1968 But it's now obvious that Lee was sent to Mexico City so he could be framed as a friend of communists who wanted to kill JFK. In fact, neither Russia nor Cuba wanted JFK dead: he may have been the sole reason the Cold War hadn't ended in a nuclear conflagration. Lee told Judyth that he felt he had to obey the CIA's order: When the CIA ordered Lee back to Dallas, with the promise that around Christmas, he could return, Lee believed that he was in great danger, but he couldn't ignore orders. Only because Marina was about to have a baby, and my movements could be traced until he could find somebody else to fly me into Mexico (perhaps even from Dallas) did Lee reluctantly obey orders to return to Dallas. Because he had many connections to FBI officers he trusted, with ways to get information on threats against the President's life, from then until near the end of his life, Lee dedicated himself to do what he could to save him. 'I took an oath as a Marine to obey the President,' Lee told me, "but I can't obey a dead president." The excuse for the cancellation of the mission was Hurricane Flora, which actually didn't devastate Cuba until several days after Lee returned to Dallas. "In fact, there is some evidence," Judyth says, "that Lee's transit visa came in at about the time he turned 24, which was October 18. But by then, since the mission was canceled, Lee ignored it." This application for a Mexican visa shows Lee put "Catholic" (before, Lee left such questions blank or filled in 'Lutheran'), since he and Judyth planned a Catholic marriage "in a remote village near Merida" that would not be noticed. The form shows he planned to stay "ten days" – plenty of time to disappear after handing over the bioweapon on Day One. Instead, when the hand-off did not take place, and the cancer cells would die before he could get a transit visa to Cuba, on Oct.3, only, Lee was back in the USA, even though his visa was valid for 15 days and he still had plenty of money left. On Sept. 26, 1963, Lee, acting on the CIA's promise that he could work for them in Mexico, told Marina she would probably never see him again. At that time, he had settled his wife and child with Ruth Paine, whose letters show Paine planned to pay Marina the equivalent of $300 a month in today's funds, plus free room and board, and all medical and dental care, supposedly in exchange for Russian lessons. In reality, the CIA and Lee had set up a modest fund for his family's care. After his death, Marina received a $25,000 check from an "anonymous" donor. That's equal to almost $200,000 in today's funds.4 Lee did not want to leave his wife indigent. Judyth had planned to meet Lee in Mexico after the drop-off, but then the lovers met with an unexpected catastrophe: Lee's CIA pilot friends Alex Rorke and Geoffrey Sullivan – who were supposed to fly me in – vanished between Cozumel and Florida the same day Lee crossed the border. Who shot them down, or what caused their plane to disappear? As for Lee, the CIA promised us that he could stay in Mexico. This is why Lee had told his wife that he would be going to live in Cuba, when actually, we planned to go into hiding after delivering the bioweapon. First, we'd be in the jungles of Quintana Roo. It would be an adventure, and with Lee at my side, and my keen love of the outdoors, we planned to emulate what Lee's friend George de Mohrenschildt and his wife Jeanne did. They had trekked, by foot, for thousands of miles through the wilderness of Mexico and Latin America. George with his two toy Manchester terriers. Lee and Judyth indeed dreamed of just such an adventure. Being deeply in love, and so young, they planned their year or two of escape from the world with excitement, not fear. George de Mohrenschildt, Lee's first handler in Dallas, wrote a book, I Am a Patsy! (first published by the HSCA) where he described Lee's deep interest in the year-long adventure in the Mexican and Latin-American wilderness that he shared with his wife. After seeing the film of their extraordinary trip, George described Lee's reaction: Marina could not care less, she was not an outdoor woman.... Lee, on the other hand, commented excitedly how much he liked the film and that he envied us for having lived for a year close to nature, an ascetic life of complete freedom. [Lee said] "You have walked almost 4,000 miles to get away from people, comforts, stupid gadgets and conventions. It would be my dream also. I envy you. I have never been completely free." "Yes, it was a great privilege," I told Lee, "but it was tough, believe me. We wore out 22 pairs of shoes and guaraches each." The subject of our film filled most of our conversations with Lee. I advised him to try the same... Lee said sadly, "Marina is not an outdoor woman like your wife." As for Judyth, she loved the outdoors! "I had been fishing since age 3, could fillet a rattlesnake, set traps for game, spear fish, cure hides, make arrowheads, jump on a horse and ride bareback. When Lee learned how much I yearned to go on such an adventure, with such a man at my side, he raised his eyes toward heaven and cried out, 'God, I thank you for this woman!' 'You are my shining hero!' I told him. It would not be the first time I would call him that." Judyth won three athletic medals while at UF, while working in labs part time, carrying a core load, and auditing pre-med courses. Here, she is pictured with basketball forward Diane Butterfield. They were teammates on the university's intramural champion basketball team where Judyth was a guard. Both Judyth and Lee dreamed of exploring Quintana Roo together, including the ancient ruins of lost civilizations. Judyth later obtained a B.S. degree in anthropology, with graduate work in forensics and archeology. It seemed that Lee and Judyth would have their dreams come true together, even though this would mean divorces and separations. Lee knew it could be years before he'd see his beloved little girl again. Just before sending away his wife and toddler, before leaving for Mexico City, Lee burst into tears in front of Marina and Ruth Paine. To hide his intentions, at the same time Lee was headed to Mexico, he'd written letters indicating he was going to be "job seeking" in Philadelphia and other American cities. Lee's sorrowful goodbye to Marina was fully described in the anti-Oswald book, Marina and Lee (Johnson-McMillan, 1977). This is why, said Judyth, the CIA had to assure Lee that "by Christmas" he'd be able to return to Mexico. "That's why Lee accepted the temporary job at the Texas School Book Depository," she says, "and that's why I kept my suitcase packed, under the bed." After the assassination, the CIA switched back and forth between stories, sometimes denying that Lee ever went to Mexico City, and lately, insisting that he did so, according to which version best suited them. What is undeniable is that suddenly, Lee Oswald returned to Dallas – a return that Ruth Paine claimed occurred because Lee had no success in job-hunting, after only 10 days. Lee was in New Orleans 15 days before he was hired. He was in Dallas 13 days before starting work at the TSBD. When Lee was ordered back to Dallas, he first checked in at the YMCA, where he stayed overnight, resting and getting debriefed. Still cherishing hopes that he would be sent back at once to Mexico City, Lee didn't tell Marina that he was in town, but when it became clear that the CIA wanted him to stay "until Christmas," Lee finally called his wife late the next day5 and then hitchhiked to the Paine residence when Ruth Paine declined to pick him up. "Marina was disheartened to learn that Lee didn't contact her as soon as he returned," says Judyth. "But Lee was being honest with her. Even though he had returned to Dallas, and would live with her and his little daughter on weekends at the Paine home, Lee made no effort to get an apartment for them." Instead, as soon as Lee was paid by the TSBD, he began leaving most of the money with Marina. It accumulated to some $160 -$170 (~ $1,500 in today's funds) as it piled up inside his old red Soviet wallet, safe in Marina's dresser drawer. Lee didn't dare give her more, since this was all he could claim from his wages. "Lee was giving it all to her," says Judyth, because "he still hoped to return to Mexico." Lee has been accused of not caring about his family's needs, but when we examine Lee's TSBD stubs (2 weeks' work per stub), we see he received about $54 a week. He began working Oct. 16, but did not receive a paycheck for his final week of work, as he was arrested Nov. 22 (Marina did try to get his lost wages, without success). Between Oct. 16 and Nov. 22, Lee received $216, plus an estimated $30 for the first W-Th-F when he first began working. Lee was paid every two weeks by the TSBD. While Lee was getting wages from both the CIA and the FBI to finance plane trips and other activities, he had to openly live as if he wasn't being paid an extra dime. Lee seems to have carefully calculated how much money he dared give Marina, keeping only as little as he had to, to play the role. After paying $8 a week rent at the boarding house at 1026 N. Beckley, Lee had about $214.00 left. Eating modestly and buying almost nothing for himself, Lee essentially gave every penny he had to Marina, keeping no more than $1.40 (about $13 a day in today's funds) to live on. At least some of the wages Lee received from the CIA and FBI went to a safe place in the Cayman Islands, or to Lee's friend, George, in Haiti. Some was also sequestered in a safety deposit box in Laredo: in April, 1964, the FBI tried to find it. In their April 17, 1964 report (CE#1162, p. 211-212), the FBI says they interviewed several ladies in charge of renting out safety deposit boxes in Laredo's two banks (the Union National Bank and the Laredo National Bank). They looked into safety deposit rental records between September and October, seeking anyone using the name "Oswald" "O.H. Lee" or a similar name. The ladies were also shown "a photo" of Oswald. They could not remember having seen him. No effort was made to see if Lee used the name "A. J. Hidell" for which he supposedly carried I.D., nor was there any reported effort to check all the names of those who opened safety deposit boxes during the time period being investigated. An affidavit by a U.S. Public Health Service employee that Lee had stopped at its USPHS Mexican border station was later denied by the employee, though his boss insisted on reporting it anyway. Then there were the rumors that Lee Oswald had inquired about "quickie divorces" in small Mexican border towns near Laredo.6 As for Marina, Lee had decided to live apart from her, only visiting on weekends. "Though the CIA had promised he'd return to Mexico," says Judyth,"they had a lot of explaining to do as to why they exposed him like that in Mexico City. Lee didn't believe their excuse about Hurricane Flora, but he felt that his new assignment – to infiltrate the ACLU to determine its communist ties – was a worthwhile one. Even when under arrest, Lee tried to stay true to this assignment, linking himself as an accused "communist" to the ACLU if John Abt, a communist party counsel, could not be his lawyer. "If I can't get him, then I may get the American Civil Liberties Union to send me an attorney,"7 Lee told the media. Those who have read Me & Lee are aware that Lee emulated "The Scarlet Pimpernel" – the fictional hero of the French Revolution who wore clever disguises and gallantly saved aristocrats from "Madame Guillotine." The brave and elusive Pimpernel pretended to be dull, vain and foolish, devoid of intelligence and worthless as a warrior. He fooled everyone, except the insiders. "I remember seeing Lee clench his jaw, in disgust, as he told me that he had to pretend to be stupid and silly, in order to avoid suspicion," Judyth tells us, "but now you have seen some more of the dots connected. Lee knew the chance to kill Castro with the cancer weapon was slipping away because the contact never showed up. When the CIA called off the mission, that was the end of all of Lee's pretending to want to go to Cuba." From then until the day he died, Lee Oswald never mentioned to Marina or the Paines or to anybody else a single syllable about wanting "to go to Cuba" again, even though Marina claimed that previously, Lee seemed obsessed with the idea, even telling her of plans to hijack a plane to do so. Judyth explains when the mission was called off, Lee, who had expressed fears back in July that he was not trusted by the CIA, and could be used and then discarded, with Dr. Alton Ochsner's curses over his head (in late August, Ochsner had screamed that both Judyth and Lee were "expendable") – Lee began forming a closer relationship with his FBI affiliates. "We should have known that the CIA would never have allowed such an important biological weapon to fall into Cuban hands, however much they wanted to kill Castro," Judyth says. "But it was so hard for us to believe, since there was so much financial support behind it and the effort had been going on for over a year when we became involved. They obviously changed their minds. It had turned into a mere ploy! The biological weapon was used to implicate a trusted and loyal agent, for their own purposes, as a pro-Castro communist!" From that time on, Judyth says, Lee Oswald worked more closely with the FBI, who were rivals with the CIA. Through diligence, using both sides to get information, and with some apparent help from David Ferrie, Lee was now able to learn about plots to kill the President – perhaps too easily. Suddenly, Lee's purpose in life seemed clear to him, even though any attempts to save Kennedy could get him killed. ### The History Channel Exposed In 2017, The History Channel's ill-fated "JFK Declassified" series used 21-year-CIA retiree Bob Baer and a retired FBI agent to pretend to "discover" files known to researchers for decades. Their "independent investigation" – headed by the former CIA agent who was getting his retirement checks from the CIA – ignored researchers, witnesses and evidence files that could refute their claims that Oswald killed Kennedy after deliberately meeting with Soviet and Cuban officials, including KGB assassin Valeri Kostikov. According to the History Channel, Oswald and the shadowy, sinister-looking Russians worked together to plan Kennedy's murder. In fact, all Americans seeking a Russian visa had to deal with these two men! Lee's actions were constructed to be faithfully following orders to try to get into Cuba himself, when the bioweapon handoff failed to materialize. "Look what they did to me!" Lee bitterly told Judyth, as he realized he had been framed in Mexico City and was "under suspicion" after saving Kennedy's life in Chicago. "Do they think I'm an idiot?" The CIA knew Lee was courageous enough to try to enter Cuba himself, putting on an act that he had to go through Cuba on the way to the USSR. Of course, human beings of normal intelligence knew they didn't have to go through Cuba to get to Russia, and of course, Lee's insistence on doing so made him a suspicious character to Russian and Cuban officials alike. By making an ass of himself by playing the "frantic" and "desperate" cards, while displaying anger at everyone he contacted at the Embassy and at the Consulate, Lee Oswald made a lasting impression: one and all, they kicked him out.8 From then on, these officials would be anxious to paint Lee Oswald as a harmless, odd fellow of limited intelligence who could never be taken seriously on any subject. In 2017, the History Channel tried to sell the snake oil that Lee was offering himself as Kennedy's assassin, colluding with the Russians and Cubans right under the CIA's nose. In fact, Lee was not put on the CIA's watch list of suspects to round up when Kennedy came to Dallas – only 50 days later. Nobody stopped Kennedy's car from passing under the open windows of the TSBD where the alleged threat was known to be located. The History Channel wants you to believe that the CIA knew all about Lee Oswald as a dire threat, but did nothing. That's also what Kennedy's killers want you to believe. The 'Fake History' Channel did not balance their "independent investigation" by calling on witnesses such as Judyth Baker, researchers such as Peter Dale Scott, journalists such as Jim Marrs, or on Lee's wife, Marina Oswald, who for years now has staunchly rejected any idea that Lee Oswald killed Kennedy. ### "He Was Just Stupid" The person responsible for telling Lee about the job at the Texas State Book Depository was none other than Ruth Paine. From this building, the TSBD, we get the fable that Oswald, now apparently a dunderhead, impulsively shot the President, at lunchtime. It seems Oswald was too stupid to go to a different building in Dealey Plaza, where he wouldn't be recognized. He was also so stupid that he bought a junky rifle by mail order, sight unseen, creating a paper trail leading to him, though he could have purchased the same rifle, which was stacked on sale in bargain bins at any gun shop in Dallas, without any paper trail being generated. Oswald was also plenty stupid, it seems, when it came to keeping ID in his wallet that proved he used the name "Hidell" (which was also on the order form), even though he was supposedly fleeing from police. The same stupid idiot also kept shells from the rifle in his pocket, shells that miraculously hadn't been noticed when he'd been searched after his violent arrest, and after he was booked. But then, maybe the police were too stupid to find the shells in his pocket in the previous searches. Above all, Oswald kept incriminating photos of himself holding the "killer rifle." But the truth was very different. Ed Schwartz: Oswald had long been aware of plots to kill Kennedy through his friend David Ferrie, while in New Orleans. Now (maybe through Pegasus, a TOP SECRET CIA component), Oswald relayed information to the FBI in attempts to save Kennedy, even as he was invited to "join" an assassination ring in Dallas. Those famous, fake photos, called the "backyard photos" would be created with a cheap camera that Judyth Baker said Lee Oswald never owned. Lee Oswald's efforts to save JFK would cost him his life. The intent, as gathered from other documents, supports the idea that the fake photos were sent from Mexico City to help prepare a cover story blaming the Kennedy assassination on both Russia and Cuba, even though it is obvious that the man pictured in the photograph was not Oswald. Had Oswald been permitted entry into Cuba in October 1963, and had he then subsequently returned to the United States before Kennedy was shot, the United States government would have been able to openly accuse Russia and Cuba of prepping Oswald to assassinate JFK. The imposter the CIA said was "Lee Harvey Oswald." ### "All's Fair in Love and War" The authors have examined many records revealing the complex doings of the CIA and its connections to major world events in the 50s, 60s and beyond. On Oct. 1, the CIA was not only setting up the framing of the patsy in Mexico City, but was also engaged in the preparation of cover stories created to disasssociate the CIA and U.S. government officials with the assassinations of two heads of nations. There would be three merciless assassinations in November: first, President Diem and his brother, on November 1; then, President Kennedy on November 22. On October 2, 1963, Lucien Conein met with General Tran Van Don, the Commander of the South Vietnamese Army, to review the plan for the coup.9 On October 25, Lodge reported to McGeorge Bundy, President Kennedy's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs, saying "I have personally approved each meeting between General Tran Van Don and Conein, who has carried out my orders in each instance explicitly."10 What were Ambassador Lodge's orders to CIA agent Conein? We can guess. Lodge, aware that his orders would result in a bloody coup involving betrayal, entrapment, torture and beatings, after which a double murder would occur, nevertheless spent the last weekend of Diem's life with him, at a seaside resort.11 It was the perfect cover. A few days later, on November 1, the Diem brothers died as planned. How much detail Bundy had actually passed on to Kennedy, prior to the coup, is unknown. Ngo Dinh Diem with Eisenhower "in better days" and in Nov. 1963 We know Kennedy formulated an escape plan for the Diem brothers12 via a commercial airline flight from Saigon to Europe. The brothers were driven to Tan Son Nhut Airport by limousine. They even boarded the plane. But then they returned to their limousine. What persuaded the brothers to leave the plane before takeoff? Were they told the plane was sabotaged? They returned to the Presidential Palace, where they found themselves alone – their palace guards had fled. Without protection, the Diem brothers, who then fled to a Catholic church and where they donned the robes of priests to disguise themselves, were doomed. Ambassador Lodge's family had a connection to Secret Service Agent William Greer, the driver of President Kennedy's limousine on November 22, 1963: Greer was once employed by the Lodge family in Massachusetts. The Lodges and the Kennedys were longtime political enemies. On the day Kennedy died, Greer – contrary to Secret Service protocol – slowed down the vehicle (many say it briefly stopped) as shots rang out on Elm Street. Greer actually turned his head to take a look at President Kennedy (as indicated in the famous Zapruder film) during the last shots. Had he accelerated and got the hell out of Dealey Plaza, as he should have, Kennedy might have survived. ### The CIA Forged Classified Files in 1972 Shortly before his death, former CIA agent E. Howard Hunt revealed that during the 1972 presidential election campaign he betrayed Kennedy's legacy by forging highly classified messages in White House files that specifically referred to the White House action towards Diem in 1963. With access to the White House files in advance, Hunt forged the messages to read that President Kennedy had ordered the murder of President Diem. The CIA's "Secret Team" had ordered agent Hunt to do so. It was important to blame the Kennedy Presidency as much as possible for the Vietnam War, which was still in progress in 1972. And even though President Kennedy had created an evacuation plan for the Diem brothers, we had to wait until Col. Fletcher Prouty told us about it.13 ### Twisting the Truth About Kennedy's Role in the Vietnam War Author Noam Chomsky is among those in today's media who present a contrary perspective of President Kennedy regarding the Vietnam War. In his book Rethinking Camelot, Chomsky calls it "Kennedy's war" and asserts that "Kennedy escalated the violence in South Vietnam in 1961-1962" and "stepped up the attack against the civilian population." Chomsky, along with others, such as nationally syndicated radio talk show host Michael Savage, are apparently unfamiliar with Kennedy's NSAM #263, which represents Kennedy's changed and final Vietnam policy directive issued on October 11. We speak again of NSAM #263, which represents Kennedy's policy of withdrawal from Vietnam, to be revealed to the public in gradual increments to avoid criticism of being "soft on Communism" in the upcoming election year. At first, 1,000 U.S. troops would be coming home from Vietnam in time for Christmas, 1963. After his reelection, Kennedy would have revealed his entire Vietnam policy, including his plan for a complete U.S. troop withdrawal by the end of 1965. Chomsky misdirects readers by quoting Kennedy's words from his November 14 press conference: "Our policy should now be to 'intensify the struggle,' so that 'we can bring Americans out of there after victory.'"14 But what did JFK mean? Whose troops were "to intensify the struggle" – U.S. troops or South Vietnamese troops? Chomsky believes Kennedy was referring to U.S. troops, but read Kennedy's words for yourself (emphasis added): QUESTION: Mr. President, following up that, sir, would you give us your appraisal of the situation in South Viet Nam now, since the coup, and the purposes for the Honolulu conference? THE PRESIDENT: It is to review the situation there, because we do have a new government, we hope an increased effort in the war. The purpose of the meeting at Honolulu, which Ambassador Lodge will be there, General Harkins will be there, and others, Secretary McNamara and others, and then later, as you know, Ambassador Lodge will come here – is to attempt to assess the situation – what American policy should be, and what our aid policy should be, how we can intensify the struggle, how we can bring Americans out of there. Now, that is our object, to bring Americans home, permit the South Vietnamese to maintain themselves as a free and independent country, and permit democratic forces within the country to operate, which they can, of course, much more freely when they are solved from the inside, and when the manipulation from the North is ended. So the purpose of the meeting in Honolulu is how to pursue these objectives. ### The Cuban Study Group and Acts of Treason Just a few days after the Bay of Pigs debacle, President Kennedy created the Cuban Study Group to investigate the failed operation as well as to investigate the CIA. General Maxwell Taylor, former Chief of Staff of the United States Army in the Eisenhower Administration, was requested to study governmental practices and programs related to military, paramilitary guerrilla and anti-guerrilla activity in order to determine how to strengthen them.15 Taylor was Kennedy's military and intelligence adviser by mid-summer 1961. In October 1962, he would be appointed Chairman of the Joint Chiefs. General Taylor's Cuban Study Group Report ("Letter to the President", dated June 13, 1961) prompted a series of top level NSAM policy directives – NSAMs #55, #56, and #57 – on June 28.16 The purpose of NSAM #55 – "Relations of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to the President in Cold War Operations" was to eliminate the CIA from all clandestine activities and to make the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the military forces of the United States entirely responsible for fighting the Cold War. However, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff at the time, General Lyman L. Lemnitzer, responsible for carrying out NSAM #55, did nothing to implement the directive. He did not want to be a "Cold Warrior." Instead, he placed the directive in his file and disregarded it. In other words, Lemnitzer wished to participate only in all-out warfare.17 NSAM #56 – "Evaluation of Paramilitary Requirements" – required the compilation of an inventory of paramilitary assets in the United States armed forces, while NSAM #57 – "Responsibility for Paramilitary Operations" – proposed the establishment of a new Strategic Resources Group (SRG) to write propositions for all paramilitary operations and present them to the President for approval. The purpose of NSAM #57 was to take the control of paramilitary operations away from the CIA and transfer it to the U.S. military, but a cover letter to NSAM #57 negated and reversed Kennedy's message, placing paramilitary operations back under CIA control. This cover letter was written and signed by (did you guess?) McGeorge Bundy. Bundy's cover letter effectively eliminated the role of the newly created SRG and gave back control of paramilitary operations to the CIA's super-secret Special Group, created early in the Eisenhower Administration. It was as if NSAM #57 was never issued. It was as if the SRG did not exist. McGeorge Bundy would also call off the second air attack to eliminate Castro's combat jets that would prove to be a major cause of the Bay of Pigs Cuban invasion defeat, for which Kennedy would have to take public responsibility.18 These three presidential NSAM directives – #55, #56, and #57 – issued on June 28, 1961, were never carried out. In essence, this refusal to carry out orders was a treasonous act of disobedience against the nation's Commander-in-Chief. On November 22, ultimate acts of treason against Kennedy would occur. Treason: 1. the offense of acting to overthrow one's government or to harm or kill its sovereign. 2. a violation of allegiance to one's sovereign or to one's state. 3. the betrayal of a trust or confidence; breach of faith; treachery. On November 20, 1963, while Kennedy was in Texas campaigning for the next year's presidential election, most of his cabinet members were mysteriously ordered (perhaps by unknown members of the Conspiracy) to Honolulu, Hawaii for a conference with Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge to discuss the situation in Vietnam. The authors of the Pentagon Papers prepared a suspiciously revisionist chronology of events: "22 November 1963: Lodge confers with the President. [How? By telepathy?] 23 November 1963: NSAM #273 reaffirms the U.S. commitment to defeat the Vietcong in South Vietnam."19 But, as we already know, McGeorge Bundy had drafted NSAM #273 on November 21, without Kennedy's knowledge. Author and former intelligence officer John M. Newman interviewed McGeorge Bundy on August 5, 1991. That interview is both important and revealing. Bundy recalled his experiences at the Honolulu conference. "With respect to the recommendations, including the planned widening of the war against North Vietnam, Bundy explained that, in drafting the NSAM, 'I tried to bring them in line with the words Kennedy might want to say.'"20 Oh, really? ### War Profits and Texas Presidents The decision to spend billions using helicopter warfare in Vietnam, made in 1960 through the influence of Vice President Johnson, was just the beginning of what LBJ planned for his most powerful Texas cronies. He would allow nothing to stand in his way. Lyndon Johnson had serious conflicts of interest, but he was clever. He owned considerable Halliburton stock: his wife owned Bell (Helicopter) Aerospace stock. LBJ's close friends and business partners, Brown & Root, made a fortune through LBJ, in Vietnam. (They would later be taken over by Halliburton.) Halliburton – now known as KBR (Kellogg, Brown & Root) would emerge as yet another beneficiary of U.S.-instigated wars in Iraq and beyond, such actions pointing to Texan U.S. Presidents and their vice Presidents loaded with conflicts of interest.21 Johnson's conflict of interest problem is best understood, in context, by researcher Robert Morrow: On the day that JFK was assassinated, the White House was not on a high level national security alert. And that is because Lyndon Johnson, elements of the CIA, and elements of the military knew the assassination was coming, and it was not the Russians or Cubans who did it. It was them. Lyndon Johnson, however, did find time to make a call from Parkland Hospital to his tax attorney to sell his Halliburton stock... Halliburton and other Texas military contractors... were big Lyndon Johnson contributors. Russ Baker: Pat Holloway, former attorney to both Poppy Bush and Jack Crichton, recounted to me an incident involving LBJ that had greatly disturbed him. This was around 1PM on November 22, 1963, just as Kennedy was being pronounced dead. Holloway was heading home from the office and was passing through the reception area. The switchboard operator excitedly noted that she was patching the vice president through from Parkland Hospital to Holloway's boss, firm senior partner Waddy Bullion, who was LBJ's personal tax lawyer. The operator invited Holloway to listen in. LBJ was talking "not about a conspiracy or a tragedy," Holloway recalled. "I heard him say: 'Oh, I gotta get rid of my goddamn Halliburton stock.'" Lyndon Johnson was talking about the consequences of his political problems with his Halliburton stock at a time when the president had been officially declared dead. And that pissed me off... It really made me furious." Lyndon Johnson calls his tax lawyer to sell his Halliburton stock on the day of JFK's assassination; LBJ makes call from Parkland Hospital; JFK's body was still warm at this point. [from Family of Secrets by Russ Baker, p. 132] There are other examples of LBJ's apparent unconcern after the assassination, though none so immediate. For instance, on the evening of November 25, as LBJ and Martin Luther King talked, LBJ said, "It's just an impossible period – we've got a budget coming up." That morning he told Joseph Alsop that "the President must not inject himself into, uh, local killings," to which Alsop immediately replied, "I agree with that, but in this case it does happen to be the killing of the President."22 LBJ gazed upon John F. Kennedy as he gave his last speech. In a few hours, JFK would be dead. What was LBJ thinking? Kennedy's plan to bring home 1,000 Americans from Vietnam by Christmas 1963 and to have all U.S. personnel out of Vietnam by the end of 1965 slated him to become road kill. Of the total of 16,000 American personnel in Vietnam between the years 1960-1962, under Kennedy's watch, the largest number ever combat-effective was only 1,600. The rest were used mostly for helicopter ground support. So far, only 62 American deaths had been reported since 1945. There were 12,000 "combat advisors" there in March, 1963. The number of combat troops rose to 550,000 after his death, with the Pentagon Papers stating, incorrectly, "President Kennedy bequeathed to Johnson a broad commitment to war."23 "History" wants us to forget that Kennedy's NSAM #263 was the definitive statement of his intended withdrawal from Vietnam. **Restrictive Rules of Engagement: How to Lose a War** Ed Schwartz: In 1985 the Congressional Record published declassified "rules of engagement" documents revealing how the U.S. military was to be restricted in fighting the Vietnam War. The rules imposed on U.S. troops indicate that the policy of the U.S. government was to intentionally lose the war.24 For example: 1) North Vietnam Air Force jets could not be attacked on the ground, and, if in the air, could only be fired upon if their pilots fired first 2) SAM missile sites could not be bombed if they were under construction 3) The U.S. revealed locations where there would be no U.S. bombing, enabling the North Vietnamese to concentrate their anti-aircraft weaponry in areas that were likely targets, thus greatly increasing U.S. casualties 4) War materiels from Russia and China were allowed to freely flow through the port of Haiphong, untouched, to support the North Vietnamese war effort.25 These are just a few examples of a long list of restrictions of combat that ensured a Vietcong victory and a U.S. defeat. ### Krulak's Saga Marine Lt. Gen. Victor H. Krulak (L. Fletcher Prouty's boss), served as Special Assistant for Counterinsurgency Activities on the Joint Chiefs of Staff during the Kennedy years of 1962-1963. When Krulak met with President Johnson after Kennedy's assassination, Johnson asked Krulak to inform him of what needed to be done to win the war. Krulak's reply, as mentioned in his book, First to Fight, listed four objectives: 1) Improve the quality of the South Vietnamese government. 2) Accelerate the training of the South Vietnamese forces. 3) Stop the flow of war materiel to the North Vietnamese before they ever cross the docks in Haiphong. 4) Mine the ports, destroy the Haiphong dock area.26 Krulak writes that at this point in the briefing, "Mr. Johnson got to his feet, put his arm around my shoulder, and propelled me firmly toward the door."27 Johnson was aware of the Establishment's Vietnam War agenda to make the military-industrial complex and world bankers richer. Krulak's answers to his question were not respected because winning the war would not secure the most profit. The same strategy would be repeated in Iraq and Afghanistan: make money from contracts and arms sales, lose the war, then instigate another war, when possible.28 ### False Flag: The Gulf of Tonkin Incident One month after President Kennedy was assassinated, General Harkins and the ever-reliable McGeorge Bundy apparently approved a plan for a naval incident to occur in the Gulf of Tonkin that could be used as a pretext to invade North Vietnam and escalate the conflict. According to the Pentagon Papers, it was William Bundy (CFR member), McGeorge Bundy's brother, who drafted the Gulf of Tonkin resolution. At the time, William Bundy was Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs. This op, created under OPLAN 34-A, was activated August 1, 1964, when South Vietnamese PT torpedo boats conducted raids against North Vietnamese coastal bases. The U.S.S. Maddox, an American destroyer, was heading toward the North Vietnamese coast when it passed the PTs heading in the opposite direction, which were returning to home base after unleashing their torpedo attack. The destroyer had been ordered to enter the combat zone to provoke North Vietnamese radar operators on the coast. ### The First "Attack" North Vietnamese torpedo boats were sent out to investigate the Maddox, assuming she was part of the South Vietnamese torpedo boat mission. No true attack occurred, but the Pentagon filed a false report, without publicity, which would make it seem like a legitimate event rather than the setup for the propaganda stunt it would become. The report claimed that Communist PT boats had attacked the Maddox. Three days later on August 4, in the dead of night, the Maddox and the Turner Joy opened fire into the air in the Gulf of Tonkin, pretending they were under attack. The "Gulf of Tonkin incident" was actually a "phantom attack": when the U.S. Navy vessels stopped firing, of course no damage or casualties had occurred, but President Johnson feigned indignation, demanding "retaliation." He called together Congressional leaders and asked for the power to respond militarily, telling them, "Some of our boys are floating around in the water." Congress believed LBJ's lie. Tricked into passing the Gulf of Tonkin resolution on August 7, 1964, they approved retaliatory air strikes against North Vietnam. Only two courageous Senators, Wayne Morse (D-Oregon) and Ernest Gruening (D. Alaska) voted no. Eight months later, LBJ told a group of visitors, with a grin, "For all I know, our Navy was shooting at whales out there."29 Though "conspiracy theorists" had obtained the information years earlier, it took until Monday, October 31, 2005 for a front page column to appear in the New York Times about the Great Lie. Scott Shane's article was titled "Vietnam Study, Casting Doubts, Remains Secret": ...communications intercepted by the N.S.A. [National Security Agency, U.S. secret code breaking agency] were falsified so that they made it look as if North Vietnam had attacked American destroyers on August 4, 1964... evidence for deliberate falsification is certain.30 Ironically, the location of the final negotiation to end the Vietnam War in 1975 was the same location where the peace treaty had been signed to end World War I and where the Council on Foreign Relations was founded – the Majestic Hotel in Paris. ### Vietnam and Globalism As early as 1972, New York Times columnist James Reston had written that as a result of the Vietnam War "Americans lost their respect for the presidency; there was chaos in the streets; there has been a decline in respect for government authority; and for moral authority – the schools, the press, the church, and even the family."31 In 1978, three years after the end of the Vietnam War, Robert McNamara, as President of the World Bank, coordinated a $60 million loan for the victorious developing nation of Vietnam. Our former "enemy" was now our "friend." Communism apparently wasn't all that bad, after all. In 2006, President George W. Bush visited Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon) where he met with Russian President Vladimir V. Putin to discuss Russia's entry into the World Trade Organization [recall that the WTO sets the ground rules for globalization]. Bush also shook hands with General Giap, the Vietminh General who had defeated both the French and the United States' armies. Today the economy of Vietnam is booming. Vietnam is exporting manufactured products, while the United States, drained and fettered by war, flounders under a load of 19.9 trillions of debt. An incalculably devastating economic crisis awaits us, emerging nations are developing stronger economies. This means that the globalists of the Federal Reserve System and the Council on Foreign Relations, who cooperate to provide unaccounted-for wealth for the elite one percent without regard to any country's fate, must encourage war among these emerging giants. ### The Vatican Connection to the Vietnam War Ed Schwartz: The Vatican played a significant political role in connection to the Vietnam War, exemplifying how leaders of powerful religions can influence world politics and world peace for better or worse. During the thirty year span of the Vietnam War there were three popes: Pius XII (1945-1958); John XXIII (1958-1963); and Paul VI (1963-1975). Each pope had a significant behind-the-scenes role in the war involving hidden politics or "the invisible war game" as Fletcher Prouty referred to it in his JFK book.32 On September 2, 1945, the very day World War II ended, Vietminh leader Ho Chi Minh declared in his speech in Hanoi at Ba Dinh Square: "Vietnam has the right to be a free and independent country; and in fact is so already." "In fact, [however], full independence lay 10,000 days in the future. Ho had [already] spent more than thirty years seeking it; another thirty years would pass obtaining it, at which time he would lie embalmed in a Leninesque mausoleum on the very spot" he had spoken on that September 2nd 1945 day.33 "We totally ignored Ho's many pleas for liberation from France even though [declassified] State Department files reveal that Ho and the Vietminh were nationalist and without foreign political commitments until 1950."34 In retrospect, "Ho could have served American policy in Asia, in opposition to Peking were it not for our 'Communist blinders.' He was forced into dependence upon Peking and Moscow by American opposition to him."35 In May 1949, Secretary of State Dean Acheson warned against a U.S. coalition with Ho, even though there was no actual evidence of any ties between Ho and the Kremlin. Acheson said: "Ho is an outright Commie with Moscow connections with international Commie support. Ho is the mortal enemy of independence in Indochina."36 As a matter of fact, the Catholic Church, not Russia, had established a relationship with Ho as early as 1946, well before 1949. "In March 1946 the Ho government appointed the Apostolic Vicar of Phat Diem, Monsignor Le Huu Tu to the powerful office of Supreme Advisor."37 This appointment was contradictory to Pope Pius XII's anti-communist policy. Why was it made? We do not have a precise answer as to why the Church sanctioned this appointment, but we can speculate. Was the Church maneuvering itself into a self-serving two-track political position (both communist left-wing and anti-communist right-wing), guaranteeing itself to be on the victorious side when the Vietnam War ended? ### Pope Pius XII After World War II the United States and the Vatican forged an alliance prompted by their mutual fear of godless communist expansion into other countries. When the U.S. decided to prevent a communist takeover of Vietnam, help was sought from Pope Pius XII. The Pope ordered New York City's Cardinal Francis Spellman to coordinate all anti-communist efforts between the Vatican and the U.S. State Department, delegating Spellman as spokesman for the Vatican in America.38 Spellman was a frequent visitor to the Vatican, conferring in private with Pius XII about Vietnam War strategy. We can never know what actually was discussed, since there are no known oral or written records of any of these conversations. "During the Vietnam War, Cardinal Spellman was the Vicar General of the U.S. Armed Forces. He was convinced that the war was a just war, to save Christian civilization. In his frequent visits to the war front he called the GI's the 'Soldiers of Christ'."39 "Pope Pius XII and Cardinal Spellman were close friends. The Cardinal was always welcome to visit the Pope in the Vatican. The door was always open for him. Unknown to most of us, when Pius died in 1958 the Vatican door shut closed for Spellman."40 ### Pope John XXIII "When Pope Pius died in October 1958, rumors spread that Cardinal Spellman might become the first American Pope. Spellman hoped the Papal Conclave would select him in recognition of his effective diplomatic anti-communist efforts."41 It was not to be. Cardinal Roncalli, the Patriarch of Venice, became Pope John XXIII. The contrast between Pope Pius XII and Pope John XXIII could not have been more striking. John XXIII secretly reversed the anti-communist policy of his predecessor. Almost overnight he commenced a secret dialogue with communist leaders in Europe and signaled Soviet Russia that the Vatican would be ready to cooperate with her.42 A "Moscow-Vatican Alliance" was secretly formed, and the "Washington-Vatican Alliance" secretly collapsed.4343 In 1958 the war was in its thirteenth year, but it was lightly regarded as a "Cold War." In 1958 the new pope turned away from the Vietnam "Cold War," but only communist leaders in Moscow and Vatican insiders knew about this policy reversal. Pope John XXIII began cooperating with communist leaders almost immediately in late 1958, behind the scenes, in preparation for a future Marxist Vietnam under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh.44 When President Kennedy took office in 1961 he did not know that Pope John XXIII's pro-communist policy was based on a U.S. defeat in Vietnam, and a communist victory. ### Pope Paul VI In 1963, Cardinal Montini became Pope Paul VI, replacing Pope John XXIII, who died of stomach cancer before doctors could administer a "cancer serum"developed in the United States. He continued his predecessor's pro-communist policy. On January 30, 1967 he greeted Soviet President Podgorny in the Vatican. "It was the first meeting ever between a Pope and a Russian Communist head of state. During the meeting an agreement was made for full cooperation between the Vatican, Soviet Russia and the communist satellites of Eastern Europe. The formerly persecuted clergy in Poland, Romania and Hungary were freed and partial freedom was granted for religious activities."45 In effect, both Pope John XXIII and Pope Paul VI created a "Moscow-Vatican-Alliance" that completely undermined U.S. anti-Russian Communist strategy in Europe and Asia, assuring U.S. defeat in Vietnam.46 Judyth Vary Baker: Catholic villagers were the first to receive weapons to repel Viet Cong guerillas. Buddhists in the army were often denied promotion if they refused to convert to Catholicism. Some Buddhist villages converted en masse in order to receive aid or avoid being forcibly resettled by Diem's regime. The Catholic Church was the largest landowner in the country, and the "private" status that was imposed on Buddhism by the French, which required official permission to conduct public Buddhist activities, was never repealed by Diem. Catholics were also de facto exempt from the corvée labor that the government obliged all citizens to perform; U.S. aid was disproportionately distributed to Catholic majority villages. Under Diệm, the Catholic Church enjoyed special exemptions in property acquisition, and in ١٩٥٩, Diem dedicated his country to the Virgin Mary. The white and gold Vatican flag was regularly flown at all major public events in South Vietnam. U.S. Aid supplies tended to go to Catholics, and the newly constructed Huế and Dalat universities were placed under Roman Catholic authority to foster a Catholic-skewed academic environment. The conflicts between religion and politics can have lasting impacts. The Popes are relatively isolated from the real world and must rely on information they are given by their advisors. Popes are elderly men who have reached their high status by many means. We must always hope that God is watching, and will dispense justice, or at the very least, grant the Popes wise advisors whose influence will be beneficial to their flock and to the world at large. Presently, religion isn't mixing very well with politics. As in the past, any religion can be used for great good or great evil. * * * 1 1. Lee told Ruth Paine and Ruth Kloepfer and her two daughters that he planned to seek work in Houston. Philadelphia was also mentioned. He also wrote letters proclaiming this intention. However, there is no record, of course, of any such activities. As usual, Lee put up a smokescreen. Ruth Kloepfer was interviewed by the FBI on November 27, 1963. Kloepfer said she received a phone call from Ruth Paine on Friday, September 20, 1963. Mrs. Paine said that she was in town visiting the Oswalds and invited her to stop by. Mrs. Kloepfer said she would pay them a visit the following Sunday. On Sunday, September 22, at around 2:00 PM, Mrs. Kloepfer and her two daughters, Karol and Ruth Ann, both of whom speak Russian, paid the Oswalds and Mrs. Paine a visit at 4907 Magazine Street for about one hour." [note that Ruth Ann apparently never told her mother that Lee Oswald made a pass at her, or surely she would have reported it to the FBI!] FBI CONTINUED: "Mrs. Paine's station wagon was already packed with the Oswalds' belongings, and Lee Oswald explained to Mrs. Kloepfer that Marina and June were going to Texas with Mrs. Paine, while he was staying in New Orleans for a couple more days and then would be taking a trip "north" or to Philadelphia, or perhaps "somewhere in the East." He was "very evasive and indefinite about where he was going or why, but said something to the effect that his trip pertained to business." (Warren Commission Exhibit No. 1929, Warren Commission Hearings Vol. XXIII, pp. 723-25.) 2 2. Lee told Judyth that he would have "changed his mind" however, and returned to Mexico City after doing what he could in Cuba. 3 3. In 2016, where Judyth and Lee planned to meet, the white sand beach was used as a landing strip by CIA planes. Judyth: "In 2015, CIA contract agent Tosh Plumlee agreed with me that there was access to Chichen-Itza and the Mayaland Hotel via a rail line used to transport sugar cane and other commodities. The rail line, mentioned in the book The Lost World of Quintana Roo, would be easy to follow. This book, filled with maps and photos, was published in 1963 and the book was available to us at Tulane's big library on Latin America." See: <http://judythvarybakertruth.blogspot.com/2015/03/kankun-and-cancun-much-ado-about-nothing.html> In an email sent June 11, 2016, Judyth reported the following: in "En Busca do los Antiguos Mayas, Historia de la Arqueologis en Yucatan" by Alfredo Barrera Rubio, published 2015, on pp. 76 -77, we find that Edward Wyllys Andrews IV mapped parts of Quintana Roo before and during WWII. He then joined the CIA and continued his work in the region. In 1956, he worked for the Middle American Research Institute at Tulane University in New Orleans and made two trips to Quintana Roo for both Tulane University and The National Geographic Society. The National Science Foundation stepped in, and Andrews, still at Tulane, received grants for the following work: Balankanche (1959) , de Chac (1962) and "the excavation of a Preclasssical conchero on the Island of Cancun (1963). By August of 1963 his work was on display at Tulane's Latin American Library, and it caught our attention. We copied the maps, and marked a safe place where we could spend the night, in a 'small villa' there -- which I interpreted as a small village -- which I now know was a 'rancho.' From there, we planned to hike to Chichen-Itza. There are many more details about our plans that are in the book Me & Lee. Not only was i scorned for saying "Cancun" existed before the city was built there, but also because I said Cancun was also spelled "Kankun" or "Kankum." Edward Andrews, son, archeologist Anthony P. Andrews, currently teaches at New College, Sarasota, FL. Of the various names by which the island "Cancun"/"Kankun" was known, as I have reported for years, he writes: "It ..appears on several late 18th and 19th century maps as "Cancun" or "Cancum." Miguel Molas uses the word "Cancum" in his coastal itinerary, which he wrote in 1817 (1845:124), and the island is referred to as "Kankum" in the Itinerario of 1851. In sum, all known maps from the mid-eighteenth century onwards label the island as Cancun, or some variant of that name." He goes on to say that the island had a temple and many shrines and carvings, all in ruins, and that a "rancho" existed on the island in 1963, inhabited by a few Indians. Andrews writes: "My family visited the rancho and island several times starting around 1962, and my father directed the excavation of the Preclassic shell midden site near the northern end of the island in 1963." (p. 4) from: "Some Historic Notes and Observations on Isla Cancún, Quintana Roo" by Anthony P. Andrews, New College, Sarasota, Florida http://research.famsi.org/.../pa.../Andrews-Cancun-06-Aztlan.pdf. It was all on display in Tulane University's Latin American Library. Roll back to 1963, and you would have seen me and Lee reading everything we could get our hands on about Chichen-Itza and Quintana Roo, because it was right before our eyes that summer. It is good to finally be able to prove WHY we selected "Cancun" ("Kankun"). At that time, "Cancun/Kankun" was nothing but an island with a known place where we could find shelter if needed (the rancho, plus some little houses, which I remembered as a small village), with a lonely beach of packed sand where planes could safely land. We wanted to meet in the wilds of the Yucatan on this lonely beach used by the CIA and smugglers. It was also a place where the rich could relax in splendid solitude, I have now learned, from someone in the know. 4 4. Lee said his "hazard pay" money was placed in George DeMohrenschildt's hands when he was in Haiti, for Lee's family in case something happened to him. Of course, this fund gave Lee some confidence that he was valued by the CIA. Author Joan Mellen reports on a CIA slush fund de Mohrenschidt was involved with in Haiti, in her book Our Man in Haiti (Trine Day) dubbed "the Hoblitzelle Fund" where $250,000 of some $505, 700 in funds was actually from "anonymous donors" and was "disbursed to CIA operatives, CIA-funded groups, and CIA asset propagandists" in what was called "pass through money." 5 5. We find a number of fake Oswald sightings from this time forward. Lee may have participated in some of them to hide his true activities, since travel by private plane was not the problem the Warren Commission claimed it was. There were Oak Cliff proprietors and residents who saw Lee driving a car with Marina and child. 6 6. AFFIDAVIT OF ORAN PUGH Agent in Charge, United States Customs, Laredo, Texas [edited for brevity]. Signed this 26th day of August 1964. (S) Oran Pugh, ORAN PUGH. Oran Pugh, being duly sworn, deposes and says that: 5. I recall having advised news reporters of the following information: (a) United States citizens are not required to register or check-in with the Immigration and Naturalization Service either on entry to or exit from Mexico. (b) Lee Harvey Oswald checked into the United States Public Health Service, International Bridge, Laredo, Texas, upon his re-entry into the United States in October 1963. Pugh went on to say that his assistant, William Kline, gave him the information in [b] but then Kline denied it in his own affidavit. Since there is no reason for Pugh to have made this up, but possible reasons for Kline to deny, and given the interest of newspaper reporters, the USPHS visit should be considered by researchers as worthy of notice. In fact, Lee dropped off a coded message there, concerning the location of the container with the biological weapon (now presumed dead), which he had left behind in a souvenir shop. The container would need to be destroyed. Concerning the "quickie divorces," The FBI announced that 'rumors' at one town had to refer to a man called Harvey Larry Rudcon, divorced three years earlier, in 1960. Bad roads stopped the FBI from looking into rumors in another border town. The report then went into a dusty corner of the Wsrren Commission's 26 volumes. Then there is Commission Exhibit 2123: Referring to 10/03/63: According to an FBI report located at the National Archives by John Armstrong in May 1999, the FBI had tracked Oswald's return trip to the U.S. from Mexico City, indicating that Oswald took a La Frontera bus from Mexico City, arriving at the border town on Nuevo Laredo on the morning of 10/3/63. [Judyth believes Lee entered a car or took a plane from Laredo.] 7 7. As reported in police interviews, copied by researcher Mae Brussel. 8 8. See, for example, James Douglass' JFK and the Unspeakable, p.77-78. 9 9. Op. Cit. Prouty 272. 10 10. Zinn. Op. cit. 474. 11 11. Ibid. 12 12. Prouty. Op. cit. 265, 272. 13 13. Ibid. 265, 271, 273. 14 14. Noam Chomsky. Rethinking Camelot: JFK, the Vietnam War, and U.S. Political Culture. Boston, MA: South End Press, 1993. 47. 15 15. Ibid. 161. 16 16. Ibid., 168, 170. 17 17. Ibid., 169. 18 18. Ibid., 225. 19 19. Ibid. 281. 20 20. Newman. Op. cit. 438439. 21 21. "Memo Confirms Cheney-Halliburton Conflict of Interest" Reuters. June 1, 2004. http://archive.truthout.org/article/memo-confirms-cheney-halliburton-conflict-interest;"Halliburton defrauded American taxpayers of "hundreds of millions of dollars in Iraq." June 6, 2010. http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2010/jun/09/arianna-huffington/halliburton-kbr-and-iraq-war-contracting-history-s/ 22 22. http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=16551 23 23. Prouty. Op. cit. 116-17, 255-56. 24 24. Jim Marrs. Rule by Secrecy. Op. cit. 137. 25 25. Marrs. Ibid. 26 26. Lt. Gen. Victor H. Krulak. First to Fight. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1984. 202. 27 27. Ibid. 28 28. News Conference 64 (November 14, 1963) http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Ready-Reference/Press-Conferences/News-Conference-64.aspx 29 29. William Manchester. The Glory and the Dream, Volume Two. Boston: Little, Brown, 1974. 1244-49. 30 30. Scott Shane. The New York Times, Front Page. "Vietnam Study, Casting Doubts, Remains Secret", October 31, 2005. 31 31. James Reston. The New York Times. "Peace with Honor" January 24, 1972. 32 32. Fletcher Prouty. JFK. New York: Carol Publishing Group, 1992. 49. 33 33. Michael Maclear. The Ten Thousand Day War. New York: Avon Books, 1981, 1982. 13-14. 34 34. Archimedes L.A. Patti. Why Vietnam? Berkeley & Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1980. 391-392. 35 35. Ibid. 392. 36 36. Ibid. 37 37. Ibid. 558-559. 38 38. Avro Manhattan. Vietnam: Why Did We Go? Chino, CA: Chick Publications, 1984. 71. 39 39. Ibid. 40 40. Ibid. 163. 41 41. Ibid. 42 42. Ibid. 164. 43 43. Ibid. 163. 44 44. Ibid. 164. 45 45. Ibid. 184. 46 46. Ibid. # Part II – Power Corrupts Chapter 5 ## A Lust for Power, and the Consequences Even before Kennedy's assassination, pressure mounted from the military-industrial complex to keep the country in a state of war or war-readiness. The buildup of Cold War armaments would require hundreds of billions of dollars, especially in Vietnam, while neglecting civilian needs at home. President Kennedy could not have prevented the insertion of Texas big business interests into the Vietnam arena, but Lyndon Johnson could have. Few realize that to this day, many of the same powerful companies supplying the U.S. war machine are based in Texas. There was just one man standing in the way of enormous power and glory, and Texas-born LBJ couldn't keep his eyes off him. Lyndon Johnson's hatred for the Kennedys (reciprocated at every opportunity by Bobby Kennedy, in particular) was so immense that even respected historian Robert A. Caro called it a "the blood feud," in his 2012 book The Passage of Power: the Years of Lyndon Johnson (Knopf, 2012), from which The New York Review's Gary Willis extracts some key quotes,1 repeated here: He feared, rightly, that the Kennedy team was determined to push him off the ticket in 1964. Their detestation for Johnson, with their constant mocking of him, was so obvious that the president tried to damp down the fires, telling his appointments secretary, Ken O'Donnell, "You are dealing with a very insecure, sensitive man with a huge ego. I want you literally to kiss his fanny from one end of Washington to the other." Willis remarks, "But that availed little, and Caro says the president himself was beginning to see he would not need Johnson in 1964": Johnson could not even contain a disruptive party battle in his home state of Texas, between liberal Ralph Yarborough and Johnson's old ally, now the state's governor, John Connally. On the fatal Texas trip with Kennedy in November, Yarborough even refused to ride in the assigned convertible car with Johnson, prompting a Dallas News headline, Yarborough Snubs LBJ. Caro says less than he should have about LBJ's chances of going to prison for corruption, , though he does mention two events that: ...ensured that Kennedy would not, in fact could not, have run again with Johnson. An intrepid investigator, Senator John J. Williams of Delaware, had begun to reveal the financial and sexual scandals of Johnson's longtime Senate sidekick, Bobby Baker. That investigation would reveal Johnson's intimate involvement in Baker's misdeeds. Moreover, LIFE magazine was assembling a large investigative team to get to the bottom of Johnson's mysterious finances – how, receiving just government pay over the years, he had become a multimillionaire with the help of Texas oil buddies. Both those time bombs were furiously ticking as Johnson and Kennedy took off for their five-city tour of Texas. In fact, at the very time when the shots were fired at Kennedy in Dallas, a House committee was hearing testimony on the Baker affair and the LIFE team was meeting to map its strategy. Johnson's whole future was rescued by the bullets that killed Kennedy. LBJ just had to gloat over JFK's murder. He couldn't help himself, says Caro, so he made a phone call to JFK's grief-shattered brother: ...Johnson... invented an excuse – he wanted to know the procedure for his swearing-in – but that was information he could have got from many sources. Bobby in fact had to get it from his Justice Department associate, Nicholas Katzenbach, who later said, "Calling Bobby was really wrong." Even Johnson's loyal secretary Marie Fehmer, who was told to take down the phone conversation, would remember, "I kept thinking, 'You shouldn't be doing this... Bobby later bitterly attacked Johnson's impatience to claim the office publicly – and especially his use of Jackie Kennedy by his side to show he was heir to the Kennedy mystique." Caro then asks, why did he do it? Hate goes automatically, as to a magnet, toward the hated object. Bobby filled Lyndon's mind, even at this most terrible hour.... For reasons he probably did not understand himself, he could not not call his foe at this most testing moment in his life. As President, LBJ wanted to take the credit and the glory for everything, at which JFK had failed. Willis notes that Caro returned to his portrayal of Johnson as "a virtuoso creator and user of power." He proceeded to use: ...every form of power, crude or subtle, blatant or disguised, cynical or sentimental. Johnson came into office like a tornado, clearing things out of his way. There were already on his desk three bills offered by Kennedy – a foreign aid bill (blocked by Senator Karl Mundt's amendment banning sale of surplus wheat to Russia), a tax cut to stimulate the economy, and a civil rights bill... [but] Johnson saw a way to push them all forward at once. "Caro," says Willis... demonstrated in earlier volumes Johnson's identification with the poor and despised. It was common in Washington to speak of the "Good Lyndon/Bad Lyndon" oscillation...: Caro knows there had always been a Good Lyndon/Bad Lyndon dynamic of the same sort in Johnson.... In his first State of the Union Address, he upped the Good Lyndon ante by calling for a War on Poverty... a series of reforms he envisaged for his Great Society. They would eventually include such things as Medicare, Medicaid, the Teaching Corps, VISTA, the Job Corps, Upward Bound, and Model Cities. The Washington press, which used to mock Johnson as Uncle Cornpone, registered increasing awe at what he could accomplish. Johnson had a true compassion for the poor, having himself grown up in poverty. Of the poor, he said, "If I became dictator of the world, I'd give all the poor on earth a cottage, and birth control pills – and I'd make damn sure they didn't get one if they didn't take the other."2 (Johnson himself was the first-born of five children.) Caro who had described the "Johnson treatment" in earlier volumes, noted how LBJ used "the treatment" to set up the Warren Commission to investigate "the murder in Dallas": Johnson... knew he needed certain key individuals for this, including the liberal chief justice of the United States, Earl Warren, and the conservative Senator Richard Russell, men at opposite political poles, each of whom despised the other. Both men turned him down, emphatically. But they were then subjected to "the Johnson treatment." "The Johnson Treatment" was irresistible. Johnson's popularity soared over implementing much of what had originally been Kennedy's ideas, Kennedy's bills, ...reaching a record 77 percent approval rate in April, then the highest any president had reached at that point in his administration.... All this was gall and wormwood to Bobby, who felt that Johnson was killing his brother over again by stealing his thunder. In an oral history interview given in the spring of 1964, he vented his bitter resentment at the press "in their buildup of Lyndon Johnson, comparing him to the President" (the President). He said, "An awful lot of things were going on that President Kennedy did that Johnson was getting the credit for – and [he] wasn't saying enough that President Kennedy was responsible... "Johnson always expected that Bobby would run against him in 1968," his biographer noted, and it was "likely that his withdrawal from that race was done in fear of being humiliated at Bobby's hands." Johnson's hatred for Bobby Kennedy was immense: he told colleagues (who he knew would tell Bobby) that JFK was "killed by God" in an act of "divine retribution" over Trujillo's and Diem's murders. His intense hatred was unmasked when Caro revealed Johnson's reaction to the news that Bobby had been shot in Los Angeles: ...(where the two once battled over the 1960 ticket). The president kept asking Joseph Califano, "Is he dead? Is he dead yet?" Califano made so many calls to his assistant, Larry Levinson, to check with the Secret Service that Levinson had to ask: "Joe, is this something that he's wishing to have happen?"... The hatred had reached depths where it amounted to kicking a corpse... Willis asks, "...suppose that Johnson, open to the alternative insights of Bobby, had seen the force of objections to the Vietnam War before he floundered so deep into that Big Muddy. What if he had won over the young people who ended up chanting outside the White House, "Hey, hey, LBJ/How many kids did you kill today?" Though no one individual made sure Kennedy died, authors lay much of the blame for Kennedy's death at Johnson's feet. If only Oswald was involved, we have to ask why we have had so many hidden and sealed records. The answer is that, though limited as to scope and tinged with bias, each government-sponsored investigation nevertheless uncovered evidence that could have been used to exonerate Oswald and/or revealed elements of conspiracy. Much of this evidence was originally sealed up and kept from the public, beginning with an order-to-seal by President Lyndon Johnson. From Wikipaedia: Just before the 1964 presidential election, President Johnson ordered the Warren Commission documentations to be sealed against public availability for 75 years (until 2039). However, [after the film JFK created a public outcry] in 1992 Congress enacted the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act.... Congress questioned the legitimate need for continued protection of such records after three decades of secrecy.... The Act require[d] all documents related to the assassination that have not been destroyed to be released to the public by no later than 2017. Only some of the records were released: perhaps the most important was the Surgeon General's report that JFK was hit by bullets from the front. As for "divine retribution" the following photo of LBJ only three years after leaving office depicts a man whose own life was about to end, having suffered many painful angina episodes and a multiplicity of heart attacks: After leaving office, LBJ "from the outset issued the sternest orders to his staff that the press was to be totally off limits. 'I've served my time with that bunch,' he said, 'and I give up on them. There's no objectivity left anymore. The new style is advocacy reporting – send some snotty-nosed reporter down here to act like a district attorney and ask me where I was on the night of the twenty-third. I'm always guilty unless I can prove otherwise. So to hell with it.'"3 ### The Fear Factor and the Domino Theory "It is when power is wedded to chronic fear that it becomes formidable." – Eric Hoffer We return briefly to the nexus of what LBJ called the source of "divine retribution" that he claimed caused "God" to decree that Kennedy should die. Early in 1954, the Vietnamese nationalists led by Ho Chi Minh were about to win their independence, claiming victory over the French forces in the battle of Dien Bien Phu. There were even talks about negotiating a settlement in Geneva. That's when the U.S. brought in a big gun – President Dwight David Eisenhower – to convince the American people to come to the aid of France by playing the Fear card: In an attempt to rally congressional and public support for increased U.S. aid to the French, President Eisenhower gave an historic press conference on April 7, 1954. He spent much of the speech explaining the significance of Vietnam to the United States... We have a clue that U.S. companies craved the sweet plum of access to Vietnam's riches more than "saving the people" from Communism. Eisenhower's first argument was the country's "production of materials the world needs" (translation: "that the U.S. military-industrial complex wants"). The Oligarchy desired Vietnam's petroleum, tin, rubber, bauxite, tungsten and iron ore. Vietnam also produced quantities of rice, useful to sell to Japan. If not stopped, Vietnam would surely sell it to communist China. Eisenhower next mentioned "the possibility that many human beings pass under a dictatorship that is inimical to the free world..." Finally, the president noted, "You have broader considerations that might follow what you would call the 'falling domino' principle." Eisenhower expanded on this thought, explaining, "You have a row of dominoes set up, you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is a certainty that it will go over very quickly." This would lead to disintegration in Southeast Asia, with the "loss of Indochina, of Burma, of Thailand, of the Peninsula, and Indonesia following." Eisenhower suggested that even Japan, which needed Southeast Asia for trade, would be in danger.4 The "Domino Theory" frightened Americans. It frightened their political representatives, too. The nation went into a hyper-drive defense mode. A pre-emptive attack against Vietnam, a neutral nation that had done us no harm, would look bad.5 The problem was, how to justify going to war? In August, 1964, President Johnson would fix that problem. He would tell the nation that America had been attacked not once, but twice by the North Vietnamese on August 4. The entire history of this deception can be found in files of the National Security Archive at <http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB132/tapes.htm>. This is the "official" version that describes unclassified tape recordings revealing plans, lies and subterfuge. The bombing of Vietnam began some 16 hours later. [comments in parentheses are the authors']: **THE SMOKING GUN** : [9:43 am phone conversation] LBJ and McNamara discuss retaliatory action against North Vietnam in spite of the fact that no attack has yet occurred. **THE LIE** : [Knowing the conversation is being recorded]....McNamara comes... on the phone to tell President Johnson that Pacific theater commander Admiral Sharp has told him the destroyers are under torpedo attack. Here the secretary of defense reports information now known to be false, although McNamara did not know this at the time... LBJ responds by ordering the secretary of defense and other top officials to meet and coordinate a retaliatory bombing. There is no tape of that meeting... [how convenient!] **THE LUNCH THAT LAUNCHED A THOUSAND SHIPS** : [Imagine talking about bombing people over sandwiches and coffee] For almost two hours following the NSC meeting, LBJ lunched with McNamara, Rusk, McGeorge Bundy, the CIA's John McCone, and Deputy Secretary of Defense Cyrus R. Vance. It was at lunch, according to a Pentagon chronology of these events, that LBJ agreed to a swift retaliatory air strike and a specific set of targets. **THE TRUTH IGNORED** : During this lunch (at 1:27 pm), Washington received the message from Captain Herrick on the Maddox...cast[ing] doubt on the veracity of the attack. This report had no effect on the actions of Washington officials. **THE MEDIA SPREADS THE FALSE FLAG STORY** :...Shortly after 5:00 P.M., President Johnson talked to McNamara again...[then] shared the news that the Associated Press and United Press wire services had both put out the story that another attack had taken place in the Tonkin Gulf. LBJ now approved an official Pentagon statement on the supposed attack (although as recently as twenty minutes earlier McNamara had been meeting with the Joint Chiefs of Staff to "overcome lack of a clear and convincing showing that an attack on the destroyers had in fact occurred [e.g. make up something convincing]. **RETALIATION IS APPROVED** : The Joint Chiefs of Staff approved a message ordering execution of the retaliatory bombing and it was sent out at 5:19. A follow-up NSC meeting took place an hour later. That meeting...[did not take] into account the doubts of the on-scene destroyer commander, Captain Herrick... LBJ raised the matter of a resolution at a briefing of senior legislators which began at 6:45. **THE BOMBING BEGINS** :[about 30 minutes after LBJ's announcement that America is now "retaliating"] The administration supplied a text as discussed by the NSC and then between LBJ and the legislators, and that draft became the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution which was subsequently used to justify the entire U.S. war in Vietnam... There was a final conversation between LBJ and McNamara at 9:15 pm... the questions were largely ones of coordinating the actual launch of the attack with LBJ's public statement. President Johnson finally made the statement at 11:36 pm, approximately half an hour prior to the expected time of arrival of the U.S. strike aircraft over their targets in North Vietnam... **THE LIE EXPOSED** : In 1997, in Hanoi, Robert McNamara, in a conversation with Vietnamese Commander General Vo Nguyen Giap, also concluded that the August 4, 1964, incident had never occurred. That is now the general consensus among historians of the Vietnam War. We must look beyond this watered-down account by the National Security Archive to get a better view of how President Johnson manipulated Congress to pass the resolution needed to support what these elite leaders slapped together. AFTERMATH: [A professor of history weighs in] After the nonexistent attack in the Gulf, but before his televised address to the nation announcing... the bombing attacks against North Vietnam, Johnson told a congressional delegation that the United States must show Hanoi it would respond to their aggression. He emphasized he wanted a congressional resolution supporting his military actions against North Vietnam. "Some of our boys are floating around in the water," he dramatically told Congress. Certainly, this statement was an imaginative fabrication, but it had the necessary effect. Johnson was deeply gratified by the overwhelming vote for the resolution. He remarked that it was "like grandma's nightshirt – it covered everything." Johnson was a master politician at work, but at what cost?... Johnson had lied to and deceived the American public. His deceptions about the war would increase as the conflict escalated, leading to one of the worst debacles in American history. In 1971, Congress repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and two years later passed the War Powers Resolution setting limits on a president's ability to send combat troops into military action without congressional approval, a power it refused to use in the Vietnam War and has refused to use in subsequent conflicts.6 The Resolution was passed by a vote of 414-0 in the House and 88-2 in the Senate. FDR told us, "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself," but we must also fear our leaders who are manipulated by fear or by vested interests. Only Sen. Wayne Morse (Washington) and Sen. Ernest Gruening (Alaska) voted 'Nay.' "Most importantly, neither turned back and thus were able to see their once lonely positions vindicated well before they died a month apart in 1974."7 America's taxpayers financed the war, and the "Daddy Warbucks" of the world, especially in Texas, benefited, because they had the means to make it so. The Vietnam War was the most obvious of the modern "Establishment Wars" until the Bush Invasion of Iraq after 9/11, which was also based on the Fear Factor. Did World War III begin on 9/11/2001? ### Fake News and the Media We cite here Fair.Org.media-beat's 30-year anniversary of "The Gulf of Tonkin Lie": American Planes Hit North Vietnam After Second Attack on Our Destroyers; Move Taken to Halt New Aggression", announced a Washington Post headline on Aug. 5, 1964. That same day, the front page of the New York Times reported: "President Johnson has ordered retaliatory action against gunboats and 'certain supporting facilities in North Vietnam' after renewed attacks against American destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin." But there was no "second attack" by North Vietnam – no "renewed attacks against American destroyers." By reporting official claims as absolute truths, American journalism opened the floodgates for the bloody Vietnam War... " One of the Navy pilots flying overhead that night was squadron commander James Stockdale, who gained fame later as a POW and then Ross Perot's vice presidential candidate. "I had the best seat in the house to watch that event," recalled Stockdale a few years ago, "and our destroyers were just shooting at phantom targets – there were no PT boats there.... There was nothing there but black water and American fire power." But Johnson's deceitful speech of Aug. 4, 1964, won accolades from editorial writers. The president, proclaimed the New York Times, "went to the American people last night with the somber facts." The Los Angeles Times urged Americans to "face the fact that the Communists, by their attack on American vessels in international waters, have themselves escalated the hostilities." But it was the media that was escalating hostilities, religiously parroting everything the government wanted the people to be told. For example, author Tom Wells (author of The War Within: America's Battle Over Vietnam) tells us that American media "described the air strikes that Johnson launched in response as merely `tit for tat' – when in reality they reflected plans the administration had already drawn up for gradually increasing its overt military pressure against the North.... Wells points to the media's "almost exclusive reliance on U.S. government officials as sources of information" – as well as "reluctance to question official pronouncements on 'national security issues.'" In the absence of independent journalism, the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – the closest thing there ever was to a declaration of war against North Vietnam – sailed through Congress on Aug. 7. (Two courageous senators, Wayne Morse of Oregon and Ernest Gruening of Alaska, provided the only "no" votes.) The resolution authorized the president "to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression." The rest is tragic history. During the Gulf War, "columnist Sydney Schanberg warned journalists not to forget "our unquestioning chorus of agreeability when Lyndon Johnson bamboozled us with his fabrication of the Gulf of Tonkin incident," blaming not only the press but also "the apparent amnesia of the wider American public." Schanberg warned that "We Americans are the ultimate innocents. We are forever desperate to believe that this time the government is telling us the truth." ### Foreknowledge of the Assassination, and Other Secrets The Media has failed us. Blaming Lee Oswald for Kennedy's death and clinging to information to the contrary, the media uses pejorative cover-words such as "conspiracy," "unsubstantiated" and "allegedly," while ignoring or downgrading the importance of a host of witnesses who have provided overwhelming evidence that plans to kill the President had been long in the making. Such is the story of Wayne January, a co-owner of the American Aviation Company, a private airline operating out of Red Bird Air Field (renamed in 2013 "Executive Airport") on the outskirts of Dallas. January held top secret military clearance, allowing him to do contracting work for the Defense Department and the CIA. Unaware that his partner had sold a DC-3 to the CIA on Monday, November 18, January was working with the DC-3's pilot to ready the plane for flight on Friday afternoon, the same day Kennedy was scheduled to be assassinated. Over four days, from Tuesday, November 19 through the early afternoon of Friday, November 22, January became friends with the pilot, who said he had been born in Cuba and had held a high rank in the Cuban Air Force. During their Thursday lunch break the pilot said, "Wayne, they are going to kill your president." January, who had no reason to believe the pilot, continued working with his new friend on the plane on Friday, November 22, which was ready for flight by early afternoon. At that time, Wayne heard a commotion by the terminal. As Wayne walked toward the terminal building, someone shouted , "The President has been shot!" When Wayne January described this scene three decades later in a faxed letter to British author Matthew Smith, he tried to convey how he'd simply not believed those words: "They are going to kill your president." The pilot had also told January that: "They are not only going to kill the President, they are going to kill Robert Kennedy and any other Kennedy who gets into that position." Fearing for his life, and for the lives of his wife Sylvia and his family, Wayne kept silent about his foreknowledge of the Kennedy assassinations, telling only researcher Matthew Smith his story, who promised to keep his identity a secret. After Wayne died on November 29, 2002, his widow gave Smith permission to reveal his name and his story at JFK Lancer's 2003 "November in Dallas" conference.8 It was crucial that information such as January's would never reach the public at large. To accomplish that goal, it was necessary to plan ahead to influence the police, the media and local leaders. On November 22, 1963, official government and police statements, headlines, news stories, and radio and TV reporters were largely using the same words: "assassin" rather than "assassins," "sniper" rather than "snipers," and "three shots" rather than "shots." The media instilled what the planners wanted into the minds of the public. The full impact of Kennedy's murder on the nation's people, who together watched the horrors unfold on television, has been forgotten in today's harsh world, so it is wise to look back at this description, written only a month later: The tum-tum-tum-ta-tum of the muffled drums crossing Arlington Memorial Bridge. John-John's heart-stopping salute to his father on the steps of St. Matthew's. Blackjack, the riderless horse, ancient symbol of the fallen hero, all skittish and full of spirit....The bugler who played the sour note during taps. "The bugler's lip quivered for the Nation," Edward P. Morgan observed later. The nasal voice of Richard Cardinal Cushing, whose burial service seemed at times more like a cry of anguish. Counterpointed against all this, the jarring impact of the alleged assassin's own murder, so quick, so unexpected, so nightmarish in its implications and so immediate because an already-staggered Nation saw it as it happened on TV. "It was as if the sacrifice of a President were not enough," [TV announcer] Charles Collingwood said...9 The article goes on to describe what we, in hindsight, can see was a pre-written script: [TV announcer Walter]Cronkite's voice came through, dolorous but contained, as a bulletin slide was displayed on the screen. "Bulletin... In Dallas, Texas, three shots were fired at President Kennedy's motorcade. The first reports say the President was seriously wounded, that he slumped over in Mrs. Kennedy's lap, she cried out, "Oh, no!" and the motorcade went on.... The wounds perhaps could be fatal...(authors' emphasis) Inserted into the minds of shocked TV viewers were six important words: "three shots," "seriously wounded," "slumped" and "fatal." In later reports, "three shots" would be mentioned again and again, though many witnesses would state they heard four or more shots. The words "seriously wounded" were floated, even though supposedly based on "first reports," with the word "slumped" inserted to describe a slow movement of the President's body, which would be seen as incorrect, years later, when the Zapruder film, finally available to the public, revealed JFK being thrown violently "back and to the left." Until then, "slumped" was "the" word, which New Orleans' newsman Dan Rather would breathlessly repeat, after viewing the Zapruder film only hours after the assassination. The media would parrot Rather's lie that Kennedy's head was thrown "violently forward."10 The word "fatal" would prepare the public for what the Cabal already had to know. The article goes on to say: "All afternoon the air was alive with film from Dallas, terrifying in the confusion, it showed milling crowds in the police station. Parade route spectators flattened on the grass at the moment of the shooting, motorcycle policemen with slightly dazed looks on their faces, footage of the Texas School Book Depository from which the shots were alleged to have come, and visual reconstruction of the killer's supposed route."11 You will soon read what "Parade route spectators flattened on the grass at the moment of the shooting" had to say about at least one bullet. Despite witness statements, The Texas School Book Depository was immediately presented as the only site from which bullets came, embellished by a "visual reconstruction of the killer's supposed route" of escape – on the very first day. We have the wonderful Mark Lane to thank for interviewing many witnesses who were ignored by the Warren Commission, or who reported that changes or omissions occurred in what they reported to the Commission or to the FBI. Many of Lane's interviews –as well as key others – can be found on YouTube and have been downloaded to countless viewers. Thanks to the Internet, Lee Oswald as "Lone Gunman" no longer makes sense, and when intelligent viewers delve just a bit deeper, viewing seminal films of witnesses, they learn that Lee could not have been on the sixth floor at all. A prime example of one such seminal film is YouTube's "The Railroad Workers on the Triple Overpass" , currently accessed by clicking on <https://youtu.be/HEq63vTOwcI> . Only 9 minutes and 45 seconds long, after viewing this film with its many witnesses who all state they heard shots and saw smoke coming from the Grassy Knoll, the notion of a Lone Nut becomes ludicrous. That's why we can say, "We are winning this war." Previously, we mentioned how E. Howard Hunt created fake Top Secret documents to blame JFK for the Vietnam War. Therefore, we should not be surprised by any documents the CIA might produce for us in the coming years, with CIA's ability to access computer programs, apps and equipment that can create authentic-looking documents. With our present collection of authentic videos from the past, the game is over. The task is to share our knowledge and to defend those who have brought it to you from attacks by trolls and the media. ### Pre-Planned: "Oswald the Only Assassin" We submit that the media assisted the aggressors in identifying, accusing and punishing the "lone assassin" for killing Kennedy. The Cabal used the media, police and talking heads to direct the anger of the people away from all other suspects, such as the ambitious LBJ. This approach protected the true aggressors. ### The "Brainwashing" Effect of False Reports Despite the first headlines, the media still used the words "alleged assassin" occasionally, but by the 50th anniversary, "alleged" had virtually vanished from the mainstream media's vocabulary. Over and over, the media tells us "Oswald acted alone" or we are asked, "Did Oswald act alone?" This keeps the concept of Lee's guilt deeply ingrained into our brains. The media once boasted about independent, courageous reporters. With Big Business now owning the media, the desired versions take precedence. "Conspiracy theorists" are usually mocked, denigrated and debased as a group, partially because of malicious insertions of ridiculous stories about the Kennedy assassination, which are publicized as examples of the "nutty" alternatives to the official versions. This cruel and unnecessary war damaged LBJ's "Great Society." As early as 1972, columnist James Reston – also writing for the Times– complained that due to the Vietnam War "Americans lost their respect for the presidency; there was chaos in the streets; there has been a decline in respect for government authority; and for moral authority – the schools, the press, the church, and even the family."12 Ironically, the location of the final negotiation to end the Vietnam War in 1975 was the same location where the peace treaty to end World War I was signed and where the Council on Foreign Relations was founded – the Majestic Hotel in Paris. ### Should We Link the WTC to the Assassination? There are two "World Trade" organizations – the WTO and the WTC- which should not be confused with each other. Both operate on a global level. The WTO, the World Trade Organization, is concerned with trade deals that impact labor. Two international trade union organizations work with the WTO: the "ITUC" and "ETIC", located in Brussels, advise the WTO on labor policies and lobby against slavery and forced labor.13 In June, 2016, the ITUC reported "Weakening of workers' rights in most regions of the world, aggravated by severe crackdowns on freedom of speech and assembly..." They included the United States in this gloomy category. Our concern is with the WTC (the World Trade Center). The WTC has little interest in workers' rights. It promotes the welfare of the world's largest corporations. It protects import-export trading cartels across the globe. Its activities are guided and dictated by the Deep State, the Shadow Government, and by the elite 1% of the 1%. It may be only a coincidence that the WTC was Kennedy's destination when he was gunned down, which led to the expansion of the Vietnam War, or that the two buildings attacked by "terrorists" on Sept. 11, 2001, which plunged us into endless warfare in the Middle East, were both World Trade Center buildings. ### The Trade Mart and Permindex The Trade Mart idea was growing fast and had affiliates in San Francisco, Dallas and Johannesburg. Today, the WTC system covers the world, with over 300 Member Trade Marts. The 9/11 towers were also Trade Mart buildings. The Trade Mart's affiliates, the CIA, and Bobby Kennedy all wanted Castro dead: the Trade Mart's Clay Shaw had to seem disconnected from Ochsner's Top Secret bioweapon project after that. However, Shaw was one of several "silent partners," funneling cash into the project from persons and parts unknown. Clay L. Shaw, who is not mentioned in Ochsner's official biography as a friend, and who denied having any connections to the CIA, doesn't look so innocent when all the new witness testimony is assessed by those who look closely. And if they look closely at Dr. Alton Ochsner, they will find documents showing Garrison intended to arrest him: Ochsner himself stated it as a fact in his official biography, Surgeon of the South. In 1948, the officials "of International House met in [Bob Carr's] Vieux Carre residence with representatives of several countries to form the World Trade Center, of which the new International Trade Mart was the first member structure. Twenty years later, Bob Carr, then heading International House, suggested changing the name to World Trade Center when International House and International Trade Mart merged in 1968." We know that Clay Shaw, the prime suspect in Garrison's investigation, was an officer in both the Trade Mart and its European counterpart, Permindex.14 The CIA's Hungarian asset Ferenc Nagy, once installed as Hungary's President, was also Permindex' President. As a "cleared CIA contact.... [A]ccording to declassified secret documents, he did offer to put Permindex at the disposition of the Central Intelligence Agency." Would the CIA ignore such an invitation? Researcher 'Maurice Phillips in Part II of his Permindex-CIA study tells us Ferenc Nagy visited Guy Banister in New Orleans: **Judyth** **Baker** : I saw a signature on a clipboard on the third floor of the Newman Building, which we in New Orleans called "Banister's building." It was on a check-out sheet for weapons. I reported that I saw the signature of either "Nagy" or "Nagell" on the sheet. At that time in 1963, only "Nagy" was familiar to me, as my family was Hungarian. We had relatives who fought in the Hungarian revolution. Thanks to Phillips' research, in 2017 I finally learned that Nagy had been in New Orleans. Because it was a dangerous city, it now makes sense why Nagy could have checked out a gun from the stash on the 3rd floor. You couldn't just walk up there and grab a gun. Lee kept two revolvers there. He didn't like to carry them around on his person. The other Hungarian name I remembered was "Paul Fabry." Ferenc Nagy may have visited New Orleans to meet up with fellow-Hungarian and CIA asset Paul Fabry. At that time, International House and the Trade Mart were involved in anti-Castro activities. Guy Banister was a leader, with David Ferrie his connection to the Mafia, all of them fiercely anti-Castro. Bobby Kennedy [through go-betweens] was Banister's White House link. Banister's investigation services were just a front. Banister worked with the godfather, Carlos Marcello, against the New Orleans police. He hated NOLA's police because they had used him to uncover corruption, then had to discredit him because the files on corruption went, according to Banister "all the way to the top." After the Kennedy assassination, Banister went into hiding, but by June, 1964, he "died of a heart attack" that mafia friends told me was assisted by a well-placed bullet. Researchers Maurice Phillips and Linda Minor have looked deeply into Permindex. As Phillips puts it, in his blog that also mentioned Nagy's whereabouts in New Orleans and Dallas: Shaw was one of the directors of Rome Centro Mondiale Commerciale (CMC).... [W]hat was the relation between Shaw's International Trade Mart and CMC-Permindex's mother corporation [?]... Centro Mondiale Commerciale translated in English Is "World Trade Center"... many were wondering if there was any link between Permindex and the World Trade Center organization, which most prominent establishment was the New York City's WTC, David Rockfeller's creation. Phillips then gives us the "why we should care" information we need: Such a connection between David Rockfeller's WTC and Permindex would be significant because it would link the shadowy Permindex, this mysterious international corporation which did vanish in thin air after JFK's assassination, to the Rockefeller's omnipotent organization composed of institutions such as the Council on Foreign Relations, the Trilateral Commission and the Bilderberg Group, entities who, far from disappearing since the Sixties, now seem to control the world's politic, not to say the world itself.15 Conspiracy researcher Mae Brussell revealed many connections between Permindex and Kennedy's enemies. We have separated her quotes into sections for easier reading: 1. When Clay Shaw was arrested by Jim Garrison the news was of particular interest to the Italian newspaper Paesa Sera. It followed up with a story that Shaw belonged to a cover organization in Rome named Centro Mondiale Commerciale (CMC). Its location was frequently moved, its presidents rotated; its modus operandi altered. CMC included Italian fascists, elements of the European paramilitary right, the CIA, and the U.S. Defense Department. There were major shareholders with banks located in Switzerland, Miami, Basel and other major cities. 2. CMC... formed in 1961, one year after Kennedy was elected. Its principals had worked with fascist networks established after World War II. The board of directors numbered Ferenc Nagy, a former Hungarian premier who led that country's Anti-Communist Countrymen's Party in exile. 3. J. Edgar Hoover brought Nagy to the United States, where there were numerous Gehlen-supported emigre organizations. On August 18, 1951, the Saturday Evening Post pictured Nagy with Czech, Pole, Hungarian and Russian exiles under the heading: "They Want Us To Go to War Right Now." 4. On November 22, 1963 Nagy was living in Dallas. 5. CMC was actually a subsidiary of Swiss-based Permindex, whose president was Prince Gutierez de Spadafora, Italian industrialist and large landowner... Clay Shaw, who managed the New Orleans International Trade Mart, was a director. Another was Giorgio Mantello, aka George Mandel, who would later move to New Orleans. 6. Once convicted of "criminal activities" in Switzerland, Mantello worked closely with his fellow Hungarian Nagy. One of the goals of the CMC was that "Rome will recover once again her position as center of the civilized world." 7. Major L. M. Bloomfield, a veteran of the OSS who resided in Montreal, was a suspect Garrison wanted to question. In Canada he reportedly controlled Credit Suisse, Heineken's Breweries, Israel Continental Company, Grimaldo Siosa Lines and other international firms. Shaw's name was found among eleven directors of a company in Montreal that actually was based in Rome. 8. Who was giving the virtually unlimited money to CMC, and who was getting it? The answer might have been found in the huge amounts that flowed out of Evita Peron's [Argentina -Nazi-influenced] accounts. 9. Paesa Sera reported on March 4, 1967 that CMC was a creature of the CIA serving as a money conduit, and that Shaw and Bloomfield conducted illegal political espionage under its cover. In New Orleans, Shaw was the respected citizen who had helped restore the French Quarter. In Rome he was a vital member of the boards of twin companies dealing with fascists accused of European assassinations. 10. Shaw's address book contained the private number of Principessa Marcelle Borghese, now Duchessa de Bomartao, who is related to Prince Valerio Borghese. Called the "Black Prince" and "The New Duce," Borghese was leader of the Movimento Sociale Italiano, a neo-fascist syndicate. The Black Prince, who was a decorated submarine captain in the First World War, was convicted of cooperating with the Nazis in WW II and given 12 years in prison. 11. The Black Prince is the same Borghese rescued by the CIA's James J. Angleton. No wonder Angleton was awarded the Sovereign Military Order of Malta by the Pope after the war. It might explain what Angleton was hinting at when questioned about the murder of JFK: "A mansion has many rooms; there were many things during the period; I'm not privy to who struck John." While it cannot be proved by these quotes that Permindex or Shaw were somehow involved in Kennedy's death, readers should be aware of some troubling facts: 1. Permindex records between the key dates of 1961 and 1963 have been "sealed forever" by Canadian courts, in contradiction of the wishes of the donor who wanted them available at Library Archives Canada [LAC] in 25 years.16 2. On Nov. 22, the day of the assassination, Shaw had invited himself to the San Francisco Trade Mart, traveling there by train. Shaw was to give a speech when it was announced that Kennedy had been shot. He gave his speech anyway, even though he expressed "shock" at Kennedy's murder.17 3. So rare were Shaw's trips due to his heavy workload that his secretary, at Shaw's trial, tried to say that Shaw never had a day off, except for a day trip to visit his sick father in Hammond, LA. Hammond is about halfway to Clinton, LA where Shaw was seen at the end of Aug. 1963 with David Ferrie and Lee Oswald. Attempts to discredit the many witnesses who recognized Shaw with Ferrie have failed. 4. In the Fall of 1965, Clay Shaw resigned from the Trade Mart to "write plays and restore French Quarter buildings." Between May 1966 and up to September 21, 1966, Clay Shaw was on vacation to England and Spain, among other places. Some six weeks later, Jim Garrison began investigating the Kennedy assassination. (see Notes at the end of this chapter.) With David Ferrie dead on Feb. 22, 1967, on March 1, 1967 Garrison arrested Shaw.18 The Trade Mart Scenarios are just one part of The Big Picture. We give them space here because the WTC is still with us today and still wields the power to kill. But nobody could have choreographed the complex planning of Kennedy's public execution without being literally close enough to JFK to make sure he would die. We have discussed how the Secret Service withdrew vital support from the President on Nov. 22 (and we have more to say), but even so, the cooperation of other agencies and main players was necessary to pull off the Crime of the Century. ### Evidence Hidden/Destroyed/Lost and Sealed From 1992 until 1998, the [ARRB] gathered and unsealed many documents... [but thousands of] other documents... remain[ed] classified and sealed, away from the public until 2017, including: *3+% of all Warren Commission documents and *21+% of the House Select Committee on Assassinations documents. *An undeterminable percentage of CIA, FBI, Secret Service, National Security Agency, State Department, U.S. Marine Corps, Naval Investigative Service, Defense Investigative Service, and many other U.S. government documents. The archive author who wrote the above also tells us that "...key pieces of evidence and documentation are described to have been lost, cleaned, or missing from the original chain of evidence (e.g., limousine cleaned out at hospital, Connally's suit dry-cleaned, Oswald's Marine Corps service record file lost... forensic autopsy photos missing, etc.)19 October 2017's release of files was not only limited, but many were altered,or faked, e.g. the Mexico City Duran files. From another source, we learn that: [The ARRB] also conducted numerous interviews now available to researchers. Some were especially disturbing. "Navy photo developer Sandra Kay Spencer told the ARRB in sworn testimony that the autopsy photos in the Archives were not those she processed on the weekend after the assassination. Autopsy photographer John Stringer similarly disavowed photos purported to be those he took of JFK's brain during a supplementary exam. Other medical interviews contained similarly astounding allegations. (ARRB Medical Testimony, Mary Ferrell Foundation). ### Dr. Crenshaw's description of JFK's exit wound. We are told that Dr. Charles Crenshaw, a third-year resident at Parkland Hospital, and an eyewitness to everything that happened to Kennedy in the trauma room was never interviewed by any governing agency. In his ABC 20/20 interview in 1992... he convincingly shares with Barbara Walters and Hugh Downs the following: The shots to the head and neck were entry wounds that came from the front, not from the back as the Warren Commission had concluded. The back of Kennedy's head was blown out and the neck wound was the size of one's little finger just large enough for the trachea. Photographs of the autopsy from Bethesda Naval Hospital in Maryland, after the body had been flown home, showed a neck wound three inches wide, presumably attempting to show an exit wound which would support shots coming from behind and the lone gunman theory. This is important as Crenshaw claims to be the last person to see Kennedy before removal from the room. Someone tampered with the wound. [Two] days later, the young Dr. Crenshaw was in Parkland Hospital in Dallas again when Lee Harvey Oswald was brought in. While working on him he was tapped on the shoulder to answer a phone call from the White House. It was President Lyndon B. Johnson requesting a deathbed confession from Oswald. The show 20/20 obtained the White House schedule and concluded that it could have happened as Crenshaw claimed. None of this was in the Warren Commission's report. Dr. Phillip E. Williams, also in the room, confirmed the Johnson call (The Doctor's World, by Lawrence K. Altman, M.D, New York Times, May 26, 1992).20 Only Garrison's efforts in New Orleans would get us closer to the truth. And he would be aiming right at the World Trade Center. ### Jim Garrison, Clay Shaw and His Banana Buddies In Nov. 1967, the news broke that New Orleans D.A. Jim Garrison was investigating the Kennedy assassination. Since it was imperative to discredit Garrison, sabotage measures had to be taken. Garrison's number-one witness, and co-author Judyth Baker's personal friend, David W. Ferrie, would live only five days after his name went into print. Predictably, it was announced that he died "of natural causes." Judyth disputes this finding in her book David Ferrie: Mafia Pilot, (Trine Day, 2014) presenting proof of a faked "suicide note" and evidence of murder. In the book she also documents an attempt on Ferrie's life only one day after Ferrie's name reached the newspapers, as revealed by witness "Joan G." The media, the CIA and the FBI spied on Garrison, stealing his files and uncovering his transgressions, including bribery attempts by his staff, which hurt his credibility. Judges and officials across the country, including California Governor Ronald Reagan, cooperated to block Garrison's attempts to extradite witnesses who fled to their states. Garrison also hobbled himself by ignoring the New Orleans mafia – not surprising, since he had a wife and children – but thereby failing to link the deadly CIA- Mafia alliance of the anti-Castro movement to the Big Picture. Though his efforts failed and his career was ruined, dedicated researchers and film-makers such as Oliver Stone (JFK) and John Barbour (The Garrison Tapes) exposed how much Garrison got right, as well as how important New Orleans was in the planning of the Kennedy assassination and the framing of young Oswald. Jim Garrison & LBJ Importantly, Garrison was the first to link Clay Shaw and his Trade Mart activities with the Kennedy assassination. In 1999, Judyth Baker revealed further information about CIA asset Paul Fabry to show how he was brought in to direct Dr. Alton Ochsner's International House to hide Shaw's relationship to Ochsner and their long association together at International House. International House was the sister-wife of the New Orleans International Trade Mart. The two would eventually merge openly with the WTO in 1985. When Judyth first exposed Shaw and Ochsner's close friendship, she was challenged by researchers, as well as by Sixty Minutes investigators, to provide evidence linking the two men. "That's how well their relationship had been hidden," said Judyth. Clay Shay Alton Oschner A Times-Picayune article published on March 23, 1962, made her point. The article was supplemented by TrineDay publishers a decade later with a photograph of the two men fraternizing in Shaw's Trade Mart office, a photo taken in the 1960s.21 On Feb. 26, 2016, Judyth further expounded on the importance of the Shaw-Ochsner alliance in blog and Facebook posts:22 "I'm a living witness as to their relationship," she wrote, "and, further, of the role played by Hungarian-born CIA asset Paul Fabry in hiding that relationship at a critical time, when Ochsner was engaged in anti-Castro activities that could not seem to be linked to the Trade Mart." Fabry, an anti-Nazi hero and Voice of America writer for the CIA, took over International House [often called "IH"] when its president, Dr. Alton Ochsner, suddenly removed Clay Shaw, who had served as Acting Director and associate at International House for over nine years with Dr. Ochsner at his side. International House was the Queen Mother of the International Trade Marts. Shaw was also a Managing Director at the New Orleans Trade Mart, the first of its kind. The Trade Mart, which encouraged trade with Latin America, feared Castro's interference as a danger to United Fruit, Standard Fruit and the coffee and sugar plantations that sent cheap products to the U.S. through the Port of New Orleans. The "domino theory" had great influence in raising anxiety about losing Latin America to communism, since Castro was lobbying everywhere against U.S. interests. Castro had nationalized U.S. holdings in Cuba and encouraged Central and South American nations to follow his lead. In the twentieth century, United Fruit and, to a lesser degree, Standard Fruit, aided by the CIA, began to arm ...guerrilla groups to try to depose leaders unfriendly to their interests. Political instability could then lead to U.S. occupation, sometimes lasting for decades [by using]... oligarchic governments that would make sweetheart deals with U.S. corporations. With the banana companies as powerful generators of wealth, there was a heavy political cost to be paid for opposing their interests. Democratic governments were bad for multinationals, so "pro-business" dictatorships flourished throughout the region, remaining in power through fraud, violence, and corruption. United Fruit [UFCo] was dominant, "known as "the octopus" for its reach." UFCo took over huge tracts of land across Latin America, serviced by its railroads and fleets of ships: The poet Pablo Neruda also invoked the image of the United Fruit Company as a parasitic agent of imperial exploitation, writing: "Among the blood-thirsty flies/the Fruit Company lands its ships; taking off the coffee and the fruit; the treasure of our submerged / territories flow as though/on plates into the ships."... back to the United States.23 In 1950, Jacobo Arbenz came to power in Guatemala as a populist, but when Arbenz reclaimed un-used UFCo land and handed it over to the peasants, paying UFCo "for the land value it had declared on its Guatemalan tax returns, only a fraction of the land's actual worth"... the Eisenhower administration let CIA director Allen Dulles, who had served on UFCo's board of trustees... use the CIA to force Arbenz from office in 1954.... [T]he CIA's chosen successor restored UFCo's land. Guatemala went on to suffer decades of civil conflict, and hopes for peaceful, democratic reform throughout the region were dashed."24 Standard Fruit and Steamship Company (it would become Dole Fresh Fruit) was also active in these efforts. Dr. Joseph d'Antoni, "President of Standard Fruit, was simultaneously Ochsner's colleague as professor of Tropical Medicine at Tulane."25 When Judyth Baker worked as a secretary in her cover job, at the Wm. B. Reily Coffee Company, where Lee Oswald worked at the same time, ex-FBI Agent (Special Agent #005074) William I. Monaghan was her boss. Monaghan was instrumental in hiring both Judyth and Lee Oswald on the same day. As Reily's Vice President, he ran Reily's small subsidiary company, Standard Coffee, where both Judyth and Lee "worked" for a week while their records were laundered, before their transfer together on May 17, 1963, to the main company. Reily had hired Monaghan, the former head of security for Standard Fruit, as Vice President in charge of finances and security shortly before Judyth and Lee were hired. Monaghan, the first non-Reily to hold such a position, was also a charter member, along with Dr. Alton Ochsner and Ed Butler, of the Information Council of the Americas (INCA) – used by the CIA to create anti-communist broadcasts for hundreds of Latin American radio stations. Researcher and author Peter Dale Scott tells us that as soon as The New Orleans Project was finished (see Judyth's book Me & Lee for timetables) Monaghan "went to NASA": "Monaghan [who] was an expert in industrial security... migrated there with at least three other Reily employees and at the time, Oswald told a reliable witness that he, too, "expected to work next at the New Orleans plant of NASA." But neither Monaghan nor Lee ever made it to NASA. Monaghan stayed on at Reily for some time, whereas Lee would be sent from New Orleans to Mexico City by the CIA. Originally encouraged to think he would be used to penetrate Castro's Cuba, Judyth reports that soon after Lee arrived in New Orleans, he was brought into the New Orleans Project. His trip to Mexico City was not slated to occur unless the Project's tests on prisoners were successful: any hopes that he would be able to go to NASA with "the others" were dashed when a prisoner died and Lee was ordered to go to Mexico City, carrying the biological weapon to hand off to a medical contact. The contact never materialized, but his trip to Mexico was needed to locate Lee where he could be impersonated at will as a KGB or pro-Castro agent. Those who argue that Lee never went to Mexico City must wrestle with the fact that if Lee was actually "clueless" and not working for the CIA, and had actually gone job-hunting somewhere, how could they control what Lee Oswald might do while impersonators were busy pretending to be Lee in Mexico City? "Any number of witnesses could stand forth and claim to have seen Lee dozens of times. Lee, himself, under interrogation after his arrest, said he hadn't gone to Mexico City, but to deny such a trip was his duty, to protect The Project. They had control of Lee's activities when he was in Mexico City," Judyth argues. "His whereabouts were known at all times." When JFK was killed, Lee, labeled a "pro-Castro" fanatic, was betrayed and arrested in a plot worthy of a James Bond movie. "I will say it more than once," Judyth tells us: "When Lee was arrested and accused, he could not say 'Stop! I'm CIA!' Had Lee defended himself in that manner, because he had been a spy in the USSR, his contacts there would have been killed. His wife's family would also have been killed. This was the height of the Cold War. All Lee could do was to say he was 'a patsy.'" Most of the "pro-Castro fanatic" imagery placed onto Lee Oswald was forged in New Orleans through three leafletting stints that Lee conducted to help attract and expose Castro's spies, supplemented by a less-obvious incident in Dallas prior to his coming to New Orleans. To this day, careless writers accept the official version and even embellish it, since their accounts get a better chance of being published if they show Oswald in a bad light. For example, respected conservative writer Quin Hillyer wrote about his friend, Jesse Core, the Trade Mart publicist, who claimed he came into contact with Lee Oswald when he leafleted with two helpers at the Trade Mart on Aug. 16, 1963. No "commotion" occurred, despite a classic case of disinformation saying otherwise, which The National Review, a CIA-favored magazine, readily published (We will add comments): Core was the Trade Mart's publicist; as Oswald started causing a commotion, Core tried to shoo him away to avoid bad publicity for the Trade Mart. Core promptly reported the incident to the FBI... Films show nothing of the kind. The leafleting lasted about twenty minutes, without any notable incident. Later in the article, which was published Nov. 18, 2013, Hillyer goes on to say: "In trying to shoo Oswald away on that August day, 14 weeks before the assassination, Core was just doing his job." When Core was interviewed by the FBI on Nov. 29, 1963, he told a very different story. Core's Earlier Account: On Nov. 29, 1963, Core said the Aug.16 incident occurred in "the middle of September." He said that when he heard about "picketing" he went to the Trade Mart, where a friend showed him a handbill, which was Oswald's. Core said he was "so angered with the entire idea of someone passing out such handbills, that he immediately wadded it up and threw it in the face of one person [of the two persons he saw] passing out such handbills... the person to whom he threw this handbill moved his head slightly and... gave him a "cold and icy stare." Core stated that in addition, he cursed this individual and called him a communist."26 Our opinion is that Core would not have erred by a whole month had he actually been there. It was too recent. The leafleting was filmed and there is no sign of Core, or of his throwing paper into anybody's face. But Core's description of his "righteous anger" served to distance him from anything to do with Oswald and the Trade Mart. Hillyer's article continues: Little did he know what a nightmare was in store for him. By the mid-1960s, Core had his own PR firm. His two biggest clients were, first, the Trade Mart, and second, District Attorney Jim Garrison. Garrison, of course, infamously decided to make his fame by accusing Trade Mart director Clay Shaw of conspiring with Oswald to kill Kennedy." Hillyer accuses Garrison of only wanting fame. Hillyer: Never mind that Shaw was so fiercely anti-Communist that he was a big donor to Butler's INCA organization: Garrison smelled blood and headlines, and he went hard after Shaw. Garrison originally was interested in David Ferrie, who died five days after his name got in the papers. Hillyer: Well, the Trade Mart knew that Core was "Garrison's guy." There went Core's longstanding relationship with that organization. Alas, Garrison knew that Core had been "Shaw's guy" long before Garrison even entered the scene. Garrison also cut ties with Core. And Core... suddenly had lost his two biggest clients and, in the assassination-related maelstrom that engulfed the New Orleans political community for the next few years, he was buffeted so badly that a great reputation built over several decades was blown to smithereens... The article ends with: ...if people like Butler and Core hadn't given Oswald such a (deservedly) rough reception in New Orleans, would Oswald and his wife have fled the Crescent City to settle back in Dallas, where he just happened to take a job in the Book Depository?27 Hillyer did not read much about Lee Oswald, or he would have realized that Lee and his wife did not "flee" to Dallas. A month and a half after the leafletting, Lee Oswald sent his wife with CIA asset Ruth Paine to Dallas, telling her he'd never see her again: he was on his way, Lee said, to Cuba, "the worker's paradise." In regard to Shaw, who had been a model citizen, Garrison's investigation could go nowhere with so many witnesses either dead, coerced or unavailable. Perry Russo, Garrison's main witness against Shaw, demonstrated integrity when approached with a bribe by Garrison's people, but he had created a "let's kill Kennedy" scenario using a "Leon" (for Oswald) that seemed calculated to involve David Ferrie, whom he hated.28 We can argue that Clay Shaw, as well as Dr. Alton Ochsner and their right-wing friends, saw President Kennedy as a grave danger, soft on communism, selling wheat to the Russians "our enemies" and caving in, instead of liberating Cuba, during the Bay of Pigs. Another writer saw Garrison as "a mentally unbalanced liberal prosecutor" who "humiliated and defamed" Shaw: While the prosecutor had an entire staff and large budget devoted to the prosecution, Mr. Shaw was forced to spend most of his life's savings in defending against the charges. At trial, it soon became evident that Mr. Garrison really had no case despite having assured the swarm of media organizations covering the affair that he had more than sufficient evidence to convict Mr. Shaw...[Garrison's staff used] bribery, intimidation and suborning perjury in an effort to coerce people into testifying against Clay Shaw.29 ### JFK: Invited to Speak at the Trade Mart President Kennedy was shot on his way to the Dallas Trade Mart. We need to test the idea that matters may have been set up so JFK would be made to speak at the Trade Mart, which would route his motorcade through Dealey Plaza with its hairpin turn. The author of Farewell, America wrote: There were five possible locations for the Dallas luncheon, but the Sheraton-Dallas Hotel and Memorial Auditorium refused on various pretenses to play host to the President; the Market Hall was occupied by a bottlers' convention, and the Womens' Building was vetoed by local authorities as being too drab and impractical for serving a luncheon. That left the Trade Mart. At Curry's urging, Sorrels approved the choice of the Trade Mart on November 4 and advised Behn at the White House.30 Richard Nixon, whose law firm represented Pepsi-Cola, visited Dallas from Nov. 20 to Nov. 22, 1963, for the American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages convention at Market Hall. Many don't realize that Lyndon Johnson was also in Dallas on Nov. 20, and would speak there on behalf of Coca Cola. In 1962, the annual convention had been held in Atlantic City and was also attended by Nixon.31 However, had Kennedy been invited to speak at Market Hall, anyone with a map would discover that it stood next to the Trade Mart and the same route would have been taken to reach it. As for Johnson and Nixon, we will be looking at their suspicious activities in Dallas, preceding the assassination, in an upcoming chapter. * * * 1 1. <http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2012/05/24/americas-nastiest-blood-feud/> Retrieved May 8, 2017. 2 2. <https://millercenter.org/president/lbjohnson/life-before-the-presidency> Retrieved May 8, 2017. 3 3. <https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1973/07/the-last-days-of-the-president/376281/> Retrieved May 6, 2017. 4 4. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/eisenhower-gives-famous-domino-theory-speech 5 5. "The theory was first proposed by President Harry S. Truman to justify sending military aid to Greece and Turkey in the 1940s" according to the _Encyclopedia Britannica_ (Ref: <https://global.britannica.com/topic/domino-theory>). 6 6. Dr. Tom Gaskin. "The lies and legacy of LBJ's Gulf of Tonkin resolution." _Herald Net_ , Aug. 8, 2014. Retrieved Feb. 6, 2017. http://www.heraldnet.com/opinion/the-lies-and-legacy-of-lbjs-gulf-of-tonkin-resolution/ 7 7. <http://constantinereport.com/vietnam-war-only-two-senators-opposed-the-gulf-of-tonkin-resolution/> Retrieved Feb. 2, 2017 8 10. January's account is also in Smith's book, Conspiracy – The Plot to Stop the Kennedys (New York: Citadel Press, 2005), 137145, and in the remarkable book by James W. Douglass, JFK and the Unspeakable – Why He Died and Why It Matters (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2008), 242, 371373, 483484. 9 11. <http://jeff560.tripod.com/tvgjfk.html> Retrieved Feb. 6, 2017. 10 12. Rathers' excuse – that he made a mistake because the film was so short and shocking --is unconvincing: the clue that the deception was deliberate, in the opinion of the authors, is that Rather was rewarded for his false assertion with ever-higher positions with CBS. As he was from New Orleans, Rather was to be useful for "damage control" to keep attention from focusing on that city: "In 1963, he was appointed chief of the Southern bureau in New Orleans" (https://moody.utexas.edu/alumni/council/dan-rather) ... In 2001, co-author Judyth Baker's testimony was researched by Sixty Minutes for fourteen months and filming was attempted – but stopped – three times. Judyth was told by a secretary there that it was Rather who "put a lid on the story." "The door was slammed in our faces," Sixty Minutes founder and producer Don Hewitt told C-Span. [VIZ: <http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/179175-1> #Hewitt's segment starts at 1:33:45.] Witness and political activist Roger Stone wrote: "Dan Rather, a fixture as head anchor on the CBS Evening News for many years, was not invited to participate in CBS News' 50th anniversary of the John F. Kennedy assassination broadcast on Nov. 22... CBS was right to keep their distance from Rather, the affective media figure responsible for the most counterfactual news report in the hours after the Kennedy assassination. Rather, at the time a green newscaster... earned his stripes with the Kennedy assassination but did so at the price of the truth. Rather was the only reporter to view the Zapruder film the day after the assassination. In this situation, he was an all-important set of eyes from the fourth estate, a voice the public could trust. He issued an erroneous, purposely falsified statement concerning the film. Following the final shot, the head of Kennedy in Rather's angled report "went forward with considerable violence," a description that anyone with eyesight in the fifty years following the assassination would find to be a blatant lie. As seen clearly on the Zapruder film, which was not shown to the public until 1975, the final shot jarred Kennedy's head back and to the left. Rather, and Rather alone, is responsible for the intentional misinterpretation of the Zapruder film. In 1993, CBS anchorman Dan Rather confessed to Robert Tannenbaum, the former deputy chief counsel of the House Select Committee on Assassinations: "We really blew it on the Kennedy assassination." The snubbing by CBS is not only justified for botching the report of the most important piece of evidence of the 20th century but also, in the opinion of The Hollywood Reporter's Michael Rosenblum, due to a lack of professionalism and candor to his fellow reporters on the day of the assassination. Rosenblum recounts a story from CBS News' White House correspondent Bob Pierpont, who was riding in the presidential motorcade with Rather when JFK was shot. Rather, the local reporter, was sent out to give Pierpont a hand. After the ambush on the president, Pierpont, the diligent journalist, went on to Parkland Hospital to get the story; Rather vanished back to studio, in front of the cameras, to wait on the scoop. At Parkland, Pierpont was the first reporter to discover the president was dead; in the studio, Rather was one of the first reporters to take credit. Rosenblum nails Rather's grandstanding during CBS News' 25th anniversary commemoration: But as he [Pierpont] and I sat and watched the program, all you could hear on the archival footage on TV -- from Dallas to Lee Harvey Oswald to the funeral itself, was Bob Pierpoint's voice, narrating pretty much every event as it happened. And why not? He was the reporter. He was there. Not Rather. But never once, in any of that Special Broadcast, did Dan Rather even once have the courtesy to mention Bob Pierpoint's name. So I will mention it here -- just to keep the record straight. Rather, as a reporter, not only got the facts wrong, but stole credit for the important reportage in the early hours following the assassination. If real reporters had been given the responsibility of Rather, perhaps the reporting would have been handled much more responsibly." VIZ: <http://stonezone.com/article.php?id=581> The story "America's Long Vigil" was reprinted from TV Guide on Jan. 25, 1964. http://jeff560.tripod.com/tvgjfk.html Retrieved Feb. 6, 2017. 11 13. IBID. 12 14. James Reston. _New York Times._ "Peace with Honor" January 24, 1972. 13 15. <https://www.ituc-csi.org/about-us> Retrieved Feb. 11, 2017. 14 16. Note: "Guilt by association" can create what seem to be logical links which, in fact, do not exist, in a conspiratorial sense. Also, there are "good" police, 'good" FBI members, "good" CIA investigators. It's their organizations that may betray the best of intentions. Long lists of links have been provided over the years by such sources as Lyndon LaRouche's writers and articles, e.g. _Dope, Inc_., ' _William Torbitt's Nomenclature of an Assassination Cabal_ (1970) and Bruce Roberts' _The Gemstone_ _Files_. The CIA and FBI also put out material that does the opposite: they like to claim that no associations exist between such persons as Lee Harvey Oswald and Guy Banister, despite statements by old and new witnesses who have claimed otherwise. For these reasons, we examine researchers and their statements along with checking original and independent sources, as well as for evidence of revision. 15 17. Notes about Permindex: Comments that "Internal CIA investigations concluded that Permindex and Centro Mondiale Commerciale were not CIA front groups" prove nothing. CIA will not betray its own. Can you imagine a different answer? Wikipedia's comment that Permindex was designed to compete with the International Trade Mart is bewildering, since it also says that Clay Shaw of the ITM sat on Permindex' Board of Directors: quote] "Permindex was described as a [holding company built with Canadian, Italian, Swiss, and United States capital.5] As of 1960, it had 20 [stockholders.5] In 1959, former [Prime Minister of Hungary Ferenc Nagy, said to be the president of Permidex, outlined the group's plans to build "Europe's first international shopping centre for businessmen" within the previously unfinished Esposizione Universale Roma.1][2] Permindex occupied 400,000 square feet within the four "palaces" under a nine-year [lease with another nine-year option.5] The project was modeled after and designed to compete with the [International Trade Mart in New Orleans.[1][2] The centre opened on January 16, 1960."[6][ VIZ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permindex Retrieved Feb. 1, 2017 The Deep Politics Forum weighed in here: "Accusations of Permindex's involvement in the financing for the 1962 Organisation de l'armée secrète (OAS) assassination attempt on French President Charles De Gaulle prompted the removal of Bloomfield's name from the letterhead of his law firm in 1968.[10 Citing: Los Echos, Spring 1962 (11) Paesa Sera, March 4/12/14, 1967" "...the Italian government investigated Permindex and couldn't determine exactly what it did. Piper says it was a CIA front designed to hide distribution of anti-communist black ops funds in Europe under the guise of international free trade. The Italian government couldn't figure out where Permindex got its funding either. Permindex was soon forced to relocate to South Africa." Researcher Maurice Phillips added to the discussion [edited for a few typos]: "The 1959-1960 letters...established links between Permindex, Baron Edmund de Rothschild and David Rockfeller. More importantly, this last link between Permindex and Rockfeller was in the person of Ferenc Nagy, a known CIA asset, and gave to Permindex all the appearance of a CIA's branch of the Gladio network. So the 1959-1960 Bloomfield archives gave substance to the notion that Rome's Permindex was in1960 related to the CIA via Ferenc Nagy. Now the real question was to know what relation Bloomfield's Permindex had with Clay Shaw." [Permindex papers between 1961 and 1963 have been declared "secret forever". See the link at the deep Politics Forum] Phillips, continuing, wrote: "I consider having published the most relevant available documents from the Bloomfield archives and having made two demonstrations: 1.That Permindex which involved peoples likes E. Rothchild and D. Rockfeller was related by Ferenc Nagy to the CIA-BlackOps in Europe; 2.That Louis Bloomfield wasn't the grand architect of JFK assassination as described in the Torbitt and Dope Inc. That is that even if he was, from Montreal, an administrative and financial actor of Permindex, he had really no control over G. Mantello's actions and any Gladio op. Perhaps Bloomfield knew what kind of black-ops was running Mantello and Nagy via Rome, but he really didn't seem to call the shots." "This last view was criticized by some participants from Education Forum who believed very hard in the Torbitt and Dope Inc version. Unfortunately, the big "Bloomfield Architect of JFK Assassination" theory doesn't hold scrutiny. But even if I dismiss the "Bloomfield dunnit" theory, the Bloomfield archives are solid evidence that we are living in a world where high level conspirators from around the planet work together to create and finance fronts such as Permindex. Now the question is: [Will] the secret documents from 1961 to 1963... show relations between Rome Permindex and Clay Shaw?" <https://deeppoliticsforum.com/forums/showthread.php?7229-PERMINDEX> Retrieved Feb. 11, 2017. In 2010, a year earlier, Maurice Phillips wrote more on his own blog: (slightly edited for a few typos): "...Remember also that, even if "World Trade Center" is today a commonly known appellation and even if there is now more than 300 WTCs established around the planet, the concept of the "World Trade Center" was something unheard of in 1960. For instance, Clay Shaw's organization in New Orleans was an "International Trade Mart" and in the Sixties was complementary to an "International House" with which it merged only in 1985 to form a WTC. Interestingly enough, the Louis M. Bloomfield Archives, held by Library and Archives Canada in Ottawa, contain some documents proving that Roman CMC was the inspiration for the WTC concept and that a relation existed between Permindex and David Rockefeller. Furthermore, those documents show that Ferenc Nagy, a former Hungarian Prime Minister who had strong contacts with the CIA, was the direct liaison between Permindex and Rockefeller." In a February 4th, 1960 letter, Louis Bloomfield wrote from its Montreal law office to Dr Ernest Wolf, a Permindex's directors residing in Basle, Switzerland: "You'll be pleased to hear that David Rockefeller had a meeting yesterday with Dr Nagy... Mr. Rockefeller contacted the Chairman of the New York Port Authority, which is the principal mover of the scheme for New York and which is a multi-billion dollar independent concern, to start technical discussions on collaboration." Bloomfield...inform[ed] Wolf that Permindex's literature shall be distributed by the U.S. Department of Commerce and its 33 field offices, according to an article that was published in the February 1, 1960 issue of Foreign Commerce Weekly. Six days later, on February 10th, Louis Bloomfield reported the developments on his negotiation with Rockefeller in the middle of a letter that, once again, reflects the confusion reigning between the Permindex's partners, a subject that we saw previously in this blog. In this document, Bloomfield wrote to Dr Ernst W. Imfeld, the Zurich lawyer whom the 1996 Swiss Independant Commission of Experts to investigate Switzerland's role in the Nazi period did identify as an associate of SS Friedrich Kadgien, a Nazi involved in "criminal methods for acquiring currency, securities and diamonds stolen from Jewish victims" (see previous post in this blog). Bloomfield stated: "I am going to New York tonight for very important meeting with Dr. Nagy, the Port of New York Authority and Mr. David Rockefeller's personal representative, on a scheme of collaboration between the two groups. (...) Following the meetings tomorrow and Friday, we are to have a second meeting with Mr. David Rockefeller some time next week, but in view of the cries and complaints from the shareholders, I have no alternative but to postpone my meeting with Mr. Rockefeller in order to examine the situation in Europe on the spot." In a blog post by researcher Maurice Phillips, based on Permindex-related letters in his possession, he decided to "...focus on the Permindex-Rockefeller connection. First of all, we should take note that even if Montreal lawyer Louis Bloomfield kept his European partners informed about the Rockefeller meetings [in these letters], he didn't consult them or seek their approval. From the two above letters, it is clear that only Bloomfield and Dr. Ferenc Nagy are involved in the negotiations with Rockefeller, and more specifically that Nagy is the one that did initiate this contact and had –alone– the first meeting with David Rockefeller. That is a detail quite revealing. In the previous Bloomfield Archives' Permindex documents reproduced in this blog, we saw that the "genious" behind Permindex was Georges Mantello, a 33rd degree Freemason who, through its contacts with the Savoy Royal family, was able to obtain Roman lands at "dirt cheap" price. From those documents, we also noticed that the management of the Permindex corporation relied in the hands of directors such as Italians Georges Mantello and his son Enrico, and Swiss Drs. Ernest Wolf and E. W. Imfeld. We also saw that Permindex's primary business was to speculate on those lands through the creation of societies (Capocatta, Marina Reale) in which international investors (like Edmund de Rothschild from Paris, Hans Seligman from Switzerland, or Montreal attorney Stanley Vineberg) took speculative participations. But what we are now witnessing is that, apart of those real estate deals, in the matter of CMC's chore business, that is of its international trade promotion activities, Permindex's true leader was Dr Ferenc Nagy; the man that took the initiative to meet David Rockefeller alone in New York and whose actions are only reported to CMC's European directors through Louis Bloomfield's short letters. The leadership role of Dr. Nagy in Permindex is important to acknowledge because... Ferenc Nagy was a cleared CIA contact and, according to declassified secret documents, he did offer to put Permindex at the disposition of the Central Intelligence Agency." (From Maurice Phillips' blog post "The Permindex-CIA Link" at: <http://somesecretsforyou.blogspot.com/2010/10/permindex-cia-link.html> Retrieved Feb. 11, 2017. 16 18. Ibid. 17 19. Quote from the _San Francisco Examiner_ : Shaw, then managing director of the new International Trade Mart in New Orleans, (made arrangements for a room at the St. Francis Hotel and a talk to San Francisco trade leaders through J. Monroe Sullivan, then executive director of the San Francisco World Trade Center. Sullivan, now assistant to the director of the Port of Oakland, told The _Examiner_ : I received a letter on Nov. 11, 1963 telling me of his visit and asking me to arrange a speaking engagement for him and to make hotel reservations. "I made reservations at the St. Francis Nov. 21 to 24..." Sullivan said he also arranged a special luncheon at the World Trade Club for Shaw and lined up his own World Trade Center Authority, the San Francisco World Trade Association and the club as co-sponsors. "We heard before the lunch that the President had died. "I acted as master of ceremonies and asked everyone to rise for a moment of silent prayer." Sullivan said he believes the assassination kept the luncheon attendance down to only 14 persons." https://archive.org/stream/nsia-ShawClay/nsia-ShawClay/Shaw%20Clay%20009_djvu.txt Retrieved Feb. 13, 2017. 18 20. Op Cit: <http://somesecretsforyou.blogspot.com/2010/10/permindex-cia-link.html> 19 21. <http://alt.conspiracy.jfk.narkive.com/TmBZA4CF/sealed-until-2017-3-of-wc-docs-21-of-hsca-docs-many-other-gov-t-docs-until-2017> Retrieved Feb. 17, 2017. 22. Researcher-journalist Russ Baker has published a list of 3,603 redacted, classified and secret documents which are supposed to be released in2017. By accessing this list, the reader can see many titles, except for hundreds of FBI files that are only described by number. View at http://whowhatwhy.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/JFK-List-of-Denied-Docs-redacted.pdf Retrieved Feb. 17, 2017. 20 23. Dr. Harold Pease. "The Kennedy Assassination's sealed files." Nov 22, 2013 | Liberty Articles| <http://libertyunderfire.org/2013/11/the-kennedy-assassinations-sealed-files/> Retrieved Feb. 17, 2017. 21 24. Compared to numerous photos of Shaw, we know when his dark hair turned white. 22 25. Edited for brevity. Today, everyone with sensibilities knows Voice of America is a CIA tool. It is interesting that in 2013, an article "Paul Fabry: New Orleans' World Traveler" was published [see <http://blog.nola.com/millieball/2008/02/paul_fabry_new_orleans_world_t.html>] (he was 91 in 2015 !), with not a word about Fabry's Voice of America position. 23 26. Patrick Blanchfield. "Stop Calling the United States a Banana Republic" https://thebaffler.com/blog/banana-republic-iber-blanchfield Nov. 07, 2016. Retrieved Feb. 18, 2017. 24 27. Ibid. 25 28. Peter Dale Scott cites Thomas Karnes' Tropical Enterprise of Baton Rouge, LA State UP, 1978, pp. 172, 275-77 for this information in _Deep Politics and the Death of_ _JFK_ , p. 332. 26 29. From FBI file # 89-43, submitted 11-29-1963 by FBI S.A. James Royce Peck. 27 30. http://www.nationalreview.com/article/364173/back-story-kennedy-killing-quin-hillyer 28 31. A secret file released Oct. 2017 showed Russo had been hypnotized and publicly humiliated, likely by Ferrie, at the same Royal Castle eatery Bobby Kennedy's team used to spy on Carlos Marcello's nearby Motel and office, and where Judyth herself had briefly worked. 29 32. Dan White. <https://historicaltruthproject.com/2010/08/27/mr-clay-shaw-defamed-humiliated-and-dispossessed-of-his-lifes-savings-by-a-mentally-imbalanced-liberal-prosecutor/> 30 33. <http://www.jfk-online.com/farewell18.html> Retrieved Feb. 17, 2017. 31 34. A souvenir bottle from the 1962 convention proves it was held in Atlantic City: "a Vintage 1962 ABCB Atlantic City Convention Souvenir Green Soda Bottle by Duroglas. ABCB is American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages": http://www.ebay.com/itm/Vintage-1962-ABCB-Atlantic-City-Convention-Souvenir-Green-Soda-Bottle-Duroglas-/162279786516?hash=item25c8a10814:g:c04AAOSwV0RXp5az Chapter 6 ## The Painful Truth Current news sources tend to cover up "the Bay of Pigs thing" President Nixon mentioned so emotionally as merely referring to U.S. attempts to kill Castro, when Nixon was actually talking about his fears that the truth about the Kennedy assassination would be exposed. In his well-written June 17, 2014 summary, ("Nixon asked CIA about the 'Who shot John' angle"), journalist Jefferson Morley restored the true meaning: The 42nd anniversary of the Watergate burglary reminded me of Richard Nixon's obsession with the "whole of Bay of Pigs thing." H.R. Haldeman, White House chief of staff for Nixon, wrote in his memoirs that he had come to the conclusion that his boss used the phrase as a kind of coded reference to the assassination of President Kennedy. A tape of a conversation between Nixon and CIA director Richard Helms in October 1971 lends credence to the notion.1 Morley describes Nixon and his aide, John Ehrlichman, discussing how CIA Director Helms was only sending summaries instead of details of the CIA documents requested. Said Ehrlichman: "I was kind of mysterious about it," he explains. But they think they have leverage on Helms. At one point Ehrlichman says, "Helms is scared to death of this guy [Howard] Hunt we got working for us because he knows where a lot of the bodies are buried," This is spoken eight months before Hunt and six other men were arrested at the Watergate office complex for breaking into the offices of the Democratic National Committee. When [Helms] arrives, Nixon... says he wants to address the "sensitive" issue of the documents he is seeking. He assures Helms that he fully supports what he calls "the dirty tricks department." Nixon is clear about his concerns: "I know what happened in Iran and I know what happened in Guatemala and I totally approve of that. I know what happened with the planning of the Bay of Pigs.... The problem was not the CIA. My interest there is solely to know the facts." When Helms doesn't say much, Nixon presses his case by reminding Helms he is the president. "First. This is my information," he says, "Second, I need it for... defensive reasons, for a negotiation." When those arguments elicit no response. Nixon tries another justification: he needs the information to protect the CIA. In making his case, Nixon talks about what might be in the records and he utters these words (at around 17:00 in the [audio] file): The "Who shot John?" angle. Is Eisenhower to blame? Is Kennedy to blame? Is Johnson to blame? Is Nixon to blame? Etc, etc. It may become – not by me – a very vigorous issue, but if it does, I need to know what is necessary to protect frankly the intelligence gathering and the Dirty Tricks Department and I will protect it. I have done more than my share of lying to protect you, and I believe it's totally right to do it. ...The reference to "Who shot John" can only be a reference to Kennedy's assassination.... Nixon never got the documents he wanted. After the arrest of the Watergate burglars on June 17, 1972, Nixon tried to enlist Helms in a cover-up. In a meeting on June 20, Nixon said an investigation of the burglary could "open up the whole Bay of Pigs thing," causing the usually unflappable Helms to shout, "This has nothing to do with the Bay of Pigs!" Helms would later deny that he understood what Nixon meant, but because we now have the tape about the conversation he had with Helms on October 10, 1971, we know that "he knew exactly what Nixon was talking about."2 Why we should care: The "Bay of Pigs thing" exposes that Nixon knew who was responsible for the murder of John Kennedy. Further, he was willing to lie to cover it up. Furthermore, years of detailed study of the life, use, abuse and death of a single individual, Lee Harvey Oswald, has exposed the secrets of these killers and their supporters. By learning the truth about Oswald, we know the nation is run by elite and powerful right-wing entities home and abroad, along with the military-industrial complex, the Dulles brothers, the doings of a broad swathe of the CIA, FBI and Mafia, a world-wide network of powerful connections, and the "dirty tricks" of the presidents who cover up their misdeeds. ### Because They Hated Him "A phenomenon existed where severe hatred towards JFK came from all the factions of power in government. In the Executive Branch it was LBJ. It was the Allen Dulles loyalists in the CIA. In the Pentagon it was Curtis LeMay, among others. In the Secret Service the hatred for JFK among agents was pervasive and open. In the State Department, the malfeasance of Henry Cabot Lodge suggests hatred. In the FBI there was J. Edgar Hoover and Clyde Tolson. Additionally, the government had two dangerous clients – the mafia, and Cuban Exile militants – and thanks to their deranged campaign to take Cuba back from Castro, they too hated Kennedy."3 The result was a Coup d'etat that illegally installed a new President, changing the course of American history. The next few years would see a devastating war, a Vice President forced to resign due to corruption, and a President resigning in disgrace, while the man replacing him had been appointed (not elected) Vice President by the resigning POTUS. That man had formerly been on the Warren Commission, where he faked the location of a bullet in Kennedy's back, moving it up to the neck, in order to frame Lee Harvey Oswald, thereby protecting the Junta that now rewarded him with the highest office in the land. ### The CIA, Opium, United Fruit and LHO The CIA has always funded its secret operations through drugs such as opium and cocaine. The Lodge and Hyde families were just a squiggle in the Social Register of the massively wealthy, whose bloodlines included the Rothschilds, Rockefellers, DuPonts, Vanderbilts, etc. They moved with the elites of Europe, enriching themselves by any means, including opium-running, pushing for war to involve their businesses in the manufacture and sale of war equipment, and making profitable deals for their families by inserting themselves into government positions or owning parts of governments behind the scenes. They would also use secret societies, surveillance, imprisonment of competitors and other "dirty tricks" to achieve their goals. Today, new wealth, new families and new ways to control governments and the world have added to who's big in the Big Picture, but do not change it: the cupidity of human nature is eternal. The House of Hyde The Oligarchs used the CIA to get what they wanted in 1963, used the CIA to get what they wanted in Vietnam, used the CIA to get what they wanted to launch the campaign against Saddam Hussein after 9/11, and, unless subjected to oversights, will continue to use the CIA to get what they want today. We can demonstrate the power of the Oligarchy (give it any name you like) by simply examining a classic example: the CIA invasion of Guatemala that occurred during the Eisenhower administration. ### The United Fruit Octopus A visiting professor at University of Texas wrote: "The U.S. invaded Guatemala in 1954, Arbenz was overthrown and land he had given back to the peasants was restored to the United Fruit company. Dulles called it "a new and glorious chapter to the already great tradition of the American States." The invasion was hyped as taking a stand against "international communism." Walter Bedell Smith, Director of the CIA before Dulles, became President of United Fruit after Arbenz was overthrown. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles had been legal advisor to United Fruit. His brother, CIA Director Allen Dulles was President of United Fruit. Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs John Moors Cabot was a large shareholder of United Fruit. U.N. Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge ignored Arbenz' pleas for help when Guatemala was invaded. Lodge was on the board of directors of United Fruit. "The day after the invasion the Guatemalan Government urged the UN Security Council to be convened to deal with the events, but was turned down by the President of the Security Council, Henry Cabot Lodge."4 "Now we Western consumers still get cheap fruit," says the author, "the United Fruit Company still gets its massive profits, and Guatemalan children still go hungry." ### Who Dare Call It Treason? Later, we will demonstrate that Henry Cabot Lodge was willing to betray the interests of John F. Kennedy, but here, we need to look at his family's pedigree: this was old blood, derived from the scions that established monopolies and made huge fortunes on railroads, trade, oil and drugs, replete with elite inter-family connections, many of which persist to the present day. James Bradley offers some background in The Imperial Cruise: A Secret History of Empire and War: The Cabot family of Boston endowed Harvard with opium money... while Yale's famous Skull and Bones society was funded by the biggest American opium dealers of them all – the Russell family.' And add to that list John and Robert Forbes – of the Boston Forbeses, whose line includes current U.S. Secretary of State John Forbes Kerry. That's an awful lot of drug money in the hands of the nation's elite.5 Interesting connections between these hyper-powerful, inter-related families and the Kennedy assassination include their encounters with accused assassin Lee Harvey Oswald. ### The "Paineful" Deception I call her "the Pain." - Lee Harvey Oswald Why would Lee Oswald entrust his wife and beloved little daughter to the Paines? Did he believe they were working, as he was, against Castro? Larry Hancock, in Someone Would Have Talked, mentions a little-known manuscript about Dallas detective Buddy Walthers (known for having picked up a bullet from the grass in Dealey Plaza), as written by author Eric Tagg and reported in Hancock's book: Walthers told Tagg that they "found six or seven metal filing cabinets full of letters, maps, records and index cards with names of pro-Castro sympathizers." (...footnotes on p. 552) This is absolutely startling of course, since, combined with the work of Carol Hewett, Steve Jones, and Barbara La Monica, it essentially cinches the case that the Paines were domestic surveillance agents in the Cold War against communism. (Hancock notes how the Warren Commission and Wesley Liebeler forced Walthers to backtrack on this point and then made it disappear in the "Speculation and Rumors" part of the report).6 Jim DiEugenio reviewed James Douglass' excellent JFK and the Unspeakable, where he revealed still more about Michel Paine: Michael Paine did not just work at Bell Helicopter. He did not just have a security clearance there. His stepfather, Arthur Young, invented the Bell helicopter. His mother, Ruth Forbes Paine Young, was descended from the Boston Brahmin Forbes family – one of the oldest in America. She was a close friend of Mary Bancroft. Mary Bancroft worked with Allen Dulles as a spy during World War II in Switzerland. This is where Dulles got many of his ideas on espionage, which he would incorporate as CIA Director under Eisenhower. Bancroft also became Dulles' friend and lover. She herself called Ruth Forbes, "a very good friend of mine."7(p. 169) ### Michael the Enabler Michael Paine owned the house where Lee Oswald's wife and daughters were staying. Michael took Lee to area political meetings, including the ACLU, yet told the Warren Commission he "disliked" the man. Researcher Linda Minor says "Michael Paine had worked for the Franklin Institute [in Philadelphia], a conduit for CIA funds. He then worked for defense contractor Bell Helicopter."8 Michael... was the son of Lyman Paine & Ruth Forbes (Paine) Young – well-known socialists. His father had once been denounced by Lee Oswald's hero, Herbert Philbrick, who posed as a communist to funnel information about area communists to the FBI. Michael visited his family twice a week, including Fridays, when Lee was also usually present. Knowing that these people were supposedly patriotic Quakers, it was strange that it was okay with Michael and Ruth Paine to let Lee Oswald's subversive "Communist" mail be delivered to their house in Irving, as Michael revealed to the Warren Commission: **Mr.** **LIEBELER** : Did you know that Oswald received mail at your house from Irving, Tex? **Mr. PAINE** : Yes. **Mr.** **LIEBELER** : Do you know what kind of mail he received? **Mr. PAINE** : I suppose he used it as the mailing address for most of his mail until he would receive, get a permanent address, so he received the _Daily Worker_ there, or _The Worker,_ and also, I didn't see it come, I don't generally see the mail that arrives there. Most of my mail would arrive at that address even though I was living somewhere else because I also didn't feel permanent in my other addresses, so Ruth would collect the mail and separated mine into a separate pile. I didn't see the Militant arrive. I did see various Russian magazines, _Agitateur_ , maybe a very large one. A very large one and the _Daily Worker, The Worker_.9 We wonder if Michael ever spoke to his mother about Lee Oswald and his communist literature. He should have. To believe that nobody in these circles would admit knowing who Lee Oswald really was, or that they had never heard his name before the assassination, defies belief. After all, Michael's mother, Ruth Forbes Young – Mary Bancroft's close friend – also had ties to the CIA through the powerful Cord Meyer, Jr. In 1945, Ruth Forbes was an elite member of the World Federalist Movement whose prestige could not be ignored. The WFM was funded and run by Meyer, who became its president in 1947. Cord, recruited personally by Allen W. Dulles into the CIA, knew his wife, Mary Pinchot Meyer, was JFK's mistress. She was brutally murdered after the Kennedy assassination, her diary stolen by James Jesus Angleton. Ruth Hyde Paine, Michael's wife, arranged for Lee Oswald to take a temporary job at the Texas School Book Depository. This is strange, because the job was arranged in mid-October, long after the big rush of orders for schoolbooks was over. Two employees were already locating books to fill the ever-fewer orders every day, and a new temporary hire at the "other" building owned by the TSBD had been let go. Ruth and Michael Paine Former TSBD employee Roy Lewis told the 4th Annual JFK Assassination Conference in Dallas that he personally trained Lee on how to fill book orders, and he and Wesley Buell Frazier (another new hire) were the TSBD's two order-fillers. Lee would bring that number to three. Judyth Baker says Roy Truly, the Supervisor, "thought Lee was working for the FBI and was in the building on a special assignment." This might account for the fact that initially, Truly told Officer Marrion Baker that Lee Oswald was okay, when Baker encountered Lee in the TSBD after Kennedy was shot, even though Lee had only been working there a little more than five weeks. The building itself had long been owned by David Harold Byrd, LBJ's Texas oil magnate friend. On the JFK Conspiracy website, we are told that: Byrd probably also knew George de Mohrenschildt, David Atlee Phillips and George Bush through the Dallas Petroleum Club. In 1945, future club member de Mohrenschildt obtained a master's degree in petroleum engineering after eighteen months at the University of Texas at Austin. During that year he was investigated by the FBI and ONI. That same year he worked under Warren W. Smith, president of Pantipec Oil, owned by the parents of William F. Buckley, Jr. Smith and de Mohrenschildt soon quit and formed the Cuban-Venezuelan Oil Voting Trust Company. When Castro took over, this company forfeited oil leases covering about half of Cuba. Jack Crichton of Army Intelligence Reserve Service, mentioned earlier, had also worked under Warren Smith at Pantipec, which sells to Sun Oil. By 1957, George de Mohrenschildt had established himself in oil ventures ranging from wildcat drilling to aerial surveillance and had begun working for the CIA. It is probable that Byrd knew David Ferrie and he definitely knew the very top Air Force brass through Civil Air Patrol (CAP). CAP Captain David Ferrie was CAP cadet Lee Harvey Oswald's trainer. Byrd was a co-founder of Civil Air Patrol. Displayed in his office, at 1110 Tower Petroleum Building in Dallas, were many pictures of himself in uniform with aviation dignitaries and Air Force Generals...10 Education Forum leader and author John Simkin writes: Byrd's cousin was Harry F. Byrd... "the leader of conservative opinion in the United States." Byrd also had a close relationship with Sam Rayburn, Lyndon Johnson and John Connally. As Byrd pointed out in his autobiography. "...Sam Rayburn, Morrie Sheppard, John Connally, and Lyndon Johnson on the national scene were to become men I could go to any time that I wanted action, and so were a succession of Texas governors." Byrd later sold off his oil companies and developed Temco Aircraft, the company for which Lyndon Johnson's hitman, Mac Wallace, worked in Dallas in 1961. Wallace knew the city well. LBJ secretly lobbied for Wallace when he was on trial for the murder of John Kinser: though found guilty and expected to go to the electric chair, Wallace walked free on a 5-year probation. Barr McClellan points out that Byrd, along with Clint Murchison, H. L. Hunt and Sid Richardson, was part of the "Big Oil" group in Dallas. Less-known is that Dr. Alton Ochsner of New Orleans was their doctor-on-call, their poker buddy and their confidant, to whom they awarded big donations, more Cadillacs than he could drive, and with whom they shared their secrets. Because of Lee's involvement in the New Orleans Project, Ochsner was able to monitor Oswald's activities and whereabouts.11 McClellan argues that "Big Oil would be during the fifties and into the sixties what the OPEC oil cartel was to the United States in the seventies and beyond."12 President Kennedy was a threat to them in many ways: he planned to cut their oil depletion allowance, was "soft" on communism, and, as David Ferrie told Judyth Baker, "slow to go to war." Byrd was a member of the Dallas Petroleum Club. It has been argued that it was here that he met George de Mohrenschildt, David Atlee Phillips and George H. W. Bush. Richard Bartholomew suggested in "Byrds, Planes, and an Automobile" that Byrd knew David Ferrie via the Civil Air Patrol.13 Tony Atzenhoffer was in the Civil Air Patrol in 1955 at the Moisant Airport. He knew David Ferrie and Lee Harvey Oswald. He told me that DH Byrd was in charge of the Louisiana and Texas regions of the Civil Air Patrol. He came to Moisant Airport on special occasions such as orientation meetings for new recruits. Thus Byrd knew Ferrie and was part of that New Orleans Civil Air Patrol milieu.14 ### "Helpful" Ruth Paine and her CIA Family The TSBD overlooked Dealey Plaza, the perfect site for Kennedy's kill. Ruth Paine was used to make certain Oswald would be placed there. She directly called Roy Truly, a manager at the TSBD. At the same time, though Ruth Paine received two phone calls for Lee, concerning a much better job – handling cargo at an executive airport that paid $100 more per month (the equivalent today of $750 more per month) – she never told Lee about the much better job waiting for him. Ruth told the Warren Commission that her father, William Avery Hyde, was "an insurance underwriter" (p. 170), but there was more to it than that. "One month after the Warren Report was issued, Mr. Hyde received a three-year government contract from the Agency for International Development (AID). He became their regional adviser for all of Latin America. As was revealed in the seventies, AID was riddled with CIA operatives. To the point that some called it an extension of the Agency. Hyde's reports were forwarded both to the State Department and the CIA."15 Ruth Paine's older sister, Sylvia Hyde Hoke, lived in Falls Church, Virginia in 1963, where Ruth stayed in September of 1963 "while traveling across country. (p. 170) Falls Church adjoins Langley, which was then the new headquarters of the Central Intelligence Agency, a prized project of Allen Dulles." Douglass added that: It was from Falls Church that Ruth Paine journeyed to New Orleans to pick up Marina Oswald, who she had been introduced to by George DeMohrenschildt. After she picked Marina up, she deposited her in her home in Irving, Texas. Thereby separating Marina from Lee at the time of the assassination. Skimming Douglass' work, we learn that: It turned out that John Hoke, Sylvia's husband, also worked for AID. And her sister Sylvia worked directly for the CIA itself. By the time of Ruth's visit, Sylvia had been employed by the Agency for eight years. In regards to this interestingly timed visit to her sister, Jim Garrison asked Ruth some pointed questions when she appeared before a grand jury in 1968. Garrison's grand jury asked a lot of questions of Ruth, and in every instance, she replied "no" to the following: Did she know her sister had a classified file in the National Archives? No. Did she know why her sister's files were kept secret? No. Did she know what agency her sister worked for? "The uninquiring Ruth said she did not know. (p. 171)." What is known is that Marina Oswald avoided Ruth Paine as much as she could after the assassination. When Marina was questioned by Garrison's grand jury, as well, she was asked "if she still associated with Ruth Paine." Marina replied that she didn't, upon the advice of the Secret Service. She then elaborated on this by explaining that the S.S. had told her it would look bad if the public found out the "connection between me and Ruth and CIA." An assistant DA then asked, "In other words, you were left with the distinct impression that she was in some way connected with the CIA?" Marina replied simply, "Yes."16(p. 173) ### The Money Order, the Blanket and the Cameras Lee Oswald had allowed his wife and child to be associated with CIA-provided caretakers he trusted. He must have first thought it was a safe arrangement, surrounded as they were by CIA informants and affiliates. "As time went on, Lee's concerns for his family in the hands of the Paines grew," Judyth tells us. "However, Marina was content to stay put. She had access to someone who spoke Russian, she could go in a car with Ruth everywhere, there was a washing machine in the kitchen, and a TV set in the living room. She was in no hurry to resume life with Lee. This was a relief to him, since the CIA promised he could return to Mexico City by Christmas. Marina was interested in making a living teaching Russian. Lee knew the covert CIA community would find work for her, and he could divorce her. Then we'd get married. I kept my suitcase, packed, under the bed, waiting for the time when Lee could go on with his life." But the Paines had their own plans. Besides the fact that Michael Paine was a dead-ringer for Lee Oswald, which could explain so many false sightings, evidence kept emerging from the Paines to implicate him. Researcher David Josephs tells us "The Evidence is the Conspiracy."17 In other words, we now know that such a massive amount of faked and planted evidence exists that it boggles the mind. For the sake of brevity, we will only provide three choice examples here. We will also show how some of the links to the planted and faked evidence point to the conspirators. ### The Money Order The Warren Commission stated as "fact" that Lee Oswald ordered and owned the "Mannlicher Carcano" rifle (first identified as a Mauser rifle). This "fact" has long been demolished by Gil Jesus, John Armstrong, Sylvia Meagher, Jim Marrs, Linda Minor, Dr. James Fetzer, David Josephs and others. Their cogent arguments can be easily found on the Internet. Rather than repeat everything, here we offer just one example of why we can't believe Lee Oswald ever owned the rifle: the postal money order that "Hidell" (supposedly Oswald) used for its purchase. The problem is that the bank that supposedly received the money order never cashed it. Instead, we have the signatures of FBI officers filling up the space where the "cashed" stamp should be. For those who wonder, neither the routing number on the top of the PMO or the bulk deposit slip provided by Klein's prove the First National Bank of Chicago was actually paid by the Chicago Federal Reserve Bank (FRB). It is not stamped, as it should have been, by First National Bank of Chicago. "[A]n FRB routing number... means nothing... when not accompanied by First's stamp. Nothing. There is no proof, none whatsoever, [that] First got credited for its payment to Klein's... banks routinely stamp every item they present to FRBs. If an FRB doesn't check for bank stamps, or accepts items that are not stamped, it does so at its own peril."18 It can be argued that the bank "forgot" to stamp the money order, but we would like to see a single proven example of such an error on any other Postal Money Order. The Kennedy assassination evidence records are filled with example after example of "exceptions" and "coincidences" that defy logic or significant statistical probability. The Postal Money Order, with markings by handwriting experts to "prove" Lee Oswald wrote the information. There is an ethical problem involved here, because these efforts were made on what was supposed to be the original, but the original was not placed into evidence, only copies, so we must take the word of the WC experts. This is a photocopy of the original: pen pressure, the ink's chemical analysis and much more is impossible to assess. The original has been withheld from further inspection and examination. The back of the Postal Money Order: this copy (of some 6) was damaged by testing for fingerprints. The space where the missing stamp belongs has been filled with the names of FBI agents. As an example of the length to which disinfo agents will go, anti-Oswald critic David Von Pein, trained at the hip of John McAdams, attempted to argue that the small rectangular holes punched into the money order was evidence the bank cashed the money order. But as researcher Sandy Larsen pointed out on Nov. 10, 2015, the holes were created at the same time the postal order was manufactured, as a security feature.19 The five round holes at the other end were punched at the post office when the money order was purchased and coded out as "02145" (representing $21.45, the value of the money order punched into the card by the post office when it was purchased).20 Almost laughable efforts to deny the findings by Von Pein and his supporter, Jean Davison, included Von Pein's offering a 2011 Postal Money order, which showed anti-forgery special printing all over it, as an example of a money order that did not have holes in it: There were other problems, such as Klein's sent no ammunition with the rifle order, nor a clip, though both were "found" with the rifle. Michael, an Oswald lookalike, would have his own stories to tell about the rifle: "When Michael was hauled back down to the DP headquarters on Saturday, November 23rd, for a formal affidavit, the FBI (Harrison)[had] also interviewed him. Michael told him that he had never seen a rifle or other weapon in the possession of Oswald."21 (later, he would change his story.) ### The Clean Blanket "Lee slept at [Ruth's] house on November 21, 1963. Ruth Paine claimed that the so-called JFK murder rifle (which was artfully linked to Oswald) was stored in the Paine's garage for 55 days. How this rifle was used for target practice when it was supposedly wrapped in a blanket during that time in a garage located miles from where Oswald stayed in a rented room remains one of the wonderful mysteries that the Warren Commission overlooked."22 Having given no statement on Friday night, Michael now claimed that he had seen the shape of a heavy pipe-like object wrapped in a rough blanket tied up with a string in the garage at the Irving house. He had picked it up to move it out of the way to get to his power saw, which was also stored in the garage. Michael dismissed the lumpy bundle as tenting equipment of some type belonging to the Oswalds. To the questions from Atty. Liebeler for the Warren Commission testimony, Michael described three separate times he had to step over or move the bundle in his garage."23 We look with amazement on Michael's story. We're asked to believe that this intelligent man, a physicist who had trouble "assembling a simple vibration meter" due to his shock when he first heard of the assassination, failed to recognize that a heavy rifle was inside what Marina Oswald described as her baby June's "favorite blanket." Michel claimed he lifted it and moved it more than once and stepped over it more than once. Now the key term here is "power saw." Both Michael and Ruth describe using a big electric table saw for their woodworking projects which were underway in their littered garage.24 **Mrs. PAINE** : [Michael] did still cut occasionally something on the saws. Indeed, I did, too. I like to make children's blocks. I am trying to think when I last, if it is pertinent, when I used the saw. **Mr.** **McCLOY** : Did you use the saw while the blanket was on floor? **Mrs. PAINE** : Yes; I believe so. **Mr.** **McCLOY** : You had to step over the blanket to do that? **Mrs. PAINE** : Or around it. **Mr.** **McCLOY** : Or around it. But in the course of your use of the saw you never had the necessity or the occasion to readjust the blanket or move it in any way? **Mrs. PAINE** : No. Ruth Paine said she was 'lacquering wooden blocks" [actually two 5-foot-long boxes] made of planks she had smoothed with a plane the night before that fateful Friday. Everyone was sleeping and it was well after midnight when she entered the garage; she says she noticed the blanket on the garage floor. It had been there for weeks, she said. Yet the blanket, supposedly lying amidst sawdust and trash, had no wood shavings on it, and was clean – amazingly clean. The Paine garage : WCE 135 This clean, fuzzy blanket was supposedly lying on the Paines' dirty garage floor, which was littered with sawdust, for 55 days. Briefly, upon Lee Oswald's move to New Orleans, the rifle had been loaded into Ruth Paine's car and taken, with Marina, Junie and their possessions, to Paine's home in Irving. About two weeks later, the rifle was loaded up again into the station wagon, along with everything else (possibly by Michel Paine) and Marina was driven to New Orleans. There the rifle was supposedly unpacked yet again. Lee was also supposed to have dry-fired the rifle on his porch for hours throughout September, though not one neighbor saw any such thing, though they seemed eager to describe everything they could to show Lee Oswald was no-good, such as complaining about his nocturnal use of their garbage cans. In late September, once more the rifle was supposedly loaded into the Paine station wagon, supposedly by Lee. Since Ruth Paine was a Quaker who supposedly objected to rifles, why didn't Marina say something to her about the rifle? Since at that time, Lee and Marina thought they'd never see each other again (see the book Me & Lee as well as Johnson-McMillan's Marina and Lee), why would Lee risk offending the Quakers by sending a cheap rifle to Texas? A mystery, indeed. The rifle was unloaded from the car in Irving (likely by Michael), then placed where the young children could easily find it, in plain sight, on the dirty floor by the table saw, where everyone would keep stepping over it/on it/and keep moving it, for the next 55 days. Then, knowing that Lee visited the Paine home every weekend, why did Lee allow the rifle to stay in plain sight as well? Sensible people should realize there was no rifle in the Paine garage. Even more mysterious is Marina's discovery – and reaction – to finding out what was in the baby blanket at last, as we learn when she was questioned by the Warren Commission after her isolation of some six weeks, under the watchful eye of the Secret Service: **Mr.** **RANKIN** : Was the rifle carried in some kind of a case when you went back with Mrs. Paine? **Mrs. OSWALD** : After we arrived, I tried to put the bed, the child's crib together, the metallic parts, and I looked for a certain part, and I came upon something wrapped in a blanket. I thought that was part of the bed, but it turned out to be the rifle...<snip> **Mr.** **RANKIN** : After your husband returned from Mexico, did you examine the rifle in the garage at any time? **Mrs. OSWALD** : I had never examined the rifle in the garage. It was wrapped in a blanket and was lying on the floor. **Mr.** **RANKIN** : Did you ever check to see whether the rifle was in the blanket? **Mrs. OSWALD** : I never checked to see that. There was only once that I was interested in finding out what was in that blanket, and I saw that it was a rifle. **Mr.** **RANKIN** : When was that? **Mrs. OSWALD** : About a week after I came from New Orleans. **Mr.** **RANKIN** : And then you found that the rifle was in the blanket, did you? **Mrs. OSWALD** : Yes, I saw the wooden part of it, the wooden stock." Now we will apply some common sense to the picture. Upon seeing that the blanket hid a rifle, this pregnant woman's normal reaction should have been one of fear. What if Ruth or Michael ever looked inside the blanket, and saw the rifle? After all, it was in plain view, lying underfoot, in front of their big table-saw, which they both used from time to time. Not only did the Paines describe stepping over it all the time, but Michael said he picked it up and moved it at least twice, though obviously not far. Michael also said he thought the blanket held some kind of "camping equipment." These people were Quakers – anti the Bomb, anti-war, anti-guns. Ruth Paine would not even let her little boy have a toy gun! How was it possible that Marina said nothing? Would she not at least move the rifle out of sight? Remember, Marina had testified that her husband was a violent man. According to Marina, previously Lee had shot at Gen. Walker with this rifle. He later tried to go out, she said, planning to shoot Nixon. We are to believe that she did nothing. Said nothing. At the least, why didn't she demand that Lee remove the rifle from the premises? As for Lee, this was supposed to be his rifle, but he allowed it to remain in full view, ready to be discovered at any time, for the 45 days he was in Dallas. Knowing the connections the Paines had with the CIA, and how Marina was under coercion and pressure, why should we believe a rifle was inside the blanket? Because the Paines told us so? Besides Marina, only George deMohrenschildt and his wife – Lee's CIA-connected friends – ever stated they actually saw a rifle, until Michael Paine would say, years later, that he once saw the rifle, too. All three of these "witnesses" had a lot to lose if they did not cooperate. Early on the afternoon of Nov. 22, after Kennedy was shot, six police came suddenly to the Paine residence. Ruth Paine did not act surprised, inviting them in and saying she had been expecting them. Next, Ruth steered the police into the garage, with Marina at her side. Michael Paine told the Warren Commission that he was present when the police came, but for some reason, Ruth never mentions him.25 What she did there deserves our attention, because it proves she knew the blanket was empty: **Mr.** **JENNER** : How many police officers were there? **Mrs. PAINE** : There were six altogether, and they were busy in various parts of the house. The officer asked me in the garage did Lee Oswald have any weapons or guns. I said no, and translated the question to Marina, and she said yes; that she had seen a portion of it--had looked into--she indicated the blanket roll on the floor. [Note: we have to trust 'what' Ruth Paine actually told Marina] **Mr.** **JENNER** : Was the blanket roll on the floor at that time? **Mrs. PAINE** : She indicated the blanket roll on the floor very close to where I was standing. As she told me about it I stepped onto the blanket roll. Consider what she has done. Marina says there is a rifle inside the blanket, and at that, the Quaker woman who supposedly abhors guns steps onto the blanket within which is a deadly weapon. Who would do such a thing? What if it was loaded? What if she broke something? In fact, Ruth Paine stepped on the blanket to show that she knew it was empty. The Warren Commission's lawyer, however, will act as if this evidence of lying is a good thing: **Mr.** **JENNER** : This might be helpful. You had shaped that up yesterday and I will just put it on the floor. [puts blanket on floor] **Mrs. PAINE** : And she indicated to me that she had peered into this roll and saw a portion of what she took to be a gun, she knew her husband to have, a rifle. And I then translated this to the officers that she knew that her husband had a gun that he had stored in here. **Mr.** **JENNER** : Were you standing on the blanket when you advised-- **Mrs. PAINE** : When I translated. I then stepped off of it and the officer picked it up in the middle and it bent so. **Mr.** **JENNER** : It hung limp just as it now hangs limp in your hand? **Mrs. PAINE** \- And at this moment I felt this man was in very deep trouble and may have done– McCloy: [former President of the World Bank – cuts her off--She must not look too eager to accuse Oswald]: Were the strings still on it? **Mrs. PAINE** : The strings were still on it. It looked exactly as it had at previous times I had seen it. It was at this point I say I made the connection with the assassination, thinking that possibly, knowing already that the shot had been made from the School Book Depository, and that this was a rifle that was missing, – I wondered if he would not also be charged before the day was out with the assassination. Below: a "substitute" blanket on display at the "restored" Paine garage today (now a museum) which is not tied up at the ends. There is no heavy, mock rifle inside. Instead, there's a roll of cardboard. After all, if it held a heavy, mock rifle and somebody picked it up, how could they believe Michael Paine's claim that he thought the blanket held a shovel and a pipe? Ruth claimed the blanket was loosely tied, meaning "a shovel and a pipe" would have moved around inside the blanket when it was lifted. A heavy, rigid rifle could have been felt through the thin blanket. Note how clean the garage floor is at the Museum. The Museum doesn't show the blanket wrapped around a rifle, as in the official photo. The real blanket was originally tied up with inferior "granny knots" that women, not Marines, tend to make. The Marine "seabag" shown is also a replica: Lee's seabags vanished after evidence against him was "found" in them. Just one more comment: there were cardboard barrels in the garage, said Marina, in which the children played. Ouch! What mother would allow her child to play around a rifle? At the very least, she should have hidden it, so the children wouldn't find it and play with it. There is more to say, but we will move on to the camera. ### The Camera Marguerite Oswald, Lee's overbearing and publicity-seeking mother, had her faults, but she had the right to be suspicious of Michael Paine after "her stay at the Paine home on Fifth Street in Irving, Texas the night of the assassination, November 22nd: Marguerite slept on the sofa in the [Paine's]front living room. Trying to sleep, she heard Marina's muffled cries in the bedroom with her children and the continued whispering coming from the bedroom of Ruth and Michael Paine. She claimed that at around 2:00 am on Saturday morning, she observed Michael Paine go through a doorway into a room which she thought was another bedroom, but later found it to be the inside door to the garage. She felt that possibly his purpose in doing so was to plant incriminating photographs of her son, Lee, and that these were subsequently found by the police during their second search [that took place] Saturday afternoon.26 The famous backyard photos were "somehow" overlooked by Dallas police the day before, despite a thorough ransacking of the Paine's garage. Lee, who under arrest was shown two prints of one photo, protested that his head had been pasted onto someone else's body. He was right. The dark blue shirt [looks black] worn in the pictures never showed up in Lee's possessions. The rifle in the backyard photos shows a sling made of rope, affixed to sling mounts located under the rifle, while the rifle removed from the TSBD shows a modified leather sling that made the rifle easy to carry upside-down. Warren Commission gun expert Shaneyfelt didn't mention to us that this sling was attached to the side of the rifle.27 To be the same rifle, the leather sling should have been attached to the fitting under the rifle. Instead, on the TSBD rifle, it's attached to the factory fitting on the side. The photo on page 309 shows an insert from one of the backyard photos. Its sling mount matches the advertisement that supposedly inspired Lee Oswald to buy the rifle from Klein's. The other insert shows part of a photo of the rifle removed from the TSBD, showing the built-in side mount. They are two different rifles. Somehow, the Warren Commission never seems to have noticed. There are other problems, too. Jim Marrs, in his classic book Crossfire: the Plot that Killed Kennedy, brings up some of them: And when all three photos are brought to the same size and placed on top of each other as transparencies, nothing matches except the face of Lee Harvey Oswald. Oswald's assessment that the photos are superimposed fakes has been confirmed by two foreign authorities. In 1977, Major John Pickard, commander of the photographic department at the Canadian Defense Department, made these statements after studying the backyard pictures: The pictures have the earmarks of being faked. The shadows fall in conflicting directions. The shadow of Oswald's nose falls in one direction and that of his body in another. The photos were shot from a slightly different angle, a different distance, with the gun in a different hand. So if one photo is laid on top of another, nothing could match exactly. Yet, impossibly, while one body is bigger, in the other the heads match perfectly, bearing out Oswald's charge that his head was pasted on an incriminating photograph. Before Marina was taken away and separated from Lee's mother, Marguerite, not long after they spent their last night in Ruth Paine's home, Marina secretly showed Marguerite a backyard photo (this is how Marguerite knew about them). They were both terrified: Marina had placed the photo in her shoe, but now they decided to destroy it. It's important to remember that Marina destroyed only one photo – the one she showed Marguerite, which was hidden in her shoe. It seems clear that she only had one photo and knew of no others. Since Marina spoke little English, we don't know if the photo had been planted among her possessions or if, as she later stated, Lee had actually given her this photo. We do know that other photos showed up later, and that Marina, under coercing pressure, finally said under oath that Lee made her take two photos of him (which she later changed to three) and that he put one of the photos in his daughter's baby book. After that, Marina could not deny, even years later, that she took the photos without perjuring herself. So, did Marina really take the photos? Marina described taking the photos at eye level, through the viewfinder, but the clumsy, cheap camera that took the photos had to be used at waist level. She initially said she thought the camera was black, when it was white. She said Lee had to come to her to forward the film for her each time she took a photo of him. Once again, Jim Marrs adds interesting details: There is also considerable question regarding the camera reportedly used to make these photographs. Oswald's brother Robert claimed to have obtained the camera from the Paine home on December 8, 1963. He said he did not mention it to authorities because he didn't realize anyone would be interested. Robert was only told the camera belonged to his brother by Ruth Paine and the FBI did not receive the camera until February 24, 1964. About that time, Marina was shown two cameras but failed to identify either as belonging to her husband. When the government got the camera, it was inoperable. FBI photographic expert Lyndal L. Shaneyfelt told the Warren Commission, "In order to be able to make a photograph with the camera, I had to make slight repairs to the shutter lever, which had been bent. I straightened it and cleaned the lens in order to remove the dirt which had accumulated." Finally, in June 1964, Marina identified the camera as the one she used to take the photographs. Marina, who originally claimed to have taken only one picture, revised this statement in her testimony to the commission in February 1964. She said, "I had even forgotten that I had taken two photographs. 1 thought there was only one. I thought there were two identical pictures, but they turned out to be two different poses." Much later, Marina told researchers that she took photos of Lee from a different direction. That is all she could do, under the threat of being charged with perjury. The camera, an Imperial Reflex, was cheap and crude. Lee Oswald, who described himself as a photographer by trade, would have scorned to use it. Once again, Marina is involved. The camera was "found" by Lee's brother, Robert Oswald, who came to the garage, he said, to pick up anything there that might belong to him. Such a quaint excuse, since everything from Lee's flip-flops to some venetian blinds that belonged to Ruth Paine had already been stripped from the garage. Indeed, why did Robert Oswald visit the garage at all, since he lived in Denton, Texas and hadn't seen his brother since Thanksgiving, 1962? Why would Robert think it was worth a trip to the Paine garage to see if he could find anything there that belonged to him? It would be a mystery, until we learn more about Marina's situation. On Nov. 26, Ruth's mother, Carol Hyde, attempted to get control of Marina. She wrote to Ruth that Marina could stay at her home, rent free, for the winter.28 But it was too late. By then, it was rumored that Robert had been photographed in a compromising position with Marina while they were visiting his brother's gravesite. Robert may only have been comforting a crying widow, which in a photo could look suspicious, but what we do know is that after the visit to the gravesite, Robert Oswald suddenly stopped defending his brother. He began to agree that Lee killed JFK. By this time, demands to produce the camera that took the incriminating backyard photos had become impossible to ignore. We believe that Robert devised a cover story to explain his "find": he claimed Lee gave him the camera when he left for the Soviet Union, then asked for it back when he returned. The idea that Lee Oswald would ask for the cheap camera back, when he had at least three fine cameras of his own, beggars belief, since for some reason, Lee never asked Robert to give him back his stamp collection, which Robert would later sell for a tidy sum. ### Applying Common Sense Disgracefully misleading posts against Lee Oswald, written or promoted by John McAdams, include this amazing comment about Lee's Minox spy camera: "Conspiracy minded authors like Gus Savage claim that a Minox camera is visible in the photo." [Authors: the photo of Lee's belongings was supplied by Dallas police]. McAdams: "The photograph actually shows a Minox camera case only and a Minox light meter."29 McAdams asks us to believe Lee Oswald never owned a Minox, even though the photos shows Minox film, and he states that a Minox camera case and light meter were present. Are we supposed to believe that Lee liked to collect things named "Mino": but not the camera itself? In fact, the Minox was in the case, until the FBI removed it. We know this because Officer Guy Rose, who found the Minox spy camera among Lee's possessions, refused to follow orders to say the camera was actually a Minox light meter, observing that he removed Minox film from the camera. Here is a description of the "Small German camera & Black Case on Chain & Film" that we see on the original inventory list, that McAdams himself shows us in the same article: Here is the police inventory card showing clearly the list of Lee's cameras, including the "MIXOX" (Minox), a list that was made before everything was sent on to the FBI:30 Because the camera was removed from the case, McAdams claims it never existed. We wonder how that claim would hold up in court. It's important because the registration number on the Minox showed it did not come from Minox cameras sold to civilians, but instead came from Minox cameras sold to the U.S. government. #### From Marina Oswald's Warren Commission testimony: **Mr.** **THORNE** : Exhibit 136 is a camera contained within a leather case. **Mrs. OSWALD** : This is a Russian camera. **Mr.** **RANKIN** : Is that the camera you used to take the pictures you have referred to? **Mrs. OSWALD** : I don't remember exactly whether it was an American camera or this. **Mr.** **RANKIN** : But this was one of your cameras, or your husband's cameras? **Mrs. OSWALD** : My husband's camera... Are we to believe that Marina Oswald couldn't remember which camera she used? But there's more: the Paines were very cooperative about all those searches. They willingly gave their testimonies to the Warren Commission, the FBI, the CIA, and the press. After all, it was a "family affair." Ruth's sister worked for the CIA as a psychologist. Lee's Dallas handler, George de Mohrenschildt, knew Ruth's wealthy father Lyman: both had worked for the CIA. The CIA considered Lyman for an assignment in Viet Nam. Ruth claimed she was unaware of her family's CIA connections. We have to ask why the HSCA never called Ruth Paine as a witness. Was it because it would have revealed unwanted connections to the Warren Commission's Allen Dulles? Researcher-lawyer Linda Minor noted that Ruth's mother's "husband was also involved with the CIA and Naval Intelligence, and worked under a USAID cover." Minor added: "Ruth and Michael Paine both described Oswald as a Trotskyite Communist." But even in the USSR, Lee Oswald refused to join the Communist Party. **Linda** **Minor** : Michael Paine's father [was a] long-time Trotskyite, suspected of being a government plant in the Socialist Worker's Party, parent group of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee. On the phone with Michael after the assassination, he said to Michael, "we both know who was responsible" for the assassination.... Dulles told a friend that conspiracy theorists would have a field day if they knew he had been in Dallas three weeks before the assassination, as well as being linked to the Paines.31 ### Tracy Barnes' Role in the JFK Assassination Officer Deneselya's belief that Tracy Barnes would have had a significant role to play in the JFK assassination was well founded. Barnes was a key assassination expert employed first by the OSS and later by the CIA. A physically active man, during World War II, Barnes parachuted into France on 5th August, 1944. According to his Silver Star citation: "The liquidation of a detachment of several hundred of the enemy was largely attributable to his courage and initiative, when, after unsuccessful attempts to effect a surrender, he and a French officer, armed only with carbines, opened fire, constantly changing firing positions to convey the impression of a larger force."32 Barnes worked closely with both Richard Helms and Allen Dulles during the war. After the war, Dulles brought his Golden Boy into the CIA. By 1960, Barnes was Assistant Deputy Directorate of Plans under Richard Bissell, responsible for CIA's Black Operations, including Executive Actions – black ops designed to remove a sitting head of a government – by assassination or other means – carried out by the CIA, sometimes without the permission or knowledge of the President. Allen Dulles, Richard Bissell, John F. Kennedy and John McCone: upon inspection, these men can be numbered among Kennedy's mortal enemies. With the approval of Dulles, Bissell put Barnes in charge of the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba in April 1961.33 Despite disastrous results there, by 1962, Barnes headed the secretive Domestic Operations Division (DOD): DOD offices were opened across the United States, even though the original charter for the CIA clearly stated that it was to be an intelligence gathering organization only. There was never to be any use of CIA domestically. Though CIA was not supposed to operate domestically, and the FBI attempted to rein in CIA interference, the CIA began violating its charter almost immediately. Next, Barnes re-organized the entire division, enhancing its effectiveness. Few know about the DOB – Domestic Operations Base, OSS/CIA – which was already functioning overseas before 1950. This highly secretive, compartmentalized unit was never meant to be officially recognized. Today the DOB is believed to have continued to operate invisibly and secretly as a main facet of the shadow government within the United States – a hidden, parallel government ruling behind the scenes. As former President Bill Clinton succinctly put it, on an unrelated issue: "There's a government inside the government and I don't control it."34 ### Robert Morrow: Attempts to "Solve the Case" **Edward** **Schwartz** : In early to mid-1963 our source, Donald Deneselya, was called to a group meeting in a conference room at a CIA headquarters building on North Washington Street in Alexandria, Virginia where Tracy Barnes told them he was now in charge of the Domestic Operations Base. According to Deneselya, Barnes' appointment represented a major reorganization of the CIA with the power, cover, assets and authority to coordinate the Kennedy assassination. CIA technical services officer and contractor Robert Morrow, a controversial figure whose claims are not always verifiable, says he worked under Tracy Barnes. In 2008, author Dick Russell's assessment of the Barnes-Morrow relationship was featured in his 2008 book, On the Trail of the JFK Assassins: A Groundbreaking Look at America's Most Infamous Conspiracy. Russell learned that Morrow's "...initial recruitment by the CIA grew out of his confidential relationship with Cuban exile leader Mario Garcia Kohly [founder of the Cuban Revolutionary Council (CRC)]." Morrow claims to have maintained fairly regular contact until Fall of 1963 with former CIA Deputy Director Charles Cabell (Kennedy had fired Cabell after his role in the Bay of Pigs debacle), as well as contacts with case officer "Ed Kendricks," (perhaps an AKA for E. Howard Hunt's one-time boss of covert operations, Tracy Barnes). On a mission to Europe, Morrow says, the CIA arranged for him to make a clandestine $240,000 arms purchase for Mario Kohly's Cuban underground. The deal was consummated through a Dallas man named 'Jake,' who Morrow says was Jack Ruby, and a CIA front called PERMINDEX. " (CIA consultant Clay Shaw, in New Orleans, was a Director of Permindex. New Orleans will keep coming to the fore in every study of the Kennedy assassination.) During that same European trip, Morrow says, "the CIA had him pick up an envelope in Paris from an American just returned from the Soviet Union. In the envelope, he was told, was 'the information wanted from 'Harvey,' and had been secreted out of Minsk.' Note that 'Harvey' is Lee Harvey Oswald's middle name. Recently many people have been persuaded that "Harvey" and "Lee" were separate individuals who had the same name. This is an error that has twisted the truth so grievously that we must address it, briefly, at this time: ### Misinformation About "Harvey" and "Lee" **Judyth Vary** **Baker** : Lee Oswald may have used the name "Harvey" in some communications, but that does not mean there was a separate "Harvey" and a separate "Lee" as Armstrong and some others insist. Lee also used the name "Hidell." And some of Lee's military files have "Henry" as Lee's middle name, separating Lee's covert and overt activities for the astute observer. That doesn't mean that a "Hidell" a "Harvey" a "Henry" and a "Lee" were four separate people. To separate out times that Lee used 'Harvey' as the activities of a separate "Harvey" – and that a separate "Lee" existed – required considerable juggling of the truth and the insertion of a number of unsupported reports from tipsters and uncorroborated sources. I have also found misquotes and misattributions used to convince people that two individuals – a "Harvey" and a "Lee" were raised from childhood to be used by the CIA. This theory has deflected researchers from discovering the true impostors who posed as Lee in Mexico City and later in Dallas. The CIA's efforts to hide Lee's activities in the USSR, so he could return safely to the U.S., were thwarted partially when Lee's mother, Marguerite, insisted that her son was in danger in the USSR. The FBI had to issue a statement that someone might be using Lee's birth certificate there. Lee had to be returned from the USSR before he was ready to do so due to his mother's actions. To create the impression that two separate people existed, for the "Harvey and Lee" theory to work, we have to have not one but two "Marguerites" –and both sets of "Marguerites" had to be known by Lee's aunt and uncle Murret and all of his cousins. One absurdity after another piles up, once all the dots are connected and one realizes that all kinds of people, including Robert Oswald, Lee's brother, had to know both "Harvey" and "Lee" since Robert has photos of "both" people. Photos of "Harvey" and "Lee" have been manipulated and distorted, as I have proven by measuring originals with later versions, to make "Harvey" and "Lee" seem to be different people. But the eyebrows, distance between eyes, slant of the eyes and the ears remain identical despite someone – Armstrong or one of his followers – making some photos fatter or leaving out details. We are stressing what Armstrong has done because his theory has caused massive divisions of opinion. Armstrong found many important and useful files, but how he interprets them leaves much to be desired. The CIA created cover stories, cover files, and fake files to protect its undercover agents and spies. Hence, Lee's passport shows a height of 5' 11" even though he was actually only 5' 9". His military records also show 5'11" – even though Lee's height on domestic material such as job application forms, as well as his autopsy measurement, shows his actual height was 5' 9". David Ferrie and Rafael Cruz (the father of 2016 Presidential candidate Ted Cruz, who denies he was CIA) have similar height discrepancies on official records versus domestic ones: Rafael Cruz was a CIA asset who assisted Lee in the Aug. 16 leafletting stunt at the Trade Mart, that helped identify pro-Castro sympathizers and Castro's spies in New Orleans, as well as to paint Lee "Red" so he could be used against Castro. Cruz was there "to watch my back," Lee told Judyth. "He is Rafaelo, the Archangel." In the prior leafletting demonstration held Aug. 9 on Canal Street, where an attention-getting "incident" was rigged, as a crowd gathered to watch, anti-Castroites in the crowd came close to beating Lee up, not knowiong he was only faking being "pro-Castro." On Aug. 16, the leafleting site was moved to the more isolated Trade Mart site for safety reasons. 35 By showing fuzzy photos of Lee taken years apart, which are stretched or fattened, Armstrong's "Harvey and Lee" photos are used to convince readers that two different persons existed. He uses photos taken in the teens, which often show a rounder, more youthful "babyface." **Judyth Vary** **Baker** : We also have both "Harvey" and "Lee" at one point living at the same time on Exchange, French Quarter, New Orleans, since Lee's friend Ed Voebel visited Lee at that time. Armstrong says a teacher dropped off poor "Harvey" at the same address at the same time. "Harvey" believers say "Harvey" lived there at the same time that Voebel himself says that "Lee" lived there. Armstrong says Voebel didn't want to admit that he knew "both" persons.. That won't do. Somehow, the school teacher – interviewed decades later – and who said she only had "Harvey" for home room and not for any classes – for a single semester, saw "Harvey" then some twenty minutes in her classes, when he was attending (which was not often, according to Armstrong). For some unexplained reason the teacher, who taught girls P.E., says "Harvey" hung around when she was teaching the girls after school was out. What I do know is that Lee would be taunted with the name "Harvey" by boys who wanted to pick a fight with him – and Lee would respond because he hated his middle name. It's my belief that the teacher remembers Lee being called "Harvey" because that's what she heard him called. As for his height at the time, I cannot trust how Armstrong pushes witnesses to remember "Harvey" as small and weak and "Lee" as big and strong. There are serious problems, too, with descriptions of Lee while he lived in New York, based on decade-old memories. To sort out such ID problems, I have written a series of essays to address the lengths to which "Harvey and Lee" defenders have had to go to twist the truth to make the theory fit. Had I not known Lee personally, I, too, might have been fooled. For example, Lee was supposed to have known no Russian, while "Harvey" was supposedly fluent from childhood as a member, according to Armstrong, of a Hungarian family that spoke Russian. Upon what basis does he assign "Harvey" as a member of such a household? On the basis of a single anonymous telephone call from New York to a relative of Mrs. J. D. Tippit, also named Mrs. Tippit, claiming that Lee Oswald's father and uncle were Hungarians and communists. Armstrong repeats this information again and again until the reader forgets the "evidence" is based on a single anonymous phone call. Though it is noted in passing in his big book, Armstrong never tells readers that Lee's half-brother, John Pic, was married to a full-blooded Hungarian. This would have been Lee Oswald's sister-in-law's father. We can see where the anonymous phone caller got mixed up. But Armstrong takes the call as solid fact that "Harvey" was raised in a Russian-speaking family! As a witness who knew Lee, I can attest that Lee worked hard at keeping up his Russian, and we know that police found Russian flash cards at his Beckley rooming house address. Would a man raised from childhood speaking and reading Russian fluently need Russian flash cards? I worked with Lee with those flash cards! Much has been made of impersonators of Lee Oswald. Indeed they existed, but by designating most of these impersonators as "Lee" – mean and nasty – while "Harvey" was a gentle boob who got framed – many researchers no longer focus on trying to learn the identity of the impersonators in Mexico City and in Dallas who worked together to frame Oswald. They are distracted into believing that "Harvey" never went to Mexico City at all, that he was a manipulated pawn who did not understand what was happening to him, and that he was entirely clueless that he was going to be framed for Kennedy's assassination. None of this is true. Lee actively worked to try to save Kennedy's life, and I stand as a living witness to the fact. Mr. Armstrong's refusal to meet me and to interview me in depth, (he talked to me for about ten minutes, by telephone, one time), his failure to view my evidence or to interview any of my living witnesses, is a stain on his research record. I don't care how angry Armstrong supporters get because I exist. Fact: Armstrong decided not to interview me because I presented information that destroyed his "Harvey and Lee" theory. So he ignored me. ### Robert Morrow's Story: Part True, Part False, CIA Slips off the Hook **Edward** **Schwartz** : Morrow asserts he was told by Cabell and "Kendricks" (a year later) that "Harvey": "was a CIA agent who had gone to Russia posing as a defector to participate in an internal security operation to make contact with the niece of a KGB colonel and arrange to get her out of Russia as a pre-condition for her uncle's defection to the West."36 "It wasn't easy. He had to slash his wrists and act like a maniac to get the girl and their baby out."37 But the "KGB colonel" – described by author-researcher Jim Marrs as "a member of the Soviet MVD (Ministry of Internal Affairs some sections of which functioned as secret police..." was "Colonel Ilya Vasilyevich Prusakov, ranking MVD officer, a leading citizen of Minsk and a Communist Party member."38 The Colonel never defected to the west. He also never had adequate authority to get Oswald transferred from Moscow all the way to Minsk, Belarus, where Lee was assigned to work in a radio factory and only met the "KGB Colonel" after meeting the niece, Marina Nikolayevna Prusakova (Марина Николаевна Прусакова). In addition, JFK assassination chronicles are replete with tales of how rifles were obtained to kill JFK. Morrow claims to be involved in that matter, too: Early in 1963, Morrow writes in his 1976 book, Betrayal, that he was asked by "Kendricks" to obtain several Mannlicher-Carcano rifles39 for delivery to Shaw's group in New Orleans. Some of these rifles Morrow believes were used against John Kennedy.40 Morrow is implying here that he picked up the rifles that were used to kill President Kennedy on orders from Tracy Barnes. **Judyth Vary** **Baker** : Respected rifle expert Robert Prudhomme has explained that nobody would deliberately choose the rifle Lee Oswald supposedly used – for anything! Prudhomme stated: "And while we're at it, what is this '3-5' circle" that SA Frazier [for the FBI]claims to have shot with Oswald's rifle at 100 yards...? If I had a rifle that shot 5" groups at 100 yards, I would use it as a fencepost in the tomato patch." As for me, I observed these rifles for sale in bins in New Orleans for $10 each. Nobody had to "obtain" such common junk nor bother to mail-order them when they were available as "on sale" junk guns in Dallas and New Orleans. **Edward** **Schwartz** : The weapon actually used to deliver the kill shot to Kennedy's right temple was a Remington XP-100, according to Deneselya's "CIA grapevine." The XP-100, an advanced, long range, high-power weapon with a telescopic mounted sight, may have been the weapon used to fire "a dum-dum," or exploding bullet that splattered inside Kennedy's skull upon impact. It is believed that the Corsican Mafia drilled holes in the tips of bullets and poured toxic mercury inside them. "Lee Harvey Oswald had no capability of obtaining a dum-dum bullet," our source Deneselya says. While some researchers support this theory, others – among them many who defiantly object to Mafia hit-man James Files' claim that he shot Kennedy with such a weapon – dismiss the whole idea. But in Henry Hurt's 1993 book Reasonable Doubt, we find Secret Service agent Roy Kellerman saying he was confounded by the cloudy, dotted "milky way" appearance inside Kennedy's head in the autopsy x-rays. Kellerman's statement is also found in Gerald D. McKnight's 2005 book, Breach of Trust. The Remington XP-100 (from eXperimental Pistol number 100) is a bolt action pistol produced by Remington Arms from 1963 to 1968. It was available before that date to the CIA. The XP-100 was one of the first handguns designed for long-range shooting. The .221 Remington Fireball (often called .221 Fireball), is still the fastest handgun cartridge ever produced by a major ammunition maker. The XP-100 redefined the meaning of handgun accuracy. A document purporting to prove that a cartridge from this handgun, found at Dealey Plaza, could not have been manufactured in 1963, suffers from a provenance problem ("found" in the "trash" at Remington's factory after an expert there, who said the cartridge was manufactured in 1963, had retired, nobody at Remington could be blamed if the information on the "document found in the trash" turned out to be faked.). The researcher who "found" this document had previously declared that James Files had lied, before hunting for evidence to prove it. Previous to that, the same researcher also produced information to try to disprove any idea that recently deceased Col. Dan Marvin had been asked by CIA to kill William Pitzer, whom living witness Dennis David asserted was murdered. **Judyth Vary** **Baker** : I knew Dan Marvin personally. He bequeathed all his files and photos to me, and I am writing his life story. I do not consider it "case closed" in the matters of Pitzer, Dan Marvin or James Files without more reliable information from more trustworthy sources. Dennis David was also a close friend who was as honest as rain. ### Morrow's Account Examined, Continued: JFK's autopsy x-rays, as released to the public, should not be trusted. We now have abundant evidence of fakery, listed in page after page in Douglas Horne's epic 5-volume work, Inside the ARRB. Hence, we cannot be sure Kellerman viewed authentic autopsy x-rays. This muddying of evidential waters is just one more reason the JFK assassination case has taken so long to understand and accurately document. False trails and half-baked theories have been mingled with the truth. **Edward** **Schwartz** : Deneselya told me that Morrow purchased the rifles in Towson, Maryland at Sunny Surplus, a hardware store that also sells U.S. Army surplus weapons from Sam Cummings' INTERARMCO. One of INTERARMCO's offices is still located in Alexandria, Virginia, about ten blocks from the building where Tracy Barnes made his conference presentation speech to DOB-CIA employees in early 1963.41 Deneselya says that the building where Barnes spoke no longer exists. The INTERARMCO story is relevant to today's current events. The Nazi escape organization ODESSA turned to gun running at the end of World War II to finance its operations. In late 1945, captured Axis rifles, machine guns and ammunition were stockpiled in an American-run depot at Passau, ninety miles northeast of Munich. Jim Marrs tells us that about $10 million worth of war materiel [including vehicles] went missing, sold by black marketers. These were mainly ODESSA agents, German officials and criminals, aided by a few Allied soldiers. Marrs also states that these stolen armaments and military equipment were later associated with Romanian national, Robert Abramovici (Code Name: Robert Adam). His arms company, Intermecco Socomex was later linked to the CIA's arms company INTERARMCO, as detailed in Marrs' 2008 book, The Rise of the Fourth Reich.42 In the 1960s, INTERARMCO sold and swapped weapons to countries all around the world, making the equivalent of billions of dollars in today's funds, according to the May, 1966 edition of Popular Mechanics in their article, "Want to Start a War? See Sam [Cummings] of INTERARMCO." In 1976, Robert Morrow published Betrayal: A Reconstruction of Certain Events from the Bay of Pigs to the Assassination of John F. Kennedy, a book that argues that Lee Harvey Oswald went to the Soviet Union as a CIA agent and that on his return he became an FBI informant. **Edward** **Schwartz** : In fact, Judyth Vary Baker tells us that Oswald was "borrowed by the CIA" from the ONI, and worked for both the CIA and the FBI. According to Morrow, in 1963, Carlos Marcello, Eladio del Valle, Guy Banister, David Ferrie and Clay Shaw organized a plot to kill John F. Kennedy.43 Morrow thus removes the role of the CIA from the plot. Nobody such as David Atlee Phillips, Tracy Barnes or Allen Dulles is named. The only person connected to the CIA that remains, in his version, is David Ferrie. According to John H. Davis's review of Morrow's First Hand Knowledge, 1992, "one of Morrow's most significant revelations is his belief that the principal operations planner in the JFK assassination conspiracy was David Ferrie. Morrow is convinced that Ferrie, working under Carlos Marcello and Guy Banister, was the brains, the 'mastermind' behind the assassination." **Edward** **Schwartz** : Morrow is interesting to us because he represents an "insider's" view of Oswald's role and how he came to be involved in the plot to kill JFK and to take the fall as "patsy" in a way that exonerates a particular agency or organization. Morrow tells readers that Lee Oswald had no traceable ties to the Mafia. However, as explained in Judyth Vary Baker's book, Me & Lee, Oswald was tied more closely to the Mafia than most researchers realized, and if the cover-up had not existed, that fact would have been revealed. When Oswald was a teen, his mother Marguerite dated Sam Termine, Carlos Marcello's driver. Lee's aunt Lillian was married to Charles "Dutz" Murret, a one-time Marcello dock enforcer and prize-fighter, and later, a bookmaker for the New Orleans Mafia chieftain. Lee himself had his bail for his August 9, 1963 arrest paid by Mafia attorney Emile Bruneau, a Murret family friend. Judyth Vary Baker has explained in depth Ferrie's true role: a man who had publicly expressed hopes that Kennedy would be shot after the Bay of Pigs fiasco, but who later learned that Kennedy had been betrayed by the CIA. Because he had close ties to CIA teams interested in killing Castro (and whose talents could be used to kill Kennedy), Ferrie was able to learn about plans to kill Kennedy. By frequently stating his disapproval and hatred of Kennedy, Ferrie successfully obtained the confidence of the plotters and was able to help position Lee Oswald as a supposedly willing participant. The difference is that Oswald was aware that he was penetrating the assassination ring in order to obtain information to save the president, even if it meant he could lose his own life. Lee communicated to Judyth his belief that he might even be made a patsy as early as July 1963, after he realized that he was not being allowed to advance in "the Company." Robert Morrow misread David Ferrie's true role in the center of the web of intrigue that posited two Mafia bosses conspiring with elements of the CIA and the Cuban exile community to assassinate President Kennedy, supported by right-wing political leaders closely allied through secret societies and a lust for power. Those who think such a plot could be exposed may fail to realize that its very scope boggles the mind. Surely such a large coalition could not have existed! It did. Morrow failed to understand that the deed needed financing of the highest order to remain unpunished. The cover-up was financed by members of what today we might call the 1% of the 1% whose New-World-Order mentality was focused on ousting Kennedy, that prickly thorn in their side. When Morrow told readers that the JFK assassination was the work of a conspiracy between "the Mob, the leaders of our nation, and our government's intelligence agencies"44 – presumably including the CIA – he left out the rest of Kennedy's enemies that existed on the international scale. In Morrow's 1992 book, First Hand Knowledge, he reveals the concern of most researchers about Richard Helms' admission that "Clay Shaw had worked as a contract man for the Domestic Contact Division (known facetiously as the Domestic Dirty Tricks Operation Division)." At the time Jim Garrison began his investigation into the Kennedy assassination in New Orleans, almost all of the key figures involved were dead, or soon would be. Morrow tells us: "That left only one person to indict. Clay Shaw. Shaw would be the most difficult of the New Orleans group to convict. He was receiving help from CIA Director Richard Helms." Indeed, Richard Helms, who was buried with honor in Arlington National Cemetery, needs a closer look. Though thousands of business travelers regularly gave information to the CIA's Domestic Contact Service, Helms' acknowledgment that Shaw was such an informant is rather remarkable. The matter had been denied for a long time, but it seems Helms believed it was better to acknowledge the fact before anyone dug any deeper and learned the true extent of Shaw's connections. For example, in 1975, former high-ranking CIA staff officer Victor Marchetti told True Magazine that he was told "Shaw, a long time ago, had been a contact of the Agency.... He was in the export-import business.... He knew people coming and going from certain areas of the Domestic Contact Service. He used to deal with them [though]...it's been cut off a long time ago.... The Agency doesn't want this to come out now because Garrison will distort it, the public will misconstrue it." Helms also conceded, according to Morrow, that he was aware of Clay Shaw's relationship with Tracy Barnes when he was the Director of the Agency.45 Despite these problems, Morrow put a focus on some of the real villains. By the 50th anniversary of Kennedy's death, more people had come forward to speak out about what they know. But what they had to say did not help matters much. In 1963, it was even worse. Most "tips" – as in any murder case – turn out to be false leads, as in the case here: **Edward** **Schwartz** : Donald Deneselya, a CIA Russian translator during the Kennedy Presidency, had previously named the CIA's Executive Action program, against Fidel Castro, as the most likely responsible focal point for the Kennedy Assassination. Then, on Tuesday, Aug. 14, 2013, he called to tell me that he'd spoken to a tourist from Dallas who repeated to Deneselya what his father had once told him: the basements of buildings in Dealey Plaza would be flooded during rainstorms, had it not been for a system of water drains in the basement floors that led directly to the Dallas storm sewer system. President Kennedy's assassin (Tracy Barnes himself, according to Don) fired a mercury-filled-tip exploding bullet from the storm sewer directly below the grassy knoll. The plausible scenario was: The assassin entered the TSBD building the morning of the assassination prior to the arrival of JFK's limo. He went to the basement, opened the drain cover on the floor, stepped down into the storm sewer system, walked to the storm sewer below the knoll, and got into firing position. He then awaited Kennedy's arrival. The assassin had an easy kill shot, below street level, from a distance of about fifteen feet, knowing in advance that the limo driver, SS agent William Greer, would momentarily stop the vehicle. **Judyth Vary** **Baker** : Don Deneselya is a valuable witness as to Lee Oswald's identity as a CIA asset, and he knows a lot about the role of Tracy Barnes. Those are his areas of expertise. Lee said books were stored in the basement, and he of course had access to it. He could come and go by means of the basement without being observed, similar to how he would leave Reily unobserved by going through the Crescent City garage after exiting through Reily's back docking area. As I considered what I knew, I realized that the TSBD basement did not flood, or books would not have been stored there. I then went on a little expedition to find photos of the TSBD basement. I soon found a mention of the TSBD basement: "The Texas School Book Depository, incorporated 1927, was a privately-owned company charged with fulfilling book orders from schools all over the Southwest. Stock was kept in the basement, first floor and fourth through seventh floors."46 No basement that might flood would be storing books. The three photos below show the TSBD basement, east and west views and the original storm sewer drain covered by cement, with a small grid plate, in the center of the room. ### A Different Storm Drain Story In the early 1970s mobsters Johnny Roselli and Joe Bonanno were imprisoned at the same time at Terminal Island. Roselli told Bonanno that he fired the shot that killed Kennedy from the storm drain on Elm Street "maybe ten feet away." Bill Bonanno. Bound by Honor: A Mafioso's Story. 263; Roger Stone with Mike Colapietro. The Man Who Killed Kennedy: The Case Against LBJ. 143-144. We know from eyewitness accounts that Kennedy's limo driver Greer came to either a full stop or a near-stop parallel to this storm drain. It makes sense that a primary sniper position on the motorcade route could be the storm drain which was ten to fifteen feet from JFK. Whether the sniper was Barnes or Roselli or someone else is unimportant. No one will ever be able to validate any storm drain story. However, Kennedy was a relatively stationary target when the kill shot hit him in his right temple. ### QJ/WIN "As with Dulles, Colby and Casey, [Richard] Helms' entire career at the CIA was permeated by his involvement in the most illegal acts of that secret agency, including assassinations. It is reportedly the conclusion of the Cuban government that Helms was the ultimate author of the plot behind JFK's assassination."47 **Robert** **Morrow** : After the [JFK] assassination, [the assassin] QJ/WIN was later identified to me by [Tracy] Barnes as Victor Michael Mertz, who was also known as Michel Roux and Jean Soutre, a noted international heroin dealer.48 **Edward** **Schwartz** : Deneselya names Tracy Barnes as the real QJ/WIN. Lamar Waldron posted 24 parallels between CIA assassin recruiter QJWIN and Michel Victor Mertz as an endnote supplement to Legacy of Secrecy. But in conclusion, many theories abound as to who the killers were and who was behind them. ### Kenny O'Donnel and Dave Powers: "For the good of the country" **Edward** **Schwartz** : JFK aides O'Donnell and Powers rode about fifty feet behind JFK. They heard two shots they believed came from the top of the knoll.49 One shot we know came from behind the fence as evidenced in the enhanced Mary Moorman photo, published in Hoagland and Bara's Dark Mission. Where did the second shot come from? Is it not plausible that Tracy Barnes was positioned in the storm sewer as Donald Deneselya alleges? Echoes in Dealey Plaza make it difficult to pinpoint the origin of the location of shots fired. In early October 2013, I sent a copy of the preceding pages to Don and awaited his response to my co-author's information and pictures of "Tracy Barnes" and the TSBD basement. Don called me on Saturday, October 19, 2013. **Donald** **Deneselya** : "I once had a face-to-face interview with Tracy Barnes, and I don't believe that it is Barnes pictured in the photo tipping his hat while watching JFK's motorcade going by. As for the picture of the TSBD basement floor including a 'small gridded area for drainage,' my response is: In order to guarantee that no water would accumulate during rainstorms on basement floors of office buildings in Dealey Plaza there must be sub-basements, approximately six feet under the basement level that have manhole-sized water drains on their floors, allowing for a man to climb down and gain access to storm sewer openings all along Elm Street." Edward Schwartz: Among Donald Deneselya's areas of expertise is structural engineering. He says it was necessary to build sub-basements for water drainage in Dealey Plaza buildings so that water pumps would not be necessary to install. Don's information here is worthy of consideration. In 1936, Texas oilman D.H. (Dry Hole) Byrd bought the TSBD building. It is not known if he played any role in the Kennedy assassination. However, we do know that Byrd, according to Barr McClellan, author of the 2003 book, Blood, Money & Power: How L.B.J. Killed J.F.K., was a dedicated supporter of the military-industrial complex. Finally, I asked Don when he first believed the kill shot to Kennedy's right temple came from the storm sewer down from the grassy knoll, below ground level. He answered: "When I viewed the Zapruder film showing the President lifted up off his seat in the limo and to the left." ### The Kill Shot It really doesn't matter who the assassin was in the storm sewer, whether it was Mertz, Barnes, or someone else; and it really doesn't matter how the assassin gained access to that storm sewer, whether it was from the TSBD basement, sub-basement, or through the storm sewer tunnel for water runoff to the Trinity River at the downhill end of the grassy knoll area adjoining the triple underpass. A reenactment of this latter scenario was shown in the TV documentary The Men Who Killed Kennedy in the episode entitled "The Truth Shall Set You Free," in 1995. ### The Info-Prostitutes Lies and falsehoods presented by dishonest cover-up artists can overwhelm a new researcher or ordinary reader. There are literally a thousand books available on Kennedy's murder and Oswald's innocence, versus a dozen books always on the shelves of bookstores accusing Oswald of mayhem and murder. These books are everywhere, subsidized by the roaming lion of the CIA and the Coup's gatekeepers. Several were written by well-paid shills such as Gerald Posner, Vincent Bugliosi, and Max Holland, assisted by Dave Perry, Dave Von Pein, John McAdams, Bill O'Reilly and TV "reporters" who blindly say whatever they're told. Posner's Case Closed has been discredited, but persists, while Bugliosi's large book (History Reclaimed) is recognized as a prosecutor's handbook. Holland influences TV films, and runs a political opinion site, while John McAdams, who was exiled from his university for unsavory reasons, has corrupted the Internet encyclopedias using student writers and "editors" who have overwhelmed Wikipedia. The late veteran researcher Harrison E. Livingstone (who debated Posner on the Today Show in Sept, 1988) expressed searing contempt for Posner's info-prostitution: Since JFK died, the political warfare included the destruction of his image in the minds of the public for all that he gave us of his self and leadership, all that was wonderful about him and that golden time in our history, in spite of the nation's problems. The name of the game is to destroy his reputation – to indulge in the worst kind of character assassination so that people will not care about what happened to him. We are dealing with propaganda warfare here, the same sort of thing intelligence agencies prepare for attack in foreign nations, and which political parties do to each other.... Who is paying Posner to say these things? What is at stake for him? He is a Random House "house" writer, meaning as long as they can count on him supporting the establishment line in this and the Martin Luther King case, he eats.50 Both Gerald Posner and Vincent Bugliosi enjoyed considerable help from ghost writers and received massive advances to finance the books. Both books were widely praised and publicized before they were published, written by popular reviewers. But both books have been roundly and justly lambasted for their inaccuracies, hyperbole, misquotes and bias. Publishers such as TrineDay and Skyhorse, who have published well-received books, can't fly their authors around the world and pay them million-dollar royalties. Any story that pro-truth writers "make money" on their books is as mythical as the anti-Oswald books. There are no million dollar paydays for them. Meanwhile, Internet trolls patrol newsgroups, exasperating those who object to their "take." They and their fellows in cover-up have invaded forums and Facebook groups, hijacking posts and creating mischief. They are likely to write, "WHY did Oswald bring his rifle to the TSBD that day unless he intended to shoot JFK?" or "JFK was a womanizer and drug addict, and Jackie was a slut." They will often post a pre-created comment to which they will add pre-created replies that took no effort to produce, while responding persons hunt for the evidence they know can refute the statement, but which must be constructed to show 1) Oswald never owned the rifle 2) witness said Oswald carried no package long enough into the TSBD to be mistaken for a rifle and so on. But any defense will be buried under still more declarations until the whole thread of discussion is crippled. Evidence can surface that seems to exonerate Oswald, but which was been created to be recognized as fake, so that the truth it contains will be discredited, along with the false elements of the document: This document should have been classified "Top Secret" – not "Confidential." This fatal flaw was sufficient to cast doubt on the authenticity of everything written in it, which was probably the intention. * * * 1 1. Morley writes, "Listen to the tape, published online by Luke A. Nichter, a history professor at Texas A&M University at <http://nixontapeaudio.org/rmh/587-007a.mp3>" Morley's essay can be found at <http://jfkfacts.org/nixon-asked-cia-about-the-who-shot-john-angle/> 2 2. <http://oswald-not-guilty.blogspot.com/2017/03/nixon-and-bay-of-pigs-thing-ntape.html> Judyth Vary Baker, quoting Jefferson Morley's post about the new tape, plus comments. Posted 25/03/2017. 3 3. The Endangered Left. "The Trouble with Henry Cabot Lodge" <https://nominay.wordpress.com/tag/henry-cabot-lodge/> Retrieved Jan. 15, 2017. 4 4. https://www.laits.utexas.edu/africa/ads/879.html Retrieved March 10, 2017. 5 5. http://www.ozy.com/flashback/the-drug-that-bankrolled-some-of-americas-great-dynasties/40555 quotes from James Bradley's The Imperial Cruise: A Secret History of Empire and War, Retrieved March 9 2017. 6 6. Researcher Richard Healey posted excerpts from Jim DiEigenio's review of Larry Hancock's _Someone Would Have Talked_ , from which these quotes came. See the full text posted on Oct. 16, 2015, at The Education Forum: http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?/topic/22344-ruth-paine/ 7 7. Ibid. 8 8. Linda Minor. "Hyde Family in the CIA and USAID" <http://quixoticjoust.blogspot.com/2015/01/hyde-family-and-central-intelligence.html>Retrieved March 21, 2017. 9 9. The "very large one" was likely _Krokodil_ , a satirical humor magazine Lee liked to read, similar to _MAD_ Magazine. 10 10. http://www.kennedy-assassination.info/Who_was_Roy_Truly_.html Retrieved April 30, 2017 11 11. See Wilds & Harkey's _Surgeon of the South_ for more details, summarized on Aug. 6, 2007 by Edward T. Haslam here: "[In this, Ochsner's official biography] [w]e find mention of his contacts Richard Nixon, Cordell Hull, the Lockwoods, William Frawley, Clint Murchison, Madame Chiang Kai-shek, INCA, Ed Butler, Hale Boggs, and Lee Harvey Oswald, but we find no mention of the murder of his partner, Dr. Mary Sherman." Ref: http://doctormarysmonkey.com/More/Gambit/TheGambitAffair.htm 12 12. http://jfkcountercoup2.blogspot.com/2015/04/d-harold-byrd.html Retrieved March 26, 2017 13 13. Ibid. 14 14. Ibid. 15 15. Jim DiEugenio's review of James Douglass' _JFK and the Unspeakable:_ <http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?/topic/22344-ruth-paine/> Retrieved March 26, 2017. 16 16. Ibid. 17 17. Researcher John Armstrong: "Why, how, and by whose authority caused the disappearance of the original money order is unknown. Only black and white photographs remain." Untrue] [http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?/topic/22434-rectangular-and-round-punch-codes-on-the-hidell-money-order-explained/&page=2 Retrieved Mar 23, 2017 18 18. On Jan. 13 2016, researcher Jon G. Tidd posted on The Education Forum(our emphasis):...There is no provable payment chain to the Hidell PMO. This means the Hidell PMO never moved through the banking system to the Post Office. A. Hidell allegedly sent a PMO to Klein's as payment for an M-C rifle. Fine. Klein's endorsed the PMO for deposit into its account at First National Bank of Chicago. Fine. End of story, except for an FRB routing number which means nothing, that's nothing, in 1963...when not accompanied by First's stamp. Nothing. There is no proof, none whatsoever, [that] First got credited for its payment to Kleins.... The Hidell PMO is important because it's not a matter of opinion. Either it was sent through the FRB system to the U.S. Post Office or it wasn't. Second, there is a regulation that is specific to PMO's (not checks or other cash items) that states in effect that if a bank pays the wrong amount to a person, or pays the wrong person, or if fraud occurs, the Post Office will have to deal directly with the presenting bank to resolve it. The FRB will be held harmless. The exception to this rule is where FRB negligence is involved... if the FRB accepts, processes and pays for such a PMO that is not bank-stamped, the presenting bank could legally walk away, leaving the Post Office with no recourse. If the Post Office sues the presenting bank, it will lose because the bank did not guarantee the PMO's endorsements. But guess what would happen next. The Post Office would sue the FRB for negligence... and would win... Of course, nobody in the banking industry wants any of this to happen. So, an FRB routing number means nothing... when not accompanied by First's stamp." [Authors: FRB's do not imperil themselves. What is missing in these arguments is the fact that when the PMO was found in the Federal records Center in Alexandria, Virginia, the original was turned over to the FBI after it was photocopied, never to be seen again. The documents about the FBI's taking the MPO are available online at the Mary Ferrell Foundation site (Ref: http://www.maryferrell.org/showDoc.html?docId=10490#relPageId=119&tab=page). Great emphasis was placed on how short a time it took to locate the money order, and the argument has been made that this document could not have been created fraudulently in that period of time. However, we have other evidence of pre-planning regarding the name "Hidell." Note the incriminating link of the "Hidell" ID card supposedly found inside Lee Oswald's wallet, but never mentioned by arresting officers when they first inspected the wallet's contents in the police car where Oswald was placed. They gave the true name of Oswald over the police car radio, without mentioning the conflicting ID name card, which was only "found" after Oswald was at the Police Station. It is no stretch to imagine that the money order was also waiting to be "found." Forgers may have placed the routing number on the front believing that no bank stamp was necessary if it had a routing number. ARMSTRONG'S THEORY Careless errors can muddle the argument that forgery was committed. One such set of errors is in John Armstrong's theory that there was a "bleed through" of ink, suggesting forgery, when he wrote: "The "bleed-thru" of the ink is a strong indication that postal money order 2,202,130,462, shown as CE 788, was not original card stock. The "bleed-thru" is an indication that the paper upon which the original money order was printed is light enough to allow ink "bleed-thru." I don't understand how or why this was done. But I do know that the original postal money order disappeared long ago, and only FBI photographs remain. Why, how, and by whose authority caused the disappearance of the original money order is unknown. Only black and white photographs remain." http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?/topic/22434-rectangular-and-round-punch-codes-on-the-hidell-money-order-explained/&page=2 Armstrong erroneously assumed that the paper the PMO was printed on was so thin that the ink "bled through" to the other side, but this bleed-through' was actually seen only on a specimen tested for fingerprints (none of Oswald's were found on it) which damaged the PMO. Further, we have color photographs of the tested money order. The FBI took the original and may still have it. Armstrong's theory does not stand. 19 19. David Von Pein's specious argument that no U.S. Postal Service money orders in the same decade exist with the 'holes' is easily demolished. He also tried to claim that the 'holes' were made by the bank when the money order was cashed. This uncashed ochre-colored U.S. Postal Service 1966 money order shows no routing number. The rectangular punches, 'holes' and colors are unique. We have full-color photos of the "original" Hidell money order that show the same color ink as this specimen (purple). 20 20. Sandy Larsen. Educational Forum Post, edited Feb. 21, 2016. <http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?/topic/22434-rectangular-and-round-punch-codes-on-the-hidell-money-order-explained/> Retrieved March 22, 2017. Note well that full evidence of the manufacture of fake evidence against Lee Oswald, concerning the rifle, can be found here: "The Evidence IS the Conspiracy: The Klein's Rifle, Seaport Pistol and Backyard Photos Part 1: The Klein's Rifle" by David Josephs. https://kennedysandking.com/john-f-kennedy-articles/the-klein-s-rifle (72 pages) 21 21. Op Cit. https://www.laits.utexas.edu/africa/ads/879.html 22 22. Ibid. 23 23. Ibid. 24 24. Michael Paine would later say that the blanket was "cleaned up" and was "dirty" the last time he saw it. 25 25. Mr. PAINE to MR. LIEBELER: "When I arrived on Friday afternoon we went into the garage, I think Ruth, Marina and the policeman, and I am not sure it was the first time, but there we saw this blanket was on the floor below the bandsaw--" 26 26. Nancy Wertz. "New Evidence Regarding Ruth and Michael Paine" Kennedy Assassination Chronicles. Vol. 4, Issue 4, 1998. http://www.jfklancer.com/pdf/Paine.pdf Retrieved March 21, 2017. 27 27. "Exhibit 139 is the Carcano and sling as entered into evidence." http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk...Vol16_0268b.htm within The Education Forum discussion at http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?/topic/13354-the-sling/&page=2 Retrieved March 25, 2017 28 28. Thomas Mallon. _Mrs._ _Paine's Garage_. End note #10. 29 29. <http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/russ/minox.htm> Retrieved March 27, 2017 30 30. Ibid. 31 31. Linda Minor. Op Cit. 32 32. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKbarnesT.htm. 33 33. Richard M. Bissell, with Jonathan E. Lewis and Frances T. Pudlo. 1996. _Reflections of a Cold Warrior: From Yalta to the Bay of Pigs_. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-06430-8 34 34. Dr. Stephen Greer. Quoted by Canadian Vice-Premier Paul Hellyer, re White House reporter Sarah McClendon's query, regarding UFO cover-ups: YouTube: <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xuEUmnEVJQk> 35 35. (1) Chauncey Holt identified himself as the short man on the right, leaving the building, at the Aug.16 leafletting event. Just as 'Rafaolo,' he was there to help in case Lee needed "backup." Note that Lee is not standing next to Rafael in the photos. He is closer to the camera, which makes Lee seem taller. In the rare photo of the same event moments later (2) note how much bigger heads get as they come closer to the camera. 36 36. Dick Russell. On the Trail of the JFK Assassins. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2008. 9192. Print. 37 37. Robert D. Morrow. First Hand Knowledge: How I Participated in the CIA-Mafia Murder of President Kennedy. New York: Shapolsky Publishers, 1992. 172. Print. 38 38. Jim Marrs. <http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread313660/pg1> 39 39. The author of The Kennedys: Dynasty & Disaster, John Davis, wrote the following: "Mr. Morrow...has given us a first-hand, factual account of the plot to assassinate President Kennedy...When he was ordered by his CIA case officer Tracy Barnes to purchase four...surplus Mannlicher-Carcano rifles he was not informed of their intended use in the JFK assassination." But technically, the rifles were Carcanos, not Mannlicher-Carcanos, so did Morrow actually deliver said rifles? Compare with the later statement that they were Mausers. 40 40. Robert D. Morrow. First Hand Knowledge: How I Participated in the CIA-Mafia Murder of President Kennedy. New York: Shapolsky Publishers, 1992. 172. Print. 41 41. The building was located on North Washington Street. It was eventually torn down and no longer exists. 42 42. Jim Marrs. The Rise of the Fourth Reich. New York: Harper Collins, 2008. 135-136. Print. 43 43. Morrow. Op. cit. 285. 44 44. "Robert Morrow." Spartacus Educational. Web. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKmorrow.htm. 45 45. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKmorrow.htm 46 46. <http://www.maryferrell.org/wiki/images/5/57/Photo_wcd496_0006.jpg> Go to this site to see the other photo and descriptions. 47 47. Anthony Cave Brown. The Last Hero: Wild Bill Donovan. New York: Vintage Books, 1982. 201202,526. 48 48. Ibid. 174. 49 49. Speaker Tip O'Neill with William Novak. Man of the House. New York: Random House, 1987. 178. David R. Wrone. The Zapruder Film. University Press of Kansas: 2003. 185. 50 50. Harrison E. Livingstone. "On Gerald Posner" <http://spot.acorn.net/jfkplace/09/fp.back_issues/27th_issue/onposner.html> Chapter 7 ## October, 1963: the CIA Gains Strength There was so much that Lee Harvey Oswald could not say to defend himself when he was captured and charged with Kennedy's murder. To understand the weight on his young shoulders, we must visualize his situation with the CIA and examine the dangers facing him and President Kennedy in greater detail. Lee Oswald's selection as a spy in the USSR (after training) began when Lee went "on loan" to the CIA, courtesy of the Office of Naval Intelligence.1 The oldest of the country's intelligence agencies,2 the ONI, unlike the CIA, was authorized to collect information and conduct operations both abroad and at home. As such, Lee Oswald was likely a flexible asset useful to the CIA, which was originally chartered to gather intelligence only outside the country. Created on the back of the OSS, as the brain child of Dr. Ochsner's close friend, "Wild Bill" Donovan, the CIA had existed only 12 years when Lee, who was not quite 20 years old, "defected" to the USSR. In contrast, the ONI, established in the 1880s, had been training spies for espionage purposes since WWI. By Feb, 1958, "President Dwight D. Eisenhower had formally endorsed developing the CORONA program." This was the earliest known date that CORONA could have been identified – about one year before Lee's fake defection.3 Lee had learned of this highly secret satellite program sometime between 1958 and the summer of 1963, when he told Judyth Baker about it. Lee also commented at that time that the U-2 was essentially obsolete after 1960, except for specific-target flyovers.4 In 1999, when Judyth Baker reported to 60 Minutes that Lee Oswald knew about the Corona satellite system, its name had only been declassified for five years (1994-1995),5 though the satellite spy system itself had been described by President Jimmy Carter 20 years earlier. The Cold War Museum tells us that: CORONA soon revolutionized the art of assembling intelligence. Between 1959 and 1972, the government launched 145 CORONA satellites... providing American leaders with essential information otherwise unobtainable. For instance, owing to photos retrieved from CORONA, the U.S. military determined that whereas the "missile gap" proposed by American experts did in fact exist, it actually favored the United States, not the Soviet Union... the first successful launch of a CORONA satellite [in 1960] returned more photos of the Soviet Union than the 24 combined U-2 spy missions...6 ### Oswald, the Fake Defector, and the U-2 We have discussed the importance of the shootdown of the U-2, but have only briefly mentioned Lee Oswald's role. What Lee told the Soviets concerning the top secret U-2 program at Atsugi was enough to cause true chaos: According to Oswald's former commanding officer there, the defection precipitated wholesale changes in codes, frequencies for radio transmission and for radar, and in aircraft call numbers – changes designed to repair any leaked secrets. Marine Lt. John Donovan told the Warren Commission that Oswald had a wealth of knowledge about West Coast air bases, including: "all radio frequencies for all squadrons, all tactical call signs, the relative strengths of all squadrons, number and type of aircraft in a squadron... the authentication code for entering and exiting [the air defense zone]... the range of surrounding units' radio and radar." At the higher levels of military bureaucracy in Washington, however, there was scarcely a ripple... We are told that "Colonel Thomas Fox, former head of counterintelligence for the Defense Intelligence Agency," said a "net damage assessment" was conducted on military-connected defectors both before and after Lee Oswald's defection. Such assessments were routine in order to calculate how much damage a military defector could do, yet it was claimed that no such assessment was made for Lee Oswald. It is this kind of "file" that someone using today's Photoshop technology could easily fabricate. We can imagine the claim that it would have been too embarrassing, in1963, to admit that a "known traitor" was allowed back into the U.S. without getting arrested!7 Lee could not have "fallen through the cracks" because of a plethora of such defectors, for there were only two such defectors before him and only a few after him: [Regarding] the only two U.S. enlisted men who defected to communist countries before Oswald, damage assessments were conducted; in the cases of at least two of those who defected after Oswald, assessments were conducted. There was none for Oswald. It is not that he had no secrets or could cause no damage. A final comment in this opinion is intriguing: If he was a genuine defector instead of a spy, U.S. intelligence could well have taken the view that his was one of the most damaging defections in history. The sequence of events surrounding his threats to divulge secrets could have been viewed as rendering Oswald the traitor of the decade. As Sherlock Holmes told Dr. Watson in "The Hound of the Baskervilles," the key to the mystery lies in why the dog did not bark.8 On May 1, 1960, six months after Lee "defected," boasting that he "might know something of special interest...the CIA's black lady came crashing to Russian soil outside the city of Sverdlovsk. The diplomatic fallout was immense."9 At first, Washington claimed that the downed craft was a weather plane which had innocently drifted into Russian air space from Turkey, because the pilot became oxygen deprived and lost his sense of direction. Moscow waited forty-eight hours, allowing plenty of time for the U.S. cover story to circulate, before blowing it out of the water. Then the Soviets revealed that they had both the plane and pilot. Eisenhower was eventually forced to take responsibility, hurting his credibility. The CIA assumed the U-2 pilot committed suicide. The History Channel, which chose to censor and then block its classic series The Men Who Killed Kennedy, also moved to blacken Powers' reputation by prominently posting this comment: U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers carried a tiny needle filled with poison so that he could take his own life if he faced capture. Powers chose not to use the needle when he was shot down over the Soviet Union in 1960, which led some critics to brand him a coward.10 Powers said he had always been advised that he had a choice whether or not to inject himself with the poison provided. The big question was: How did the U.S.S.R catch the black lady? One qualified expert, Colonel Fletcher Prouty, who was liaison officer between the Air Force and the CIA for the U-2 project, believes that the plane must have been flying at an abnormally low altitude when it was shot down. Another qualified source, U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers, opined that technical data supplied to the Russians by Lee Harvey Oswald may have been U-2's downfall. Powers voiced the suspicion that Oswald's knowledge of the plane's operational altitude and of the radar techniques used during its flight provided what the Soviets needed in order to target their missiles more accurately and at a much higher altitude than was previously possible. Commenting on Oswald, Powers said that, "he had access to [everything]..." Thirty-year-old Powers added that when he was flying over the Russian city of Sverdlovsk, on his way to Norway, "the unimaginable happened." His U-2 spy plane was hit by a Soviet missile: "I looked up, looked out, and just everything was orange, everywhere," Powers recalled. "I don't know whether it was the reflection in the canopy [of the aircraft] itself or just the whole sky. "And I can remember saying to myself, 'By God, I've had it now.'"11 Lee Oswald, a young intelligence agent, trained first by the ONI, and then by the CIA, who had just turned 24 one month before JFK's assassination, was technically still a teenager when he entered the Soviet Union in 1959. He stands out as an example of courage and patriotism beyond his years. Because he was not yet twenty years old, it would seem that the "dissatisfied" young Marine would not have had enough time to be specially trained. Lee, who operated under the ONI charter to "[Collect] information needed by the President"12 took that responsibility seriously. Rumors and existing circumstantial evidence suggest that after Lee's return from the USSR, Bobby Kennedy could have been in touch with Lee and/or was aware of his work. Lee, who had memorized his brothers' Marine Manual, had been proud to get through boot camp when he was barely 17. He considered himself a true and loyal Marine, and on November 22, the day Kennedy died, Lee openly wore his Marine ring on his "marriage" finger, with its motto "Semper Fi" ["always faithful"].13 That message must remain before our eyes as we follow Lee through his horrific experience at the hands of the Dallas Police. Lee's Marine ring was described as a "silver object" in one of the lists of possessions. The police removed Lee's ring and ID bracelet soon after his arrest. Lee Oswald had taken the Marine's Oath: The Marine Oath: "I, (state name of enlistee), do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; and that I will obey the orders of the President of the United States and the orders of the officers appointed over me, according to regulations and the Uniform Code of Military Justice. So help me God." Lee reported to Judyth Baker on July 26, 1963, that because of all he knew and had done, both the Soviets and the CIA believed everyone would be better off if he was dead. Already entangled with the CIA, the FBI and the Mafia in New Orleans, with so many of these players hating JFK, how easily, Lee said – even then – they could dispose of him! ### Lee Oswald's Problems as a Fake Defector Lee had not been arrested when he returned to America: that would have made him worthless to the CIA, who continued to use him as a fake "communist sympathizer" in New Orleans and Dallas. But because he had "not come back in a coffin," Lee said he was distrusted by his main handler, the CIA's paranoid James Jesus Angleton, who handled the defector program.14 Judyth says, "Lee called him "Jesus." Because Lee had not been arrested on his return, the USSR didn't trust Lee, either. That made any return to the USSR dangerous for him, and it's one of the reasons Lee finally asked the Soviets to consider his application for a visa separately from his wife's: he did not want Marina to travel with him on the same date to the USSR, if the Soviets decided to arrest him.15 Upon his return to the USA, at first there was no special need for Lee to be used immediately by the CIA. Besides, he was being watched. Judyth tells us, "the Wandering Bishops, Kerry Thornley adherents and others have speculated that Lee Oswald may have been a Project MK-Ultra or KGB-brainwashed victim fitted with an implant in his brain, but I was aware of all aspects of his body. Besides, the CIA knew he was clean," she says. "He had no 'identifying' scars, or "Angleton would not have waited and watched to see how Lee reacted to being handled by George de Mohrenschildt and his White Russian friends." Of course, Lee knew that the Dallas White Russians were part of the movement known by its Russian initials of "NTS" (National Alliance of Russian Solidarists): In the 1940s, NTS was thoroughly enmeshed with Hitler's war effort. After Germany attacked the USSR during World War II, NTS was allowed to set up a Berlin headquarters and encouraged to proselytize in Soviet territories under German control.... When the tides of war shifted, NTS swung back into alliance with the Americans. After World War II, the CIA included NTS within the Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty organization.... A House report described Radio Free Europe and Radio Free Liberty as "the best known CIA proprietaries." These were pet projects of International Organizations Chief Cord Meyer, who headed these radios from 1954 to 1971. Meyer consulted directly and frequently to CIA director Allen Dulles before making any controversial decisions... CI chief Jim Angleton and Cord Meyer were the best of friends. Meyer described Angleton as his hero... they had very special relationships with the people who either befriended or studied Oswald.16 To understand how the CIA, the Nazis and the Dulles brothers, representing U.S. and global interests, interacted during the Cold War of the late 1950s into the 60s, we rely on researcher Mae Brussell's compelling information: A major project was to form Eastern European emigre groups in the U.S. that could be used against the Soviets. Both the Tolstoy Foundation and the Union of Bishops of the Orthodox Church Outside Russia were funded by the CIA. When Lee and Marina Oswald arrived from the Soviet Union in June, 1962 they were befriended by some three dozen White Russians in the Dallas-Ft. Worth area. Many had identifiable Nazi links; others were in the oil and defense industries. It was an improbable social set for a defector to the U.S.S.R. and his wife from Minsk.17 Briefly, George "the Baron" de Mohrenschildt was well-connected to high society, primarily through his prestigious oil company connections and his socialite brother Dimitri. He was close to the Bouviers and had even dated Jackie Kennedy's mother after her divorce: Jackie called him "Uncle George." The brothers' business and social ties were also solidly established among the power-hungry houses of Poppy Bush and the Dulles brothers. George, a multi-married sophisticated raconteur, CIA asset and trained oil geologist, had been born in Minsk, where Lee Oswald had spent most of his 30 months in the Soviet Union. George's family, as did other White Russian elites, had supported the Nazis, as well as the CIA, against the communists who had confiscated their holdings in the USSR. They also supported the CIA's Radio America18 ever since 1942, "to combat Russian propaganda."19 Lee, often criticized for isolating his Russian wife, knew that associating openly with the White Russians could endanger not only him but also Marina, if they ever had to return to the USSR. After some serious fights with Marina, who craved to embrace the western lifestyle, the White Russians embraced Marina and provided her with racks of new clothes and even shelter from her husband, whom they all disliked – except for George. At all times, George had to present himself (inexplicably, unaccountably) as having a liking for the young returned defector. As George's book, I Am a Patsy! indicates, his liking for Oswald seemed to be genuine. In his book George said his dogs, who avoided most people, were fascinated with Lee. "[Nero] snuggled up with Lee and looked at him with affection. He sensed that he was an utterly sincere person and was deprived of hatred. Poppae licked his hand in a rare display of affection." George said he wished the dogs were "still alive" so that they could bark in Lee's defense.20 Though Lee could not have established friendly ties with the White Russians without arousing suspicions among both the CIA and the communists, it seems he kept this concern to himself. Meanwhile, Marina was thrilled with her new Russian-speaking friends, who lavished her with attention and gifts. At the same time, Lee had to avoid them if he was to be allowed to continue his covert career, which could not be exposed or compromised. At the same time, de Mohrenschildt, Lee's local handler, had to remain Lee's "friend." (To view George's impressive connections to the CIA and to Kennedy's enemies, see this endnote:21) ### Lee & Marina Fall into the Hands of the Paines As usual, Lee found himself walking a tightrope. This portion of Lee's life has been especially misunderstood: he has been mostly described as an angry young man, a wife-beater, and unstable, with only de Mohrenschildt offering some mitigating explanations that would not give away what seems to be the CIA's test of the returned defector. Satisfied that Lee was responding as desired, and probably preferring to remove Marina from the influence of the White Russian community, which, due to their anti-communist hostility could ruin her chances of returning to the USSR if Lee was ever to return there, George introduced a safer "friend" to Marina – 31-year-old Ruth Hyde Paine, who spoke and wrote in Russian. Ruth was a former pen-pal to young Russian students through the Quaker Young Friends Movement, even writing to Lee Oswald while he was in the USSR (as FBI informant PH T-1 reported).22 Ruth, who had two young children, was conveniently and suddenly separated from her husband Michael, though they would not divorce for years to come. At the time, Michael was employed as a design engineer for Bell Helicopters under his father-in-law, Arthur Young, whose boss, Walter Dornberger, was the famed former Nazi General and friend of Werner von Braun. Michael had a security clearance. Associating with a "real" communist could have destroyed his career, but he "befriended" Lee anyway, which points to his having special knowledge about the young "defector." Michael would later spend some of his free evenings driving Lee to various ACLU and political meetings, including one where Gen. Edwin Walker was a speaker, though he would tell the Warren Commission that he never liked Oswald. Michael's mother was Ruth Forbes Paine Young, a close, longtime friend of Allen Dulles' close, longtime mistress, OSS spy Mary Bancroft (it's a small world, after all!). Michael's wife, Ruth, began to exhibit some impressive generosity: we have previously described how, after meeting Marina only five times, Ruth invited her to live rent-free in her small house, with spending money, room and board with medical and dental care provided in exchange for "Russian lessons."23 The offer meant that Ruth's two small children had to live with her in the master bedroom, while Marina took the second bedroom for herself and little June when she finally moved in for good in September, 1963. This arrangement must have provided some advantage to Ruth, who had no job and whose husband thus couldn't easily move back in. Perhaps the answer lies in the fact that Ruth's sister Sylvia had been working for the CIA since 1957 "as a staff psychologist" while her father was a documented CIA asset.24 Lee had made it difficult to be placed on a useful assignment ever since he had insisted on bringing his Russian wife and baby out of the Soviet Union to the Land of the Free. Lee, overwhelmed by love for his new baby, June Lee, had refused to abandon her – something that had not bothered fellow defector Robert Webster, who left his fiancée and baby behind. With his Soviet wife in tow, Lee, whose specialty was the USSR and fighting communism, could only be useful pretending to be a "pro-Castro" sympathizer, or an infiltrator into communist circles in the U.S., but even so, he would never be thoroughly trusted by Castro or by the U.S. Communist Party. "This was one reason why Lee asked to be transferred to New Orleans," Judyth Baker has explained, concerning part of the situation: Since both the Mafia and the CIA wanted to kill Castro, it was logical to use Lee Oswald in New Orleans, where Lee's uncle was a close associate of Carlos Marcello, and Marcello's friend, David Ferrie, was working with Guy Banister, the FBI-connected anti-Castro expert in New Orleans who was a CIA asset. Lee could be useful in New Orleans as a bridge between the mafia and the CIA, as well as by pretending to be pro-Castro. He could help ferret out Castro's spies – and would do so. Castro was constantly sending spies to New Orleans, where anti-Castro mercenaries were being trained out by Lake Pontchartrain. He understood that plans to assassinate him were being fomented in the Big Easy, which would enjoy huge financial advantages if he died. At the same time, by moving his family to New Orleans, Lee was able to isolate Marina from the nosy anti-communist White Russians who had interfered with Lee's efforts to be useful to the CIA in Dallas. Lee had been forced to pretend to dislike them – even hate them – to be of any real use to the CIA there. Though he had some assignments in Dallas, Lee argued that he and Marina could get a fresh start in New Orleans, which was his home town and well-known to him. If Marina ever got too close to the White Russians, she would never be able to return to the USSR safely if she ever faced deportation. This was, after all, the height of the Cold War. ### Marina was "Cruelly Isolated" After moving his family to New Orleans, Judyth says Lee kept Marina isolated from almost everybody "for her own good, " which anti-Oswald critics saw as especially cruel. But Lee had his reasons. He told Judyth that: Nobody would be able to accuse her of collecting information from White Russians for communists in the USSR, and nobody in the USSR could say she had active White Russian contacts. Lee had to look poor and unsuccessful – why else would he supposedly find Cuba's "workers" Paradise attractive? – Marina was kept poor, too. Of course, she resented that. When Lee learned in July that the CIA was not going to invest in his future by sending him to college as promised, Judyth says he understood his situation was precarious. He was expendable. One possible solution was to leave the USA and live in a foreign non-communist country where Lee could function as an informant for the CIA. But there were obstacles to such a plan. The New Orleans Project had involved Lee as a protector and courier for Dr. Ochsner's immense but highly secret bioweapon experiments, aimed to kill the cigar-smoking Fidel Castro with a galloping lung cancer. Through his leafletting, Lee was able to attract some of Castro's spies to his fake "Fair Play for Cuba" addresses. No meetings or lectures were ever held, but the FBI was secretly taking pictures of anyone who showed up, or who wrote to Lee's P.O. box. The demonstrations gave Lee publicity and credibility as truly pro-Castro. These activities helped everyone involved in the anti-Castro bioweapon project feel safer. Lee had also been trained to handle and keep alive the biological weapon being developed in what was a last-ditch attempt to kill Castro and perhaps, thereby, to save Kennedy's life. That was no concern of Dr. Ochnser's, who considered Kennedy a "pinko" but it was of great concern for Dr. Mary Sherman, David Ferrie (who pretended to be anti-JFK) and Lee Oswald. This book does not go into all the details found in Judyth's book Me & Lee, with its documents and references involving more technical information and evidence, but to be brief, Lee would have to wait for the outcome of the experiments on humans needed to test the viability of the deadly virus-laden injections and x-rays before he could make any other plans. Marina and Junie needed a safe place to stay as Marina's delivery date approached. Because the baby would be a U.S. citizen, Marina would not be deported if they divorced. The prospect of being unable to see his babies for months or years if divorce became a reality made the young father quite miserable, but it was the safest course for everyone. Things had become easier because Judyth and Lee had fallen in love and Marina, once lonely, now had Ruth Paine, plus was enjoying Ruth's washing machine, TV, and drives to the city: she was enjoying "the American life. The prospect of divorce and a better life for Marina and his babies also explains Lee's willingness to make plans to "vanish" with Judyth in the wilderness of the Yucatan. The hope of 20-year-old Judyth and 23-year-old Lee to eventually be employed by the CIA as informants in Latin American intellectual circles, and that both of them could begin that life by attending college together in Mexico City, made the idea of divorce for Lee and Judyth, who were both unhappily married, attractive. In the end, when Lee was betrayed, arrested and accused of killing not only a policeman (turning the Dallas police against him from the beginning) as well as assassinating President Kennedy, there had to be concern that he would crack under pressure and defend himself as a CIA agent, exposing many CIA contacts to retribution in the USSR, as well as endangering innocent friends and his wife's relatives. The fate of all of Lee's loved ones in the U.S. would also be up for grabs. If he had cried out, "Stop! I'm working for the CIA!" the Agency would have disavowed it, but much damage would have been done. In fact, it was unthinkable for a man of his character to reveal his CIA, FBI and ONI connections, but the CIA was well aware of what Lee was up against. In an ultimate and evil scheme, by making it seem that Lee Oswald had killed Officer J.D. Tippit, the cooperation of the Dallas police had been obtained to aid in Lee's destruction. The police planted or accepted planted false evidence and were willing to sway public opinion against "the cop killer."25 Worse, the CIA likely assumed that the Dallas police, who were already working hard to break Lee Oswald, would surely subject him to beatings and torture once he was transferred and out of sight at the county jail. The extremes to which the police might go to obtain the desired confession are hinted at when we learn that in the few minutes after Lee was mortally wounded, and taken out of view, as an ambulance was sent for, he was being urged, in that state of extremis, to "confess." Even when Lee was being operated on at Parkland Hospital, Dr. McClelland had received a personal telephone call from President Johnson to obtain a "deathbed" confession. Even so, Marina was never considered a true suspect. Lee had done well to keep her isolated: loaded down with a toddler and a six-week-old baby, having not lived with her husband for months, on November 22, even Lee's captors knew better than to suggest Marina was a willing partner in any of Lee's secret activities. Marina was isolated by the Secret Service and the CIA after Lee's death. She later said she was threatened with deportation if she did not cooperate. That would have meant leaving baby Rachel – American born – behind, and facing a government in the USSR that would not dare treat her kindly, as that would have been interpreted as Soviet approval for her husband's supposed actions. The CIA, aware of the poor degree of protection being given the despised Lee Oswald, was probably behind the arrangement of Lee's murder by a compromised Mafia bagman. Even though his public execution would have to proceed in front of millions of TV viewers, it was an emergency. A necessity.26 The deed had to be done before any more marks showed up on the body of a man who had to be killed to assure his silence forever. **This close-up of the bottom of Lee's feet in the morgue reveal marks from what seems to be a pronged electric prod, as well as various cuts and bruises.Other autopsy photos show similar marks on Lee's arms, chest and legs (not to be confused with cutdowns on ankles and in each arm to insert blood. Note pubic hair was shaved for the operation (Hoover tried to say Lee was a homosexual because the area was shaved!). Police openly mistreated Lee when they slammed his head against the police car's door frame, causing a cut on Lee's forehead. Arresting officer Nick** **McDonald confessed that he slugged Lee in the face after both of Lee's arms had been pinned backed and handcuffed. Researchers Gokay Hasan** **Yusuf and** **Greg Parker have written extensively on the Texas Theatre arrest. See: https://kennedysandking.com/content/author/352-gokayhasanyusuf.** ### The CIA Out of Control In the Fall of 1963, the CIA was like a lion roaming the world, doing almost as it pleased. Of course, it had its "good guys" and "bad guys": some were dedicated to obeying the President, while others ignored JFK's commands and wanted him dead. Saigon Station's CIA chief, John H. Richardson, would later express regret for not having done more to protect Diem, whose death was deliberately laid at Kennedy's feet. One of the "good guys" who tried to obey the President, he was an encumbrance to Diem's ambitious enemies. A Washington Post article by Lynn Duke described Richardson after his cover was blown, with his family in crisis, less than two months before JFK's murder:27 Richardson is the embattled Saigon station chief for the CIA. He managed the agency's relationship with Ngo Dinh Diem as the South Vietnamese president's regime was crumbling. After a reporter28 blew Richardson's cover, the agency quickly yanked Richardson out of Saigon and hid him in a Washington-area apartment until the storm could blow over... within a few weeks, Diem would be assassinated with Washington's complicity... The Post's 2005 article reveals the media's ongoing, long campaign to diminish public approval of Kennedy. The statement "Diem would be assassinated with Washington's complicity" makes it seem that JFK approved the vicious Nov. 2, 1963 assassination of the Diem brothers. In actuality, the assassinations were conducted against JFK's wishes. Though the CIA had given at least $42,000 to military rebels to overthrow the Diem government,29 the President had been informed that the coup would be made by civilians, not the military.30 The CIA assured Kennedy that they had given him correct information – that there would be no Coup by the military – which was a lie.31 The article gives us a glimpse of family stresses for a highly-placed CIA agent. With Richardson exposed, his family had to be brought out of Saigon quickly: And then they're [back in the U.S., in an airport]... finally finding a phone. Eleanore doesn't have a contact number for her husband. Neither he nor the agency has told her where he is. So she calls Bill Colby, her husband's CIA supervisor. "How can I reach John?" she says. "I can't tell you," Colby says. He calls John on her behalf... Little John [remembers] riding with his dad in that long black limo. Operating under diplomatic cover, a CIA station chief is nearly as powerful as an ambassador and has similar perks, like the car and the inscrutable driver in those mirrored sunglasses. Soldiers stop ordinary cars at checkpoints, but they wave through the limos with the little flags flapping and the diplomatic plates. It's power on wheels – American power afoot. Richardson had found himself pitted against the "Brahmin politico" Henry Cabot Lodge, then U.S. ambassador to Vietnam, who wanted Ngo Dinh Diem ousted immediately: The two Americans didn't mix well. Lodge felt that Richardson wasn't switching courses, from a past policy of attempting to win the war with Diem to a new policy of winning the war without him. Lodge pressed for Richardson to be recalled. Richardson stayed put... a short time later, in a rare unmasking of a CIA station chief, Richardson's name appeared in a Washington Daily News article under the byline of Richard Starnes, with the headline: "Arrogant CIA Disobeys Orders"... Kennedy's desire to do no harm to the Diems was utterly disregarded: "There was no law back then prohibiting the revelation of a spy's identity. The stories boiled it down to a struggle between Lodge and Richardson; a struggle between philosophies on the conduct of the war." Starnes, of the Scripps-Howard newspapers, wrote an incendiary column implicating Richardson: ...according to a high United States source here, twice the C.I.A. flatly refused to carry out instructions from Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge... [and] in one instance frustrated a plan of action Mr. Lodge brought from Washington because the agency disagreed with it." Among these views was one described as from a "very high American official... who has spent much of his life in the service of democracy...: The C.I.A.'s growth was "likened to a malignancy" which the "very high official was not sure even the White House could control... any longer." "If the United States ever experiences [an attempt at a coup to overthrow the Government] it will come from the C.I.A. and not the Pentagon." The agency "represents a tremendous power and total unaccountability to anyone."32 The article33 was quoted by anti-Kennedy writer Arthur Krock, who went on to say, This is disorderly government. And the longer the President tolerates it – the period already is considerable – the greater will grow its potentials of hampering the real war against the Vietcong and the impression of a very indecisive Administration in Washington. The C.I.A. may be guilty as charged.... But Mr. Kennedy will have to make a judgment if the spectacle of war within the Executive branch is to be ended and the effective functioning of the C.I.A. preserved.34 Did the tentacles of the conspiracy to assassinate President Kennedy reach into the State Department? It's likely that Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. was involved.35 * * * 1 1. <http://www.dia.mil/About/FAQs/> As of Feb. 2017, we have at least 17 recognized Intelligence Agencies. They are: Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) , Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) , Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) , Marine Corps Intelligence, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) , National Security Agency (NSA), Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Air Force, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance , U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) , U.S. Department of State (DOS), U.S. Treasury Department , Drug Enforcement Administration's Office of National Security Intelligence (DEA) 2 2. http://www.oni.navy.mil/This-is-ONI/Proud-History/ Retrieved Feb. 22, 2017. Lee Oswald knew about this responsibility. It may have motivated him to report on the assassination plots. Besides collecting information to protect the President, ONI has traditionally been responsible for: "Production and dissemination of intelligence; Collection of information concerning, and the conduct of activities to protect against, intelligence activities directed against the U.S., international terrorist and international narcotics activities, and other hostile activities directed against the U.S. by foreign powers, organizations, persons, and their agents; Special activities; Administrative and support activities within the U.S. and abroad necessary for the performance of authorized activities" and "Such other intelligence activities as the President may direct from time to time." The CIA states that its "primary mission is to collect, analyze, evaluate, and disseminate foreign intelligence to assist the President and senior U.S. government policymakers in making decisions relating to national security." [ <https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/todays-cia/what-we-do> Retrieved Feb. 22,2017] Lee Oswald likely could collect "domestic intelligence" for the CIA under the ONI's umbrella. 3 3. <https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2015-featured-story-archive/corona-declassified.html> Retrieved Feb. 22, 2017. 4 4. <http://www.nro.gov/foia/docs/U.S.%20Navy-NRO%20Program%20C%20Electronic%20Intelligence%20Satellites%20(1958-1977).pdf> p. 3 provides evidence that Lee Oswald could have had access to knowledge of the satellite systems; as a U-2 "radar man" with crypto-clearance, he could have been trusted with such information. Of course this good Marine was stripped of his 'clearances' and 'dirtied up' so he could safely enter the Soviet Union as a fake defector and survive to tell the tale. "Program C: Electronic Intelligence Satellites" 1958-1962. 5 5. <http://www.nro.gov/history/csnr/corona/Intel_Revolution_Web.pdf> Retrieved Feb. 22, 2017. 6 6. <http://www.coldwar.org/articles/60s/corona.asp> Retrieved Feb. 22, 2017. 7 7. The cleverness with which the best defenders of the Warren Commission operate is revealed in the 'outing' of one of the faux "Oswald defenders," Pamela Brown, who showed her hand in 2011, which was noticed by Peter Whitmey, also a member of this group, as revealed in the following newsgroup post, titled ""Was Oswald a traitor as Pamela States?" on "4 Jan 2012 22:16:42 -0500, Canuckprwhit...@yahoo.com . Whitmey wrote"In an earlier post related to a May, 2011 interview with Marina, Pamela Brown states that Oswald was a traitor, whether or not he was guilty of assassinating JFK. If he was a traitor, why was he not prosecuted upon his return from the Soviet Union? He didn't even have to fulfill his inactive duty as a Marine, nor was he charged with failing to [show up]..." - Peter R. Whitmey The reply was instructive to anyone who knows Lee Oswald was a trusted, strong-willed individual: "You need to read the HSCA Defector Report. He was not viewed by U.S. authorities (especially the State Department) as a traitor or security risk. He was viewed as a mixed up mentally unstable young man." (JVB: This almost hilarious reply is based on the almost frantic fishing for excuses made by the State Department to the HSCA to cover what looked like extreme negligence on their part.) Pro-Warren Commission defender, Tim Brennan of Australia, then inserted false information that Oswald's crypto-clearance was merely a "confidential" clearance, ignoring everything Col. Donovan told the Warren Commission. Brown then functions as desired, 'attacking' the naysayer: "Why are you comfortable blaming LHO for the assassination but not comfortable with defining the damage his defection and providing of information to the Soviets caused?" To which Brennan replied, "The Soviets said *the birds had already chirped* when it came to Oswald trying to tell them what he had learned in the USMC." This clever exchange made it seem that Lee Oswald never did give any information to the Soviets, even though Gary Powers, the U-2 pilot, was convinced that Lee Oswald sang like a canary to the Soviets. (The Soviets tried to distance themselves, best they could, from anything that made it seem they obtained anything important from Lee Oswald. It is realistic to assume that the 'defector' Nosenko was sent to the United States to conduct some damage control of their own.). The thread goes on to say: "J J Angleton didn't believe [Nosenko], so had him locked up and tortured for three years. Angleton knew better, or thought he did..."). https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/alt.assassination.jfk/K_Ge-BHeZhM Retrieved Feb. 23, 2017. 8 8. Spy Saga: "Lee Harvey Oswald and D.S. Intelligence": p. 43-45 by Philip H. Melanson ,January 1990 https://archive.org/stream/SpySaga/SpySaga_djvu.txt Retrieved Feb 1, 2017. 9 9. IBID. 10 10. http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/U2-spy-incident Retrieved Feb. 24, 2017. 11 11. <http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35064221> Retrieved Feb. 24, 2017. 12 12. <http://www.oni.navy.mil/Intelligence-Community/IC-Agencies/> Retrieved Feb. 22, 2017. 13 13. Robert Oswald claimed that Lee wore 'his' Marine ring. 14 14. Researcher Bill Simpich, who has done some good JFK research, erred when he selected a single photo to support his "Robert Webster-Lee Oswald lookalike theory" without checking to see if other photos existed to refute it the claim. While Lee Oswald was indeed impersonated, we can usually apply Occam's Razor to assess simple reasons for these incidents. In Simpich's case, he claims a significant resemblance existed between defector Robert Webster and Lee Oswald, unfortunately based on a single photo. In doing so, a disservice is done to history. His essay was published by the Mary Ferrell Foundation, where Simpich writes: "Now that we've discussed how to set up a molehunt, let's discuss how a double dangle was created. As seen below, Oswald and Webster looked almost exactly the same." He then shows readers these two photos: First of all, Webster was more than a decade older than Lee Oswald. Second, Webster had traveled several times on highly publicized business trips to the USSR prior to his "defection" and nobody would have confused him with young Lee Oswald. Nevertheless, Simpich pursues this misleading thread, writing: "I believe that the similar appearance of Oswald and Webster was designed to entice Soviets to talk about the uncanny resemblance of these two men, or to express their confusion regarding these two men." Here are two photos of Webster upon his return to the USA only two weeks before Lee Oswald also returned: Neither Bill Simpich nor John Armstrong asked witness Judyth Baker what she thought of the photos they selected to support their unusual theories. Perhaps they knew what she would say. <https://www.maryferrell.org/pages/State_Secret_Chapter1.html> Retrieved Feb. 20, 2017 15 15. In McMillan's "officially approved" book _Marina & Lee,_ and in Judyth Baker's _Me & Lee_, at one point Lee believes it is safest for him, his wife and children to return to the USSR. In _Me & Lee_, we learn that if he wants to keep in contact with his babies, he should return to the USSR with Marina. For a few days, Lee delights Marina, who he had kept isolated and out of contact with Americans so she could never be accused of being a Soviet "spy", at the prospect of living in Belarus again. However, he changes his mind and applies for separate visas instead. He loves "Juduffki" and they make plans for a future way for him to get in contact with his children. Marina merely needs to stay in the USA long enough to have her baby born in the country, and then she can't be deported even if there is a divorce. 16 16. <http://quixoticjoust.blogspot.com/2012/03/white-russians-powerful-cocktail.html> Retrieved Feb. 24, 2017. 17 17. <http://www.maebrussell.com/Mae%20Brussell%20Articles/Nazi%20Connection%20to%20JFK%20Assass.html> Retrieved Feb. 23, 2017. 18 18. <http://whowhatwhy.org/2013/10/14/bush-and-the-jfk-hit-part-5-the-mysterious-mr-de-mohrenschildt/> The intricate ties between the de Mohrenschildts and the CIA were complex and deep. Retrieved Feb. 24, 2017. 19 19. https://www.rt.com/news/voa-radio-broadcast-halt-496/ "No one has been listening to it for ages anyway, it was created as a medium of information war,"[Russian official ]Tsvetkov said." Retrieved Feb. 23, 2017. 20 20. https://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol12/pdf/HSCA_Vol12_deMohren.pdf p. 90 Retrieved Feb. 21, 2017. 21 21. "In 1945, future club member de Mohrenschildt obtained a master's degree in petroleum engineering after eighteen months at the University of Texas at Austin. During that year he was investigated by the FBI and ONI. That same year he worked under Warren W. Smith, president of Pantipec Oil, owned by the parents of William F. Buckley, Jr. Smith and de Mohrenschildt soon quit and formed the Cuban-Venezuelan Oil Voting Trust Company. When Castro took over, this company forfeited oil leases covering about half of Cuba. Jack Crichton of Army Intelligence Reserve Service, mentioned earlier, had also worked under Warren Smith at Pantipec, which sells to Sun Oil. By 1957, George de Mohrenschildt had established himself in oil ventures ranging from wildcat drilling to aerial surveillance and had begun working for the CIA. It is probable that Byrd knew David Ferrie and he definitely knew the very top Air Force brass through Civil Air Patrol (CAP). CAP Captain David Ferrie was CAP cadet Lee Harvey Oswald's trainer. Byrd was a co-founder of Civil Air Patrol. Displayed in his office, at 1110 Tower Petroleum Building in Dallas, were many pictures of himself in uniform with aviation dignitaries and Air Force Generals..." Information from Russ Baker's Family of Secrets [Bloomsbury, 2009]. 22 22. Richard Gilbride. _Matrix for Assassination_ p. 223. Trafford, 2009. 23 23. As per Ruth's letters of invitation to Marina Oswald, a portion of the translation in one of them which is shown here: 24 24. http://www.jfklancer.com/pdf/Paine.pdf Retrieved Feb. 24, 2017. 25 25. http jfkthelonegunmanmyth.blogspot.com/2012/11/gerald-hill-and-murder-of-officer.html This brilliant investigation of Officer Hill's lies and misleading statements as analyzed by Hasan Yusuf is supported by his extensive use of documented quotes, plus including directions to more blog posts of equal value and quality written by Yusuf and others. Retrieved Feb. 24, 2017. 26 26. Speculations that FBI agent Bookhout actually shot Lee Oswald –not Jack Ruby—do not hold up to scrutiny. Both wore Fedoras, but Bookhout's Fedora did not reflect light (making the dark hat look gray) under camera flashes. Ruby's dark Fedora reflected flashes from cameras better, making it look light gray. Bookhout's did not. Ears and rims lengths used to keep head sizes similar. (Below) Jack Ruby's Fedora (L). Bookhout's Fedora (R) is taller—check how much of Bookhout's Fedora is above the ribbon line. These are two different hats. Both Fedoras at same size show height discrepancy above the ribbon line and a different indentation of the crown. Jack Ruby, not Bookhout, shot Lee Oswald. 27 27. Aug. 18, 2005. <https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2005/08/18/his-fathers-secrets/9e8486ea-2a33-4ce3-854e-9ac81a65cdaf/?utm_term=.740f7d0d28c5> Retrieved Feb. 21, 2017. 28 28. The NSA Archives give us the 'sanitized version" of things: the article only mentions "a reporter" when it was actually Ngo Dinh Nhu himself who "struck back at his American enemies by using newspapers he controlled in Saigon to reveal the name of the CIA station chief in Saigon, John Richardson, claim there were divisions between Ambassador Lodge and the CIA station, and that the CIA was responsible for adverse developments in South Vietnam since the Pagoda Raids of August. Much of this was then picked up and reported in the press in the United States. John Kennedy had scheduled a press conference for October 9 and in this briefing note the CIA tried to prepare him for questions that might be asked. Kennedy was indeed asked about the CIA in Saigon at that news conference, and he replied, "I can find nothing . . . to indicate that the CIA has done anything but support policy. It does not create policy, it attempts to execute it in those areas where it has competence and responsibility." The president described John Richardson as "a very dedicated public servant." Clearly JFK kept very close to his CIA briefing note." While Kennedy followed CIA's recommendations, "DOCUMENT 15 Central Intelligence Agency, Untitled Draft, October 8, 1963" written in defense of the CIA, to the President, contains misinformation, such as (1) no unity among the military, so a Coup from that direction was not in the offing, which was a lie (2) "favorable progress in the war" which was another lie to JFK, and (3) "CIA reports...have been consistently correct" - yet another lie. Based on the CIA's guidance, Kennedy approved of a coup, believing it was inevitable. Diem's arrogant and autocratic regime was despised by the largely Buddhist population. JFK, given a long list of civilian leaders by the CIA, was misdirected into believing any Coup would be headed by civilians, using the Vietnamese military to dislodge the Diem regime. The brothers were promised safe haven by Ambassador Lodge, who had no intention of saving them, in contradiction to Kennedy's wishes. Lodge actually had his own plane available to smuggle the brothers out, yet lied to Diem on the phone, saying he could not offer any help to the two desperate men. Kennedy expected the Diem brothers to be protected after their long service to the U.S. government. Photos of their "suicides" showed two men dressed in priests' garments (they had fled to a Catholic church), hands tied behind their backs. Diem himself had been beaten as well. Both bodies showed gunshot wounds to the napes of the neck. <http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB101/> Retrieved Feb. 21, 2017. 29 29. "Document 17" http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB101/vn17.pdf 30 30. "Document 16" http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB101/vn16.pdf 31 31. "Document 15" http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB101/vn15.pdf 32 32. "SPOOKS' MAKE LIFE MISERABLE FOR AMBASSADOR LODGE 'Arrogant' CIA Disobeys Orders in Viet Nam" by Richard Starnes. (The article shifts to confront JFK with the problems the CIA faces due to the President.) http://www.maebrussell.com/Military/CIA%20War%20in%20Vietnam.html 33 33. The rest of the article exposes Richardson by name, complains of the superfluence of the CIA, and predicts that Kennedy is in danger, as published in the _Washington Daily News_ on Wednesday, October 2, 1963, p.3. The article begins with: "The story of the Central Intelligence Agency's role in South Viet Nam is a dismal chronicle of bureaucratic arrogance, obstinate disregard of orders, and unrestrained thirst for power." Other quotes in the article included: "Other American agencies here are incredibly bitter about the CIA. "If the United States ever experiences a 'Seven Days in May' it will come from the CIA, and not from the Pentagon," one U.S. official commented caustically..."Seven Days in May" is a fictional account of an attempted military coup to take over the U.S. Government... CIA "spooks" (a universal term for secret agents here) have penetrated every branch of the American community in Saigon...Few people other than Mr. Richardson and his close aides know the actual CIA strength here, but a widely used figure is 600..."There are a number of spooks in the U.S. Information Service, in the U.S. Operations mission, in every aspect of American official and commercial life here, " one official - presumably a non-spook - said. "They represent a tremendous power and total unaccountability to anyone," he added. Coupled with the ubiquitous secret police of Ngo Dinh Nhu, a surfeit of spooks has given Saigon an oppressive police state atmosphere." 34 34. <http://www.jfklancer.com/Krock.html> Retrieved Feb. 21, 2017. 35 35. https://nominay.wordpress.com/2015/04/20/the-trouble-with-henry-cabot-lodge/ # Part III – Oswald's Innocence Rurh Paine and her garage Chapter 8 ## Setting Up the Patsy – The Paines ### More About Ruth and Michael Paine We have demonstrated that Ruth and Michael Paine were connected to the intelligence community. We discussed their false witness about the rifle, the blanket and the cameras.1 Now, it's time to look at the Paines again. In this mother of all murder mysteries, as every clue about the Paines comes to light, a number of questions asked over the decades can now be answered. We'll begin with more background, to expose their treachery, starting with an article by journalist Penn Jones, who published much information about all of the era's famous assassinations. Jones also helped to support former Dallas police officer Roger Craig, who lost his job and suffered physical attacks after refusing to retract statements pointing to a conspiracy. Roger was either driven to commit suicide, or his suicide was staged. His autopsy showed his body was literally covered with scars caused by car "accidents," being shot, and being in a car explosion. Jones's editorial for The Midlothian Mirror, published March 5, 1970,2 calls attention to "the long list of 'strange coincidences' associated with the JFK assassination," to which we will add our own comments. Jones was unfamiliar with the New Orleans Bioweapon Project, which was in full gear in April 1963, or of coauthor Judyth Baker's arrival in New Orleans on April 19, as well as the close relationship of Dr. Alton Ochsner to the conspirators. He makes some errors, but even so, Jones correctly selects the pivotal month of April, 1963 as full of portentous activities related to the assassination. He writes: We think the activities below should be [noticed].... Maybe the feverish activity of six persons who were closely related has no connection with the assassination, but we feel their movements should be recalled. Marina Oswald was to testify later that her husband went out and "purchased a newspaper on the morning of April 24, 1963." He took off by bus for New Orleans that same day and is next seen in New Orleans five days later... Jones didn't know Lee stayed at the YMCA in New Orleans when he first arrived – information Judyth supplied to the research community in 1999. He was also unaware that on April 26, the day Lee met Judyth, Mary Ferrell's chronology mentions Lee at a job interview later that same afternoon. Jones, an early researcher, did not have instant access to records as we do today. On the other hand, he had access to information from newspapers, radio and TV that is difficult to find today. Jones continues: "Mike and Ruth Paine moved Marina into their home on that April 24th, then took off for San Antonio... leaving a stranger who spoke only Russian alone in their home." Ruth told Garrison's Grand Jury, "A long night's bus trip [to New Orleans] seemed to me a rather hard thing for a pregnant woman with a small child." Ruth brought Marina to her house in Irving (near Dallas) Wednesday afternoon. That Friday, Marina was left there alone for the entire weekend. Their "sheltering arms" left Marina isolated and vulnerable. She was on her own for close to three days while the Paines drove to San Antonio to spend the weekend folk-dancing. Jones accepted the cover story that Marina was married to a man willing to leave her behind with strangers, but seems to suspect that the Paines' true motives in coming forth to "protect" the Russian immigrant were inspired by a higher authority. Jones then cites a mysterious murder connected to Lee's CIA handler, George de Mohrenschildt, ending with a chilling comment by Lyndon Johnson regarding JFK's future: Mr. and Mrs. George DeMohrenschildt... left Dallas on April 19, 1963. He may have been rushed away due to the strange death of his next-door neighbor, Dr. William T. Wolf who burned to death in his apartment on that day. General Edwin Walker said he suspected Wolf with relation to the Walker shooting attempt. On April 23, 1963, Vice President Lyndon Johnson made a round of appearances in Dallas, including a stop for a press conference at the Dallas Times Herald in which he predicted President Kennedy would visit Texas later in the year. Johnson gave the general schedule which included a Dallas luncheon. During the day's activities, Johnson spoke to 2,000 business and civic leaders in the Crystal Ball Room of the Baker Hotel. Included in Lyndon's remarks, according to page 22 of the Times-Herald of April 24, are the[se] quoted paragraphs: "He said the President of the United States is like a pilot and the election is when the nation picks an airplane and a pilot for the next four years... Once you pick him, and you're flying across the water in bad weather, don't go up and open the door and try to knock him in the head. He's the only pilot you have and if the plane goes down, you go with it. At least wait until next November before you shoot him down." Writes Jones: "November 1963 was not a Presidential election year! Did this man who had been an office holder for twenty-five years forget his election calendar?"3 (emphasis by authors) ### Lee Oswald Thought Judyth Was CIA Jones does not mention in the above that the same forces assembled to try to kill Castro, finding their goal frustrated, now turned their baleful gaze upon Kennedy. It is one reason that Judyth was persuaded to join the "get Castro" project in New Orleans. Jones also didn't know that Judyth Baker was brought in by Dr. Alton Ochsner to work with the renowned cancer specialist and orthopedic surgeon Dr. Mary Sherman. Judyth had arrived two weeks early, throwing a monkey wrench into carefully-set plans. She arrived April 19, 1963, in the center of the maelstrom of the assassination plots: I was on my own: the doctors were out of town. My new friends in New Orleans were so different from the august doctors I'd expected to meet, to wine and dine me, to introduce me to great researchers at Ochsner Clinic and Tulane Medical School. Instead, my YWCA friends were two strippers, a Playboy Bunny trainee, and a tough waitress who worked at a Royal Castle eatery way out by the airport. The waitress got me a part-time job out there – just two hours every morning during the breakfast rush – but enough to pay the rent at the 'Y' until my doctors came back to assist me! Judyth and Lee first met at the General Delivery counter at the main post office in New Orleans, just after she got her first paycheck from Royal Castle. She was also carrying a rolled-up newspaper. Judyth: "It had an ad to my fiancé in it, in code. We had planned to elope, so Robert wanted no phone calls. The ad was in "personals" so he'd know I arrived safely in New Orleans." "Jaryo" looked like code to Lee Oswald. Agents sometimes placed ads in the "personal" section in newspapers: this ad was not only in the personal section of the Times-Picayune, but Judyth had also kissed it with red lipstick and had circled it, making it stand out. When Lee stooped to pick up the newspaper she had dropped, he couldn't miss the ad. In fact, the ad was indeed a code Judyth and Robert had devised. "Jaryo" meant 'J.A.' for 'Judyth Anne,' 'R' was for 'Robert' and 'Yo' was for 'Yo soy' – 'I am J.A. = Judyth Anne'. Judyth says, "Robert said I could write one letter to him, but it had to look like it was from his friend 'Raleigh Rorke.' Upset because her fiancé had failed to write, Judyth handed over the one letter she'd been allowed to write to the postal worker. Thinking Robert might have used "Rorke,' Judyth tried to get the postman to search for a letter to him, from Robert, but she didn't have sufficient ID to pick up such a letter. **Judyth Vary** **Baker** : I also showed the postman my Royal Castle check, for my own ID. Lee noticed that it was from the Royal Castle's main site. Open 24-7, this is where Bobby Kennedy's surveillance team hung out, spying on the Mafia's Don, Carlos Marcello. His headquarters were visible from Royal Castle. A big trial was coming up, to deport Marcello. Now, who would work way out of town, for only two hours every morning, with such a long ride back to town? Lee conjectured that maybe Judyth was a courier for Bobby Kennedy's team, taking the night's information back to town every morning. Lee had not been in New Orleans long enough to check her out. Some researchers now believe Lee was sent to "baby-sit" Judyth, on a hurry-up basis, to protect her from her new, seedy friends. Atop this, the letter Judyth handed to the postal worker had its return address as a mysterious "R. Rorke" – where the cursive "R" for "Raleigh" – Judyth later realized – looked like a cursive A. She says Lee knew "Alexander Rorke" – a CIA pilot who lived in Florida and who had recently given a speech in New Orleans. Rorke had also used Eglin AFB for CIA flights. **Judyth Vary** **Baker** : I can imagine what Lee was thinking as I handed over the letter "to" Robert A. Baker, at Eglin AFB, as this was also the name of an FBI agent Lee knew, who lived in Miami. Then there was the rolled-up newspaper that fell to the floor. But more was to come! When Lee Oswald picked up the newspaper, Judyth noticed he had no ring on his left hand. Miffed over Robert's neglect, and thinking to herself, "I'm not married yet!" – and because Lee was good looking and there was no ring on his finger, Judyth decided to flirt with him. Judyth Vary Baker: Robert had told me to buy my own wedding ring, as it was just a foolish expense. That hurt my feelings. Besides, I wasn't even positive that Robert was going to show up. That's when I decided to respond, when this clean-cut young man picked up the newspaper for me, with some Russian. I said "Karoshah, Tavarisch ! [That's good, Comrade!]" I thought he'd reply with "What did you say?" Instead, Lee quietly said, in Russian, "It's not wise to speak Russian in New Orleans!" "But I like to speak Russian!" I shot back, amazed that he replied to me in that almost forbidden language. After all, I didn't know a soul who spoke Russian. It was amazing. They walked away together after Lee mailed a letter [or post card], immediately fascinated with each other. That's when Judyth noticed that Lee had a wedding ring, after all. He wore it on his right hand, just as her Hungarian grandmother had worn hers. Soon, Judyth learned that Lee Oswald had been living in Russia and was proficient in the language. Judyth had studied Russian – her classes had been paid for by retired military officers so she would be able to read journal articles about cancer published in Russian – but her spoken Russian was not very good, and soon they were conversing in English. In Dec., 2000, Judyth's mother affirmed that her daughter had studied Russian with Dr. Concevitch at then-Manatee Junior College. Realizing that Lee could not have been walking free on the streets as he was doing unless he was a returned "fake" defector, Judyth was mightily impressed with Lee's courage and patriotism. Through no fault of his own, Lee assumed Judyth knew far more than she actually did about clandestine matters. He quickly learned about her. He knew that Judyth (1) had been befriended by Canute Michelson, a WWII spy working in radiobiology for the OSS and CIA (2) had dated Tony Lopez-Fresquet, the son of Fidel Castro's former finance minister, Rufo Lopez-Fresquet, a CIA asset (3) knew anti-Castro activists in Florida (4) had apparently sent a letter for "A. Rorke" to "Robert A. Baker at Eglin AFB, Florida" who Lee thought could be FBI agent Robert A. Baker. (5) As for Rorke, he was a CIA asset and pilot Lee knew personally. (6) Judyth could also speak some Russian and was well-versed in Russian literature and poetry. She could also understand scientific articles written in Russian. (7) Atop that, Judyth mentioned she was going to be working with Dr. Mary Sherman, and (8) David Ferrie, the night before, had told Lee he was working with Dr. Sherman on the clandestine side of a cancer research project. Lee had apparently been sent to protect Judyth from her rowdy new friends, without being given much extra information. Lee only knew that he had been sent to New Orleans at his own request. Upon his arrival, he was quickly asked to help protect a project David Ferrie was involved in. Lee's original hope was to work as a photographer, to give him plenty of time to work, undetected, for the CIA. David Ferrie had been assisting Dr. Sherman in a portion of a secret cancer research program. An untraceable asset, Ferrie helped keep the ring of researchers and doctors working on different aspects of the project from finding out about each other. Judyth Vary Baker: David was being forced to go to Miami on a regular basis to defend his case against Eastern Air Lines. He'd lost his prestigious job as a pilot because of accusations that he was a homosexual. In addition, Carlos Marcello, the Mafia chieftain, was using David Ferrie in his own anti-Castro activities, as was former FBI Chicago chieftain Guy Banister, while David was officially working out of Marcello's lawyer, G. Wray Gill's office as a "psychologist" and investigator. Stretched thin, Dave needed help to keep up with his part of the Project. "When I told David what I found out about you," Lee told Judyth, "he thought you were the helper he had asked for. After all," Lee said, laughing, "you were a girl, and that meant there would be no fear that Dave might try to seduce you!" Judyth now suspects that Michael Riconosciuto, a genius who was only about 16 years old at the time, but already an expert with lasers, bugging, computers and biological research, may have been considered to work with Ferrie. A relative, Anita Langley, said Michael told her he had worked for Guy Banister and had seen copies of Judyth's cancer research reports at his office.4 On April 27, Judyth met the inimitable David W. Ferrie. They would become close friends. "Dave was the same age as my father," Judyth reminisces. "He said I was like the daughter he never had. He could be rough and crude, but he very much wanted to convert me back to Catholicism. I had once wanted to be a nun, but became an atheist due to some harsh events in my life. Dave was always trying to convince me to change my mind." ### The Reily Cover Jobs Confronted with how much Judyth now knew, upon Dr. Ochsner's return to New Orleans, he first interviewed Lee Oswald and then Judyth, after which "Dr. O" placed Judyth on the "the clandestine side" of the project. Instead of an internship in Dr. Sherman's lab, Judyth had to seem to be working well away from her. On May 9, both Judyth and Lee were hired together at Standard Coffee, a tiny (at the time) sub-company of the ultra-conservative, anti-communist, anti-Castro William B. Reily Coffee Company. Put succinctly, "William B. Reily had been working for the CIA for years," said CIA asset Gerry Hemming.5 Judyth and Lee began working together at Standard the next day. Next, their records were laundered and fake background reports were generated for them. A week later, on May 17, Lee and Judyth (and their laundered records) were transferred to William B. Reily Coffee, where Judyth became the vice president's secretary and Lee took a position in maintenance. Judyth would cover for Lee's many absences, and her boss, former FBI agent Bill Monaghan, would cover for hers, which were mainly on W-Th-F afternoons. "I had many excuses to leave the premises," Judyth says, "as I was Mr. M's finance and security floor secretary and was often supposed to be at the courthouse or at a lawyer's for Reily's." Lee and Judyth rode the same bus (Lee having arranged for them to live close to each other and only one bus stop apart). They did so for the next eleven weeks. Monaghan, disgusted at Judyth's slow typing speed and forced to do a lot of her work to cover for her, was pleased to have Personnel put an ad into the papers to replace her on July 19, the day Lee was fired (six days early). That ad appeared on July 20 in the Times-Picayune. The ad was later reissued with higher pay, as no skilled secretary was willing to work for Reily's Vice President at minimum wage, which is all Judyth's cover job paid. Judyth was still working at Reily's, training a replacement, when Lee was arrested on Aug 9 for leafletting in his fake pro-Castro role. "Lee was attracting Castro's spies in New Orleans, which helped protect the Project," she explains. "Earlier, in May, Lee had also worked directly with former FBI chief Guy Banister, infiltrating college campuses, where they sought out student activists and radicals. Lee hated that work." Because Judyth had been seen with Lee on August 9 shortly before his arrest, she was fired at Reily's the same day he was arrested, to protect Reily's anti-communist reputation. Here is Judyth's Aug. 9 final paycheck stub, which was cut the day she was fired: For years, people wondered if Lee Oswald had saved any of his Reily pay stubs. Judyth's critics said there was no name on her stubs, maintaining her name would be there if the stubs were authentic. Since not one of Lee's Reily paycheck stubs were in the Warren Commission's 26 volumes, she had no way to prove the stubs were real until, in 2009, the City of Dallas posted thousands of newly-scanned documents online, and some of Lee's Reily check stubs finally showed up (now it was seen that Lee's stubs also had no name.):6 Lee's May 24 Reily paycheck stub, one of many. Lee's Reily paycheck stubs were confiscated by the Dallas Police; neither Lee's Reily check stubs nor his Reily time cards (some marked with Judyth's "J") were in the 26 volumes: the FBI had copies, but kept them unpublished. "They also confiscated my records," Judyth says. "They could see that we worked together, so the Reily documents were suppressed." Stains are from the Dallas Police checking the stub for Lee's fingerprints. Just as Judyth had done, Lee kept his Reily paycheck stubs, even though his name wasn't on his stubs, either. With this background information, we are now able to understand and appreciate the dynamics in play in Lee's life in New Orleans, and later in Dallas, as he and Judyth grew closer and the forces of darkness began to gather around them. Only two photos of Lee's Reily check stubs exist: this one matches Judyth's May 31 Reily check stub7 (except for pay rates). Lee stamped it with the same stamp he used for his FPCC flyers. ### Pix of the Paines: The "Front Yard" Photos In 2016, four photos appeared online, showing Marina and baby June in New Orleans. Why we should care: The photos shocked Judyth. For years, she had stated that Lee had avoided taking any photos of her or Marina in New Orleans because Judyth had posed as Marina several times. Lee had made it clear: no photos of Marina or Judyth were to be allowed. Therefore, either Lee lied to her, about no New Orleans photos being allowed, or somebody else took the photos. Since the photos were made with the same cheap, primitive Imperial Reflex camera that also shot the backyard photos, Judyth, convinced that Lee could not have made them, was now dedicated to discovering who made the photos. We will now present more evidence that Lee was unlikely ever to have owned the Imperial Reflex. The next pages will open a Pandora's box that implicates the Paines as major players in a long-term operation to frame Lee Harvey Oswald – an operation that also created the infamous backyard photos that convinced millions that Lee was a "man in black" who would later kill Kennedy. "Lee told me that he avoided taking any photos of Marina and Junie in New Orleans for their protection," Judyth says. "I passed this information on to researchers, challenging them to find any photos of Marina or Junie in New Orleans. Imagine my shock, therefore, at finding two photos of Marina and Junie together, and five more of Junie, buried in thousands of Dallas Police files released in 2009.8 Upon seeing them, I had an advantage over researchers, as a witness, for I trusted Lee. He would not have taken these photos. They were also of poor quality. I had seen some of Lee's photography work. Lee would never have used such a piece of trash to take photos of his beloved daughter. So, who took these badly-made photos?" Anxious to learn more, Judyth discovered "A New Look at the Enigma of the Backyard Photographs, Parts 1-3," written by Jeff Carter and published 30 July 2015. "Embedded there, in Carter's essays about the backyard photos – photos that condemned Lee as a wannabe assassin – was my answer."9 ### The Photo in Marina's Shoe We mentioned previously that Marguerite Oswald was resting on the Paines' living-room couch the evening of the assassination, exhausted and troubled, when Michael Paine crept past her, went into the kitchen, and then entered the garage through the door there, at about 2 am. The next afternoon, when police searched the garage, they found the notorious backyard photos. Marguerite believed the "find" was suspiciously convenient. She told the Warren Commission that these photos were different from one that Marina, in a panic, secretly showed her. In that photo, which Marina later pressed into her shoe to hide, which has been described by researchers as another "backyard photo," Marguerite said Lee was wearing different clothes and was holding what looked like a rifle over his head. This wasn't a backyard photo, but researchers have been accustomed to discount Marguerite Oswald's testimony. A recently released secret CIA file urged operatives to remind the media that Marguerite was a "shrew" whose statements were unreliable, such as her endless comments that her son was "a secret agent" who was actually a hero. With her chubby, short body, horn-rimmed glasses and emotional, self-serving attitude, Marguerite was easy to make fun of. Moving past her flamboyant statements and memory lapses, her account is actually consistent and useful. The photo she saw, inscribed to baby June in Lee's handwriting, had been placed in Junie's baby book. Terrified that it could be used against her son, Marguerite advised Marina to destroy the photo. Marina complied. She tore it to pieces, tried to burn it, and flushed what didn't burn down the toilet. Warren Commission theorists ignore what Marguerite told WC lawyer Rankin about the backyard photos found in the Paine garage. Said Marguerite: The pictures of Lee with the rifle came from that home. If Lee is going to assassinate the President or anybody else, is he going to have photographs laying all around with the gun? No, sir. And there is too much evidence pointing to the assassination and my son being the guilty one in this particular house.10 Researcher Jeff Carter suggested the photo was likely made in the USSR, of Lee with his shotgun, which he used as a member of a hunting club there. Carter backs this up by showing us that originally Marina insisted that she had never used a camera, nor had she ever taken any photos of Lee. She also insisted that she had never seen the backyard photos before. Under relentless pressure, alone, trying to nurse a baby, abandoned by everyone, Marina would soon buckle and change her story. She would eventually describe Lee as a man prone to violence, both friendless and cruel. But we have many photos of Lee from Minsk, Belarus, USSR, depicting a man very different from what the FBI, CIA and Marina told the world. In 2013, some of Lee's friends and acquaintances in Minsk were interviewed. Here is what they had to say about Lee Harvey Oswald: **[Inna]** **Markava** :...remembered Oswald teaching language students how to dance "The Twist," and him sometimes going dancing at the Palace of Culture of Trade Unions. It was at one of these events that he met Marina Prusakova... It seemed to me that he was framed, using the whole situation with the Soviet Union. I didn't think he could have done it. Or he would have been completely insane to do it. **Inessa** **Yakhliel** : "Whatever they write about him now –- that he was a psychopath, a hot-tempered or threatening person – absolutely none of that is true. I knew him as an absolutely different person, a family person. I liked him. I don't agree with anything that has been written about him," said Inessa Yakhliel, a close friend of the couple. Yakhliel remembers hearing Oswald, who used the name Alek, speak highly of President Kennedy. "One day he was at our house and the television was showing a meeting between Khrushchev and Kennedy.... And he spoke about Kennedy very sympathetically. He said he was the only sensible president. Those were his words," said Yakhliel. **Stanislau** **Shushkevich** : "It is my absolute conviction that they found a passive, calm, compliant boy, and used him as the guilty one. And then they washed their hands of it. As for the conclusions of the Warren Commission, I don't believe them one bit. I have studied them and I don't think it was the work of my student," said Shushkevich. "None of us, none of his friends here, believed it. Some knew him a lot less than I did – actually, they knew Marina more than Alek. But I came to know him well. I don't believe it," Yakhliel said. The commission led by U.S. Chief Justice Earl Warren concluded Oswald acted alone in killing the president, but Shushkevich, Markava, and Yakhliel can't accept that conclusion. They believe there must have been some form of conspiracy.... The ever-helpful publisher, Voice of America, ended the article with a jab at Lee: "Nonetheless, the face the world saw in Dallas will be forever associated with the death of John Fitzgerald Kennedy."11 [Judyth Baker: Maybe not, VoA!] Lee with friends Pavel Golovachev and Ernst Titovets in Minsk. ### The Secret Service Takes Over Marguerite's story of what happened to her and Marina on the terrible weekend of Nov. 22-24 is a lesson in intimidation and cruelty, as told to the Warren Commission. Marguerite, Marina, 5-week-old baby Rachel and Junie were taken by LIFE Magazine photographers from the Paine home and checked in at the expensive Executive Inn at Love Field. When they finished their interview and photos, they gave Marguerite a $50 bill and abandoned the little family there. Only because Marguerite loudly insisted on seeing Lee in jail did she and Marina get away, after hours of begging, late Saturday afternoon, at about 4:30 pm. At that time, Lee asked his mother (as he'd been asking everyone) for help to get a lawyer, and for new shoes for little June, whose secondhand red canvas shoe had a hole in it. Marguerite reported that Lee didn't want her to worry about him, but she saw that both his eyes were bruised: he had a black eye, there were scratches on his face and neck, and she reported seeing bruises all over his face. Scratches? Bruises all over his face? Judyth – someone else who also loved the falsely accused assassin – decided to look into this, and found the following information from Gus Russo's book Live by the Sword: The Secret War Against Castro and the Death of JFK (Bancroft, 1998): Interview of Paul Bentley, 30 July 1993 (FL): This detail was corroborated for the author by the FBI's Robert Gemberling and Homicide detective Jim Leavelle. There are a few cops who hint that Oswald's civil rights were in fact abused while in custody. Two Dallas policemen, requesting anonymity, told the author that this happened, but would only hint at the details: the abuse was mental, not physical. When pressed, one of the policemen said, "I'll take that to my grave." For an indication of how touchy a subject this was for the Dallas police, note the different photos taken of Oswald on the day he was shot. At the time of his shooting, pictures of his face show only a minor scrape over his right eye. But in autopsy pictures taken only a few hours later, he has a severe black eye. Dallas police officials have admitted that they put makeup on his face so that he would appear unmarked when the press viewed his transfer (Oswald autopsy photos in CIA "201" file on Oswald, box 24, National Archives). After Oswald's death, the FBI ordered an investigation of the Dallas police to determine if any abuses had occurred. The investigation was headed by agent Vincent Drain. When asked if he was aware of these allegations, Drain responded, "I just wouldn't want to comment on that." (Vincent Drain, interview by author, 18 October 1993.) Marguerite went on to describe piteous scenes: though Lee needed support from his family, authorities tried to move Marguerite and Marina to a remote farmhouse 45 miles from Dallas (belonging to Robert's Hungarian in-laws); Marguerite resisted (Marina could hardly defend herself in eloquent English). At the expensive Executive Inn, they had no provisions for infant Rachel, and no proper food for little Junie (both little ones developed diarrhea so severe it required two visits from doctors). Diapers ran out: both little ones were raw and chapped, but they couldn't even get diaper cream. During this siege on them, Marguerite was shown a "glossy black and white photo" of Jack Ruby by a stranger, through the door (she would not let the stranger inside), half a day before Lee was shot.12 Marina was described as "gaunt" by translator Peter Gregory: trying to nurse the baby during breaks in interrogations, with nothing but black coffee and cigarettes, endlessly questioned, she was given no chance to mourn her murdered husband. She was questioned with little real rest, and only one meal is mentioned by Robert Oswald, who was there part of the time at the Inn. All of these stresses contributed to Marguerite breaking down into fits of hysteria. The $50 LIFE left them barely covered the expensive suite at the Executive Inn, leaving only $2. They had no change of clothes, no way to get any, and began washing their clothes and diapers by hand, hanging them to dry where they could across lampshades and chairs. Outside, "angry crowds" gathered below. Though the Secret Service initially hid the fact that Lee had been killed (saying he was only shot in the shoulder), Marguerite suspected the worst and insisted on going to the hospital. The Dallas News (11/22/2013) interviewed Secret Service Agent Howard McKinney, who was assigned to protect the family. He responded, distorting facts and expressing special disdain for Marguerite: Howard and another agent picked up Robert and took him to the Executive Inn, near Love Field, where Marguerite, Marina and the girls had been taken. "Like any other family, they were shocked," Howard said. "They were numb." Next, they drove to the Irving home of Marina's friend Ruth Paine to pick up supplies for the babies... [ JVB: they were about to try to force the family to transfer to the remote farmhouse] It was there, over the police radio in Howard's car, that Marguerite heard her son had been shot. She shouted for her daughter-in-law: "Marina, Lee has been shot." Marina insisted on going to Parkland Memorial Hospital [against McKinney's wishes! Marguerite fought tooth-and-nail to go to the hospital, as Marina could not argue with him in English] . [T]here she saw her husband's bruised face and the fatal wound delivered by Jack Ruby's gun. Howard took the family to the Inn of the Six Flags in Arlington, where they stayed [in rooms 423 and 424] for the next six days....During that time, agents, including Howard, interviewed the family and helped arrange Oswald's funeral. Robert called his pastor and everybody he could think of, trying to find a burial place for his brother. "He cried," Howard said. "There wasn't a funeral home in Dallas that would take the body. We had to make the arrangements," Howard said. "If it hadn't been for the Secret Service, he probably would have been put in a county dump or something, 'cause nobody wanted to touch him." ...They arranged for a burial at Shannon Rose Hill Cemetery in Fort Worth on Nov. 25. Louis Saunders, executive secretary with the Fort Worth Area Council of Churches, gave a brief prayer [when the Lutheran pastor failed to show]. "The only other people there were the news media and the police from Fort Worth and Arlington," Howard said. "The news media carried the casket to the grave." [He failed to say that everyone else was barred from attending].Marina wanted to see her husband in his casket, Howard said. "They put a concrete vault over [Oswald] so people couldn't drag his body through the streets." Marguerite was put in one of the rooms at the Inn of the Six Flags and Marina was left alone with her two sick little ones, in the other. Judyth: Researcher Mary Ferrell told me that the night shift members of the Secret Service sexually abused Marina bringing her out for "questioning" late at night, telling her that if she ever revealed it, she would be deported. She had no way to prove she was sexually abused. I doubt Ferrell would have made this up. Marina had spent many hours seeking information from Ferrell to prove Lee's innocence. But Ferrell's chronology shows Ferrell detested JFK and supported the Warren Commission's verdict." Though Marguerite was an avaricious, proud, unkind woman who pushed Lee out of her life and on his own as fast as she could, she was not crazy. So where was Ruth Paine, in Marina's hour of need? Marina tells us why she avoided Ruth Paine like the plague after her trip to the police station with Marina and Marguerite, when they came to visit Lee: **Mr.** **RANKIN** : You said that you didn't want to see Ruth Paine because you thought she wanted to see you for her own interests. Will you tell us what you meant by that? **Mrs. OSWALD** : I think she wants to see me in her own selfish interests. She likes to be well known, popular.... The reason that I think so is that the first time that we were in jail to see Lee, she was with me and with her children, and she was trying to get in front of the cameras, and to push her children and instructed her children to look this way and look that way. And the first photographs that appeared were of me with her children. Ruth Paine, the "religious Quaker" who seems to have avoided Jesus' admonition to visit those in prison, also seems to have had unkind thoughts toward Lee from the beginning. Researcher Walt Brown commented in a 2014 McAdams newsgroup post that: Ruth Paine saw that Lee was writing a letter to the Russian embassy. Actually Lee knew his letter would be intercepted and read by the FBI, and was using that as a way of reporting that he had failed to accomplish his mission in Mexico City, and was back in Texas. Ruth Paine didn't know that and she copied the letter that she thought would be of interest to the FBI. She said she spotted a lie immediately and that's what impelled her to copy the letter and call the FBI. ### Did Lee Give His Brother the Imperial Reflex? We argue that the camera that took the "backyard photos" belonged to the Paines and will present supporting evidence for this statement. On Jan. 29, 1965, for the first time, the FBI asked Marina Oswald, while she was at the Inn of the Six Flags, about the cameras Lee owned. The distressed young widow's first reply is amazing. Here we give you the outline of TX File #DL 100-10461 (date spoken, Nov. 29, 1963; date dictated, Nov. 30, 1963):13 (emphasis by authors) MARINA was questioned concerning cameras which were owned by LEE HARVEY OSWALD and her. She said that they owned two cameras. One of these cameras was a Russian camera which had been purchased by LEE HARVEY OSWALD at Minsk in September, 1961... a good camera. This camera was brought by the OSWALDs to the United States when they returned from Russia... What comes next is shocking, since Robert Oswald said Lee left the cheap Imperial Reflex camera with him when he went to Russia, and asked for it back upon his return: MARINA was exhibited a photograph which is item 378 of an inventory list prepared by the FBI which photograph depicts two cameras. One a "Cuera-2" and the other a "Realist." She said the cameras depicted in this photograph appear to be the cameras which were owned by her and her husband. She said the "Cuera - 2" camera appears to be the Russian camera and the "Realist" appears to be the American made camera... [This] other camera owned by the Oswalds was a United States made camera which LEE HARVEY OSWALD had owned prior to his entry into the U.S. Marine Corps and this was the camera which he had taken pictures with when he was in the Marine Corps. When he went to Russia, Oswald left this camera with his brother ROBERT OSWALD. When Oswald and Marina returned from Russia, ROBERT returned the camera to OSWALD and it was among the effects the OSWALDs had on November 22, 1963. The W.C. version of the Nov. 29 FBI report suspiciously omits the name of the Realist. On Nov. 29, 1963, when the FBI asked Marina what cameras her husband had owned, Jeff Carter quotes the Warren Commission's version: "She replied that Lee bought one camera in Russia and a second one in the United States... She added that she was not proficient with operating any cameras as she had never had an opportunity to do so." Those are important "first words" – spoken before Marina was more thoroughly coached.14 But if Marina did not take any of the photos, and Judyth has claimed that Lee Oswald didn't take them, then who did? And in particular, who took the photos of baby June in the Neely St. apartment?15 Judyth Vary Baker: I personally saw the Realist camera in Lee's possession in May, 1963. Here is some information on this interesting camera: the Realist was going out of style by the mid-1950s, though it was the best stereo camera ever made for the public, with fine lenses and a metal frame covered with genuine leather. Realist slides were hard to create and could not be used reliably in slide projectors (note: Ruth Paine's slide projector could not easily project Realist stereo slides, whereas slides made from the Imperial Reflex, which she claimed belonged to Lee Oswald, could be easily used in the Paine's slide projector. As we will see, Ruth Paine owned hundreds of single slides, not stereo slides. Lee had limited funds, but he had always been interested in photography. By 1956, the price of this once very expensive camera had plummeted. It was a perfect camera to use for Lee's travels in the Marines. The FBI: MARINA stated OSWALD also had a light meter she believes. She said she does not know much about light meters or cameras. She said this light meter had probably been left by LEE HARVEY OSWALD with his brother ROBERT along with the Realist camera, when OSWALD went to Russia. She does not know what the name of this light meter is. Judyth Vary Baker: The Realist had a light meter and flash attachment, but the only flash attachment shown in Dallas Police evidence files is a flash attachment that fits the Imperial Reflex.16 Later, Marina would change her story to say that the Imperialist Reflex camera, which she initially could not recognize, was the camera Lee left with his brother (Robert would agree – but by then he had been compromised).17 We accept as truthful Marina's first description of the cameras with which she had been familiar in the FBI's first interview with Marina about them, where she recognized the Realist as the camera Lee gave to his brother. ### The Dallas Police Visit Irving Next, let's explore who used the Imperial Reflex camera if Lee didn't use it, beginning with some background. Here's what Jan Kelin ("Pictures of the Paines," May, 1995)18 had to say about Ruth Paine's suspicious behavior the day the police came to her door: Ruth Paine testified that when the cops came to her home that afternoon, "I said nothing. I think I just dropped my jaw." That wasn't quite how the police remembered it. Guy F. Rose, a homicide detective with the Dallas Police Department, told Warren Commission attorney Joseph Ball about his arrival at the Paine home that day. Mr. Rose:...just as soon as we walked up on the porch, Ruth Paine came to the door. She apparently recognized us – she said, "I've been expecting you all," and we identified ourselves, and she said, "Well, I've been expecting you to come out. Come right on in." Mr. Ball: Did she say why she had been expecting you? Mr. Rose: She said, "Just as soon as I heard where the shooting happened, I knew there would be someone out." If Ruth Paine "knew," as soon as she heard where the assassination occurred, that the police would be visiting her home, then something doesn't add up. At that point, according to her own testimony, she thought Oswald was working at a second TSBD building – not the one at 411 Elm Street, where the Warren Commission ultimately placed Oswald and his rifle, but one that was located several blocks from Dealey Plaza. "After at least two visits by the police for full house searches, Ruth was still producing articles of evidence that those Keystone Kops somehow overlooked, Even though the original DPD inventory reached into the hundreds of items." –Jim DiEugenio Here is a photo of the ever-helpful Ruth Paine, with Marina Oswald. Marina is not showing much evidence of pregnancy, meaning this photo was taken before July 1963, or after baby Rachel was born. What camera created this photo? Who took it? Likely candidates are Michael Paine or Lee Oswald. The poor quality of this photo suggests it may have been made with the Imperial Reflex. Ruth Paine told the Warren Commission that Lee took no photos of which she was aware. The Imperial Reflex took both color and black and white photos using 620 film, as sold by Kodak, which could be made into Kodachrome slides. The Imperial Reflex was an older camera. One box full of Kodaslide singles is marked "Ruth Hyde," showing they were made no later than the Paines' marriage in December, 1957. The Kodaslide singles were made from 620 Kodachrome film. Ruth Paine identified her slides and two rolls of 620 Kodachrome film as belonging to her. Only one camera was ever found at the Paine home that could take such slides. That camera was the Imperial Reflex used to frame Lee Harvey Oswald. Despite the fact that Marina initially identified the Realist stereo camera as belonging to her husband, Ruth Paine would eventually claim that the Realist belonged to her, even though no Realist slides were ever identified in her possession by the FBI. A decade later, Michael Paine claimed all the photographs had been stolen. (Source: Dallas Police inventory lists) The Dallas Police also found items in Lee Oswald's blue composite board suitcase of interest: "Envelope with 35 mm negatives... miscellaneous photograph.... Yellow envelope with misc. pictures... 1 candy box with pictures... 1 brown box filled with camera film slides..." and in Lee's seabag, "1 small German camera and black case on chain." There were also rolls of Minox film, some of which were identified as belonging to Lee Oswald. So Lee also owned slides and photos. Researcher Jeff Carter has exposed for us how the camera that took the backyard photos was almost certainly planted among Lee Oswald's possessions. Together with what we know about the Paines, of a terrified Marina Oswald, and of the willingness of Dallas Police to see a "cop-killer" like Oswald get convicted, a drama plays out worthy of a movie. Writes Carter: On March 23/24,1964, the four Dallas officers who had searched the garage three times after the assassination were interviewed for a second time about not finding the Imperial Reflex camera that was linked to the backyard photos, all advised that during the search of the PAINE residence they recalled that there were several boxes in the garage at the PAINE residence and that all boxes were searched by one of the officers participating in the search... all stated that they definitely did not see the Imperial Reflex camera... or any other camera in the PAINE garage.(CE2557) What Carter says next is stunning: Lee Oswald was shown a backyard photo – one in the original 3" x 3" size, and the other an 8" x 10" blow-up of the first – half a day before the photos were 'found' in the Paine garage. Carter offers a long essay proving that, but we will move on to what happened later, when FBI agents told Marina to go through 448 photos on March 19, 1964, of which some 300 belonged to the Paines. Don't forget that magic number: 70% of these photos, in other words, belonged to the Paines and now were mixed in with the Oswald photos. But why were they mingled together? The answer is about to smack you between the eyes! This original stack of photos included many duplicates of Oswald family photos from the USSR, etc. in the batch, as well as two backyard photos. But now, for the first time, some new photos of Marina and June Oswald show up. Marks and scratches made by the crude camera, on the film, show these new-found photos were made by the same camera that took the backyard photos. How convenient, and how necessary, since the new photos "proved" that Lee Harvey Oswald used the camera for other photos, too. But did he? **Judyth Vary** **Baker** : Only after the Paine photos were mixed in with the Oswald photos did these additional Imperial Reflex photos of Rachel and Junie show up. That made me realize that the Paines probably owned the camera, or were told to use this particular camera. Lee could not take photos with his Russian-made Cuera because there was no film in America for it, and slides for the Realist took time to mount. Therefore, at this time, Lee was taking photos with his Minox. Many rolls of Minox film were found in Lee's possessions, but the FBI released only a few of his Minox photos to the public. What Judyth says next is important: While Lee told me he was using his Minox mostly to take photos of documents, he also allowed Kerry Thornley to take a photo of me and Leee with his Minox. Due to how often Lee used his Minox, I told Dr. Howard Platzman and researcher Martin Shackelford that Lee was taking maybe a hundred snapshots with just one roll of film. They told me that wasn't possible. But that was how often I knew Lee was using the Minox. ### Reconstructing Two Rolls of Film We posit that after the backyard photos were shot, a second roll of film was put together to better link the Imperial Reflex camera to Lee Oswald. These photos did not have to be carefully shot. They merely had to link General Walker's house with snapshots of Marina and June, presumably made by Lee Oswald. We can list them as: (1)(2)(3)(4) up to four photos of Gen. Edwin Walker's house and surroundings. (5)(6)(7) include an underexposed photo of little June in a white lawn chair, probably taken at Elsbeth, and two underexposed photos of June taken on the balcony at nearby Neely Street, presumably after Marina returned to Lee after a sudden departure from Elsbeth St.(according to the testimony of M. Tobias, the Elsbeth St. landlord, who initially saw Marina leave in a red convertible). The Oswalds may have lived at Neely St. until April 23, 1963, though there is some dispute about where Marina actually lived. These photos are followed by one normal and three overexposed photos (8) (9) (10) (11) that we are calling the "frontyard" photos, most likely taken by Ruth Paine on Monday, May 13, 1963, at 4905 Magazine St., in New Orleans. The Neely St. backyard photos may have been taken by Michael Paine, who demonstrated an unusual familiarity with a house he said he only visited once. We know of three original backyard photos, but others could have been discarded. Note: all of the backyard photos are superior in quality to others taken elsewhere by the Imperial Reflex camera. Maybe the back-yard photos were taken with a better camera and then re-photographed by the Imperial Reflex to give them the same "scratches and marks." Ruth stated that she, too, had visited the Neely St. apartment where the backyard photos were taken. Ruth could have taken the "frontyard photos" at 4905 Magazine Street while Lee was at work. With the nearly finished roll of film in her possession, she returned to Irving, but soon after, journeyed with her children to the East, as well as near Langley, visiting relatives such as her CIA-connected father and CIA sister. We propose that the backyard photos were made when Marina was temporarily estranged from Lee Oswald in early March.19 The backyard photos showed "Oswald" holding a rifle and two diametrically-opposed communist newspapers – rather like displaying Republican and Democrat posters (Lee Oswald would have known better!). For a long time only two "backyard photos" were known, created from two negatives that were found in the Paine garage. Then, in Dec. 1976, another backyard photo emerged. It had belonged to a controversial former Dallas policeman purported to be a "trick photographer" – according to his family. His name was Roscoe White. White had tantalizing connections to Lee Oswald. As Marines, they had often been stationed in the same places and countries at the same time, including Atsugi, Japan, and might even have met on shipboard. Atop that, White's wife, Geneva, had worked for Jack Ruby. The third backyard photo was found in 1976 after White's suspicious death. There were now three original backyard photos linked to the Imperial Reflex camera, though many copies would be made of them, including a mysterious copy sent to George de Mohrenschildt through the ever-helpful hands of Michael Paine (as we shall see). The three photos. Photo on right was found in Roscoe White's possessions.20 We are faced with the almost comic scenario of Lee Oswald obtaining this camera on Thanksgiving Day in November 1962 from his brother Robert, using the camera only between March and early May 1963 to shoot less than 2 rolls of film, after which the frugal photographer spent hard cash to develop his film at a store, after which he gave almost all of the photos (along with a few negatives) to the Paines, who later somehow "found" the Imperial Reflex camera in their garage, which inspired them to call Lee's brother, Robert, who would gratefully accept it, but somehow realized that the beat-up old camera had to be turned over to the authorities. Did you absorb all of that, and believe it? Remember: the new-found "front yard" photos were not among the Oswald family photos originally confiscated by police. The tale offered by the sole Irving policeman who legitimized the warranted, second search of the Paine residence and garage by the Dallas police on Day Two, as to where and how he found this big batch of photos, was in conflict with the version given by Dallas police. Jeff Carter suspected the same as Judyth – that Lee had not taken the Imperial Reflex photos.21 He noted that Ruth said Marina and Lee were not getting along well. Ruth herself reported, "when I took her to New Orleans in May, he was very discourteous to her, and they argued most of that weekend." (WC March 18, 1964) There is no photo of Marina and Ruth together in these Magazine St. front yard photos, and Lee's anger at Marina makes Ruth Paine a prime suspect as to who actually took the front yard photos.22 The New Orleans photos include plants that bloomed in April and May in New Orleans, plus lush new, green grass. We believe the photos of Marina and baby June were needed to provide evidence the camera really belonged to the hapless Oswalds.23 All of this preparation seemed based on the assumption that the carefully-groomed patsy would be killed before he could deny a thing. Instead, Lee lived long enough to assert that his head had been pasted onto someone else's body, as the bumbling police sought to break him down psychologically by showing him one of the backyard photos, plus a blowup of the same photo.24 It all would have worked, had not Lee Oswald had the presence of mind to cry out, while being beaten in the Texas Theater, "I am not resisting arrest!" (Witnesses saw a shotgun jammed against Oswald's back.). A problem occurred when Lee hastily and unexpectedly left Dallas for New Orleans (we have explained why he did so), leaving no more easy opportunities to link the Oswalds to the camera. But Ruth Paine was in a position to provide more photos when she brought Marina and June to New Orleans. Paine remained with the Oswalds all weekend. In contradiction to what Marina told biographer Priscilla McMillan-Johnson in Marina and Lee (Ist ed. p. 397), Ruth told the Warren Commission she left on Monday instead of Tuesday. We have no reason to doubt Marina. McMillan-Johnson also described, on pages 394-395 that Lee made love to Marina three times that first night and the next morning (so much for Lee's supposed "inadequacy"). Ruth Paine somehow got a glimpse of them that morning, deeply embarrassing them, but soon the couple began loudly bickering "about everything." "Shrewish as Marina was, Lee was even worse." McMillan wrote. "He was in a bad temper the entire time." McMillan explains that Ruth had intended to stay longer, but left Tuesday, May 14, feeling she and the two children were causing friction. Judyth Vary Baker: I believe Ruth was ready to leave the minute she finally got the photos she wanted, which wasn't possible until after Lee went to work.25 So important was this photo shoot that Ruth Paine remembered the layout of the yard with amazing accuracy. She recalled the front yard so well that she was able to correctly draw the complicated layout of its particular sidewalks, including where wild strawberries were growing. It seems the WC had special interest in Paine's knowledge of Oswald's front yard, too, rather than the layout of Oswald's house, which was only slightly sketched in. One must wonder why. Oddly, the Warren Commission failed to interview any Neely St. resident, nor the purported owner (a Mr. George), nor his wife, "Mrs. George" (also never interviewed by the FBI). In fact, "Mr. "M. Waldo George" has three different names in three different FBI files. "It is worth noting," wrote a researcher, "that the existence of three individuals – Mrs. George and [downstairs residents] Mr. and Mrs. Gray – depends entirely upon the statements of M. Waldo [AKA F.M. or Jim W.] George... Mr. George is a shadowy figure who himself may not have existed, at least under that name."26 This mixup suggests that the Neely St. apartment was a safe house. It was at this time that Lee's evil-doing was supposed to have occurred: posing with weapons, shooting at Gen. Walker, and the (non-existent) planned trip downtown to assassinate Richard Nixon. "Mr. George" reported to the FBI that Lee and his wife had loud, noisy arguments and fights, though he did not live on the premises. As for Neely St., we have Mr. and Mrs. M. Tobias telling us that they know when the Oswalds moved into the Neely St. apartment from theirs, since they saw them transferring items using Junie's stroller. In 2001, Judyth interviewed the Tobias' daughter, who worked as a secretary for Lighthouse Christian Academy, and verified that Lee Oswald and his family indeed had lived at the Elsbeth address. Further, Jack Ruby had visited on several occasions. After the Oswalds moved, Mr. and Mrs. Tobias testified to the Warren Commission that they also saw Marina on later occasions. Once, they saw Lee and Marina together, walking with the baby. Marina would stop and talk a little to Mrs. Tobias, or wave at them. They described her as a lovely girl, a sweet girl, with an inconsiderate and sullen husband. The Tobias's thought Lee (who almost never drank) was a drunkard and a wife-beater. That part of their story has been told endlessly, but Mrs. Tobias' statement that Jack Ruby had visited the Oswalds more than once is ignored; also, the Tobias' daughter, "Mrs. Crumb," stated that her mother was threatened with a one-way trip to an insane asylum if she ever mentioned Ruby's name again On Wednesday, April 10, 1963, there was an assassination attempt in Dallas against the life of General Walker. Five days later, Lee Oswald was ordered to hold a pro-Castro leafleting demonstration in downtown Dallas, with a "Viva Fidel" placard on his chest. Lee narrowly escaped getting arrested and going to jail. On Wednesday, April 24, Lee left for New Orleans. Marina stayed behind and moved in with Ruth Paine (on cue). "Lee felt the CIA was testing his loyalty, or he never would have agreed to do such a dangerous thing, which could mark him immediately as a suspect in the Walker assassination attempt. Lee felt he had a right, after obeying that directive, to insist on a transfer elsewhere." Having been placed on the Dallas Police "watch list," Lee demanded to be transferred, preferably to New Orleans, where he and his family would be safer and where he had relatives he trusted, who could care for Marina in an emergency. When Lee told Judyth he feared he would be linked to the Walker shooting incident, "there was no discussion about General Walker," she says. "Lee didn't express any opinions about him. Thus, I told researchers Lee had nothing to say about Walker. Since he basically told me everything else under the sun, this omission is important. Lee saw Walker as an impediment to a safe future after the Dallas Police spotted his pro-Castro demonstration." Later, when Michael Paine drove Lee to a meeting where Walker spoke, it seems unlikely Lee would have agreed to go if he had been Walker's sniper. Judyth's impression was that Lee had nothing to do with the shooting attempt. The undated note that Lee (possibly) wrote,27 advising Marina on what to do if he was arrested, or even killed, was concerned with the perilous and, in Lee's mind, unnecessarily hazardous assignment to wear that "Viva Fidel!" sign around his neck. Vacating Neely St. with the rent paid through May 1 was not the problem it might have been had it not been a "safe house." Lee wanted his family moved. He insisted to his friend and handler, George de Mohrenschildt, that it must be done as soon as possible. The de Mohrenschildts responded to Lee's urgent demands, arriving at 10 pm that same night (Easter Sunday). Since Lee was to get a new handler because George and Jeanne were moving to Haiti within a few days, Lee needed their immediate attention. He got it. Ruth Paine had to respond, too. She had to make up an excuse to see the Oswalds "in the park" on March 20, which she implied had come about through a letter she said Marina sent to her on March 4 – a letter that has never been seen by anybody. Somehow, Ruth also knew to drop by only an hour before the little family was to leave by bus for New Orleans on the 24th. Ruth kindly spares Marina the long bus ride and Lee still has time to get a refund for her ticket. Very convenient, since Lee supposedly has no job yet and has sparse funds. The sudden move, in Lee's mind, was an emergency. It occurred some ten days after Lee was ordered to conduct what he termed a "ridiculous" test of his obedience to the CIA. Mr. and Mrs. Tobias and several other witnesses stated Marina could speak acceptable English. Researchers who believe the fairytale that Marina was devoid of any knowledge of English chose to ignore them. Then they can insist that the Oswalds never lived at Neely. Researcher Jim DiEugenio has stepped in to correct a long thread disputing Marina's ability to speak English, mentioning that fake defector Robert Webster knew Marina in Moscow, and told Dick Russell of Marina's ability to speak English with a heavy accent.28 Marina also studied some English with George Bouhe and had borrowed English language records from Jeanne de Mohrenschildt, so she had some access to instruction. Besides, she had already studied English while in the USSR. DiEugenio then went on to write "...(Destiny Betrayed, 2nd Ed., p. 147). Further, Robert Oswald said that not only did Marina understand English, she spoke it and even wrote it. (ibid, p. 149) You cannot do that in one year." The tired argument that Marina was unable to speak any English was once used to discredit one of Judyth's witnesses – Anna Lewis Comeaux, the former wife of Banister associate David Lewis. David was a sidekick of one of Guy Banister's investigators, Jack Martin, in New Orleans. Anna, who observed that Judyth and Lee were lovers and said so directly when filmed in early January, 2000, stated that once Marina called her at Thompson's Restaurant, asking if her husband was there. She said Marina spoke in English. Anna replied that she didn't talk about what the people who came into the restaurant might be doing. Anna's testimony was discredited for mentioning that Marina could speak some English, when the Tobias couple and several others stated the same thing. Anna was also faulted for saying she saw Lee in New Orleans in the spring or fall of 1962, when there is now evidence that Lee might have been there in the fall of 1962, when he was separated from Marina and she was living with sympathetic White Russians. Carter writes: "Lee and Marina would be separated throughout October 1962, commencing a year of absences and separations, when Lee Oswald's movements and activities assume a murky or unknown character. On his own, Oswald stayed at the Mercedes apartment until October 8, [1962] when he vacated and quit his job at Leslie Welding the same day. Where he stayed the following week is unknown."29 Important: Did Michael and Ruth Paine ever visit the Neely apartment, where the backyard photos were taken? The answer is yes. Ruth Paine told the Warren Commission that she first visited Marina at the Neely St, apartment on March 12. She came again on March 20 (and may have taken Marina to her home for the day in Irving, since a meter reader who came by that day thought the sparsely-furnished apartment was vacant). Michael originally told the Warren Commission he had never seen any guns belonging to Lee Oswald, but thirty years later, in 1993, Mr. Paine told the unreliable Dan Rather that he had seen one of Lee's "backyard photos" when he went to the Neely apartment on April 2 to pick up Marina and Lee for dinner at Ruth's house. He claimed that Lee had "proudly" shown him one or more of the backyard photos. What most people don't know is that Michael Paine told the Warren Commission that he was shown photos Friday night, November 22 – photos which were not "discovered" until the next day in the Paine garage! "Furthermore, Paine said he was able to identify the house and give its address, simply by glancing at the photo(s), which showed a tiny section of the house's clapboard siding- siding he saw only once, and an address he supposedly drove to only twice (the same evening) some eight months later: **Mr.** **LIEBELER** : Did the FBI or any other investigatory agency of the Government ever show you a picture of the rifle that was supposed to have been used to assassinate the President? **Mr. PAINE** : They asked me at first, the first night of the assassination if I could locate, identify the place where Lee was standing when he was holding this rifle in the picture on the cover of LIFE. **Mr.** **LIEBELER** : Were you able to? **Mr. PAINE** : I identified the place by the fine clapboard structure of the house. **Mr.** **LIEBELER** : By the what? **Mr. PAINE** : By the small clapboard structure, the house has an unusually small clapboard. **Mr.** **LIEBELER** : What did you identify the place as being? **Mr. PAINE** : The Neely Street address. ### The Ever-Helpful Mr. Paine Jim DiEugenio and Jeff Carter agree that "The official story is that Oswald first met Ruth Paine on February 22, 1963 at the home of Everett Glover, a chemist working for the Socony Mobil Oil Company in Dallas." When George de Mohrenschildt and his wife, Jeanne, left Dallas for Haiti, Glover moved into the travelers' home. Ruth Paine reported this fact when she was questioned soon after the Kennedy assassination, so it is understood that Glover and the Paines were close enough to be aware of his move into de Mohrenschildt's home. It also suggests that Ruth, who claimed she only met the de Mohrenschildts twice, and even claimed she didn't know if he spoke Russian or not (he was born in Minsk!) was nevertheless aware of the whereabouts of the Baron and his wife. Note what DiEugenio says next, supported by end note #91 in his book Reclaiming Parkland: In May, just before Marina left for New Orleans, she gave Michael Paine some records and a record player to return to George de Mohrenschildt's wife, Jeanne, who had earlier given them to Marina in order to study English. Michael Paine would contact Everett Glover concerning them. Glover had this to say, first about getting the record player back, and, later, the records: Mike came over and delivered the record player... (Months later, Glover is contacted again by the Paines)... the only other connection I had with them was that later... I got a call from one of the Paines saying they had records that the De Mohrenschildts had given Marina. These were for Russian speaking people learning English, I believe, that they had, and what to do with them? And I said, bring them over here and I will store them... and I remember Michael Paine brought the records over to me and came in the house, and I talked with him a little bit.30 Once again, the magical hand of Michael Paine is involved, this time with the records, in which a very clear backyard photo, made with a different and unknown camera, will be "found," in 1967, when Everitt Glover and Michael Paine deliver the metal box with phonograph records in it to a storage unit belonging to the de Mohrenschildts. When they returned from Haiti, the Baron and his wife would discover this final backyard photo that had been slipped inside the cover of one of the records. It was inscribed "To my friend George from Lee Oswald" with an odd "Russian" form of April 5, 1963, which Marina herself had testified that only someone "not Russian" would have written, plus some writing in Russian that said "Hunter of fascists – ha ha ha!" We are supposed to believe that Lee Oswald inscribed this photo to his friend George, then pushed it inside a record cover and kept it there, even though the de Mohrenschildts had actually visited Marina and Lee on Easter Sunday, April 14, shortly before George and Jeanne moved to Haiti. The Baron and his wife had come quite late, bringing with them a stuffed Easter bunny for Junie. Surely, Lee would have given the photo at that time to his friend, especially since he had supposedly inscribed the photo nine days earlier to George, though only one of the three HSCA handwriting experts thought the writing was Lee Oswald's. And though many fingerprints were on the photo, none matched Marina's or Lee's. But once again, the circumstantial evidence provides fingerprints of its own, pointing to the handiwork of Michael Paine." Jeanne deMohrenschildt later stated that Michael Paine had access to their storage unit.31 It was also Michael Paine who told America's newspapers on November 24, concerning Lee, that "If he killed the President, that was a fanatical act. But before that, I would not have called him a fanatic. But if it was a rational act, I would have thought he would have shot at Gen. Edwin A. Walker, or something like that."32 Not even Walker himself had brought up the name of Lee Harvey Oswald as a suspect to America's newspapers as quickly as did Michael Paine. Now the whole world would think differently.33 Marina would finally say whatever was necessary, including supporting the claim that Lee shot at Walker, complete with many details, some of them fantasy, according to the HSCA: The Warren Commission was aware that many of Marina Oswald's statements were contradictory and unreliable (see, for example, her evidence about Oswald cleaning and practicing with his rifle). One of the Commission's attorneys, Norman Redlich, wrote in a memo to J. Lee Rankin that "neither you nor I have any desire to smear the reputation of any individual. We cannot ignore, however, that Marina Oswald has repeatedly lied to the Secret] Service, the FBI, and this Commission on matters which are of vital concern to the people of this country and the world" ([HSCA Report, appendix vol.11, p.126). Redlich expanded on this when testifying before the HSCA: She may not have told the truth in connection with the attempted killing of General Walker.... I gave to Mr. Rankin a lengthy document.... I indicated the testimony that she had given, the instances where it was in conflict" (ibid., p.127).34 (for Marina Oswald's account, see Warren Report, page 405f ). ### The Ever-Helpful Mrs. Paine Not to be outdone, eventually Ruth Paine would send Marina a Russian language book with the now-famous, damaging (but undated) note tucked inside it. Conveniently, it was something else supposedly written by Oswald – in Russian – containing advice in the event that Lee would be arrested or killed due to some action he planned to take. Marina was able to use the note to help bolster her claim that her husband shot at Walker. The handwritten note, on display in the WC Hearings, Vol. 16, p. 1f, CE1, had no fingerprints belonging to Lee or Marina.35 **Judyth Vary** **Baker** : There is a small possibility that the note is genuine, because Lee told me he "advised" Marina on what to do if he was arrested or harmed, after he was ordered to wear the "Viva Fidel!" sign around his neck and hand out "Fair Play for Cuba" flyers in the heart of Dallas, only a few days after Walker was shot at. He probably gave her no details about the assignment itself, making it easier for Marina to cave in under pressure, to accuse Lee of shooting at Walker. Marina had talked to Jeanne, while Lee took George out on the balcony for privacy, at which time he insisted on a transfer, preferably to New Orleans. If Lee wrote the undated note, the only reason he did not destroy it was because it retained important information for Marina in the case of an emergency and because it never did have anything to do with Walker." Judyth also objects to the allegation that Lee would have kept photos of the backyard of the Walker mansion and the nearby alley: "It was incriminating, of course!" she says. "There is that photo, also made with that same cheap, primitive camera, of the backyard of Walker's mansion and driveway. The license was punched out of the car seen in the driveway – which occurred after it was photographed with other items laid out "belonging" to Oswald. That damage occurred while the evidence was in the hands of authorities. Why was the license plate number punched out? Even Marina noticed it. As his own mother said, Lee would not have kept all the incriminating evidence attributed to him in this case on his person unless his IQ was single-digit. They did an 'overkill' with all the planted evidence." ### Lee, the "Wife Beater" Lee Oswald had little motive, the Warren Commission admitted, for murdering JFK. Even so, the WC stated that Lee sought attention and recognition for the act, even though Lee denied the deed. Another excuse the WC proposed was that Lee was so angry at his wife for refusing to move in with him into an apartment that he decided to go shoot JFK. Of course, that didn't mesh well with "premeditated murder" and so was never a popular excuse. Blaming Lee for the attempted murder of General Walker was difficult because Walker was Kennedy's enemy: it was easier to blame Lee for the sudden shooting of officer J.D. Tippit as an act of panic. The key to blaming Lee Oswald as a murderer was to paint him as a violent man. On Sunday, April 28, 1963 Lee confessed to Judyth that he had beaten Marina, a matter of which he was deeply ashamed. "Lee said he 'beat her up'," Judyth says, "but insisted he never hit her any worse than she hit him.36 He was earnest about that, but I was just disgusted. I told him if he ever touched Marina again, I'd have nothing to do with him, forever! I decided to remain friendly with Lee to protect Marina, but soon, Lee had completely won me over. Several times that spring and summer, into Fall, he came to my little place, saying he walked away rather than fight with her. I know Lee never laid a hand on Marina again." Researchers such as David Lifton commented on this change in Lee,37 while others have posted facts that show the White Russians embellished what they actually knew by gossip. The Warren Commission, desiring to show that Lee Harvey Oswald was a man who could commit murder if provoked, tried to push Ruth Paine into describing Lee as a violent person: Mrs. PAINE:...I think in May she told me that she had written a letter to a previous boyfriend, and that this letter had come back because she had put insufficient postage on it, and Lee had found it at the door coming back through the mail, and had been very angry. Mr. JENNER: Did she go beyond that? Mrs. PAINE: She did not. To tell me what was in the letter, you mean? Mr. JENNER: I am not thinking so much within the letter. Did she go beyond stating that he was merely only angry? Was there any discussion about his having struck her? Mrs. PAINE: No; none. No; none. She never mentioned to me ever that Lee had struck her. Mr. JENNER: And during all the visits you ever had with her, all the tete-a-tetes, her living with you on this occasion we now describe as 15 1/2 days, and in the fall, was there any occasion when Marina Oswald related to you any abuse, physical abuse, by her husband, Lee Harvey Oswald, with respect to her? Mrs. PAINE: There was never any such occasion. Mr. JENNER: Never any such occasion. And in particular this incident? Mrs. PAINE: She related this incident, but it did not include anything further than he had been very angry and hurt. Mr. JENNER: Up to this time, that is, the time she came to you on the 24th, had you ever seen any bruises– Mrs. PAINE: No; I never saw her– Mr. JENNER: On her person? Mrs. PAINE: No; I never saw her bruised. Mr. JENNER: At no time that you have ever seen her or known her, have you ever seen her bruised? Mrs. PAINE: At no time. Mr. JENNER: So that there has been no occasion when you have seen it, or been led to believe, she had been subjected to any physical abuse by her husband? Mrs. PAINE: That is right. [DiEugenio then writes] "...I believe that she and Mike [Michael Paine] were in cahoots with George Bouhe in this regard. I find it a bit too coincidental that Ruth separated from Mike... at around the same time that Bouhe said that Marina told him (Bouhe) that Oswald had hit her, and observed bruises on her." Bouhe, a good-looking bachelor in his late 50's, was attracted to Marina; the abuse he described Lee committing against Marina could have been provoked due to the special attention he gave Marina, which included obtaining over a hundred [used] dresses for her, a baby bed, and getting her to baptize baby June behind Lee's back. [See end note38] "The question is," DiEugenio says, "what exactly were Ruth, Mike and Bouhe up to? I think it had something to do with Oswald's employment at Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall. According to the official story, Oswald got the job there through the Texas employment commission [but] Marina told the Warren Commission that Bouhe had a hand in getting Oswald the job there." DiEugenio: Bouhe['s]... name surfaced in Marina Oswald's testimony to Garrison's grand jury in an odd way. Marina mentioned him as one of her English tutors in Dallas. Garrison asked if she knew that Bouhe lived a door down from Jack Ruby; that they knew each other, and shared a common swimming pool. Marina said she did know that. Because right after the assassination, Bouhe came to visit her. He told her that it was all just a coincidence that he happened to live next door to her husband's killer. Bouhe was the "organization man" who kept the files for the White Russian community." (Destiny Betrayed, Second Edition, pgs. 206-07)... ### Lee Oswald's Last Job We have already mentioned that Ruth Paine blocked Lee Oswald from getting a better job than the temporary one he took at the Texas School Book Depository. Here, you'll learn more details, but they're not going to make you like Mrs. Paine more than you do now. "The Warren Report states that on October 14, 1963, at the suggestion of a neighbor, Mrs. Paine phoned the Texas School Book Depository and was told that there was a job opening (Warren Report, pp. 14-15. ). But the neighbor, Linnie May Randle, said, contrary to Paine's testimony, 'I didn't know there was a job opening over there [at the TSBD].' (WC Hearings, vol. 2, p. 247.) The WC knew that the day before Lee Oswald began work at the Texas School Book Depository, Robert Adams of the Texas Employment Commission phoned the Paine residence and told someone at the Paines' home about wanting to refer Lee to Trans Texas Airways as a cargo handler. It was a permanent job, at $100 per month higher than the Book Depository's temporary one. Adams told the Warren Commission, "I learned from the person who answered the phone that Oswald was not there. I left a message with that person that Oswald should contact me at the Commission." (Affidavit of Robert L. Adams, August 4, 1964. WCH, vol. 11, p. 481.) The next morning, Adams tried phoning the Paine residence about the higher-paying job again. At that time he "learned from the person who answered that Oswald was not there and that he had in the meantime obtained employment and was working." Adams then crossed off Lee's name. Judyth tells us, "If Lee had been informed about this much better job, he probably would have applied for it, even if he planned to leave in late December. He owed nothing to the job he'd only started for one day. But Mrs. Paine said she forgot all about the chance for a good job for Lee. She can't claim she was anxiously looking out for this family when she "forgot" about a job that paid $100 a month more – the equivalent of $900 a month more in today's funds." As for Marina Oswald, she testified that after Lee took the Book Depository job, he was still answering want ads because he "wanted to get something better." (WCH, vol. 1, p. 68.) Ruth Paine, questioned by the WC's Albert Jenner, at first denied knowing a thing about it. Finally, she claimed she heard about the job from Lee himself: JENNER: Did you ever hear anything by way of discussion or otherwise by Marina or Lee of the possibility of his having been tendered or at least suggested to him a job at Trans Texas as a cargo handler at $310 per month? PAINE: No; in Dallas? <snip> PAINE: It seemed to me he went into town with some hopes raised by the employment agency – whether a public or private employment agency I don't know – but then reported that the job had been filled and not available to him... That is my best recollection... JENNER: But you do recall his discussing it? PAINE: I recall something of that nature. I do not recall the job itself. (WCH, vol. 9, pp. 389-90.) Robert Adams told us the truth: "I do not know whether he was ever advised of this referral," he wrote, in an affidavit, "but under the circumstances I do not see how he could have been." The same New Orleans grand jury that heard Ruth Paine's testimony in 1968 about the Oswalds for New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison also heard Marina Oswald's testimony about Ruth Paine. When a juror asked Marina if she still saw Ruth as of 1968, she replied, "No, I like her and appreciate what she did. I was advised by Secret Service not to be connected with her." Marina said she stayed away from Ruth because Ruth "was sympathizing with the CIA."39 Earlier, Marina had expressed personal dislike for her, as we shall see. As a consequence of Ruth's call to the Texas School Book Depository and the missed opportunity for a better job at Trans Texas Airways, on October 16, 1963, Lee began work at the TSBD two days before his birthday. Lee was under great stress at this time. Had it not been for the fact that his baby daughter would be born any day, he might have considered petitioning his CIA handler, "Mr. Bishop" (the CIA agent had earlier called himself "Benton" and "Benson" so Lee was quite aware that these were all fake names) to leave Texas. Says Judyth: Only near the end was Lee satisfied that "Bishop" – who was involved in the deepest of his CIA work since meeting him in September in Dallas – lived in Fort Worth. It didn't take long after that for Lee to realize that his handler was David Atlee Phillips. By the time Lee understood this, he was deeply embroiled in the assassination plots. Though Lee was aware that surely he had saved Kennedy's life at the end of October, he was agonizing about the consequences. Run? Faced with more chances to try to protect the President, and having been made privy (probably deliberately) to information that tantalized him – hints here, comments there – despite how much we loved each other, Lee refused to run. That was the bottom line. He was willing to take big risks, because it might once more make a difference. As Lee told me, "As a Marine, I made an oath to obey the President. How can I obey a dead President?" He always had that wry kind of humor, even in the worst of situations. Nevertheless, Lee and Judyth still hoped they'd be able to escape, but there was no more talk of treks in the jungles, climbing Chichen-Itza and then going on to Merida to marry. Author and researcher Phil Nelson published an essay in Oct. 2017 concerning unwarranted attacks against Judyth's credibility, including the fact that Cancun was the site of a Tulane-sponsored archaeological project by Prof. Edward Wyllys in 1963 called "The excavation of a Preclasssical conchero on the Island of Cancun". Photos of a small coconut plantation used by Wyllys show Cancun was habitable, despite what has been written to the contrary in attempts to discredit her. (Wyllys was also associated with the CIA). Instead, the plan was to get a quickie divorce in Mexico, marry in a little church somewhere, and then to vanish for a year or so in the Cayman Islands, where Lee had shunted some funds to support them. As for Marina, he had put aside money for her and his babies, in case he'd die. "We talked like that," Judyth said. "He was very slow to talk about it, but once we broke through that barrier, Lee's death was something he wanted me to understand as something we both had to face as a big factor. Even so, there was always some hope. When you're so young, you think you are immortal." Then, on October 18, two days after Lee began working at the TSBD, and he turned 24, Lee let his emotions rise to the surface about his increasingly bleak future. It's on record that Lee cried when he got the small birthday cake Ruth Paine made for his 24th birthday (Marina and Lee, p. 474). Lee told me he cried because "That was the last birthday cake I'll ever have." Slips such as Lee's weeping over his birthday cake show that he could feel deep emotions, though he was a courageous man who exhibited considerable self-control when under arrest for Kennedy's murder. ### Ruth's Lack of True Concern for Marina On Sunday, Oct. 20, at 10:41 PM, little Audrey Rachel was born, weighing almost seven pounds. At that time, the conduct of Ruth Paine left much to be desired. Lee told Judyth what the Warren Commission never noticed, though Ruth actually told them much of the story herself. From Me & Lee, p. 506: Monday, Oct. 21, 1963:...the birth was quick and easy for Marina. Lee called me soon after, to tell me that he had another little girl, and that he was delighted. But I knew Lee well enough to sense that he was upset. He finally told me. After Marina went into labor late Saturday afternoon, Ruth Paine said she would drive Marina to Parkland Hospital, but she "would appreciate it" if Lee would stay home with her children and Junie, so they wouldn't be stuck in the hospital waiting room for who knew how long. Her argument was convincing: Ruth had arranged the payment plan, she spoke Russian, she was a woman Marina trusted, and besides, Lee's ride to work was the neighbor. If he stayed with Marina at the hospital, how would he get to work the next morning? And how would Junie feel, having to come back with Ruth, leaving both her mommy and daddy at the hospital? Lee reluctantly agreed, and forlornly watched his wife driven away to Parkland Hospital by "The Pain" a few hours later. To his shock, Ruth soon returned. "She took Marina to Parkland –and just left her there!" he told me, bitterly. Marina had nobody who could speak Russian to her in her hour of need. Nobody to be with her after the baby was born. Lee said he was so angry that he gave Paine some verbal insults, then went into the bedroom and refused to speak to her again, though he overheard enough from a telephone call she made to know that Marina had given birth and was okay. He had to go into Dallas to work the next morning, but got a ride back to the Paine house because Junie was alone, without her mother, for the very first time in her life. "The Pain then offered to drive me to the hospital to see my new baby," Lee said. "I didn't want to be in the same car with her," he added, "but I wanted to see Marina, and apologize to her. And I wanted to see Audrey. [Lee preferred the name "Audrey" but "Rachel" would prevail.] She's very pretty." It was obvious to Lee that Ruth Paine's so-called "affection" for Marina was only skin deep. "Because of Lee's information," Judyth says, "I have been suspicious of both Michael Paine and of his wife – the "kind" woman who said she even gave a pint of blood on Oct. 4 to help her friend. The veneer of kindness was just that – a veneer. This is the kind of betrayal, tension and heartache that we kept facing. It was gathering around us like a thick cloud of evil." Lee incidentally told Judyth that it was easier to leave the TSBD building for the minor assignments he was conducting for the FBI than it had been at Reily's in New Orleans. "I have no clock-ins and clock-outs to worry about," he told her. "They give me eight hours every day, whether I'm there or not." However, Lee was spending more hours at this job than he had at Reily's, because he wasn't doing as much at this time for the CIA. That was supposed to change, once he was sent back to Mexico City. "We didn't really believe the CIA," Judyth says. "They hadn't told him to study Spanish, or to make an application for a university in Mexico City."40 "The scapegoat was now in place at an ideal ambush site. It was five weeks before President Kennedy's motorcade would pass through Dealey Plaza."41 In our view, the Texas connection planned the Kennedy assassination with the cooperation of not only Governor Connally, the Cabell brothers42 and Vice President Johnson, but also through Michael and Ruth Paine's manipulation of Lee Harvey Oswald, their actions guided by the conspirators. They created or "found" damning evidence against Lee Oswald and thrust him into a job in a building where the Kennedy motorcade would pass by, implicating this innocent man as Kennedy's assassin. Furthermore, over time, the media would change "accused assassin" to "assassin" which would also be mimicked by Wikipedia, history sites and government-controlled sites. However, people have learned a great deal about fake news since then, and the belief that Oswald was truly a patsy, just as he said, continues to spread. In our opinion, by writing this book, we are fighting fire with fire. * * * 1 1. Michael Paine has been largely ignored by the research community, even though, at that time, Bell's R&D was being run by the former Nazi General Walter Dornberger, a scientist brought to the U.S. under Operation Paperclip along with his protégé Wernher von Braun. (This association of many suspected committed Nazis has given rise to much speculation that somehow the Nazis themselves were involved in the Kennedy assassination.) Michael Paine's father, George Lyman Paine, a Trotskyite leader in California, had intelligence connections that led to William Buckley, Jr., and to E. Howard Hunt. Hunt was so interested in the occult that he authored three occult novels. It is a matter of fact that E. Howard Hunt was a role player in the Kennedy assassination. "How odd that the legacy of Robert Treat Paine – a signer of the Declaration of Independence and thus one of America's Founding Fathers – should have trickled down to a Michael Paine, a friend of the accused assassin of an American president." Ref: <http://www.businessinsider.com/nazi-scientists-space-program-2014-2> and <http://joust38.rssing.com/chan-8543343/latest.php> 2 2. http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/White%20Materials/White%20Magazines%20And%20Articles/Midlothian%20Mirror/70-03-05.pdf Retrieved March 31, 2017. 3 3. Ibid. 4 4. "It seemed difficult to place Michael in New Orleans at that time in his life," Judyth says, "but when he said he'd seen my cancer reports, at Banister's office, I wondered how he could guess such a thing. In fact, we made copies of the cancer reports there, since Banister owned one of the few copying machines in town where we could make copies without having to sign a sheet. Nobody knew we made our copies at Banister's," Judyth insists. "Hardly anyone was aware that Banister had a Xerox machine. He also had a Telex. Most of these machines were in hospitals, lawyers' offices, or banks. That makes me wonder how much Michael knew about the Project." 5 5. "While in New Orleans, Oswald was working for the Reily Coffee Company, which was owned by William B. Reily, a financial supporter of the CIA-sponsored Cuban Revolutionary Council[and of INCA].. A CIA memo dated January 31, 1964, that has since been declassified states "[Reily's] firm was of interest as of April 1949." CIA contractor Gerry Patrick Hemming also confirmed Reily's coordination with the CIA in a 1968 interview with the New Orleans District Attorney's Office, which "confirmed that William Reily had worked for the CIA for years." Reily's company was located close to the New Orleans offices of the CIA, FBI, Secret Service, and Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI)." The writer refers to a well-known FBI report and places it in context here. <http://readersupportednews.org/opinion2/277-75/20557-16-mind-blowing-facts-about-who-really-killed-jfk> Retrieved April 5, 2017. 6 6. One of the five Reily paycheck stubs saved has Lee's name and address hand-stamped on it, that Lee himself stamped there, as it is identical to what Lee stamped on other items. "I found it touching that Lee saved some of these Reily check stubs," Judyth says. "He didn't always save check stubs." Lee's first check, issued May 17, is from Reily, whereas Judyth's is from Standard. "What happened is that the day these checks were cut, we were transferred together around 9:30 AM to Reily's from Standard, just about the time they began cutting checks for the previous work week. Work was from Fridays to Thursdays, unlike most companies who calculated from Monday through Friday. This is why Australian critic Greg Parker erroneously tried to claim Lee worked 'free' on Friday, May 10, not realizing that Friday was actually the first day of a Reily work week, which ended every Thursday. He made an assumption to try to discredit me. We do have a record from the FBI showing the Reily pay week began every Friday. " Judyth adds, "Because my name began with "B" my Standard check had already been cut when we transferred to Reily's main company, but Lee's name, being alphabetically at "O", meant his check was cut later, and he happened to be over at Reily's by that time." Judyth counts the Standard check being cut so early that it reflected 'Standard" the best proof she has that she and Lee began working first at Standard together, since researchers missed the fact that Lee worked one week at Standard until Judyth pointed out the fact. Here is one example of where "Standard" shows up in the Warren Commission's records: the Character Financial Report Lee and I created for the required background report: We are showing the report here because, though once available on the Internet, it is now almost impossible to find. The report is one of the good examples of how Lee's records were laundered. This one says Lee came directly to New Orleans from the U.S. Marines, leaving out his 30 months in the USSR and his months spent in Texas before moving to New Orleans. 7 7. Judyth's May 31 check: 8 8. These materials can be accessed using the search feature at "The Portal to Texas History" online, beginning with https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth346629/?q=reily 9 9. https://kennedysandking.com/john-f-kennedy-articles/674 Retrieved April 2, 2017. 10 10. https://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh1/pdf/WH1_MargueriteOswald_2nd.pdf Retrieved May 14, 2107. 11 11. <http://www.voanews.com/a/lee-harvey-oswald-remembered-in-belarus/1793720.html> Nov. 13, 2013 Retrieved Dec. 20, 2016. 12 12. A secret CIA record released July, 2017, says Marguerite was shown the now-famous photo of the imposter that was taken at the Russian Embassy in Mexico City, not Ruby's photo. 13 13. Here is the full FBI report concerning the cameras Marina identified: "1/29/65 at Dallas, Texas File # DL 100-10461 By Special Agent RICHARD J. WIEHL and WALLACE E. HEITHAN Date Dictated 1/30/64 MARINA was questioned concerning cameras which were owned by LEE HARVEY OSWALD and her. She said that they owned two cameras. One of these cameras was a Russian camera which had been purchased by LEE HARVEY OSWALD at Minsk in September, 1961. This camera had been cheap in price but it was a good camera. This camera was brought by the OSWALDs to the United States when they returned from Russia and was among the effects of the OSWALDs at Dallas on November 22, 1963. Marina said OSWALD had purchased this camera after he had left another camera in a cafe in Minsk and had lost it. The other camera owned by the Oswalds was a United States made camera whic LEE HARVEY OSWALD had owned prior to his entry into the U.S. Marine Corps and this was the camera which he had taken pictures with when he was in the Marine Corps. When he went to Rusia, Oswald left this camera with his brother ROBERT OSWALD. When Oswald and Marina returned from Russia, ROBERT returned the camera to OSWALD and it was among the effects the OSWALDs had on November 22, 1963. MARINA was exhibited a photograph which is item 378 of an inventory list prepared by the FBI which photgraph[sic] depicts two cameras. One a "Cuera - 2" and the other a "Realist". She said the cameras depicted in this photograph appear to be the cameras which were owned by her and her husband. She said the "Cuera - 2" [sic] camera appears to be the Russian camera and the "Realist" appears to be the American made camera. MARINA stated OSWALD also had a light meter she believes. She said she does not know much about light meters or cameras. She said this light meter had probably been left by LEE HARVEY OSWALD with his brother ROBERT along with the Ralist [sic]camera, when OSWALD went to Russia. She does not know what the name of this light meter is." 14 14. "Researcher Jim DiEugenio wrote: Robert kept the [Imperial Reflex] camera for over two months. On February 24, he turned it over to the FBI. On February 1, Marina said the Cuera and the Stereo Realist appeared to be Oswald's two cameras. On February 19, Marina now said she could not recognize the Stereo Realist. Then , on February 25, when shown the newly retrieved Imperial Reflex, she now said it was Oswald's. In the interval between the February 1 and February 19 FBI interviews, Marina had temporarily lived with Robert Oswald, who had the Imperial Reflex at that time. On August 12, the Stereo Realist camera was finally given to Ruth Paine, who said it was hers. Apparently, she never looked for it in that entire six month time span. (DB 2, p. 202-03)" http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/topic/22344-ruth-paine/?page=4 Oct. 19, 2015. 15 15. Some researchers have tried to claim Lee and his family never lived at the Neely address, but we have this interview: "...called Clydie Gray, she is elderly and hard of hearing. She said she worked at Akers(?) Department store, and George B Gray worked for the city as a Garbage man. Doesn't remember the owner of the apts. Didn't recall which church she was attending while at Neely. She remembered the Oswald's living upstairs. Marina used to walk the baby in front of her outside. She saw Lee many times. They were not friendly with them. She did not want to talk much longer and had to hang up... Ed" Ed LeDoux) Nov. 11, 2011 [http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?/topic/17593-neely-st-questions/&page=4 Retrieved April 6, 2017. 16 16. Here is a photo of the Imperial Realist with such a flash attachment: 17 17. [from former Six Flags Manager J. H. Martin: To all who asked me: Marina Prusakova and Robert Oswald had an affair. I witnessed it occurring as my own relationship with her broke down. This was only a few weeks after Lee was shot by Jack Ruby. He must be rolling over in his grave. Robert was trying to help Marina make herself heard. Marina told him, in my presence, that Lee was caught between two powers - the government and organized crime. When she was questioned by the Warren people, as she referred to them, she was a blind kitten. She wasn't saying Lee was innocent, but she wasn't sure Lee shot Kennedy or not, she wasn't sure if he knew about any conspiracies or if he was part of one, but she knew he wasn't guilty of murder. She said the Warren people told her that they had uncovered Jack Ruby's underworld connections and that he killed Lee to keep his mouth shut. Lee was "professionally schooled in secretiveness" and worked for the American government. Robert felt that, with twenty different interpreters, she wasn't being heard right. Mark Lane mentioned this feeling as well in his article, published in the appendix of Plausible Denial, so this isn't new. In the process of helping her make herself clear, they fell in love. They started having trysts at my home in the afternoon, usually on weekends. It destroyed me to see them doing what they were doing. I reminded Marina that we had an affair going, too. If she wanted another f***ing Minsk period, she'd cooperate with me and not one second after another little afternoon of fun. Robert's wife and kids would be very happy to hear about this. Right after that, almost as if on cue, Robert began to be very cooperative about saying his brother was guilty, and even coming up with new evidence. Robert had a wife and little children. The Warren people found out about Robert's indiscretion (a little birdy named me told them). After that, he was in a bind and had to keep it secret, which is why he incriminated his brother, even after everything Marina said. Judyth is right. Whether she was Ozzie's girl, I know not, but she was right about Robert's affair, which speaks volumes for me. J.H. Martin" https://www.jfkassassinationforum.com/index.php?topic=11032.0 Aug. 6, 2014. 18 18. <http://spartacus-educational.com/JFKpaine.htm> Retrieved April 4, 2017. 19 19. Mr. JENNER....was there an occasion when Marina moved out for a short time? Mr. TOBIAS. Yes. Mr. JENNER. Describe that, please. <snip>Mr. TOBIAS. I hadn't been home from the hospital very long, but we... seen a car out there and they were loading it up and the wife jumped out of the car and she said, "Well, I guess the Oswalds are moving. We'll find out." She goes around... meets a man and she says, "What are they doing-- moving out?" And he tells her that he's moving Mrs. Oswald away for a short time... a fellow that came around to the front with an armload of stuff... was a tall man, about 6-foot tall and dark complected and a slight mustache. That was the man that I saw. Mr. JENNER. How big a man was he? Mr. TOBIAS. He was a tall man--6-foot tall. Mr. JENNER. At least 6-foot--he might have been taller? Mr. TOBIAS. He could have been taller. <snip> JENNER. What did he weigh--a couple of hundred pounds or a hundred and ninety? Mr. TOBIAS. Well, probably a hundred ninety to two hundred pounds...<snip> He said he was moving Mrs. Oswald for a few days--he told the wife that. He never said nothing to me. Mr. JENNER. Did you see the automobile they were in? Mr. TOBIAS. Yes...It was a convertible--a red one. Mr. JENNER. Red? Mr. TOBIAS Yes. <snip>. Mr. JENNER. When did this occur? Mr. TOBIAS. Well, I guess maybe she moved out in March. (WC.: M. F. Tobias, April 2, 1964). 20 20. An 'empty' backyard photo showing no figure in it was created for Jack White and Robert Groden by Blanks Engraving from a scan of 133A-DeM for Oliver Stone's studio, according to Jack White (quoted at the Deep Politics Forum on Jan. 15, 2014, from a post White made on March 26, 2009 not long before his death) to use for dramatic purposes to imagine how the backyard photos could have been faked. Other photos of the backyard exist, made by the Dallas police the first weeks after the assassination. 21 21. Carter tells us: "The two prints originally found among Oswald's possessions were described by the panel as "drugstore or photofinisher prints because they appeared to have been produced on the type of commercial photo printing machine used by photofinishers for camera stores, drugstores and mass-produced prints." The prints are small (3"x3"), with a white border and markings consistent with an automated commercial machine. The de Mohrenschildt print is larger (5"x5") and described as "probably made in a high quality enlarger with a high quality lens" due to its increased resolution. The panel notes that "the entire negative area is printed" (showing more picture than the cropped "drugstore" print), and that the print had yellowed, "indicating that it was not adequately fixed or washed during the development process". Another print of 133-A (Stovall), was larger (5"x8") and cropped on the sides. The two prints of 133-C (Stovall / Dees) were 8"x10", the same size as the blow-up print shown to Oswald a few hours after discovery (CE134). Carter agrees that the DeM print may have been made by Lee Oswald, at Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall, and to make it seem may have been the intention, but the photo could easily have been created by Roscoe White, who family members said 'knew trick photography." Discoloration could have occurred because this inadequately processed photo had been placed in a storage unit that could become overheated in the harsh Dallas climate. Although the HSCA panel does not directly speculate, their review indicates that the original roll of film which exposed the backyard photos was processed at a common commercial photofinisher, the de Mohrenschildt version possibly created by Oswald at his Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall workplace, and the other prints were created at various times at Dallas Police headquarters." 22 22. Op Cit. Carter also wrote: "On March 19, 1964 FBI agents again visited Marina Oswald to exhibit for her identification another group of photographs, 448 in total - of which about 300 were determined to belong to the Paines. A different filing system again is used to list and describe the photographs (CIA Oswald 201 file Volume 32). Of this group - approximately one hundred and fifty Oswald photos, with many duplications from the previous presentations - only six are linked to the first four months of 1963: one photo from Elsbeth Street (65-7), three of June Oswald at the Neely address (B3-13, B3-17, B3-29),and the two backyard photos (D33-16, D33-17).9 From the record, excluding the backyard photos, there appear to be only six Oswald family-type snapshots from the first months of 1963 and, from the record, very few others from Oswald's entire stay in Dallas in 1962-63. Oswald was known to complain that he couldn't find the proper film for his Russian camera, but he seems to have been averse to using his "American camera" despite having a young child, the subject of most of the few photos which do exist. 23 23. In Ruth Paine's March, 1964 testimony to the Warren Commission, she denied seeing any snapshot camera owned by Lee Oswald: Mr. JENNER - Was there any picture taking during the period, during the fall of 1963, either in New Orleans or in Irving or in Dallas? Mrs. PAINE - Not by either Lee or Marina that I heard of. Mr. JENNER - And did you hear any conversation between them in your presence or with you with respect to his or they having a snapshot camera or other type of camera to take pictures? Mrs. PAINE - No; the only reference to a camera was made by Lee when he held up and showed me a camera he had bought in the Soviet Union and said he couldn't buy film for it in this country. it was a different size. Mr. JENNER - Did they ever exhibit any snapshots to you? Mrs. PAINE - Yes; a few snapshots taken in Minsk. Mr. JENNER - But no snapshots of any scenes in America that they had taken? Mrs. PAINE - No. Mr. JENNER - Or people? Mrs. PAINE - No. 24 24. All the photos could have been taken with the [Imperial Reflex] but that doesn't make it LHO's camera. The film could have been wound through the IR, without taking any photos, and used in a film holder to protect it when taking the photos in another camera. Thus creating the scratches, a mat would create the edge markings to match up with the IR's irregularities, an empty background image would supply that shape necessary for making the overlay edge mat. Or the end of a roll was in the IR, film was wound and not all frames exposed, those remaining frames were then used as above." Ed Ledoux Sept. 9, 2015 https://reopenkennedycase.forumotion.net/t1159-back-yard-photography 25 25. Ruth Paine told Garrison;s Grand Jury (p 13, transcript) that on Monday she took Marina to "the lake." There's no doubt that while Lee was at work, Marina and Ruth were enjoying each other's company. Paine said she was back in Irving, Texas, "at least by the15th." 26 27. <http://neelyst.blogspot.com/> Retrieved May 122, 2017. 27 28. The Russian in the note is quite poor: Lee's Russian, elsewhere, was much better. According to researcher Jim DiEugenio( http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/topic/22344-ruth-paine/?page=3 Oct. 19, 2015) the note was tested for fingerprints, but even though seven latent prints were found, none belonged to Lee or to Marina. (Did anyone check to see if the prints belonged to Ruth Paine?) 28 29. https://kennedysandking.com/john-f-kennedy-articles/a-new-look-at-the-enigma-of-the-backyard-photographs-part-4 Retrieved April 3, 2017. 29 30. "Oswald was placed back in jail at 11:33 a.m. At 12:35 p.m. Oswald was brought to the office for another interview with Inspector Kelley and some of the other officers and myself. I talked to Oswald about the different places he had lived in Dallas in an effort to find where he was living when the picture was made of his holding a rifle which looked to be the rifle we had recovered. This picture showed to be taken near a stairway with many identifying things in the back yard ... Mr Paine had told me about where Oswald lived on Neely Street. Oswald was very evasive about this location." (CE2003) Notes of Capt. Will Fritz. 30 31. <https://kennedysandking.com/john-f-kennedy-articles/a-new-look-at-the-enigma-of-the-backyard-photographs-part-5> Retrieved April 6, 2017. 31 32. http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?/topic/22344-ruth-paine/&page=49 Retrieved April 5, 2017 Jeanne de Mohrenschildt said Michael Paine had access to their storage area. 33. The photos now in existence are: (1) CE 133-A (2) CE 133-B (3) 133-C (de Mohrenschildt copy with a different camera) (4) 133-D (Dees/Roscoe White copy, found years later) and a photo Marguerite Oswald viewed, of Lee with a gun, dressed differently than in the other photos. Dallas Police Inventory Sheet #11193 shows many items were "returned" to Ruth Paine, while other items were retained by the police, as belongings owned by the Oswalds. Among the retained items considered as belonging to the Oswald were the Cuera-2 Russian camera, the Realist Stereo camera, and a Realist 3-D viewfinder. . 32 34. Diane Holiday, ed. Dallas and the Jack Ruby Trial: Memoir of Judge Joe B. Brown, Sr. iUniverse. 2001. P. 35. 33 35. "On the evening of 10 April 1963, Edwin Walker, a former Army general, was sitting in his study when a bullet entered his house through a window frame and struck the wall close to his head. Dallas police were unable to identify the gunman. The crime remained unsolved until shortly after the assassination of President Kennedy, when the FBI's report presumed that Lee Harvey Oswald was the culprit (see Warren Commission Document 1, pp.20–22). The Warren Commission, unable to determine Oswald's motive for shooting JFK, seized on the attempted shooting of General Walker as evidence of Oswald's murderous tendencies (see Warren Report, p.183)." <http://22november1963.org.uk/did-lee-oswald-shoot-general-edwin-walker> Retrieved March 30, 2017. 34 36. Ibid. 35 37. Ibid. A Minox spy camera had been found in her garage among Lee Oswald's possessions, but Ruth Paine claimed that it actually belonged to her estranged husband; see Carol Hewett, 'The Paines' Participation in the Minox Camera Charade,' Probe, vol.4 no.1 (November–December 1963). She also] claimed to have found another document in Oswald's handwriting, this time a letter addressed to the Soviet Embassy, which [linked Oswald to a KGB agent in Mexico City ; see Jerry Rose, 'Gifts from Russia: Yeltsin and Mitrokhin,' The Fourth Decade, vol.7 no.1 (November 1999), pp.3–8. 36 38. On Feb. 25, 2017, Robert Charles Dunn's commentary on the White Russians who claimed Lee was a serial wife beater depicted how collusion and hearsay combined to give this impression. <https://kennedysandking.com/john-f-kennedy-articles/was-oswald-a-serial-wife-batterer> Retrieved April 5, 2017. 37 39. Lifton wrote: Here's what I gather from the record (and if someone knows different, please email me at dlifton@compuserve.com, and please remember to citeyour source): 1. No beating at all in Russia (or it would have been picked up on the KGB tapes, and there is no hint of that). 2. A slapping incident at Robert Oswald's house, circa June 1962 3. More hitting over the summer, when they moved to Mercedes Street (in early August 1962); and more in the fall (in early November, when they moved to Elsbeth Street, and Marina left Lee, for a brief while, but then he begged her to return, and she did) 4. Some more hitting at Elsbeth (the first of the two Dallas rooming houses) 5. A terrible incident in January 1963 as described by McMillan (and which was followed by lovemaking which, per McMillan, resulted in the conception of Rachel) 6. (possibly the same as 5) Possible reported at Neely Street. Yes, not a very nice record. BUT then. . . BUT THEN. . . somewhere in the first 3 months of the 1963, it stopped. Completely stopped. And, as far as I know, there was never ever again an incidence of hitting or slapping or anything like that---during the entire 5 month New Orleans period (4/24/63 - 9/24/63), and during the last six weeks after his return from Mexico City (10/4-11/22). As I say, if anyone takes issue with this, please email me at dlifton@commpuserve.com, and provide cites... David Lifton" (Lee promised Judyth in late April that he would never hit Marina again--and he kept his word). 38 40. "George DeMohrenschildt meddled with LHO's life. The first blunder was allowing George Bouhe, a rich White Russian in Dallas, to meet Marina Oswald. Bouhe went gaga. Bouhe, in the guise of charity, acquired for Marina what both George and Jeanne DeM called, "a hundred dresses." Also a baby crib, and also paid for Marina's dental work. This made LHO very, very jealous. He threatened Bouhe, who admitted to George DeM that LHO frightened him. LHO told George DeM that he wanted to "tear up the dresses and smash the baby crib." But Marina liked George Bouhe, who was a deacon or some official of the local Russian Orthodox Church in Dallas, and behind LHO's back (IIRC) Marina and Bouhe had baby June Oswald baptized into the Church. There was something going on between them, some suspected." http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?/topic/22344-ruth-paine/&page=49 Retrieved April 5, 2017. To this, DiEugenio added: "On or about September 1962, Ruth Paine separated from Michael Paine; allegedly due to what was described as "unkind, cruel, harsh and tyrannical treatment and conduct" from Mikey. What I find interesting," DiEugenio writes, "is that George Bouhe (a prominent member of the Dallas/Fort Worth "white" Russian community) told the Warren Commission that Marina told him (Bouhe) that Oswald had hit her; and that this was within the first two weeks of September, 1962." 39 41. Marina Oswald Porter's Testimony before the Orleans Parish Grand Jury, February 8, 1968, pp. 69-70. 40 42. Lee once had flash cards for Spanish (these have vanished) and a Spanish paperback dictionary. He'd been exposed to Spanish both in Texas and in New Orleans (among the anti-Castro Cubans), as well as in the Marines, speaking to Nelson Delgado and other Spanish speakers. With his facility for language, Lee would have had no trouble studying in Spanish. 41 43. Douglass, Op. cit., pp. 171-73, 424. 42 44. We now know, through files released in July, 2017, that Earle Cabell, Mayor of Dallas and brother to the disgraced CIA Gen. Charles Cabell (who was fired by JFK) was a CIA asset Chapter 9 ## The Big Picture: The Plots Come Together A broad spectrum of Ruth and Michael Paine's families, whether Quaker, Unitarian or involved in the occult, appear to be embedded in U.S. Intelligence or in the military in various ways.1 Peter Levenda's statement that "Michael and Ruth Paine [of blueblood heritage] befriended two 'poor' immigrants from the Soviet Union: one Russian woman, Marina, and her American-born husband, Lee Harvey Oswald" highlights the absurdity that the Paines had only a cultural interest in the hapless couple.2 The micromanagement of the designated patsy by the Paines was well linked to the Shadow government, influenced by its Oligarchs, the occult, and secret societies. Compared to the movers and shakers in the Establishment's Deep State, Ruth and Michael Paine were tadpoles in the swamp. As files get released, the Internet has been allowing everyone access to once-secret files, beginning with researcher Bill Kelly's list (see this endnote:3). The Paines' job, it now seems clear, was to keep the designated patsy in Dallas until at least November 22. They made it easy for Lee, who loved his children, to see them. The CIA allowed him access to aspects of the assassination plans involving other cities, where it seems all wrinkles and problems were ironed out. The Chicago plot was not the earliest one: witness Gary Severson can tell us all about an earlier event where it seems a dress rehearsal for the assassination could have taken place, hosted by the Secret Service. Professor Gary Severson The Chaska Herald tells us that: On Sept. 25, 1963, Gary Severson and a buddy ditched high school and hitchhiked across town to watch President John F. Kennedy deliver a speech at the University of North Dakota Fieldhouse in Grand Forks. Being familiar with the building, the pair eschewed the main entrance and snuck in the entrance reserved for coaches, while observing sharpshooters on the roof. They passed through several open doors before reaching the main floor. Then they proceeded to the front of the fieldhouse, filling up with 15,000 people. The pair took two seats... in the front row – under the nose of a Secret Service agent. Kennedy arrived to a reception that was "like the Beatles," Severson recalled, with the front rows filled with coeds crying and pulling their hair. Kennedy gave a speech on conservation and received an honorary degree. Severson and his friend had walked within 30 feet of the president of the United States without being stopped or questioned. Severson, now a Chaska resident, still marvels at this lack of security. On Nov. 22, 1963, less than two months after his visit to UND, Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Severson has had a chance to study the Zapruder film and to interview key witnesses since then. His final statement in the story above is succinct and to the point: "The bottom line is, was there a coup d'état in '63?" Severson asked. "If so, what has become of our democracy?"4 With minor assignments and the promised return to Mexico, hope existed for Lee and Judyth. At the time, they were in communication with each other through a Mafia racing line,5 but the CIA might have tolerated this to keep Lee's plans about reuniting with Judyth in Mexico on his mind. Meanwhile, with Judyth attending night classes at University of Florida and working days at the prestigious Peninsular ChemResearch laboratories nearby, she was kept busy, with the state's reporters unaware that she was no longer engaged in cancer research. The arrangement, supposedly through David Ferrie, gave Judyth (who was only a sophomore) a post-grad lab position that could advance her career as a biochemist. Attending night classes, as well as focusing on learning many new procedures at "PenChem" – including cutting-edge techniques for handling lasers to analyze complex polymers, some of which were important in deep-freezing cancer cells, her work kept Judyth from divorcing Robert Baker and showing up in Dallas, since she was only prohibited from returning to Louisiana. In 1996, 33 years later, Judyth did return to Louisiana under a fellowship from the University of SW Louisiana. However, still fearful of the prohibition, Judyth used the fake name of "Avary"/"Avery" Baker, to hide her identity as she taught there. One of "Avery's" classes was a continuing education "introduction to archeology" class that worked on an Indian mound. Judyth hid her real name, fearing her oddly-spelled name "Judyth" would be recognized. In 1963, a grad student in UF's Department of Chemistry would have worked for free just to get into Peninsular ChemResearch (a UF research lab) to do polymer-based research, but Judyth received paychecks and even worked overtime. The CIA may have kept Lee "busy," as well, by ordering him to investigate the ACLU. Michael Paine obligingly took Lee to their meetings. Then there was General Walker, Bobby Kennedy's nemesis. Lee knew Walker would support assassination plans against the Kennedys, and Lee's surveillance of the goings-on at Turtle Creek, which he mentioned to Judyth Baker, gives us a hint that he may have been lured by "the Turtle Creek bunch" into thinking he was getting information about assassination plans that could save Kennedy's life in Dallas, just as he had been able to do in Chicago. It is even conceivable that it was Michael Paine who took the photographs of the Walker residence with the Imperial Reflex camera that later linked Lee to "shooting at Walker," given Paine's obvious interest in Walker. After all, Michael also drove Lee to meetings where Walker was speaking. Though Lee did not fully trust the ever-accommodating Paines, it must have seemed to Lee that the CIA valued him, after all, and proved it by providing him with all that help. ### "The Handlers" Handle Lee Oswald's Requests for a Lawyer The goal of this book is to obtain justice for John F. Kennedy, who was murdered by forces within his own government, with the sanction of many powerful entities, and to exonerate the innocent CIA operative and FBI informant Lee Harvey Oswald, who was shot and killed soon after the President he tried to protect. They were buried the same day in their own "Arlingtons": JFK in Washington, DC, and Lee Oswald at Rose Hill, near Arlington, Texas. **This telegram was sent at 11:20 AM on Saturday morning, but there is no evidence that** **Lee Oswald was made aware of it. Though arraigned and then charged with two horrendous and important murders, Lee, stated the police, turned down offers of a lawyer, though Lee himself bitterly stated to the public that in those two "short and sweet" hearings he was denied access to a lawyer.** When Lee Oswald was under arrest, he supposedly called Ruth Paine, asking her help to contact a particular New York lawyer, John Abt. (By now, the informed reader might guess how helpful she was.) Ruth testified to the Warren Commission: ...about 3:30 or 4 I got a telephone call.... I recognized the voice, but I don't recall what he said.... The voice said: "This is Lee."...I said, "Well, Hi." And he said he wanted to ask me to call Mr. John Abt in New York for him after 6 p.m. He gave me a telephone number of an office in New York and a residence in New York.... He thanked me for my concern.... I was quite stunned that he called at all or that he thought he could ask anything of me. Appalled, really. We are not inclined to believe Ruth Paine, who told us "I don't recall what he said" yet could add the peculiar, specific detail that she was to wait until "after 6pm," – something Lee never should have stipulated because law offices are closed after 6pm. Marguerite Oswald, Lee's mother, told the Warren Commission that Ruth Paine called her and assured her that she was trying to reach an "Abt," but by Sunday, Marguerite no longer believed her, since Lee was still asking for legal representation. Capt. Will Fritz told reporters that Lee had been asking Abt to represent him: other Dallas police agreed with him, but it seems this "request" was used to turn away local attorneys who had offered their services. H. Louis Nichols had strong connections to the Dallas police, and Ruth Paine was demonstrating she was no friend of Lee Oswald. Therefore, it is possible that Lee Oswald never asked for "Abt" – a known Communist – to come forth in his defense. Researcher Duke Lane parrots, on the Education Forum site, what many used to believe: that Lee Oswald was a clueless dolt who had no idea what was going on: "They've taken me in because of the fact that I lived in the Soviet Union," Oz told reporters on the day of his arrest. I'm sure some members here have already figured out that Lee Oswald knew nothing about the assassination until after the fact. Sadly, a great many researchers have not.6 **Judyth Vary** **Baker** : Lee Oswald was not going to give away anything to do with his covert work, his efforts to save Kennedy, or the important fact that he had only pretended to be a Communist sympathizer and was not even a Communist in the Soviet Union, though he seemed so in his pro-Castro poses in Dallas and in New Orleans. As for a reason to be arrested, Lee knew that his stint in the Soviet Union would become well known to all, so it was a good point to bring up –that he had been arrested because he lived in the USSR. "Had Lee wished to carry the Communist label, he would have asked for the services of Abt or of the ACLU in public, which never occurred." Quoting from an article by Gil Jesus:7 When the Commission inquired if Mrs. Paine had ever attempted to report to Oswald that she was unable to contact attorney Abt, she was forced to admit that she "made no effort" to call the police station and speak with him. The question remains: did Ruth Paine actually TRY to make those calls on Oswald's behalf ? And if she did, why didn't she keep Oswald informed of her progress? Abt told the Warren Commission that he and his wife had gone off for a weekend at their cabin in Connecticut and that on Saturday, the press "began to call me up there" and that "these calls kept on all day Saturday and again Sunday morning". How could all of these reporters reach Abt, but Mrs. Paine could not ? And why didn't he respond? Was he informed that Lee already had a lawyer? Even if she could not contact Abt, why didn't Mrs. Paine, as a member of the Civil Liberties Union, contact the ACLU for help, or at least ask her husband to do so? Marguerite Oswald testified that on Friday, the 22nd, she was troubled by the attitude of Ruth Paine towards her son: though Mrs. Paine said she could get Lee a lawyer, she was doing nothing about it. "I am worried because Lee hasn't had an attorney," Marguerite told reporters. "And I am talking about that, and Mrs. Paine said, "Oh, don't worry about that. I am a member of the Civil Liberties Union, and Lee will have an attorney, I can assure you." I said to myself 'but when?' Of course, I didn't want to push her, argue with her. But the point was if she was a member of the Union, why didn't she see Lee had an attorney... I wasn't too happy about that.'" ### The Call That Killed If Lee Oswald didn't know a thing about the Kennedy assassination, as Duke Lane argues, Lee would never have tried to reach a certain "John Hurt" in Raleigh, North Carolina. **Judyth Vary** **Baker** : In 2000, a great gentleman named Grover Proctor and I enjoyed a pleasing correspondence. He sent me four fiction stories to read, but shortly after that, I was briefly hospitalized after injuring my back. When I returned home, my computer was missing. Then, there was a bomb threat in the English building where I taught classes at the University, and later 21 computers were stolen. Finally, the hard drive from the English Department's main computer was stolen. At the same time, an anonymous note appeared, claiming I had stolen the computers. Because I was still on crutches, the police announced I could not have stolen them because they had been taken up through a hole in the ceiling. But shortly after that, a half-gallon jug of hydrochloric acid was thrown at me, narrowly missing me and dozens of students standing nearby, who screamed and jumped away. That was the last straw for the Department Chair, and I was fired from my teaching position. Due to all the chaos, I lost Grover's email address and never got to read his stories. ### Grover Proctor and the Raleigh Call Randy Benson, known for his movie The Searchers, has given us a powerful account of the incident known as "the Raleigh Call" – and how Grover Proctor discovered its significance. Dr. Proctor tells us that in Dallas, "Alveeta A. Treon arrived for her shift at the telephone switchboard. Treon would relieve her co-worker, Louise Swinney, who had been given orders by their supervisor to assist two men in listening to a call that would come through their switchboard. Treon assumed the men were Secret Service. She suspected that Lee Harvey Oswald, the accused assassin being held in the downstairs jail, would be making another call.... Oswald rang the switchboard at a quarter till 12, Raleigh time. [This means Lee was making the call at 10:45 AM] Swinney took the call and scribbled Oswald's information as the two men listened in. "I was dumbfounded at what happened next," Treon later told a former Senate investigator. "Swinney told [Oswald], 'I'm sorry, the number doesn't answer.' Swinney then unplugged and disconnected Oswald without ever really trying to put the call through." Afterward, Swinney tore the sheet from her note pad and threw it into the trash. She left, her shift having ended." Grover Proctor We are told that "Treon retrieved the wadded piece of paper from the trash and copied the information onto a standard long-distance telephone call slip to save as a souvenir. The slip reveals that Oswald had given Treon the name "John Hurt of Raleigh, N.C." Enter Grover Proctor, "a Raleigh native... university dean and statistical analyst... a meticulous and respected researcher. Every major discussion of the assassination that includes facts about Oswald's call cites his work: ...because of Proctor, Oswald's attempt to reach out to John Hurt has become known as the Raleigh Call."8 When Proctor read Garrison's book A Heritage of Stone about New Orleans and the CIA's involvement in the Kennedy assassination, his eyes were opened: "Already disturbed by the high crimes and misdemeanors of a fallen president as a result of the Watergate scandal, I was shaken to the core. Watergate had already convinced me that the government could lie to its own people. This book forced me to ask the question whether sometimes it also kills them. Briefly, "An independent researcher, Michael Canfield, obtained the record of the call. Next, Surell Brady of the HSCA's staff investigated the Raleigh Call and wrote a 28-page report that... clearly states that Oswald attempted to call a former military intelligence officer with whom he had no identifiable ties, a detail which was omitted from the HSCA Final Report." ...when Canfield spoke to John D. Hurt, he sat stunned, silent when Hurt revealed, "I was in the counterintelligence corps in the Army during World War II." That Oswald called a former military intelligence officer from jail – only to be assassinated by Jack Ruby a little more than 12 hours later – was notable and, to that point, publicly undisclosed." Eventually, "Proctor became aware of Oswald's attempted call... from jail: "The note preserved by Mrs. Treon reportedly shows that Oswald booked a call to Area Code 919." Proctor says: "I remember being pulled up short after reading that, thinking, 'Something about that sounds familiar.' It took a few seconds, but then I realized the area code 919 was Raleigh, my hometown." Proctor later dialed the first number on the phone slip and, to his surprise, John D. Hurt answered and confirmed the revelations in Canfield's book... Proctor took the Raleigh Call a step further: Suspecting that Oswald had intelligence connections, he interviewed a former CIA agent – the one and only Victor Marchetti, "a 14-year veteran of the CIA who had served as executive assistant to then-Deputy Director Richard Helms. Marchetti had also written extensively about the Raleigh Call in The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, the first book on the assassination censored by the U.S. government." Marchetti told Proctor that Oswald "was clearly following standard procedure for a CIA asset under duress... [Oswald] was probably calling his cut-out. He was calling somebody who could put him in touch with his case officer." Next, Proctor was told that "he couldn't go beyond that person. There's no way he could. He just had to depend on this person to say, 'OK, I'll deliver the message.' Now, if the cut-out has already been alerted to cut him off and ignore him, then..." Lee Oswald tried to call John Hurt in Raleigh, NC at 834-7436. The number was important because Lee knew the number by heart, since all his personal items had been taken from him. Here is an excerpt from Proctor's interview with Marchetti: Proctor: OK, if someone was an agent, and he was involved in something, and nobody believes he is an agent.... He is arrested, and trying to communicate, let's say, and he is one of you guys. What is the procedure? Marchetti: I'd kill him. Proctor: If I was an agent for the [Central Intelligence] Agency, and I was involved in something involving the law domestically and the FBI, would I have a contact to call? Marchetti: Yes. Proctor: A verification contact? Marchetti: Yes, you would. Proctor: Would I be dead? Marchetti: It would depend on the situation. If you get into bad trouble, we're not going to verify you. Nohow, no way. Proctor: But there is a call mechanism set up. Marchetti: Yes. Proctor: So it is conceivable that Lee Harvey Oswald was .... Marchetti: That's what he was doing. He was trying to call in and say, "Tell them I'm all right." Proctor: Was that his death warrant? Marchetti: You betcha. Whether the switchboard operator connected Oswald's call is irrelevant, especially since there appeared to be government agents monitoring the activity. Lee's intentions were enough. As Marchetti told Proctor: "This time [Oswald] went over the dam, whether he knew it or not, or whether they set him up or not. He was over the dam. At this point it was executive action. Assassination."9 The same source tells us what Judyth confirmed with CIA contract pilot and asset Robert "Tosh" Plumlee. "I was interested in Plumlee," Judyth told Jim Marrs, "because Lee said he knew him to be a good man. It was easy to remember his name because the word 'lee' was in his name. He was the opposite of that other character in Lee's world who carried a "lee" in his name: David Atlee Phillips. This was Lee's handler, with whom Lee had tried to make contact." Proctor: Although the U.S. government has contended that Oswald defected to the Soviet Union, he had been spotted at the Illusionary Warfare Training base in Nags Head, which instructed young idealists to be fake defectors to the Soviet Union. Marchetti wrote that the program created "young men who were made to appear disenchanted, poor, American youths who had become turned off and wanted to see what communism was all about. Benson goes on to say "The existence of the Nags Head base was confirmed in the 2004 testimony of former CIA pilot William "Tosh" Plumlee: When I later learned [in November 1963] that Oswald had been arrested as the lone assassin, I remembered having met him on a number of previous occasions which were connected with intelligence training matters, first at Illusionary Warfare Training in Nags Head, North Carolina, then in Honolulu at radar installation and at Oahu's Wheeler Air Force Base, then in Dallas at an Oak Cliff safe house on North Beckley Street run by Alpha 66's Hernandez group, who had worked out of Miami prior to the assassination. Oswald's intelligence connections were further verified in a 1975 congressional investigation. In September of that year, U.S. Rep. Richard Schweiker was appointed to chair the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities. Schweiker had the credentials for the job: he had served on the Church Committee, which revealed gross misconduct of the CIA, FBI and the military in their surveillance of U.S. citizens. The Select Committee was tasked to investigate intelligence agencies with respect to the JFK assassination. Afterward, Schweiker revealed: "We do know Oswald had intelligence connections. Everywhere you look with him, there are the fingerprints of intelligence." The Raleigh Call remains one of the most disturbing, unexplained and ignored aspects of the JFK assassination.10 ### Mind Kontrol, Fake Churches and the Occult Ed Schwartz references Peter Levenda, an expert in this area: In the early 1950s an American neurologist began a series of research projects to determine how a psychic ability such as ESP could be used as a weapon in psychological warfare. In November 1952, he briefed the Pentagon on the military uses of parapsychology.... His name was Andrija Puharich. In the late 1940s Puharich frequently traveled to New York to meet other, like-minded individuals including the psychiatrist Warren S. McCulloch, one of the founders of the burgeoning science of cybernetics. McCulloch's work had been underwritten by the Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation, which was revealed in 1977 to have been a CIA front for funds for the mind control MK-Ultra projects." ...Puharich, McCulloch and other scientists, doctors and engineers became involved in developing electronics that used radio waves to implant suggestions or, in the case of Yale psychologist Dr. Jose Delgado, COMMANDS. In 1965, Delgado demonstrated one of the most powerful applications of electronic technology in the area of mind control at that time. Delgado used brain implants to control an enraged bull in front of spectators. Using only a remote-control device – a small, handheld box in his hands – he was able to increase the bull's aggression to the point that it charged the psychologist, who was standing quietly with no protective devices, and then, with a press of a button in Delgado's hand, the crazed animal suddenly stopped on a dime. This demonstration was widely reported in the press in May of 1965, and Delgado presented a lecture at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City that month on electrical stimulation of the brain. One can imagine the effect of this vivid demonstration on American and Soviet and Chinese intelligence agencies.11 Ed Schwartz: It is apparent that the proponents of the electrical approach to behavior control lost out to the proponents of the purely chemical approach developed under MK-Ultra, as Levenda tells us, though this is changing today, with the development of microchips and nanotechnology that can be used ethically or otherwise. Puharich formed the Round Table Foundation of Electrobiology in Camden, Maine in 1948. One of the earliest members of the Round Table was Aldous Huxley.12...Puharich was discharged from the Army in April 1955. During his two-year hitch at Edgewood, MK-ULTRA was created, his friend Aldous Huxley tripped on Mescaline, and Army/CIA chemical mind altering researcher Frank Olson was murdered. In addition, the Robertson Panel was formed by the CIA to investigate the UFO phenomena, the Korean War ended; the CIA overthrew the democratically-elected Mohamad Mossadegh of Iran and overthrew the democratically-elected Jacobo Arbenz of Guatemala. C.P. Cabell became Deputy Director of the CIA under Allen Dulles, the first Scientology office opened in Los Angeles, and the Army-McCarthy hearings began in Washington, D.C. Levenda sees Puharich as the founder of "a mysterious cabal that numbered many important and influential Americans among its members. This cabal included a man with shadowy connections both to Operation Paperclip on the one side, and to the Kennedy assassination on the other – Arthur Young. In the early 1960s Arthur Young was entertaining a central character in the assassination of a president – Michael Paine." The upper 1% had time on their hands to explore the new mental horizons opened up by drugs, hallucinogens and electricity, while the CIA was interested in financing their operations by supplying drugs to ever-expanding civilian targets. The doors of perception had been opened by psychedelic drugs – mescaline, LSD and psilocybin – and by the séance. All had become tools of the trade for the CIA, and, instead of letting the Light in, they let the Darkness out. Drugs, shamanism and the occult – they disturbed the sleep of ancient forces, and America would never be the same."13 A CIA "Manchurian Candidate" mind control programming for assassinations was successfully developed during the Korean War. A CIA officer, Frank Olson was murdered after he rebelled against the project he had helped create. Also, the CIA feared he was about to reveal it publicly. MK-Ultra never went away. In the 1960s brain implants were said to have been used to help control spies. Lee Oswald was stationed in Atsugi, Japan where MK (Mind Kontrol) was being used by the CIA. Judyth Vary Baker: This is an opportunity to declare, due to my close relationship with Lee Harvey Oswald, that I could not detect anything indicating an implant – and I was aware of that kind of technology. However, Lee had been specially trained to endure and resist physical and psychological torture and brainwashing methods used by the communists to "turn" a spy. This is why no amount of physical or psychological abuse by Dallas Police or anyone else could have extracted a desired "confession" from him. He steadfastly kept denying all charges, declaring that he was a patsy, despite what they did to him behind closed doors. His comportment under pressure was gaining him some respect and was one reason Lee Oswald had to be assassinated ASAP. Look into Project Artichoke and into the burgeoning field of microchips, mind-nets and mind-reading technology that we must deal with today. Everything we've been talking about was already developed over 50 years ago. We leave it to the reader to try to understand what will happen to the human race if the current lack of respect for life and living things continues. In today's technologically-oriented and overcrowded world, life has become more hectic, more regulated, less precious.. The worth of the individual is minimized: teamwork is stressed. Conformity to a dizzying number of laws and expectations is forced upon everyone, from obeying traffic signals to avoiding certain words and phrases. People are finding it harder and harder to avoid getting arrested, jailed and stigmatized for life. There is no true forgiveness, no wiping the slate clean. As Barr McClellan, once employed by Lyndon Johnson's lawyer group says, it's all about "blood, money and power." Mind control, control of food, control of information, control of media, control of education and control of science (which is our modern God, along with credit cards) guarantee the status quo and impedes upward mobility. There is less hope that hard work will be rewarded with dreams that come true, causing common people to turn to satisfying their most basic and urgent needs and desires. The basic animal comforts become all-important. It becomes a matter of "bread and circuses" and sexual pleasure. Any challenges to the official versions of history, which are concocted to cover the crimes and cupidity of today's governments, are quashed in cover-ups, their darkest deeds "sanitized": Among the revelations of the Church Committee hearings was CIA Document #1035-960. This document, dated Jan. 4, 1967, and marked "PSYCH" for Psychological Warfare, directs CIA agents to counter critics of the Warren Report by using "liaison and friendly elite contacts (especially politicians and editors)" and "to employ propaganda assets to answer and refute the attacks of the critics." Those cozy relationships were most famously revealed in 1977, when Washington Post reporter Carl Bernstein – known for his groundbreaking Watergate coverage – wrote extensively on information released by the Church Committee. His article detailing revelations of the committee hearings, "The CIA and the Media," appeared in the Oct. 20, 1977, issue of Rolling Stone. The article exposed details of Operation Mockingbird, the CIA's effort to control the media. Through documentary evidence, Bernstein revealed a list of high-profile media organizations that willingly cooperated with the CIA: These include ABC, NBC, the Associated Press, Reuters, Newsweek, the Miami Herald and even The Saturday Evening Post. "But the most valuable of these associations, according to CIA officials, has been with the New York Times, CBS, and Time Inc.," Bernstein wrote. Quoting an unnamed CIA agent, Bernstein added, "One reporter is worth 20 agents." ### E. Howard Hunt Even so, many agents are infinitely useful. Saint John Hunt offers an example. Saint says his father, CIA agent E. Howard Hunt, told him that Lyndon Johnson recruited Cord Meyer in 1962 to be the first link in the "chain of command" regarding the "Big Event" [killing President Kennedy].14 When Judyth Baker quoted Lee Oswald as calling the Op to kill Kennedy "The Big Event" she was filmed saying so in March, 2003 by Nigel Turner for the History Channel documentary "The Love Affair." This filming occurred just before Hunt also made a recording for his son, using the same term, though his words weren't made public until soon after Hunt's death in 2007. "Since Lee had used this term – "The Big Event" –which was recorded in "The Love Affair" before E. Howard Hunt was also recorded using the same term for the Op," Judyth says, "I conclude E. Howard Hunt was indeed a player in the Kennedy assassination, as his own son, Saint, also believes." E. Howard Hunt in prison at Eglin AFB. His son, St. John, at the 2016 JFK Assassination Conference Saint John says that "Cord Meyer had his own reason to hate John Kennedy. His ex-wife Mary was one of Kennedy's numerous mistresses, and the gossip surrounding them infuriated Cord.15 I think in trying to find the right men for the job, LBJ landed on Cord Meyer. He was a CIA officer with international connections via London.16 By the time of the assassination, Cord had been promoted to chief of the CIA's International Organizations Division."17 E. Howard Hunt's deathbed confession, based on the secret tapes he made and gave to his son, was published in Rolling Stone magazine on April 5, 2007, when Erik Hedegaard wrote: "Once, when the old spymaster thought he was dying, his eldest son came to visit him at his home in Miami. The scourges recently had been constant and terrible: lupus, pneumonia, cancers of the jaw and prostate, gangrene, the amputation of his left leg. It was like something was eating him up. Long past were his years of heroic service to the country." Hunt had something important to tell his son that he never wanted him to forget. Hedegaard wrote: "In August 2003, propped up in his sickbed, paper on his lap, pen in hand and son sitting next to him, he began to write down the names of men who had indeed participated in a plot to kill the president. He had lied during... two federal investigations [but] he knew something after all. He told St. John about his own involvement, too. It was explosive stuff, with the potential to reconfigure the JFK-assassination-theory landscape. And then he got better and went on to live for four more years." Hedegaard admits some admiration for Hunt: They sure don't make White House bad guys the way they used to. Today you've got flabby-faced half-men like Karl Rove, with weakling names like "Scooter" Libby, blandly hacking their way through the constraints of the U.S. Constitution, while back then, in addition to Hunt, you had out-and-out thugs like G. Gordon Liddy, his Watergate co-conspirator and Nixon's dirty-tricks chief, who would hold his own hand over an open flame to prove what a real tough guy he was. It all seems a little nutty now, but in 1972 it was serious business. These guys meant to take the powers of the presidency and run amok. Hunt, no stranger to violence, dirty tricks, and subterfuge: ...specialized in political sabotage. Among his first assignments: forging cables linking the Kennedy administration to the assassination of South Vietnam's president. After that, he began sniffing around Ted Kennedy's dirty laundry, to see what he could dig up there. Being a former CIA man, he had no problem contemplating the use of firebombs and once thought about slathering LSD on the steering wheel of an unfriendly newspaperman's car, hoping it would leach into his skin and cause a fatal accident. But of all his various plots and subterfuges, in the end, only one of them mattered: the failed burglary at the Watergate Hotel, in Washington, D.C., in the spring of 1972. After his arrest over Watergate, Hunt was "abandoned by his bosses at the White House [and] soon began trying to extort money from them to help pay his mounting bills, as well as those of his fellow burglars, the deal being that if the White House paid, all those arrested would plead guilty and maintain silence about the extent of the White House's involvement." It was St. John who suffered perhaps the most, for his mother died in what he terms a murder that December, which Hedegaard describes: Dorothy, carrying $10,000 in $100 bills, was killed in a plane crash, foul play suspected but never proved. Two years later, impeachment imminent, Nixon resigned his presidency. And in 1973, E. Howard Hunt, the man who had unwittingly set all these events in motion, pleaded guilty and ultimately spent thirty-three months in prison. "I cannot escape feeling," he said at the time, "that the country I have served for my entire life and which directed me to carry out the Watergate entry is punishing me for doing the very things it trained and directed me to do." And that's the rub. Many in the CIA and other agencies see the crimes they commit as necessary in order to protect and serve their country. Many CIA, FBI and Secret Service agents saw John F. Kennedy as a traitor, soft on communism, but above all, out of their control. As researcher Howard Platzman put it to Judyth, "John Kennedy thought he was a real President. That was his big mistake." Hedegaard says St. John still has the memo that his father diagrammed out that fateful day when he thought he would soon be breathing his last. It shows Lyndon Johnson as the main perpetrator: "It has all this stuff in it," he says, "the chain of command, names, people, places, dates. He wrote it out to me directly, in his own handwriting, starting with the initials 'LBJ.'"18 E. Howard Hunt is also an example of how the CIA took care of loose ends. Hunt was comfortable demanding big bucks from Nixon as hush money to avoid disclosure of "the Bay of Pigs Thing" [knowledge of the truth about the Kennedy assassination], as Helms, in his hatred of Nixon, revealed. The now famous exposure of the Watergate scandal, headlined "Nixon Debated Paying Blackmail, Clemency" – "Keep Cap on Bottle" was written by investigative reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein. The Washington Post Staff Writers published their shocking material Wednesday, May 1, 1974 on Page A01. (The information reprinted below comes directly from their article.) The investigations and story would eventually inflame Richard M. Nixon so much that he began to say forbidden things: President Nixon, during a lengthy meeting in the Oval Office on March 21, 1973, told White House counsel John W. Dean III that "you have no choice but to come up with the $120,000" demanded as blackmail payment by one of the Watergate burglars, according to an edited transcript of the meeting. Nixon had begun to be careless about the ever-present tape recording system months earlier, but now it seemed he believed he could erase whatever he wished and therefore could say whatever he wished: The transcript reveals that Mr. Nixon, on his own initiative, discussed accommodating blackmail demands on at least a half-dozen occasions during the meeting without once suggesting that paying the men for their silence would be wrong. Instead, the transcript reveals, Mr. Nixon repeatedly discussed different methods by which as much as $1 million could be paid to the burglars without the payments being traced to the White House. The purpose of such payments, in the President's own words, would be "to keep the cap on the bottle," to "buy time," to "tough it through." "How much money do you need?" the President asked Dean early in the March 21 conversation, according to the transcript. "I would say these people are going to cost a million dollars over the next two years," Dean replied. "We could get that," the President continued. "On the money, if you need the money you could get that. You could get a million dollars. You could get it in cash. I know where it could be gotten. It is not easy, but it could be done. But the question is who the hell would handle it? Any ideas on that?" ... Within 12 hours of the Oval office discussion, Watergate conspirator E. Howard Hunt Jr. received $75,000 cash – a key element in the conspiracy to obstruct justice indictment returned against seven of the president's men on March 1, 1974...19 Note how Nixon suggested the hush money would solve the problem and could be obtained and hidden, laundering it through "a Cuban defense committee." They'd even hide the facts from a Grand Jury. The cover-up was financed by members of what today we might call the 1% of the 1% whose New World Order mentality was focused on ousting Kennedy, that prickly thorn in their side. When Robert D. Morrow (author of the book First Hand Knowledge) told readers that the JFK assassination was the work of a conspiracy between "the Mob, the leaders of our nation, and our government's intelligence agencies"20—presumably including the CIA – he left out the rest of Kennedy's enemies that existed on the international scale – the Shadow Government's handlers – the bankers, the oligarchy and the super-rich who always seemed to get what they want. Morrow's viewpoint makes sense to co-author Ed Schwartz, since his information about Tracy Barnes is similar to what Donald Deneselya had to say about Barnes. John Simkin, founder of the JFK Education Forum, describes this stance well: Morrow's account implicates people who have already been named in other books. However, three people figure prominently who do not fit into this category: Mario Kohly, Marshall Diggs and Tracy Barnes.... I have spent some time studying Tracy Barnes. Some researchers have mentioned his name as a possible figure in the JFK assassination conspiracy. Barnes was a member of Operation Success, the plot to overthrow Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala in 1954. Others involved in this operation were Frank Wisner, David Atlee Phillips, E. Howard Hunt, David Morales and Rip Robertson.21 Simkin had named a stable of CIA stallions whose handiwork has become legendary: ...in 1960 Barnes joined the Directorate for Plans and helped Richard Bissell to organize the Bay of Pigs operation. Lyman Kirkpatrick, the CIA's inspector general, wrote a report on the failed project. Kirkpatrick was highly critical of both Bissell and Barnes. He claimed that they had misled JFK and that "plausible deniability was a pathetic illusion". Unlike Bissell and Dulles [fired by JFK], Barnes survived the Bay of Pigs disaster and according to Morrow, in 1962 Barnes was placed in charge of Domestic Operations Division. It was this unit that organized the assassination of JFK. Morrow claims that Barnes had a motive. The Bay of Pigs operation failed because of JFK. However, it was the CIA who got the blame. Barnes was getting revenge on JFK and at the same time was guaranteeing a successful invasion of Cuba by setting up Lee Harvey Oswald as the assassin.22 ### Bullets, Bullets, Everywhere... In March, 2017, Dr. James Fetzer, Larry Rivera, Don Fox and Gary King worked together to analyze evidence indicating Greer oversteered, then momentarily stopped Kennedy's vehicle, just as Deneselya described. They used 3-D computer programs and an architectural layout from 1964 to calculate that three shots likely came from the Records Building, having determined the angle of fire. These shots would be blamed on Lee Harvey Oswald. We now know that one or more shots came from the Grassy Knoll. Some researchers believe that shots also came from storm sewers along the South Knoll. One or two shots blew the President's head apart. Edgar Tatro, a longtime researcher in the case, tells us more about the attack from the South Knoll: As I stated before the ARRB in my testimony in March of 1995, there are photographic blowups of a human-like figure with a rifle-like object on the grassy knoll south from a photo taken approximately a minute after the assassination. I sent these photos twice to the House Select Committee on Assassinations. I sent them to the National Academy of Sciences when they were conducting their acoustic analysis of the Dallas Police Department tapes. I even sent them to the television show, "That's Incredible." While I received acknowledgments that my material arrived safely, it is clear no efforts were made to determine if a shot or shots derived from that area. Researchers Edgar Tatro and Ed Sherry (R.I.P.) ### The South Knoll Tatro continued: "Though Harold Weisberg never saw the photos in my possession, he always maintained in his books his belief that a shot originated from [the south knoll]. There was a mark on the Elm Street sidewalk that corresponded quite well with a grassy knoll south shot. It was patched twice to hide it in that first year, when a witness brought the scar to the attention of the FBI. Later, courageous journalist Earl Golz dug up the sidewalk for safekeeping, but eventually gave it to Gary Mack, and that ended the trail forever."23 Gary Mack once defended Lee Oswald's innocence – until he was hired by the Sixth Floor Museum and was granted a hefty salary to defend the Warren Commission's version of things. ### Storm Drains and Other Enigmas One argument against a grassy knoll shot is that the shot had to be perpendicular to JFK. That is untrue: a slight shift in location creates the proper angle, but the debate did kindle more interest in storm drains. We have shown what meticulous care was taken to set up Lee as the villain in the backyard photos, when there is reason to believe that the Imperial Reflex camera that made the photos was owned by Ruth and Michael Paine. Don Deneselya was a sincere and valuable witness as to Lee Oswald's connection to the CIA, and he knew a lot about Tracy Barnes. Those are his areas of expertise. His idea that shots were fired from the storm drain led the authors to explore the possibility of a route from the TSBD into the drainage system. There were several places in the underground drain layout where a man could stand below the level of the road, from which shots could presumably be made, until some basic trigonometry is applied. Most such shots, however, had to be aimed upwards. One researcher who agrees that the storm sewer system and manholes are important is John B. Wells. Wells told attendees of the 2015 JFK Assassination Conference that, years ago, he discovered a wide-open entrance into the city's drainage system, high up near the overpass and not far from the grassy knoll. He even returned some months later with a camera, only to find this "manhole" completely covered over. Wells is adamant that the hole existed.24 Wells' experience suggests the possibility that Barnes (or somebody else) could have moved higher up in the drainage system, just past the grassy knoll, where a kill shot from a higher vantage point was logistically possible. John Wells ### Convenient Lies Besides the disinfo circulated by the CIA, pressure was put on witnesses in Dealey Plaza to suppress statements about what they heard and saw. In his memoirs, Man of the House, former House Speaker Tip O'Neill recalled that JFK aides Kenneth O'Donnell and Dave Powers, once told him that they had heard two shots coming "from the top of the knoll."25 Both Powers and O'Donnell would later say that "for the good of the country" they told the Warren Commission what the Commission wanted them to say – that they heard shots from the TSBD. Researcher Edgar Tatro also wrote, concerning Powers: In 1977 I was invited to meet Dave Powers, JFK's best friend, who was speaking at Harvard University about the wit and wisdom of President Kennedy.... Before his speech, I was introduced to Mr. Powers and I showed him the South Knoll photos. His eyes popped. He asked, "Did you send these to Congress?" "I said, 'Yes...twice.' He said, 'Good.'" When he finished his speech, he offered to answer questions and went straight to me first. I asked him where the shots came from on 11/22/63. He suggested that I read his testimony in the Warren Commission volumes, but I had brought that particular volume with me and he asked me to read his affidavit out loud to the audience. It is clear he believed there was a shooter at the [knoll] right front from the famous grassy knoll. Several years later, Dr. Cyril Wecht and I spoke together in front of a large audience at Boston University. Afterward, I showed him the South Knoll photos at a restaurant and he caused quite a stir by shouting the Lord's name three times consecutively. I will never forget it...26 ### Who Saw the Kill? Who saw the kill, and who shot JFK? Statistician Richard Charnin has identified 224 people who were in Dealey Plaza that day.27 Though many faces have been "identified" as this or that notorious person, it's unlikely that well-known CIA officers would let themselves be photographed, unless they thought they were invincible. Another common notion is that a major CIA figure would be a shooter, when any number of snipers, equipped with silencers, could professionally do the job, with a single rifle making audible shots to make it seem there was just one gunman. Then there is the oft-recalled gunfire pattern of BANG... BANG-BANG! That gives away the presence of at least two rifles. We also know that a shot came from the South Knoll as well, as witnessed by CIA contract pilot and agent Robert "Tosh" Plumlee and described by forensics analyst Sherry Fiester, whose calculations may be off a bit because she did not take into consideration that the Zapruder film had missing frames (alteration). After all, what goes up must come down – including blood spatter from JFK's head. With only one frame showing blood spatter (going up) and no frame showing blood spatter coming down, the south knoll bullet seems to have struck JFK just after the grassy knoll's bullet. Nevertheless, Sherry presents convincing information that a shot from the South Knoll may seem to have struck the President first, just before the shot from the Grassy Knoll forced JFK's head back and to the left. Interestingly, Sherry Fiester and Judyth Vary Baker both took the same forensic science class at the University of Houston, giving both some expertise in this area, though Sherry went on to take even more classes, ending up specializing in blood spatter analysis. ### Witnesses Ignored by the Warren Commission We have offered the testimony of Bill Newman, who with his wife Gayle stood on the grassy knoll with their two young sons to wave at JFK as the limo came by. Instead, they saw a bullet rip through the right side of the President's head, blowing out the back of his skull. They hit the ground and in that position were widely photographed. They were interviewed for TV, newspapers and radio as the closest witnesses to the murder, but the Warren Commission never called them to testify. At Garrison's trial of Clay Shaw, on Feb, 17, 1969, Bill Newman was asked: Q: Did you give any statement to the Federal Bureau of Investigation? A: Yes, sir, I did, and also to the Sheriff's Office after the assassination. A news reporter carried me to the FAA, and then from that point went to the Sheriff's Office and I give a written statement. Q: Were you called as a witness to the Warren Commission? A: No, sir, I wasn't.28 In 1994 researcher Peter Whitmey listed "important eyewitnesses who were overlooked by the Warren Commission's staff...: Mary Woodward and her three colleagues; Charles Brehm and his son; Carolyn Arnold; Hugh Betzner, Jr.; Jack Bell; John and Marvin Chism; Ruby Henderson; Mary Hollies; Sam Kinney; Glenn Bennett; Mary Ann Moorman; Mr. and Mrs. W. Newman; Orville Nix; J.C. Price; Norman Similas; Marilyn Sitzman; Malcolm Summers; Richard Carr; Marvin Robinson; Carolyn Walthers; and Beverly Oliver (if she was indeed the "Babushka Lady" writes Whitmey).29 Judyth Baker knows Beverly Oliver well and has a different viewpoint. "Those who get to know Beverly personally are eventually persuaded to believe her. This is a good and sincere woman. A witness whom I, for one, believe has done the best she could to describe what she knew, even if she was mistaken concerning who she saw with Jack Ruby. The giveaway is that Jack Ruby said 'Lee' was with the CIA when Beverly sat down with Ruby and 'Lee' at Ruby's Carousel Club. The real Lee Oswald, who was being impersonated all over Dallas before the assassination, would never have allowed such a statement to be made at such a place." Late, when this same "Oswald" heckled Ruby's comedian-emcee, Wally Westen, Ruby kicked him out. Westen says "Oswald" was there "at least twice."30 ### "The Men Who Killed Kennedy" It really doesn't matter if an assassin was in the storm sewer, whether it was Mertz, Barnes, or someone else; and it really doesn't matter how the assassin(s) gained access to that storm sewer, whether it was from the TSBD basement, sub-basement, or through the storm sewer tunnel for water runoff to the Trinity River at the downhill end of the grassy knoll area adjoining the triple underpass. A reenactment of this latter scenario was shown in the TV documentary The Men Who Killed Kennedy in the episode entitled "The Truth Shall Set You Free," in 1995. The first six episodes were not as close to the truth as the last three, and so were aired, again and again for almost a decade. When Judyth Baker told producer Nigel Turner that the episode about her and Lee, "The Love Affair," would surely be banned, he did not believe her. "Nigel sat with me in my art gallery in Haarlem, The Netherlands, and we watched the tape a few days before it aired on the History Channel," Judyth states. Along with "The Smoking Guns" – episode 7 – and "The Guilty Men" – Episode 9, which was the most important of all, I didn't believe the CIA and the government would allow The Men Who Killed Kennedy series to stay on the air. But Nigel said, "We signed a contract for nine years. You have nothing to worry about. He then sat with Marina Oswald and showed her "The Love Affair." Nigel told me that she looked at it, then commented, "'So, he had an affair.' That's all she said, he told me." Here is an email sent to Judyth as the documentary was being edited, with some of the format in Dutch from the Dutch server: _____@winter____.fsnet.co.uk zondag 31 augustus 2003 21:35 Judyth Vary Baker from Nigel Dear Judyth, Many thanks for your last personal email and for your assurances... and most of all for keeping your word (which I always knew you would!). Just for your peace of mind, once again – I can absolutely confirm that the film will be networked on U.S. television on the 40th [anniversary of the assassination]. I am sure it will help achieve everything you so fervently hope for. It will undoubtedly provide a wonderful platform for your book when it appears in 2004. Please continue to copy me in on your emails so that I am thoroughly up to speed with what is going on. Meanwhile it is full steam ahead in the edit suite... you are with us every day. "The Love Affair was shown five times," Judyth says, "and I received over 350 emails, even though my location was hardly known. Along with the emails came one from Nigel Turner, who had returned some photos to me. I'd been disappointed that none of my witnesses were in the documentary – and so much about the Clinton-Jackson trip, Dr. Ochsner, Dr. Mary Sherman, and David Ferrie – especially about who he really was – was missing. In fact, it was a shock! But Nigel assured me there would be a second documentary, as can be seen in the email below. Little did I know that it would be the last email I'd ever receive from him, for after this message, Nigel Turner went silent. Completely and 100% silent!" [_____@_____18.fsnet.co.uk dinsdag 25 november 2003 Judyth Vary Baker from Nigel I am delighted the package finally arrived. Yes, The envelope was indeed taped at the end for extra security. I am puzzled however, as to why it should have taken so long to reach you.... I am deeply appreciative of the comments in your November 22 email and I shall always treasure them. Your story, following its five network airings has now been seen by millions of people – despite the ill-intentioned efforts of those who tried to derail it. And of course there will be more to come. The Guilty Men has also aired exactly as scheduled, despite the counter efforts of the forces of darkness. I have been absolutely inundated by emails and phone calls of support from around the world. DVD & VHS sales of the three programs are in full swing. I am thrilled to hear about your 350 positive emails – it does not surprise me. Once again, thank you for placing your trust in me. I am currently out of town but I hope to come and see you shortly for a full debrief and to discuss feature film possibilities. A return to our favourite restaurant perhaps? Instead of being shown on the History Channel for nine years, several times a year, "The Love Affair" and the other two episodes were viciously attacked and suppressed. Oswald was not to be exonerated! Oswald was not to have his name cleared! Above all, LBJ must not be named! The documentaries had hit too close to home. They – and finally all the previous episodes – were banned forever. The LBJ cavalry had come out in full force, including Lady Bird Johnson, her daughters, former LBJ aide Bill Moyers, former President Gerald Ford, former President Jimmy Carter, Eisner of Disney and Jack Valenti (former LBJ aide and president of the Motion Picture Association of America), along with major media. They all campaigned to destroy the entire series and to humiliate Turner, calling him "the man who shamed the History Channel." "The Guilty Men" focused on Lyndon Johnson, and was the primary target, but in "The Love Affair" Johnson was also implicated. Nigel Turner's series was banned when the last three episodes of his popular series The Men Who Killed Kennedy got too close to the truth. A campaign to discredit and humiliate him worked: Nigel Turner has been utterly silent since December, 2003, while Judyth was forced to live in exile in Europe. Nigel Turner, whose calling card showed "a knight in shining armor on a mighty steed," who quoted to me that he was "fighting against the forces of darkness," has not written, called or responded to emails or knocks on his door since December, 2003. Judyth found herself attacked as well. The History Channel published a hit piece against conspiracy theories where she was accused for over five years of claiming to have helped create AIDS! | Live screen shots: Judyth Baker was accused for over five years on the History Channel of claiming she helped develop AIDS in their online section called "Kennedy Assassination Conspiracy Theories." Judyth was forced to live in exile due to death threats, which had already become a problem just before and after being filmed in the spring of 2003 by Turner. Eventually, Judyth would only be able to return to live in the U.S. a total of two of the next 14 years. She would also be hospitalized five times in four years due to a series of "accidents" – until she learned to stay away from the country she loved unless accompanied by bodyguards. ### LBJ Usurps the White House Before moving on to a brief examination of the most important suspects behind the assassination, the authors want to prime the pump with the following information about the conduct of Lyndon Baines Johnson during the terrible hours Jackie Kennedy endured after her husband bled to death in her arms. LBJ was personally to blame for making her nightmare in Dallas continue on, for when Jackie returned to the White House, she found the Oval Office being torn to pieces before her eyes. LBJ simply could not wait a single day to take everything that smelled like Kennedy out of there. Immediately. Today, other versions exist of what happened that night, but the authors support the statements of Evelyn Lincoln, JFK's longtime secretary. The Oval Office's long-planned redecoration project had only been completed the day before – a "redecoration, never seen by JFK, who was very involved in the selection of fabrics, carpet, paint, etc.," Lincoln wrote. LBJ made sure the First Lady would never see it, either. John F. Kennedy's Oval Office was redesigned by Stéphane Boudin in 1963 with a new red rug and pale curtains, but it was dismantled after the President's assassination, before Mrs. Kennedy returned... in the end only the curtains would remain. Jackie had redesigned the Oval Office and arranged for it to be completed while they were in Texas to surprise JFK. (Ref: JFK Library) Jackie, overwhelmed by grief, was able to save only some of JFK's possessions from the Oval Office that night. That's because LBJ got there first. Once inside, Johnson ordered staffers to remove everything that belonged to JFK into the hall, including Kennedy's famous rocking chair. Jackie, arriving after the autopsy, was barely able to save some items inside the desk itself, which had already been rifled by Johnson or his people. Luckily, we can view a collection of photos of JFK's belongings that Evelyn Lincoln, his secretary, managed to save. We owe much to Evelyn Lincoln for saving many items that had been laid out in the hall outside the Oval Office, on order of the all-powerful new POTUS. Lincoln scooped up and saved as much as she could, since poor Jackie was in no state to protect any of it. Since Jackie avoided even looking at these 300-odd items again, Lincoln found a place to store them. Photographer Rae Anderson would later learn that Lincoln's friend, Bob White, found room in his mother's basement for this priceless collection. At Evelyn's passing, she willed everything to White. "Among them," writes Anderson, "was the Cartier watch JFK wore the day he was killed in Dallas. White, coming on hard times, started selling the collection off, including JFK's Cartier watch to Anderson's friend. "We got to work and started taking photos," Anderson reported. "they were long days, at least 16 hours a day.... We never took a break.... We documented JFK's most loved and cherished possessions that he really loved and were near and dear to his heart."31 JFK's famous rocking chair was moved out into the hall ASAP. Lyndon then got his 'own' rocking chair, but he would have to do more than that to take JFK's place. In front of the press, LBJ pretended kindness and said Jackie could take as long as she wished to vacate the White House. Two weeks later, on Dec. 6, she was out, finally offered a safe haven by Undersecretary of State W. Averell Harriman, who offered a bedroom "provided for her use until she was able to acquire a property of her own." Jackie held John-John's birthday party late (his birthday was on the day his father was buried) and helped put together a Christmas for her two children, but then she retreated into a seclusion "filled with tears and nightmares."32 "Jackie's bedroom was on the second floor and she seldom left it," remembered her secretary Mary Gallagher. "I was constantly aware of her suffering. She wept. She drank. By turns unable to sleep and tormented by recurrent nightmares that caused her to awaken screaming, she lacked even the solace of safely withdrawing into unconsciousness. Trying to make sense of the assassination, she lay awake, endlessly going over the events of November 22." Today, the second assassination of JFK is in full force, aimed to kill his reputation. The Smithsonian, on Dec. 27, 2016 said this about President John F. Kennedy: "No intellectual slouch, the young widow [Jackie] calculated how to create an enduring legacy for her husband, whose handsome charm, some would argue, may have been his only contribution as President."33 We come against these continuing efforts to make the public forget about Kennedy and his true greatness. The powers-that-be understand that when it becomes clear who really killed Kennedy, they have to make sure nobody will care, if they do the job right. Was Kennedy's "handsome charm" his "only contribution"? JFK saved us from a nuclear holocaust, set our sights on the moon, founded the Peace Corps, stopped above-ground nuclear testing, signed a nuclear arms limitation treaty, sponsored across-the-board tax cuts that made America start growing again, wanted to recall all soldiers from Vietnam by 1965, communicated with the USSR to warm up relations that otherwise could have led us into war, created the Civil Rights bill that LBJ shoved through in a sympathy vote in JFK's memory, and in dozens of other ways inspired generations to come with his courage, his leadership, his world view for peace, and his patriotism. ### Lyndon Johnson's Conduct as President For those who think we've been harsh on Johnson, here is a reminder of what life was like in the White House after he took office, as written by Jenny Drapkin: **"His Toilet"** : Johnson lived to dominate, and he used crass behavior to bend people to his will. At 6-ft., 3-in. tall and 210 lbs., he liked to lean over people, spitting, swearing, belching, or laughing in their faces. Once, he even relieved himself on a Secret Serviceman who was shielding him from public view. When the man looked horrified, Johnson simply said, "That's all right, son. It's my prerogative." His favorite power ploy, however, seemed to be dragging people into the bathroom with him – forcing them to continue their conversations with the president as he used the toilet. **"His Car":**...President Johnson... visiting his ranch in Texas ...invited friends... for a joyride in his car. He'd drive down a steep incline toward the lake, pretend to lose control, and then yell, "The brakes don't work! We're going in! We're going under!" The car would splash into the lake, and as everyone else was screaming, Johnson would be doubled over laughing. Turns out, Johnson was the proud owner of an Amphicar, the only amphibious passenger automobile ever mass-produced for civilians. **"His Presidential Buzzer"** : When people told stories about John F. Kennedy's great female conquests (and they often did), it made Johnson furious. He'd pound his fists on the desk and scream, "Why, I had more women on accident than he ever had on purpose!" And that may very well have been true. Johnson brought a lot of pretty young things back from Texas to work in the White House, even if they couldn't type. He even had a buzzer installed in the Oval Office so that the Secret Service could warn him when his wife was on her way. **"His Helicopter Chair"** : LBJ loved riding in helicopters. He loved it so much, in fact, that his desk chair in the Oval Office was actually a vinyl helicopter seat – green with a built-in ashtray. In the event of a flood or an emergency water landing, the cushion could have doubled as a flotation device. No joke. **"His Monogrammed Towels"** : Everyone in the Johnson family had the same initials – Lyndon Baines, Lady Bird, and their daughters, Lynda Bird and Luci Baines. Don't think for a moment that it was a coincidence, either. They named the family dog Little Beagle Johnson.34 And finally, in June 1968, Robert Kennedy was shot in Los Angeles: As the Senator lay dying, Johnson went on national television to express his ''shock'' and ''dismay.'' That evening, Johnson repeatedly phoned the Secret Service to ask if Kennedy had died. He paced the floor for hours, phone in hand, muttering: ''I've got to know. Is he dead? Is he dead yet?'' This, sadly, was not the end of it. Though Johnson promised Kennedy's family to do ''anything I can do to help,'' he delayed their lone request – to finance [the road needed to allow] a permanent grave site for the Senator at Arlington National Cemetery, next to his brother John's. [Only the government could build the road.... Tourists were making a mess of the area].... In 1969, a new President took the appropriate steps. As he signed the final authorization, Richard Nixon, who knew a thing or two about political grudges, must have smiled.35 ### Nixon Forgets Where He Was on Nov 22: An Example of Cover-Up Cover up occurred after the Kennedy assassination on many levels, from the actions of small-fry such as Ruth and Michael Paine, or the framing of Lee Oswald with such items as a faked money order for a rifle he never owned, to convenient alibis offered by those who benefited most, who lied about their whereabouts, what they might have known, and who was responsible for Kennedy's murder. If an ordinary person old enough to be shocked at JFK's death was asked where they were when they heard Kennedy was shot, there was always an answer. Surely, then, a former Vice President would surely remember where he was. The power of such a shocking event, which could put Richard Nixon back into the political limelight, would surely make an indelible memory of where he was and what he was doing. Right? Wrong. Nixon's first activity of note that fateful November day began in Dallas: "Nixon was in Dallas to give a morning address to a soda bottlers' convention and left the city at 9:05 a.m., about three hours before the assassination," Russ Baker writes in Family of Secrets. That was the official version of the matter. Unfortunately for Richard "I am not a crook" Nixon – not always good at covering up his lies – he went on to offer several versions of where he was when he learned of JFK's death. By following his story, from beginning to end, we are given an important glimpse of a cover-up attempt at its clumsiest. As we peruse the Nixon saga, it should not be forgotten that Carlos Marcello was anxious to cooperate with Kennedy's enemies and was willing to provide many means to eliminate him. Roger Stone, a witness to Nixon's life and presidency, tells us in his book, The Man Who Killed Kennedy that: In two years' time, if the Kennedys still maintained power, Hoover would be retired, Johnson would be incarcerated, and Big Oil would be significantly minimized.... With Hoover committed to the plot, Johnson had keenly scanned the political horizon to see if anyone else would be smart enough to figure out that there had been a Coup d'etat . One man worried him, a man as cunning, driven and daring as he himself. A man whose ambition to be president burned just as brightly as his own: former Vice President Richard Nixon. Johnson knew that Nixon had his own connections to mob boss Carlos Marcello. In 1960, Marcello had declined to contribute to the Kennedy-Johnson ticket and made a $500,000 donation to the Nixon campaign instead. It is reasonable to assume that Johnson was concerned that Nixon was in a position to "hear things." Stone says Johnson deliberately misled Nixon into believing that right-wingers were responsible for Kennedy's death. He relies partly on information from Madeleine Brown, who was one of LBJ's mistresses, that Johnson and Nixon met at the Adolphus Hotel on the afternoon of the 21st, but if they did, it was to misdirect Nixon before the meeting that she reported occurred later at the Dallas Murchison mansion, which was at that time Murchison's nephew's residence. Murchison employee May Newman corroborated Brown's story that the meeting occurred, as recorded by Nigel Turner for Episode 9 ("The Guilty Men") in the History Channel series, The Men Who Killed Kennedy which was banned, and the film's master destroyed, after threats of lawsuits from the Johnson family, former Presidents Carter and Ford, and LBJ's close friends Jack Valenti and Bill Moyers. With mounting evidence that many of Kennedy's most important enemies made a point to be in Dallas to observe the destruction of a hated rival, the presence of Nixon in Dallas, nevertheless, still seemed mere coincidence. After all, Nixon arrived in a private jet owned and accompanied by Pepsi Cola's CEOs. Obviously, Nixon had to show up to attend the annual convention of the American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages as one of Pepsi Cola's lawyers. Oddly, when Nixon was interviewed, he called the conclave "the Pepsi Cola convention": it is our first clue that the American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages convention was not exactly on his mind. In Nixon's own words: I attended the Pepsi Cola convention [in Dallas]and left on Friday morning. November 22, from Love Field. Dallas, on a flight back to New York... when on arrival in New York we caught a cab and headed for the city – the cabbie missed a turn somewhere and we were off the highway... a woman came out of her house screaming and crying. I rolled down the cab window to ask what the matter was and when she saw my face she turned even paler. She told me that John Kennedy had just been shot in Dallas. Nixon revealed two things in this statement: (1) after he had spoken directly to the convention that Friday morning in one of its final meetings, he left immediately afterwards on a flight to New York and, (2) he gave an account of when he first heard about the Kennedy assassination. In fact, as you will discover, both statements were lies. Note that journalist-researcher Penn Jones told the late Jim Marrs that Peter O'Donnell was the chauffeur who drove Nixon to the Murchison party. Marrs repeated the matter at several conferences. Interestingly, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson had arrived in Dallas well ahead of Nixon, and, in fact, had been in the Dallas area for several days ahead of JFK. In fact, we know that LBJ took a Braniff flight to Dallas and spoke to the same convention – the American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages. The convention met at the Market Hall, a building next to the Trade Mart, where JFK was slated to speak. Kennedy was on his way by motorcade to the Trade Mart when he was shot and killed.36 LBJ's speech to the convention provided an alibi to be in Dallas while the team that was micromanaging the logistics of the Kennedy assassination was also there. His presence so long in advance of the motorcade gives more credence to the claims of Madeleine Brown that LBJ was present on Thursday night when it seems the "go-ahead" to kill Kennedy was approved by all. A brief sighting of LBJ elsewhere could be attributed, says respected researcher Edgar Tatro, to Johnson's "cousin" (no relation, a doppelganger who closely resembled Johnson and who was known to step in and pose as Johnson's double for assorted reasons, such as playing LBJ in movies). Jay Bert Peck in a snapshot; also, acting as LBJ in a movie. Peck bore a strong resemblance to Johnson. Joseph Cannon, a blogger who denigrates the banned documentaries, nevertheless reported that John Liggett, who Turner uncovered in the series, was indeed a murderer and a criminal who may have murdered Peck (which may have been, the authors believe, on behalf of LBJ). Cannon tells us that: The rumor is that Peck doubled for Johnson the night before the assassination of JFK. Peck was himself shot to death in June of 1969; his murderer was never identified. Billy Sol Estes, the teller of so many a tall tale, said that the man who killed Peck was one John Liggett, who worked in a Dallas funeral home. Liggett's wife told investigators that her husband had altered JFK's corpse before the body was flown east. (Liggett specialized in making corpses look presentable for open casket ceremonies.) Although you may be rolling your eyes at those claims, one aspect of this story is indisputable: In 1974, five years after the unsolved killing of Jay Bert Peck, Liggett was convicted of trying to murder Dorothy Peck, the wife of the man who stood in for LBJ. Liggett hit her in the head repeatedly with a hammer. Believing her to be dead, he then tried to cover his tracks by setting her home on fire. She survived this ordeal long enough to identify Liggett.37 Judyth has described Lee spying on cars entering a courtyard and getting their license plates by using binoculars, during a meeting held on Wednesday evening at 3525 Turtle Creek, a posh high-rise where John Connally and others in government had fancy apartments. Lee suspected that the plans themselves were finalized at that time, ready to be revealed on Thursday night. As researchers John Delane Williams and Gary Severson have revealed, through their private interviews of Madeleine Brown, she knew a lot about Lyndon Johnson, his friends, his habits, and his whereabouts, whether she is believed or not regarding the Murchison Mansion meeting. At the very least, the situation was dire by Wednesday night, for Lee Oswald told Judyth, sadly, that he was going to go home one last time, to say goodbye to his little daughters. "Nobody will ever know how it felt to hear Lee talking like that," says Judyth. "He had joined an abort team – that was his last bit of hope – and only much later did I learn that it, too, was infiltrated and designed to be worthless, as Tosh Plumlee himself finally realized." **Judyth Vary** **Baker** : Lee had a chance to flee Dallas to save himself but he stood his ground to protect his children and others he loved from future retaliation by the monstrous forces he faced. Though I wished I could join Lee in death, feeling trapped in a life without him and without a chance to continue cancer research, after I saw him shot to death on live TV, I soon realized I had to stay alive. Lee's children had to know that their father had not killed Kennedy. Me & Lee is dedicated to Marina Oswald and their two children. Lee had hoped that somehow, he might be able to save Kennedy in the eleventh hour, having joined an abort team supposedly to be brought in to protect Kennedy. I spoke of this abort team to Jim Marrs long before knowledge of it ever became public. Expressing his amazement that I knew about the abort team, and that I recognized the name "Plumlee" as a participant, Marrs decided to examine my claims and ended up including my story in the new 2013 edition of his best-selling book Crossfire: the Plot that Killed Kennedy. In November 2014, at the JFK Assassination Conference held in Arlington, Texas, Robert "Tosh" Plumlee, the seasoned CIA contract pilot who has spoken as a witness before congressional committees as late as 2014, publicly verified at the Conference, for the first time, that Lee was indeed a member of the abort team. However, the team had been called in at other times, where assassination attempts had not occurred, so the team members, Plumlee said, did not take the potential problem in Dallas as seriously as they should have. In fact, Plumlee thinks he flew some individuals into Dealey Plaza who had sinister intentions. Dealey Plaza was essentially a fishbowl from which Kennedy would not escape alive."38 While President John Kennedy was alive, small businesses stoked a strong middle class standard of living, while the global economy forced upon us after Kennedy's death spells doom for small business and the middle class. A Great Depression II looms as a possibility. So does World War III. And it all began when shots rang out in Dealey Plaza at 12:31 pm, in Dallas. Today, our once unique American System of government and economics – "a shining light unto the world" – a republic with a uniquely protective Constitution and Bill of Rights for its citizens – has been grotesquely transmogrified beyond recognition, and is on the verge of oblivion. "Lee said they would be taking 'trophy' photos of JFK's head with the eyes open, if they succeeded as hoped. This is why, we believe, we see the truly disgusting photo of Kennedy plastered everywhere, even though the Warren Commission wasn't allowed to see such photos and were only shown drawings."39 **On Nov. 24, 2014,** **Robert "Tosh"** **Plumlee verified that** **Lee Oswald was a member of the abort team that entered Dealey Plaza too late to stop Kennedy's assassination. Here he offers the first of several military salutes given at Lee's grave, which was covered with flowers and messages to the falsely accused Marine who had infiltrated the plot to kill** **JFK and had sent warnings to try to save him, which cost him his life.** * * * 1 1. http://www.maryferrell.org/showDoc.html?docId=10908#relPageId=2&tab=page Retrieved April 11, 2017. 2 2. Levenda. Op Cit. 239, 240. 3 3. <http://jfkcountercoup.blogspot.com/2014/08/garrison-and-still-secret-assassination.html?m=0> Bill Kelly's list of files that should be available now include the following: CD 212 - relating to Ruth Paine <http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=10615> CD 218 - relating to Michael Paine LALC Los Angeles Local Correspondence <http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=10621> CD 258 - relating to Michael Paine <http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=10661> CD 508 - relating to Michael Paine's sister <http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=10908> CD 600 through CD 629, regarding relatives of Michael Paine. <http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=10999> Of the 51 documents you listed in your letter, three CD 384 <http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=10785> CD 698 <http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=11096> CD 1551<http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=11946> are still withheld pending review by another agency, 10 CDs are released in part, with information redacted on some pages. All of the other 38 CDs listed in your letter have been released in full. CD 601 <http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=11000> CD 612 http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=11011&relPageId=2 CD 624 http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=11023&relPageId=2 CD 627 http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=11026&relPageId=2 CD 629 http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=11028&relPageId=2 CD 674 http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=11073&relPageId=2 CD 871 <http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=11267> CD 943 http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=11339&relPageId=2 CD 971 <http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=11367> CD 1216http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=11611&relPageId=2 (Files relating to Oswald): CD 321 - Chronology of Oswald in USSR (Secret) <http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=10722> http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=10722&relPageId=2 CD 347 - Activity of Oswald in Mexico City (Secret) <http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=10748> <http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=11000> CD 384 - Activity of Oswald in Mexico City <http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=10785> CD 384 "ACCESS RESTRICTED – The item identified below has been withdrawn from this file: File Designation CD 384...In the review of this file this item was removed because access to it is restricted. Restrictions on records in the National Archives are stated in general and specific record group restriction statements which are available for examination. The item identification above has been withdrawn because it contains: X Security – Classified Information 1/16/80" CD 528 - re: Allegation Oswald interviewed by CIA in Mexico City <http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=10927> CD 631 - re: CIA dissemination of information on Oswald <http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=11030> CD 674 - Info given to the Secret Service but not yet to the WC <http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=11073> CD 692 - Reproduction of CIA official dossier on Oswald <http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=11090> CD 698 - Reports of travel and activities of Oswald & Marina <http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=11096> CD 871 - Photos of Oswald in Russia (Secret) <http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=11267> CD 931 - Oswald's access to information about the U-2 (Secret) <http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=11327> CD 943, "Allegations of Pfc. Eugene Dinkin re Assassination Plot" <http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=11339> CD 971, "Calls to U.S. Embassy, Canberra,... re:Planned Assassination." <http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=11367> CD 1216 - Memo from Helms entitled "Lee Harvey Oswald" (Secret) <http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=11611> CD 1222 - Statements by George de Mohrenschildt re: assassination <http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=11617> CD 1273 - Helms re:inconsistencies in info provided by CIA(Secret) <http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=11668> CD 1551, "Conversations Between Cuban President and Ambassador"; <http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=11946> 4 4. <http://www.swnewsmedia.com/chaska_herald/news/years-later-jfk-researcher-still-seeks-answers/article_5d21a152-4d94-5da0-aab6-9625c9d5d1de.html> Retrieved May 14, 2017. 5 5. Extensive citations confirming the existence of such lines and how they were used free of charge by those "in the know" are in Baker;'s book, _David Ferrie: Mafia Pilot_. 6 6. http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?/topic/16252-john-abt-and-lee-harvey-oswald/ Retrieved April 12, 2017. 7 7. http://www.whokilledjfk.net/DENIED%20LEGAL%20ASSISTANCE.htm. Retreived 10/9/2017. 8 8. All information in this section comes from or is based on <http://www.indyweek.com/indyweek/jfk-oswald-and-the-raleigh-connection/Content?oid=3192079> by Randy Benson. Retrieved April 12, 2017. 9 9. Ibid. 10 10. Ibid. 11 11. Levenda, Op. Cit. 133, 237, 238, 293, 294. 12 12. Ibid. 238. 13 13. Ibid. 243252. 14 14. Saint John Hunt. _Bond of Secrecy_. Trine Day, 2012. 133134. Judyth: "I love St. John like a son, but find it It is unlikely that E. Howard Hunt would have told his son all the right names: Cord Myers is unlikely to have played a role that Tracy Barnes or Hunt himself could have played so much better. Hunt was too loyal to his old CIA circle, IMHO, to expose them or their families. Nevertheless, Hunt does lay the blame for the assassination at the feet of the CIA, and St. John courageously exposed that to the world." 15 15. Ibid. 44. 16 16. Ibid. 87. 17 17. Ibid. 115. 18 18. Eric Hedegaard. "The Last Confession of E. Howard Hunt." _Rolling Stone_ , April 5, 2007. <http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/features/the-last-confession-of-e-howard-hunt-20070405> Retrieved April 5, 2017 . 19 19. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/articles/050174-2.htm> Retrieved April 7, 2017. 20 20. "Robert Morrow." Spartacus Educational Forum http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKmorrow.htm. 21 21. <http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?/topic/4779-robert-d-morrow/> Retrieved May 15, 2017. 22 22. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKmorrow.htm 23 23. From an email from Edgar Tatro to Judyth Vary Baker, April 10, 2017, 9:47 PM EST 24 24. Statements made by John B. Wells to over 200 people present at the 3rd annual JFK Assassination Conference at the Crowne Plaza Hotel, 2015. 25 25. Speaker Tip O'Neill with William Novak. Man of the House. New York: Random House, 1987. 178. David R. Wrone. The Zapruder Film. University Press of Kansas: 2003. 185. Also see http://www.salon.com/2014/11/22/the_real_jfk_mystery_50_years_later_why_the_infamous_murder_must_be_reinvestigated/ 26 26. Quote is from email from Edgar Tatro to Judyth Vary Baker, April 10, 10:36 Pm. Message ID: <BN6PR1001MB2242BF2E13B835D485A91140BF010@BN6PR1001MB2242.namprd10.prod.outlook.com> 27 27. https://www.facebook.com/richard.charnin Posted 3:52 PM, Sept. 7, 2017. 28 28. <http://www.jfk-online.com/wnewmanshaw.html> Retrieved April 4, 2017. 29 29. <http://www.jfk-info.com/whitmey1.htm> Retrieved April 5, 2017. 30 30. http://www.crimemagazine.com/did-jack-ruby-know-lee-harvey-oswald Oct. 2, 2009] 31 31. Rae Anderson "JFK Camelot" <http://jfkcamelot.com/about.php> Retrieved April 11, 2017. 32 32. <http://www.vanityfair.com/style/society/2014/10/jacqueline-kennedy-jfk-assassination-depression> Retrieved April 2, 2017 33 33. <http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/natalie-portman-jackie-reminds-us-why-jfk-assassination-national-tragedy-180961550/> Retrieved April 8, 2017. 34 34. "LBJ: The President Who Marked His Territory" http://mentalfloss.com/article/18463/lbj-president-who-marked-his-territory Retrieved April 8, 2017. 35 35. http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/10/26/reviews/971026.26oshinkt.html Retrieved April 5, 2017. 36 36. <https://deeppoliticsforum.com/forums/showthread.php?13233-Deep-Politics-Timeline/page2> Retrieved April 7, 2017. 37 37. Joseph Cannon "Did LBJ Have a Double?" <http://cannonfire.blogspot.com/2014/06/did-lbj-have-double.html> Retrieved April 8, 2017. 38 38. Judyth Vary Baker. Op. cit. v, 518, 540. 39 39. (Among many researchers reporting this omission): Robert A. Wagner, "The Assassination of JFK: Perspectives Half A Century Later" p. 5 : March 7, 2017 https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=AtlFDgAAQBAJ&rdid=book-AtlFDgAAQBAJ&rdot=1&source=gbs_vpt_read&pcampaignid=books_booksearch_viewport Retrieved April 9, 2017. Chapter 10 ## Nixon's Lies: A Lesson in Cover-up "The world is governed by very different personages from what is imagined by those who are not behind the scenes." – Benjamin Disraeli In this final section, we will explore the amazing saga of Richard M. Nixon. His rise and fall points out how cover-ups work, how presidents are controlled by the Cabal, and why Nixon's own ineptness at lying has allowed us to view how the shadow government turns presidents into puppets.1 Probably the most important indicator that complex plans to kill Kennedy were afoot in Dallas is the lack of decent protection the President was given in "the City of Hate." Lee Oswald told Judyth he had participated in a violent demonstration against Adlai Stevenson a month earlier, in hopes that strong security measures would be in place when Kennedy came: Not quite one month before, on October 24, United Nations Ambassador Adlai Stevenson had given a speech in Dallas and been jeered by an angry right wing crowd shouting "Communist!" and "Traitor!" and "Kennedy will get his reward in hell." Stevenson said to one heckler: "Surely, my dear friend, I don't have to come here from Illinois to teach Texas manners, do I?" The protesters, egged on by a rally staged the night before by retired Army Major General Edwin Walker, a prominent, mentally unstable, and ultraconservative Dallas activist, had spat upon Stevenson and whacked him in the head with a placard that said "If You Seek Peace, Ask Jesus." The bearer was Cora Lacey Frederickson, wife of a Dallas insurance executive; Dallas' haters were drawn not from society's fringes but from its pathologically angry haute bourgeoisie.2 There are many ways to show that Nov. 22, 1963 began the greatest cover-up in American history when the myth that Lee Harvey Oswald killed JFK was presented to the world. The Big Picture has brought to you a few portraits of the movers and shakers, the players, the plotters and their positions and motives. Now we will show you how easily and smoothly they could lie. One gentleman among these habitual liars was not as skilled as the rest: he got caught. First of all, Richard M. Nixon simply couldn't get it straight about when he heard the news that Kennedy died. Oh, yes, there were others who also had their alibis, but Nixon gives us a rare opportunity to see how Tricky Dick's friends, one by one, in their hasty attempts to cover his naked arse, actually confirmed the unwelcome fact that Nixon was in Dallas when Kennedy was shot. Before going further, it's worth noting that there was no love lost between Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon. The authors believe Johnson knew Kennedy was to die that day, backed by a known hitman available to help his dreams come true and the support of his Texas cronies, including such big guns as Dallas resident Gen. Edwin Walker (JFK and RFK had put him in a mental institution at one point), Mayor Earle Cabell, a CIA asset (JFK had fired his brother and humiliated his family), and the fanatic right-wing, fabulously wealthy racist Haroldson Lafayette Hunt, who despised JFK. There is now enough circumstantial evidence to assert that LBJ, Nixon, and other insiders whose power was certain to rise after Nov. 22's "Big Event" had been advised and forewarned that JFK would die. Even newspapers and media were given hints: **Dallas Morning News** : Gov. John Connally, luncheon speaker at the Texas Water Conservation Association meeting in Austin Monday, was excused as soon as he finished his speech. "Sir, we excuse you, and you may get going and get back to your preparation for the Irish wake to be held here next Friday," said Guy Jackson Jr. of Anahuac, luncheon master of ceremonies. President Kennedy will be the guest at a Democratic fund-raising dinner here next Friday. From Mafia Kingfish by John Davis: That same morning [Wednesday, November 20, 1963], in the center of Dallas, two police officers on routine patrol entered Dealey Plaza, through which the presidential motorcade would pass on Friday, and noticed several men standing behind a wooden fence on a grassy knoll overlooking the plaza. The men were engaged in mock target practice, aiming rifles over the fence, in the direction of the plaza."Both Eugene Brading (a career criminal) and Jack Ruby visit Hunt offices about this same time. Braden, along with ex-convict Morgan Brown is staying at Suite 301 in the Cabana Motel overlooking Stemmons Freeway, the same motel visited by Jack Ruby later this evening. They have reservations through Nov. 24th. Also staying at The Cabana Motel are two New York businessmen, Lawrence and Edward Meyers. Lawrence Meyers is a personal friend of Jack Ruby. Edward Meyers is in Dallas to attend a bottlers convention – the same convention attended by Richard Nixon.3 Nixon may have been invited to watch the destruction of his arch-enemy as a mere spectator, but he may have known enough to be blackmailed when he became President. When the CIA blocked his request for information about the assassination, that could have motivated Nixon to make use of the famous CIA "plumbers" to steal files from the Democrats' office at the Watergate Hotel. In November, 2013, The Man Who Killed Kennedy: the Case Against LBJ, by Roger Stone hit Number One on Amazon. A review of the book reveals: Richard Nixon thought Lyndon Johnson killed John F. Kennedy, according to legendary political operative Roger Stone. "Richard Nixon told me in 1982 that he immediately knew who Jack Ruby was when he saw him shoot Oswald," Stone told The Daily Caller in an extensive interview. Among other revelations, Stone told The DC that Nixon hired Jack Ruby as a House committee informant at Johnson's request years prior to the Kennedy assassination, which occurred 50 years ago today. "Nixon said, 'The damn thing is, I knew this Jack Ruby. Murray [Chotiner] brought him to me in 1947, said he was one of "Johnson's boys" and that LBJ wanted us to hire him as an informant to the Committee. We did,'" according to Stone. "I think Nixon immediately recognized that LBJ was using one of his operatives to do 'clean up' work on the murder of John Kennedy. Nixon would also say to me 'Both Johnson and I wanted to be president, but the only difference was I wouldn't kill for it.' At other times when I pressed the old man hard on who really killed JFK, Nixon would just shiver and say 'Texas!'" Stone said. Richard Nixon, Henry Cabot Lodge and Barry Goldwater were convinced that Lyndon Johnson murdered JFK. I mean absolutely convinced. But why would Johnson take such a massive risk? Johnson had been Senate Majority Leader and was Vice President of the United States at the time... You, the reader, should know the answer to that question, but Stone clarifies it for anyone who doesn't: Lyndon Johnson was on the verge of political execution at the hands of the Kennedys who despised Johnson for using blackmail and intimidation with a hostile takeover of the vice presidency at the 1960 Democratic convention... All the insiders in DC knew that the Kennedys and LBJ were enemies. Robert Kennedy was within days of destroying LBJ with a two-track program. One was a RFK-fed LIFE magazine expose into LBJ's epic corruption and ties to his protégé's Bobby Baker's scandals. The other was a Senate Rules Committee investigation, also fed by Robert Kennedy, into LBJ's corruption and kickbacks," Stone said. "Desperate" does not even begin to describe LBJ's situation. LBJ was on the verge of not just national humiliation and being dropped from the 1964 Demo ticket, he was looking at the slammer.4 Lyndon Johnson arrived in town on Nov. 20, the same day "Texas oilman George H. W. Bush put an announcement in today's Dallas Morning News that he would be in Dallas to give a speech on the evening of 11/21."5 If the assassination was a pre-planned event, that fact had to be covered up: too many other recipients of that good fortune were present, for one thing. Then there was LBJ's smiling face, turned to accept a wink from Albert Thomas while his captive trophy, Jackie Kennedy, stood stunned and grieving at his side. LBJ's joy could not be entirely hidden, with so many cameras. In fact, just as Lee Oswald had reported to Judyth, the conspirators wanted to be there in Dallas. They wanted the satisfaction of being present, if they possibly could, to see the greatest show on earth that day. To exult in it. To gloat about it. To rejoice and celebrate. ### Nixon's Lies Reveal How Cover-Ups Work As we follow the murky trail of Nixon's lies, as he tried to hide where he really was at 12:30-1:00 PM on November 22, Nixon's emotions had to be in play. A mighty obstacle to his future greatness had been suddenly and permanently removed from his life. In Nixon's case, his alibi expired Friday morning when the convention ended. To remain in Dallas could link him to LBJ and the others, and what if any of them got caught? Perhaps distracted by a flood of emotions and inner thoughts, which we will not explore here, Nixon was caught off-guard when he was asked on Nov. 23 about when he heard the news, and where he was. Unlike those more directly connected with the murder itself, it seems Nixon hadn't thought about what he'd tell reporters. Thanks to Nixon, we can get a picture of a cover-up in action. Because Nixon lied when he said he was in New York when the President was shot, friends and acquaintances had to be found to back him up: an old friend at an airport, lawyer buddies attending the American Bottlers convention, and a couple of Nixon's various acquaintances hastened to provide the necessary alibis. The trouble was, in their haste to protect a possible future asset, their stories conflicted with each other. Pepsi Cola's Donald Kendall (left) with Nixon, NY Nov. 1 1963. (In 1965 Pepsi Cola became "PepsiCo") Nixon, "as Senior Partner in Pepsi Cola's outside law firm"6 came in a private jet to Dallas with his close friend, Pepsi Cola boss Donald Kendall. Riding in the same plane with them was actress Joan Crawford, the spoiled and attention-demanding widow of former Pepsi-Cola chairman Alfred Steele.7 They flew in to attend the annual American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages Convention. We have to ask why Nixon didn't fly back to New York with Kendall, since there were no pressing reasons for an earlier return. After all, the weekend was ahead. Instead, Nixon claimed he returned to New York on a commercial flight. Would it look bad if Nixon stayed in Dallas until after Kennedy's murder? Bingo. Imagine Nixon being interviewed in Dallas, after his most important political enemy was shot there. Not a good idea. Nixon was in Dallas for another reason, also linked to the Kennedy assassination: he was brokering a huge land deal there, worth $435,00 with the Great Southwest Corporation, involving the Kennedy's right-wing enemy, Clint Murchison, and the Wynne and Rockefeller families. This makes a Nixon show-up at the famous Madeleine Brown get-together at Murchison's Dallas mansion on Thursday night (which Murchison had handed over to a relative to inhabit) more believable. Atop that, Great Southwest owned the Inn of the Six Flags, where Marina Oswald was taken and held incommunicado for weeks while being interrogated by the Secret Service.8 During that time, James Martin, the earliest source for the story that Oswald had planned to shoot Richard Nixon, was the manager of the Inn of the Six Flags, which was owned by the Great Southwest Corporation. Shortly after Marina Oswald began her detention at the Inn of the Six Flags, James Martin became her manager. At around the time Marina made her incriminating statements to the FBI, she appointed William McKenzie to take charge of her legal affairs. McKenzie had been a member of the law firm Wynne, Jaffe and Tinsley. Bedford Wynne, a senior partner in that firm, was one of the owners of the Great Southwest Corporation. In another curious coincidence, Morris Jaffe of the same law firm was the attorney for George de Mohrenschildt, the Belarussian-born geologist with intelligence connections who had been keeping an eye on the Oswalds until a few months before the assassination. In yet another curious coincidence, Bedford Wynne was one of the directors of the insurance company in whose building the Dallas office of the Secret Service was situated.... The web of unlikely coincidences linking the Secret Service and the Great Southwest Corporation does, however, illustrate the way in which a network of local connections was utilized to enable the earliest stages of the JFK assassination cover–up to be carried out.9 Another problem that would plague Nixon later was the fact that he had been interviewed at the Baker Hotel the day before, and Friday's papers blared out the news that "Nixon Predicts JFK May Drop Johnson." Since Nixon had also unkindly skewered JFK's record as President, right before everyone's eyes, a motive for LBJ to murder Kennedy was offered by the one man who would benefit if LBJ, too, was out of the picture. LBJ was promoting Coca Cola at this time, and would continue to do so, even giving a speech to the convention, while Nixon was the visible political figure who also made a speech there, for Pepsi-Cola.10 People would likely remember that. If LBJ became implicated, Nixon could also fall under suspicion. Nixon may have thought to escape the "guilt by association" problem by saying he took a commercial flight back to New York three hours before JFK was shot, even though his ride on the Pepsi-Cola jet was free. We have access to timetables for 1963, thanks to the Internet.11 Initially, Nixon lied to the FBI, saying he wasn't in Dallas on Nov. 22: "A Feb. 28, 1964 FBI report on the interview said Nixon "advised that the only time he was in Dallas, Texas, during 1963 was two days prior to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy."12 It seems Nixon forgot all about his speech at the Baker Hotel on Nov. 21. This kind of amnesia does not stand up well to what Nixon revealed soon after the FBI interview, possibly having been coached by the FBI to get his story straight, for he soon started telling the world that he took American Airlines Astrojet "Flight 82" which left Dallas at 9:05 AM, of which Nixon said, in his first version: "I boarded a plane in Dallas on the morning of November 22 to New York. We arrived on schedule at 12:56." (That's Dallas time. The flight was five hours long.) Nixon goes from not recalling he made an important speech on Nov. 21 to being able to remember the exact minute he landed in New York, on what should have been an ordinary journey home, since he didn't know, he said, about the assassination until he was in a cab. So how did Nixon remember "Flight 82" as well as the time he landed? We think having the timetable helped: Nonstop Jets: 9:05 AM – 2:00 // 12:25 PM - 5:20 // 4:45 PM – 9:40 Author Jim Bishop said "reporters" took photos when Nixon deplaned in New York, but we can't find any. Nixon also said he traveled to New York from Dallas with a friend. Who? Nixon's first "where I was" public statement appeared in the November 1964 300-page issue of Readers Digest under the strange title, "Cuba, Castro, and John F Kennedy." Col. Fletcher Prouty said the story was "written by Nixon or for his signature, and prepared for the massive worldwide audience of the August Readers Digest." The date was in error, but that doesn't invalidate other information he provides, as we'll soon show you. After saying he landed at 12:56 NY time, Nixon gives us his "Version Number One" apparently based on his Dallas wristwatch time, which was a mistake: ...arrived on schedule at 12:56. I hailed a cab. We were waiting for a light to change when a man ran over from the street corner and said that the President had just been shot in Dallas. This is the way that I learned the news.13 In fact, the timetable for the plane Nixon said he used (which arrived at 1:12 pm, not 12:56 pm)14 has a section explaining that the arrival time is the time at the destination, not the time it happens to be in the city of origin. Had Nixon had a few more IQ points available, he would have remembered that. But he didn't. It was only 12:12 in Dallas. The President wouldn't be shot for another 18 minutes – about the time Nixon would have reached the airport's halls. There were no reporters to meet him there: Walter Cronkite would not announce that "shots were fired" until 12:40 pm – 1:40 pm NY time. There wasn't time for reporters to get to the plane to interview Nixon, even if they had known what plane he had taken to New York, as there were no reporters at the airport to verify that Nixon got on the 9:40 am plane – yet another neat alibi worked up for him by an old American Airlines pal, Walter Hagen. Here is Hagen's helpful report to cover Nixon: On Friday morning, Nov. 22, 1963, American Airlines VIP liaison Walter Hagen was at his post at Love Field preparing for the deluge of humanity that would signal the arrival of the Kennedys, Johnsons and Connallys. Looking to the street from the concourse window, he spotted Nixon. "He didn't look like he had a friend in the world," Hagen remembered. "Somebody dropped him off at the curb there at the American Airlines [gate]... "It looks like you're going to have a big day, today," Nixon said. "Yeah, we are expecting to in about an hour to an hour and a half," Hagen replied as he escorted the former vice president to American Airlines Flight 82. The plane promptly departed for New York's Idlewild Airport. (One month later on Christmas Eve, New Yorkers would rename it John F. Kennedy International Airport.) Nixon was in a taxi in Queens when a man rushed up to the driver at a light near the 59th Street Bridge. "Do you have a radio in your cab?" he asked. "I just heard that Kennedy was shot." The cab had no radio and Nixon was uncertain what the comment meant..." Just who was Hagen, though? The above information came from a transcript of an Oral History interview of Walter Henry Hagen on March 9, 1994, part of the Oral History Collection of the Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza. The transcript adds: "In 1960, Hagen was appointed to a special assignment, traveling with an American Airlines aircraft chartered by Lyndon Johnson, who was then campaigning for vice president. In 1964, he took on a similar special assignment for the aircraft chartered to Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey." Hagen was a true insider who could be trusted to create an alibi for Richard Nixon. Hagen, who asked us to believe there was no radio in the cab, says Nixon first learned of the assassination when he saw his doorman: "...when the car stopped at his home at Fifth Avenue and East 62nd, his doorman approached with tears on his face: "Oh, Mr. Nixon, have you heard, sir?" In this version, Nixon is coming home to his mansion-style fifth floor flat, of which Pat Nixon had said, "I hope we never move from here..." Also, in this version, Nixon never intended to go to his office. Version Number Three (or is it 'Four'?) is offered in the November 1973 issue of Esquire magazine, where Nixon told readers: I attended the Pepsi Cola convention [in Dallas] and left on Friday morning. November 22, from Love Field. Dallas, on a flight back to New York... on arrival in New York we caught a cab and headed for the city, the cabbie missed a turn somewhere and we were off the highway... a woman came out of her house screaming and crying. I rolled down the cab window to ask what the matter was and when she saw my face she turned even paler. She told me that John Kennedy had just been shot in Dallas. First of all, what New York cabbie would "miss a turn" on his way to the Big Apple and end up "off the highway"? It's a run the cabbie should know by heart. But let's humor Nixon, even though the first time Nixon told his story, a man ran out to the cab with the news. In this new version, the cab got "lost" and a woman runs out screaming, crying the news. This version comes with an additional flourish, added by newscaster Larry King. In King's version of Nixon's epiphany, King begins by implicating Lee Harvey Oswald while referring to the Zapruder film: ":...I saw the footage of John Kennedy's assassination, saw the force of the bullet strike and his head lurch forward..."15 Which echoes Dan Rather's own pitiful lie. Using this fabrication to set the stage, King then provides Nixon with his own fanciful version of Tricky Dick's alibi on the same page. (It seems King realized that Nixon had never explained why he had used a cab at the airport instead of his usual limo pickup service, so King inserts that Nixon's "car" (limo service) went to "the wrong terminal," even though American Airlines used only one terminal. "I'll never forget how Nixon found out [about JFK's assassination]" he tells us: ...by coincidence, Nixon flew out of Dallas on November 22, 1963, just as the city was preparing for the arrival of the president. He was traveling commercial... as the plane took off, the guy sitting next to him said, "A couple of thousand votes and it could have been you arriving today." "I don't even think about it," Nixon told the guy. When he landed in New York, the car that was supposed to meet him was at the wrong terminal. So he got in a cab. King has the cab's route match Nixon's most popular version, but then wrecks it all by adding a sensational extra detail that Nixon never reported to Esquire magazine: The cab left the airport but made a wrong turn and ended up on a street in Queens. A woman came running out of her home screaming. Nixon rolled down the window and asked, "What's the matter?" The woman saw him and fainted. Nixon got out of the cab to help her. People came running over. And that's how he found out that Kennedy had been killed. We're going into such exquisite detail in the Nixon alibi collection to show you how people with hope to gain favor with the Cabal that took out Kennedy were willing to make up alibis, and this occurred everywhere. In this case, it's to help Nixon. The average reader would not compare notes, as we are doing – but you are not the average reader. Larry King himself had the audacity to state –as late as 2009 – that he saw Kennedy's head lurch forward. He dares to put forth this lie because a new, ignorant generation has to be brainwashed to believe "Oswald acted alone." We who lived through the course of these events must bring the living truth to the next generations. Here you can see, in a mere 8 frames of the Zapruder film, that Kennedy's head was violently thrust back and to the left by a bullet from the front in this sequence of film. The camera took photos at a rate of 18.3 frames per second, so Kennedy's head is violently thrust back in less than half a second: These Zapruder film frames show JFK's head was not thrown forward. Larry King lied. Col. Fletcher Prouty then tells us of yet another version – the one Nixon gave to Jim Bishop for his book The Day Kennedy Was Shot: At Idlewild Airport (now JFK Airport) in New York, reporters and photographers had been waiting for the American Airlines plane. Among (the passengers) was Nixon. As he got off the plane he thought that he would give "the boys" basically the same interview he had granted in Dallas. Nixon posed for a few pictures... [then] got into a taxi-cab that was barely out of the airport when one of the reporters got the message: The President has been shot in Dallas. The problem with this version is that the only photo we can find related to this story shows an unmissable date, with Nixon seated between two ordinary people who are not paying him any attention. There are no reporters. Nixon looks half-asleep. People are walking down the hall in the background. This is a waiting area, with phones. The person to Nixon's right is smoking a cigarette and reading. This is not an "interview" photo. Somebody is covering for Nixon again. In Russ Baker's well-received book, Family of Secrets, Baker says of this photo: Nixon said that he first heard about Kennedy's death during a taxi ride in New York City. However, a United Press International photo taken that day tells a different story. The photo shows a "shocked Richard Nixon" (as the caption reads) having already learned of Kennedy's assassination upon his arrival at New York's Idlewild Airport--in other words, before his alleged taxi ride.16 (Russ Baker's emphasis) While Prouty repeats that "everybody" would have known that JFK was shot by 1:56 pm in New York, which means that maybe one of the cab stories was true, what he tells us next shatters all of Nixon's alibis: With all of this very contrived series of accounts, it looks as though someone has been fabricating a cover-up of Nixon's actions that day. Why? Actually, Nixon was in Dallas when JFK was shot. On April 2nd, 1975, a young man was listening to a talk at his school when he heard the lecturer tell about the Esquire account of Nixon's trip to Dallas, and how and when Nixon had learned about JFK's death. That young man then told the lecturer, "My father was an executive for the Pepsi Cola Company, and he was in Dallas on November 22nd, 1963 at that convention. He has told me that Nixon was there in Dallas at the convention. When the announcement was heard that JFK had been killed, Nixon left later that afternoon." This young man is the son of Mr. Harvey Russel of the Pepsi Cola Company. When Mr. Russel was informed of his son's account, he agreed that his son's story was true. Mr. Russel confirmed that Nixon was attending that meeting at the time the shots were fired. He added Nixon was there representing the Pepsi Cola Company's law firm Mudge, Rose, Nixon et al. The Dallas newspapers stated that Nixon was attending a board meeting. Mr. Russel confirmed that the session Nixon was attending broke up when the assassination news came through. Nixon then returned to his hotel and later in the afternoon had been driven to the Dallas airport by a Mr. Deluca, also a Pepsi Cola official. These surprising series of events and the manner in which they unfolded after all these years underscore that there was something unusual about Nixon's visit to Dallas. Telephone calls to Deluca and again to Russel did little more than highlight their growing concern over the inadvertent disclosure of this story.17 Armed with this information, and with our flight timetable, we know that the next flight to leave Dallas departed at 4:45 pm and landed at 9:40 NY time. It seems that because of all the commotion about the assassination, Nixon very well could have been dropped off and left standing all alone at the gate at Love Field, nobody noticing, just as Nixon's American Airline friend Walter Hagen told us. Only it wasn't 9:00 am. It was about 4:30 pm. Nixon had to have returned home quite late, possibly close to 11 pm. This would explain why we have no interviews of Nixon on record until Saturday. All the reporters were now focused on Lee Harvey Oswald, who was going through living hell in the tender care of the Dallas police. We have only the word of Nixon's closest friends that he made any phone calls that night. In "The Nixon Sightings, Part III,"18 written by Nixon's good friend Stephen Hess, Hess makes a heroic attempt to patch together what Nixon did, at home, on the afternoon he really wasn't there. We begin by quoting Hess – that Nixon's plane was supposed to arrive at 4:00 PM, even though there were only three nonstop flights to Dallas from Love Field, none of which would arrive at 4:00 pm [ Remember, the Nonstop Jets schedules: 9:05 am – 2:00 // 12:25 pm – 5:20 // 4:45 pm – 9:40] However, as you read this version, and then a little more, you'll realize that Hess probably never met Nixon until November 23. Now that you know all of the above, this version will stand out for its errors which we have placed in italics: He is about to sign a book contract [ _The_ _Making of the President 1964_ ] with Doubleday and I agree to take charge of the research... While I am having a leisurely lunch with a Doubleday editor in midtown Manhattan, our waiter tells us something about "Kennedy dead."...I find a TV set that confirms the waiter's news. There are dates in history that everyone remembers, connecting their personal details: where they were, who was there, what was said. November 22, 1963 is one such day. I quickly call Rose Mary Woods. She hasn't heard from her boss. "What should I do?" I ask. "Get to his apartment (on Fifth Avenue and 62nd Street). He will be going there directly, I'm sure." (In Hess' version, Rose Mary herself does not go to Nixon's apartment.) I will learn that Nixon got off the plane at LaGuardia [sic], got into a taxi, and at a red light in Queens someone in another car shouts, "Did you hear the president's been shot?" Nixon redirects the driver to take him home, where his doorman, weeping, tells him that Kennedy is dead. A few minutes later I arrive. [Hess implies he arrived at Nixon's home at about 3:30 New York time –well ahead of when he said Nixon's plane was supposed to land.] He opens his apartment door. His jacket is off although he is still wearing a tie. He looks shaken. I don't know what is in his head, but to the man who lost, I suspect "There but for the grace of God go I." We move down the hall to the den. Nixon phones Eisenhower, who is in New York staying at the Waldorf Towers. His aide says Ike is taking a nap and he will not wake him. [In fact, if Nixon had arrived very late, as we believe, Eisenhower would have been asleep in bed.] Nixon calls J. Edgar Hoover, director of the FBI, who tells him that the assassin was a left winger with a Castro connection. Nixon, I think, feels relief. But wait. Officer Tippit's murder was announced at about 2:00.19 At 3:00, Lee Oswald was still being questioned about it for the first time by police.20 Hess says Nixon probably "feels relief" when Hoover gives him details about Oswald that the police still didn't know about. But why? How did Nixon and Hoover know there was just one assassin? Was Nixon relieved because Lee, defying all expectations, had escaped alive, but now having been captured, was under control? Hess then goes on to make some "busy time" for Nixon: "The rest of the afternoon," Hess says, [verifying that Hess indeed means these events are taking place earlier than 5:00 or 6:00 NY time] "is filled with detail, preparing a statement for delivery before the TV cameras that are gathering in front of the building. Nixon wants to talk about his friendship with Kennedy from when they were both freshmen members of the House of Representatives. He must clear his schedule to go to the funeral, cancel a date to play golf tomorrow with Roger Blough, president of U.S. Steel; cancel an evening at the opera with Tom Dewey. In support of Hess, Jack Harrison Pollack, who told us the plane landed at 1:12 PM, mentions everything Hess says, even down to the telephone calls made to Eisenhower and Hoover, but adds his own expanded version of when Nixon heard the news of Kennedy getting shot, and what he did next: His taxicab stopped at a traffic light in the borough of Queens, en route to Manhattan. "President Kennedy was shot!" shouted a male passerby. Instantly, the cab driver switched on the radio [we now have a cab with a radio] and, with his visibly shaken passenger, heard the nation's Chief Executive had been seriously wounded in the head. Thirty-five minutes later, Richard Nixon reached his elegant Manhattan apartment building at Fifth Avenue and 62nd Street, on the most exclusive margin of Central Park. Though he generally exchanged polite small talk with the doorman, he did not reply when the doorman informed him that the President had died. He had just heard the news on the taxi radio. Silently, he took the elevator to his 12-room, five-bath co-op apartment on the fifth floor. By then, the building's other residents – who included New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller and publisher William Randolph Hearst Jr. – had heard that the man to whom Richard Nixon had narrowly lost the presidency was dead... Nixon picked up the phone and dialed his former boss [Eisenhower] at the Waldorf Towers... But Eisenhower is asleep. After the call to Hoover, here is where it gets interesting: Meanwhile, three other people had arrived at the Nixon apartment: Rose Mary Woods, his devoted private secretary since 1950; television producer Paul Keyes of the Jack Paar Show, a former comedy writer who frequently made Nixon laugh, and speech writer-author Stephen Hess... Interestingly, these men are both handy speech writers, used to creating story lines. But unlike Pollack, Hess himself never mentions that two useful, handy supporters of his story were there with him and Nixon – perhaps because their actual whereabouts on the 22nd had become known by 2014, when Hess writes about it. Or perhaps his memory, which seems excellent about all the other details, failed him when it came to recalling that two other people were with him that "afternoon." In Pollack's 1973 version, these three supporting witnesses are present, and Hess helped Nixon by ...draft[ing] a statement which his host quickly read and approved: "The assassination of the President is a terrible tragedy for the nation. Mrs. Nixon and I have sent a personal message expressing our deepest sympathy to members of the family in this hour of sorrow." Shortly afterward, Manalo Sanchez, who with his wife Fina comprised the Nixons' household help, served a tray of drinks for the guests. In fact, neither Pollack nor Hess have any remembrance of a very important person who should have been there if Nixon had actually been home that afternoon: Nixon's long-suffering wife, Pat. There is not a peep concerning her. Didn't Nixon rush into their lavish apartment – all concerned – to tell his wife what happened? Wouldn't husband and wife have conferred on what to do next? Instead, Pat Nixon is never mentioned on November 22. This strengthens our belief that Nixon arrived closer to midnight than to mid-afternoon. We hear nothing of Pat Nixon's presence until she and Nixon fly to Washington, DC the next afternoon. Nixon's missing wife is a huge black blob on the story that Nixon arrived in the afternoon, that Hess arrived soon after, that two more guests show up, that everyone is served drinks, but Pat Nixon is missing from her own home. That's when the Hess and Pollack story lines take on a weirdness worthy of The Twilight Zone. We are also asked to believe that Nixon rejected speaking to all the reporters who supposedly gathered outside his home that "afternoon." We conclude that Richard M. Nixon did not arrive at his home the afternoon of November 22, despite all the alibis created by his friends. If the Pepsi-Cola jet didn't return Nixon to New York, which Nixon would have used as an excuse if he could have, only one candidate flight remains: American Airlines Astrojet Flight 92. This flight would have brought Nixon to New York so late that he was able to avoid attention or notice. This nonstop flight left Dallas at 4:45 pm and arrived in New York at 9:40 pm New York Time.21 ### Hess' Biggest Blunder We catch Hess with his pants on fire when he says he came to Nixon's apartment to get Nixon to sign a book contract the afternoon of the 22nd. This is the excuse Hess uses to give Nixon an alibi. But Hess has a problem. He was seen at Nixon's apartment by reporters on the 23rd. At that time, many newsmen were interviewing the now-important man who Kennedy had so narrowly defeated. Hess again uses the unsigned book contract as his excuse for being there. In fact, it is the first truthful statement Hess has given us. It seems Hess had been unable to reach Nixon on Friday, due to Nixon's 11pm return. Hess knows this will be the only chance he'll have to try to get Nixon to sign his book deal before bigger book deals will surely be offered. So, even though Nixon is now horribly busy, surrounded by the biggest names in his party, and hounded by the press, Hess has to try. He hopes Nixon will read and sign the contract. But it's hopeless: Hess is just another warm body there, and he's in the way: The next morning when I arrive at Nixon's apartment politicos are already paying their respect to the man who three years ago almost defeated Kennedy. Len Hall, former chairman of the Republican National Committee, is there; Cliff Folger, who was his 1960 finance chairman, is on the phone. They are reviewing how sudden events can reshape future possibilities. Nixon will not be writing The Making of the President 1964. I go home to Washington, a city now in mourning. Hess – turned down – gives up. But let us now turn to consider the man who knows he will have a good chance of becoming President after LBJ. He only has to wait for his turn. Lyndon Johnson, he knows, is not a young man. He's a big man, prone to outbursts of rage and apoplexy. Nixon's keen mind senses a vacuum in leadership. His friends and allies have proven they are pleased to shield and protect him. Lyndon Johnson, who operates on manipulation, fear and pressure tactics, is carrying a lot of baggage. In comparison, though Nixon has just as many friends in the Mafia as LBJ, he looks clean compared to Johnson. Perhaps Nixon was brought around the plot only near the end, because he seems to have been the least prepared with alibis. Nixon was no fool. He knew he was informed because the Cabal that put LBJ into the presidency intends to control all future presidents. What better way, than to make sure every candidate for the presidency understands the puppet masters behind the scenes? The "kill" in Dealey Plaza would be memorialized in what Lee Oswald called "The trophy film" plus the "trophy head" – just as hunters take down a game animal and display its head as a trophy, so JFK's killers made sure the gruesome photo of JFK, his eyes open in the stare of death and his throat cut, was circulated around the world. All nonsense of "for the sake of the Kennedy family, we won't have an open casket" and "for the sake of the Kennedy family, you members of the Warren Commission will not see the autopsy photos, you will only see drawings made by an artist who was told exactly what to create for you" flies out the window when we see JFK lying there, as a slaughtered animal. Nixon is aware that he could go the same route if he's not careful, but his lust for power is almost overwhelming. He loves the game. He loves the challenge. Though he drinks too much, abuses his wife, and has too few deep contacts with people he can trust, Nixon has an inherent desire to be loved. Unlike his arch-enemy LBJ, whose every move to "help people" is calculated to further his career, deep down, Nixon cares about people. He and JFK had been good friends until the 1960 election that blasted their friendship to smithereens. He has written a letter of condolence to the Widow in Black who eventually realizes, after Bobby Kennedy is shot down, that she needs protection: she will flee into the waiting arms of the avaricious and crude Ari Onassis, who allegedly has such power over the Mafia that she believes that she and her children will be safe there. The half-concealed disgust of the American public at Jackie's move for safety will stain the halls of Camelot. We use Nixon as the prime example of how complex and thorough the cover-up was, precisely because we can trace the lies and subterfuge. LBJ, Kennedy's generals, the CIA, the FBI, the right-wing anti-JFK factions, the world's 1%, the bankers, the Mafia, the anti-Castroites, and all the others had their excuses and lies lined up. Kennedy was a doomed man the moment he began firing CIA generals and acting as an independent president. ### Presidential Puppetry Our example this time is Don Regan, the Chairman of Merrill Lynch, President Reagan's Secretary of the Treasury and the rising star in Reagan's cabinet, who became Chief of Staff Regan, a former Lt. Col. in the Marines, knew how to keep Ronald Reagan in line. Regan represented the 1% cartel that took over Reagan so openly that Regan himself was caught telling the president what to do, even as the President was speaking in front of a big audience: "Speed it up," Regan ordered the president, who in the YouTube clip responds almost apologetically. [see <https://youtu.be/hIA8MyOy8BU>]. Reagan then says, "We're going to turn the bull loose." The incident was publicized in Michael Moore's well-known documentary Capitalism: A Love Story. As we follow Nixon into Watergate, a situation that forces this ambitious and compromised President to resign, we will see Warren Commission stooge Gerald Ford, who will pardon Nixon, take over the presidency of the nation. Not elected – appointed – the president installed due to corruption was himself corrupt. Late in life, he will finally admit that he moved the official description of the location of the bullet hole in Kennedy's upper back some five inches up into the "lower neck" area. ### Outrageous Lies Ignored and Censorship Conducted by the Media The controversial Dutch researcher Wim Dankbaar expressed well what happened in 2003 when an attempt was made by Nigel Turner to tell the world about the Coup d'etat that took a good and courageous president from our midst, exchanging him for the likes of LBJ, Nixon, Ford, the Bushes and the Clintons: Gerald Ford, former President and last surviving member of the Warren Commission, has demonstrated his strategy again: Disguise your crimes by attacking the attacker. I am increasingly flabbergasted about what is possible in America. Why is the world and the History Channel swallowing his attack on the documentary "The Guilty Men"? For those who missed this headline news, it is the last episode of "The Men who Killed Kennedy" series, aired last November and originally scheduled for re-runs over the next nine years, which makes a case for Lyndon Johnson as a main conspirator in JFK's murder. Ford's coordinated protest with former Johnson cronies like Bill Moyers, Jack Valenti and Johnson's widow, has now resulted in complete cancellation of all three new episodes, including those which were not attacked, like "The Love Affair" with Judyth Vary Baker, who makes a credible case for having been Lee Harvey Oswald's girlfriend, exonerating him from the Government's THEORY that he was the lone assassin. To my knowledge, this is an unprecedented form of censorship in the United States. In all the heated discussions and controversy about the History Channel's documentary, whether LBJ had a role in the JFK assassination or not, it seems that one thing is overlooked : In this case, Lyndon Baines Johnson and his next door neighbor and close buddy J. Edgar Hoover are guilty of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, not because we can prove they ordered it or because we can prove they had any direct connection to the killing, but because we can prove beyond any reasonable doubt that those two men took steps and took actions that covered up the truth of the crime. Washing out and refurbishing the President's limousine is just one of many examples of destroying crucial evidence. This makes them AT LEAST accessories after the fact. And was it not to Bill Moyers that Deputy Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach sent the infamous memo: "The public should be satisfied that Oswald was the lone assassin"? But what's more, Ford himself is guilty! Not only was it learned that he was secretly reporting on the Commission to FBI Director Hoover, but also, forced by declassified files, he has admitted that he instructed the Warren Commission to move Kennedy's backwound up by several inches!!! The significance of this cannot be overstated! For with a wound in the original location, there cannot be a single bullet theory and without a single bullet theory there cannot be a lone gunman. Last time I looked, this was called "tampering with evidence", which is a federal crime and in such an important case as the death of a president, it is also TREASON. Raised with my naive and Dutch set of values on freedom and democracy, I believe the man should be in jail, despite his rehearsed repetitions that the Commission "found no evidence of a conspiracy, foreign or domestic". Instead, he is allowed to bury essentially good documentaries. What is happening to America? All three men, Johnson, Hoover AND Ford, took steps that altered, destroyed and hid evidence, ...... and this, by the way, is what changes what otherwise would have been a Texas homicide, to a national Coup d'etat!22 FBI showed where bullet hole entered Kennedy's back. Ford destroyed evidence exonerating Lee Harvey Oswald, since the bullet could not have come from the TSBD and exited the throat as claimed. ### What Nixon Knew Destroyed Him "During times of universal deceit, telling the truth becomes a revolutionary act." –George Orwell Harry "Bob" Haldeman was Nixon's Chief of Staff. Because of Watergate, and his willingness to lie for Nixon, he was forced to resign and then was tried for perjury. He would end up spending 18 months in prison. In this tape, Nixon is speaking to Haldeman: When you get in to see these people, say, Look, the problem is that this will open the whole, the whole Bay of Pigs thing, and the President just feels that... ah, I mean, without going into the details of, of lying to them to the extent to say that there is no involvement. But, you can say, This is sort of a comedy of errors, bizarre... without getting into it... the President's belief is that this is going to open the whole Bay of Pigs thing up again. And, ah because ah these people are playing for, for keeps and that they should call the FBI in and we feel that, that we wish for the country, don't go any further into this case, period! Such statements sealed Nixon's fate when the tapes, upon order of the Supreme Court, were released to the press. In total the scandal resulted in 69 government officials being charged and 48 being found guilty including some of Nixon's most senior aides – chief of staff Bob Haldeman and special counsel Charles Colson along with two former attorneys general, and a number of other lawyers whose convictions severely tarnished the public image of the legal profession particularly in Washington. Nixon never admitted guilt, only regret that he had not ...dealt more "decisively" in dealing with the illegalities of the Watergate scandal. Famously he did a high-profile television interview with the British broadcaster David Frost in 1977. The interview included Nixon's answer to a question about the legality of his actions in which he said: "Well, when the president does it, that means that it is not illegal."23 ### The "Bay of Pigs Thing" Anyone who believes that the Watergate burglars were just searching for some files from a psychiatrist's office about Pentagon Papers leaker Daniel Ellsberg, who was the Edward Snowden of Nixon's day, or the long list of other dirty tricks involved, including an aborted plan to firebomb the Brookings Institution to destroy evidence there by fire is naive. What was in the safe at Brookings? Nixon is on tape about it, giving us some intriguing ideas: "They have a lot of material. I want – the way I want that handled, Bob, is get it over. I want Brooking. Just break in. Break in and take it out. You understand." Haldeman replies: "Yeah. But you have to get somebody to do it." Nixon says: "Well, you – that's what I'm just telling you. Now don't discuss it here. You're to break into the place, rifle the files, and bring them out." Haldeman is untroubled by the order: "I don't have any problem with breaking in." Nixon is direct in his orders for the burglary: "Just go in and take them. Go in around 8 or 9 o'clock. That's right. You go in and inspect and clean it out.... We're up against an enemy, a conspiracy. They're using any means. We are going to use any means. Is that clear?" The next day, Nixon repeats: "Get it done. I want it done. I want the Brookings Institute's safe cleaned out." Is the demand from Nixon to get the contents of the safe at Brookings Institute "cleaned out" related to Nixon's concern about "the Bay of Pigs thing?"24 When Haldeman informed CIA Director Richard Helms that the Watergate investigation could "open the whole Bay of Pigs thing up again," Haldeman tells us of Turmoil in the room. Helms, gripping the arms of his chair, leaning forward and shouting, "The Bay of Pigs had nothing to do with this. I have no concern about the Bay of Pigs." Silence. I just sat there. I was absolutely shocked by Helms' violent reaction. Again I wondered, what was such dynamite in the Bay of Pigs story? Eleven days after Hunt's arrest for the Watergate burglary, L. Patrick Gray, acting FBI Director, was called to the White House and told by Nixon aide John Ehrlichman to "deep six" written files taken from [E.H.] Hunt's personal safe. The FBI Director was told that the files were "political dynamite and clearly should not see the light of day." Gray responded by taking the material home and burning it in his fireplace. John Dean, council to the president, acted similarly by shredding Hunt's operational diary. As former White House correspondent Don Fulsom reveals, The newest Nixon tapes are studded with deletions – segments deemed by government censors as too sensitive for public scrutiny. "National Security" is cited. Not surprisingly, such deletions often occur during discussions involving the Bay of Pigs, E. Howard Hunt, and John F. Kennedy. One of the most tantalizing nuggets about Nixon's possible inside knowledge of JFK assassination secrets was buried on a White House tape until 2002. On the tape, recorded in May of 1972, the president confided to two top aides that the Warren Commission pulled off "the greatest hoax that has ever been perpetuated." Unfortunately, he did not elaborate.25 Other facts linking Nixon to the JFK assassination emerged years later during the Watergate scandal, some of which were revealed by Nixon's former chief of staff, H. R. Haldeman. In his book, The Ends of Power, Haldeman cites several conversations where Nixon expressed concern about the Watergate affair becoming public knowledge and where this exposure might lead. Haldeman writes: In fact, I was puzzled when he [Nixon] told me, "Tell Ehrlichman this whole group of Cubans [Watergate burglars] is tied to the Bay of Pigs." After a pause I said, "The Bay of Pigs? What does that have to do with this [the Watergate burglary]?" But Nixon merely said, '"Ehrlichman will know what I mean,' and dropped the subject." Later in his book, Haldeman appears to answer his own question when he says, "It seems that in all of those Nixon references to the Bay of Pigs, he was actually referring to the Kennedy assassination." [He would later deny this.] In taped conversations with Haldeman, Nixon is obviously worried about what would happen if Hunt's involvement in the Watergate burglary came to light. Nixon says, "Of course, this Hunt, that will uncover a lot of things. You open that scab, there's a hell of a lot of things, and we feel that it would be very detrimental to have this thing go any further... the President believes that it is going to open the whole Bay of Pigs thing up again." We have an excellent witness as to Hunt's involvement: his son, St. John. We will excerpt from Larry Chin's Rense article,26 to put some final touches on "The Big Picture" **Who killed** **JFK?** According to Hunt's confession, which was taken by his son, St. John ("Saint") Hunt, over the course of many personal and carefully planned father-son meetings, the following individuals were among the key participants: Lyndon B. Johnson: LBJ, whose own career was assisted by JFK nemesis J. Edgar Hoover (FBI), gave the orders to a CIA-led hit team, and helped guide the Warren Commission/lone gunman cover-up. Cord Meyer: CIA agent, architect of the Operation Mockingbird disinformation apparatus, and husband of Mary Meyer (who had an affair with JFK). David Atlee Philips: CIA and Bay of Pigs veteran. Recruited William Harvey (CIA) and Cuban exile militant Antonio Veciana... Frank Sturgis: CIA operative, mercenary, Bay of Pigs veteran, and later Watergate figure. David Morales: CIA hit man, Bay of Pigs veteran. Morales was also a figure involved with the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy. Then there is Lucien Sarti: Corsican assassin and drug trafficker, possible "French gunman," Grassy Knoll (second) shooter, who might have been mixed up with William Harvey's French assassin contacts (see Appendix). Would Hunt continue to tell lies on his deathbed? Perhaps. Would Hunt tell a final tall story or two, to protect himself, or perhaps deal one final slap in the face to the U.S. government (which made him a fall guy for Watergate)? Yes. Would Hunt hide the involvement of certain individuals to whom he remained loyal, including people who are still alive? Certainly. Anything from an operative like Hunt can only be accepted with caution and healthy skepticism. Nevertheless, Hunt's scenario has the ring of truth. Each of the named names are well-known CIA and CIA-linked players exposed by many researchers and historians who have detailed the enduring connection from the Bay of Pigs and the Dallas hit to Watergate and Iran-Contra. The Hunt confession vindicates generations of historians, researchers and whistleblowers who have given their lives and careers to expose the truth about Dealey Plaza. While there are too many to name, they include, but are not limited to (and in no particular order): Jim Garrison, Mark Lane, Fletcher Prouty, Josiah Thompson, Carl Oglesby, Peter Dale Scott, Anthony Summers, Robert Groden, Victor Marchetti, David Lifton, Harrison Livingstone, Michael Canfield, A.J. Weberman, Sylvia Meagher, William Turner, Jim Marrs, Pete Brewton, John Newman, Philip Melanson, Hal Verb, Mae Brussell, Harold Weisberg, Oliver Stone, Dan Hopsicker, Jim DiEugenio and Lisa Pease. Meanwhile, the criminal deceptions of the U.S. government and its corporate media, the Warren Commission, and the dirty work of cover-up specialists such as Gerald Posner and Mark Fuhrman, and the legions of JFK assassination revisionist/theorists, deserve a final rebuke, and eternal scorn. ### A Final Look at the Big Picture A nation that is afraid to let its people judge the truth and falsehood in an open market is a nation that is afraid of its people. -John F. Kennedy In a frank review of the book Presidential Puppetry (by journalist-author Andrew Kreig) former CIA case officer Robert David Steele affirms that Kreig nailed down the problem of 'who controls who' that has faced U.S. presidents and the electorate ever since Kennedy was publicly executed: I am... a former CIA clandestine case officer and a career intelligence officer. My reviews of over 300 books on intelligence are easily found... Imagine my astonishment, then, when I got through the first part of [Presidential Puppetry] and discovered that Obama may be CIA's second wholly-owned president. Obama's parents appear clearly documented as non-official cover CIA officers (officers spy, agents are the people they recruit) responsible for spotting, assessing, and recruiting among the Islamic up and comers...[E]very President since JFK has been a puppet. The assassination of JFK by a mix of New York bankers, Texas energy and military wealth, and their "agents" in the FBI and CIA set the stage for every president thereafter to be a house pet, choosing between the gold certificates if they were good (Papa Bush and Clinton being a prime example), very little if they were neutral (Carter, Bush Junior), and death (none needed so far).... Now that I work for the U.S. Government again (and my wife continues to work for the CIA), I can no longer post on [some] topic[s], but my book reviews are legal and allowable as "spontaneous remarks." My new monographs and articles must go through pre-publication clearance and I am totally committed to that process.... Please understand that I care deeply about the craft of intelligence and hope one day to see the CIA restored as a reliable provider of decision support to the President and all others. ### Winning the War for Justice People magazine's Commemorative Edition "Jack and Jackie – Remembering Camelot" for May, 2017, for JFK's 100th birthday, does not name Lee Harvey Oswald as Kennedy's assassin. Wisely, they chose, instead, to write: "Along the route [to the Trade Mart, Kennedy] spotted a group of children carrying a sign that read, 'Mr. President, please stop and shake our hands.' He did. Minutes later, at 12:30 p.m., as his limousine moved slowly down a slope in front of the Texas School Book Depository, the first shot was fired." (Turn the page... and we learn that is all that's said about the Crime of the Century.)... "The End of Camelot"... Virtually every American alive that day, and old enough to understand, can tell you where they were when they heard President John F. Kennedy had been killed..." Jess Cagle was the editor. We applaud him and those who stood with him. We can guess that the editors know this magazine will be a keepsake for many years. They didn't want readers in the future to open it, in 2063, to laugh, as they read ridiculous statements that by then will have long been proven to be lies. The release of records that occurred in July, 2017, some of which were valuable, among many thousands that were not, can never take the place of witnesses and films of witnesses and researchers who have risked all to set the record straight. We thank the publishers and producers who had faith in us, and we thank the American people, whose outraged sense of justice and fairness has made all the difference. The Big Picture can only be complete when we obtain justice for John F. Kennedy, which begins with the government's admission that a good man – Lee Harvey Oswald – was sacrificed to hide the terrible truth JVB and ES "When people fear the government, there is tyranny. When government fears the people, there is liberty." – Thomas Paine * * * 1 1. It is becoming clear that plans for Nixon, LBJ and others to be in Dallas on Nov. 22 to witness Kennedy's public execution were carefully laid, with Mayor Earle Cabell assisting the CIA. Why? It is known that Earle's brother, Gen. Charles Cabell, a high-ranking CIA officer, was humiliated and forced to resign by JFK over the Bay of Pigs debacle. But only in July, 2017, did the world know that Earle Cabell was secretly working for the CIA. Dallas Secret record #104-10215-10213, shows us Earle had agreed to spying for the CIA and would be "the recipient of information... such that its unlawful disclosure... may adversely affect the interests and security of the United States..." since October, 17,1956. 2 2. <http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/america-the-day> This article also gives an unflattering portrait of Kennedy in his last days, which is typical of the new effort in the 21st century to diminish the greatness of Kennedy. Retrieved April 14, 2017. 3 3. Timeline. <https://deeppoliticsforum.com/forums/showthread.php?13233-Deep-Politics-Timeline/page2> Retrieved April 14, 2017. 4 4. http://dailycaller.com/2013/11/22/roger-stone-nixon-thought-lbj-killed-kennedy/#ixzz4eCiVkKS6 Retrieved April 14, 2017. 5 5. Timeline. Op. Cit. 6 6. "Kendall of Pepsi invited Nixon of the stolen (by JFK) 1960 election to come to New York and work for Pepsi. Nixon did move to New York, but he got a job in the law firm of Mudge, Stern, Baldwin and Todd. Still, Kendall gave his friend Nixon a lot of legal business from Pepsi, even though Nixon chose not to take a job with the soda pop giant." "Pepsi and the Three Presidents" Dec. 11, 2012 <https://ersjdamoo.wordpress.com/2012/12/11/pepsi-and-the-three-presidents/> Retrieved April 14, 2017. 7 7. <http://ece.dallasnews.com/news/jfk50/explore/20131102-kennedy-rival-richard-nixon-left-dallas-as-jfk-arrived-in-november-1963.ece> Retrieved April 1, 2017. 8 8. Richard Gilbride. _Matrix for Assassination_. Trafford, 2009. p. 196. 9 9. <http://22november1963.org.uk/did-oswald-try-to-kill-richard-nixon> Retrieved April 14, 2017 10 10. Frederick Allen. Secret Formula: _The Inside Story of How Coca-Cola Became the Best-Known Brand in the World_ Open Road Media, Oct 27, 2015 (Google book scan) 11 11. <http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/aa/aa63/aa63-03.jpg>. Retrieved Dec. 30, 2016 12 12. http://surftofind.com/mob "American History." Don Fulsom. "Richard Nixon's Greatest Cover-Up: His Ties to the Assassination of President Kennedy" Retrieved Jan. 21, 2016. 13 13. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2014/12/17/the-nixon-sightings-part-iii-november-22-1963/Stephen hess Retrieved Dec. 30, 2016. 14 14. Jack Harrison Pollack. "The Man at the Dallas Airport, November 22, 1963." _True Magazine_ , Dec, 1973. P. 34 http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/N%20Disk/Nixon%20Richard%20M/Item%2034.pdf Retrieved April 21, 2017. 15 15. Found in google book preview, online, for My Remarkable Journey by Larry King. 2010 edition. https://www.amazon.com/My-Remarkable-Journey-Larry-King/dp/1602861234/ref=sr_1_1_twi_pap_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1492782073&sr=1-1&keywords=9781602861022 16 16. <http://whowhatwhy.org/2012/05/08/watergate-revelations-the-coup-against-nixon-part-2-of-3/>May 8, 2012 | Russ Baker "This is the second installment of a three-part series, featuring chapters related to Nixon and Watergate from WhoWhatWhy editor Russ Baker's book, Family of Secrets: The Bush Dynasty, America's Invisible Government and the Hidden History of the Last Fifty Years." 17 17. Some of the history of Russell, a black Pepsi-Cola executive, is recounted here: 1962 - Russell is elected vice president of special markets for Pepsi-Cola. His appointment makes headlines as he is the first Black to be become a vice president of a major corporation. When the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) initiates a smear campaign and boycott against Pepsi, the company stands firm. 1963 - Russell leads Pepsi-Cola into underwriting a break-through series on Black history "Adventures in Negro History," an audio presentation with study guides distributed to public schools throughout the country. 1965 - Russell is named vice president of corporate planning. 1965 - Pepsi-Cola merges with Frito-Lay to become PepsiCo, and Russell is named vice president of community affairs, responsible for various public relations programs. He begins a series of outreach programs to the community. 1965-1983 - Russell builds PepsiCo's reputation through company participation in civic and human service affairs on a local and national level. His diverse activities and dedication make a major contribution to establishing PepsiCo as a socially conscious corporation. Ref: <https://www.pepsicochairmansaward.com/ca/hraward1.shtml> Retrieved Feb. 1, 2017. 18 18. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2014/12/17/the-nixon-sightings-part-iii-november-22-1963/ 19 19. <https://deeppoliticsforum.com/forums/showthread.php?14858-Police-Magic-at-North-Beckley> Retrieved April 23, 2017. 20 20. "The policemen who seized Oswald at the Texas Theatre arrived with him at the police department building at about 2 p.m. and brought him immediately to the third floor offices of the homicide and robbery bureau to await the arrival of Captain Fritz from the Texas School Book Depository. After about 15 or 20 minutes Oswald was ushered into the office of Captain Fritz for the first of several interrogation sessions." <https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-5.html> Retrieved April 23, 2017. 21 21. <http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/aa/aa63/aa63-03.jpg> Retrieved April 2, 2017. 22 22. <http://www.jfkmurdersolved.com/sibert.htm> Retrieved April 22, 2017. 23 23. <http://www.thejournal.ie/what-was-watergate-14-facts-richard-nixon-494970-Jun2012/> Retrieved April 22, 2017. 24 24. As another assignment for the newly formed "Plumbers" (see Late June-July 1971), President Nixon orders chief of staff H. R. Haldeman to have the Brookings Institute burglarized (see June 17, 1972). The Brookings Institute is a Washington think tank which Nixon believes has copies of the Pentagon Papers. As secretly recorded, Nixon tells Haldeman: "I want the break-in. Hell, they do that" presumably referring to the Democrats]. "They have a lot of material. I want – the way I want that handled, Bob, is get it over. I want Brooking. Just break in. Break in and take it out. You understand." Haldeman replies: "Yeah. But you have to get somebody to do it." Nixon says: "Well, you—that's what I'm just telling you. Now don't discuss it here. You're to break into the place, rifle the files, and bring them out." Haldeman is untroubled by the order: "I don't have any problem with breaking in." Nixon is direct in his orders for the burglary: "Just go in and take them. Go in around 8 or 9 o'clock. That's right. You go in and inspect and clean it out.... We're up against an enemy, a conspiracy. They're using any means. We are going to use any means. Is that clear?" The next day, Nixon repeats: "Get it done. I want it done. I want the Brookings Institute's safe cleaned out." [[PBS, 1/2/1997; Reeves, 2001, pp. 339; Werth, 2006, pp. 84-87] "Talk to Hunt" - When asked who will do it, Nixon replies: "That's what I'm talking about. Don't discuss it here. You talk to Hunt." Nixon is referring to E. Howard Hunt, a recently retired CIA officer currently performing secret operations for Nixon's aide Charles Colson. Haldeman says approvingly that CIA director Richard Helms "says he's ruthless, quiet, careful. He's kind of a tiger.... He spent 20 years in the CIA overthrowing governments." [Reeves, 2001, pp. 339] "Black-Bag" Team Assembled - Ehrlichman's deputies Egil "Bud" Krogh and David Young, whom he has put in charge of the operation, soon report that they've assembled a "black-bag" team and have recommended a "covert operation" to burglarize an office at the Institute. (Krogh sums up Nixon's thinking quite eloquently: "Anyone who opposes us, we'll destroy. As a matter of fact, anyone who doesn't support us, we'll destroy.") Ehrlichman approves the project, noting it must not be "traceable." The same team of burglars who rifle the office will later be used to break into the Democratic headquarters at the Watergate Hotel (see 2:30 a.m.June 17, 1972) <http://www.historycommons.org/context.jsp?item=a060973colsonfirebomb> Retrieved April 23, 2017. 25 25. <http://onepercenttakers.com/dirty-politics-nixon-watergate-and-the-jfk-assassination/> Retrieved April 24, 2017. 26 26. <http://www.rense.com/general76/hunt.htm> Retrieved April 6, 2017. ## Appendices There are some matters of interest in the Big Picture that should not be ignored, but which are not essential to comprehend the larger puzzle pieces. Some of the more interesting are included in this Appendix. ### Mrs. Mahlon Tobias, George Bouhe and Jack Ruby **Judyth Vary** **Baker** : Mrs. Mahlon F. Tobias had four children – two sons and two daughters. One of her daughters was a red-head who worked at the Lighthouse Christian Academy as an efficient and professional secretary to Paul Tapper, the Academy's Administrator and Headmaster. The Academy was located just outside Oak Cliff and is still in operation today. I worked there teaching English, Computer and Mathematics, and have a letter of recommendation from Mr. Tapper for excellent teaching, written in 2002. Mrs. Tobias' daughter spoke freely, at one point, in my presence, with Paul Tapper listening, as she stated how her mother had been intimidated and threatened after the Kennedy assassination. "My mother saw Jack Ruby at the apartment with Lee Harvey Oswald several times," she insisted. "She was told that she would end up in a mental hospital if she talked about it again." Judyth learned from a trusted source that Mrs. Tobias and her husband had been FBI informants. The Warren Commission took both their testimonies, but according to the daughter, information was left out. From several sources, including the Warren Commission's testimony, "Mrs. Oswald knew more English than the Warren Commission wanted to hear," she was a "sweet, lovely girl" with a husband who mistreated her, and there were visitors who came to visit the Oswalds. Jack Ruby was one of them, but that fact was ignored. Other people included two social workers who were concerned about the baby's health, and someone who came twice in a red Cadillac, the second time to carry Marina away with many of the Oswald possessions. Both George de Mohrenschildt and George Bouhe claimed to have taken Marina away after Lee threatened to send her back to Russia. One of these "Georges" was lying. DiEugenio and others think it was de Mohrenschildt, who embroidered his tale with violence Marina never described herself. It seems Bouhe took Marina from the apartment, telling Mrs. Tobias, "Mrs. Oswald is going away for a while." Whoever owned the red Cadillac was the one who moved her. It took Marina into the welcoming arms of the White Russian community. Mrs. Tobias said the other person who visited the Oswalds on several occasions was Jack Ruby. Was it possible that Marina Oswald knew him? Or was Mrs. Tobias mistaken? ### Interesting Facts Here is a list of people who claimed to see a rifle, a rifleman, or individuals in the company of a man with a weapon, on the upper floors of the TSBD just prior or just after Kennedy was shot: Howard Brennan, Richard Randolph Carr, Malcolm Couch, James Crawford, Robert Edwards, Amos Euins, Ronald Fischer, Ruby Henderson, Robert H. Jackson, Arnold Rowland, Norman Similas, Carolyn Walther and James Worrel.1 ### Mary Ferrell, David Ferrie, Harrison Livingstone, and the Occult Perhaps the most famous, and most respected of the "amateur" investigators of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy is Ms. Mary Ferrell. What many don't know, however, is that in the autumn of 1963 – until November 22 – she was an important person in the community of magicians and occultists who came out of the tradition of Aleister Crowley and others. In correspondence with the author [Peter Levenda], she spoke of her interest in the system of ceremonial magic practiced by the Golden Dawn; a British secret society that spawned Aleister Crowley. Ms. Ferrell had been in correspondence with Francis Israel Regardie, an occultist and author who had been Crowley's personal assistant for some years, and had published – to the grief of his brethren – the secret rituals of the Golden Dawn. The Golden Dawn professed to be the British branch of a German secret society, and the roots of that society were believed to have been derived from the German Rosicrucian Society of the 17th century, that society being a survival of the French Knights Templar of the 14th century. Claims that these societies "go back to the ancient Egyptians by way of the Gnostic Christians, the Islamic 'hashishin,' the Ethiopian Coptics, the Jewish Qabalists, the Arabian Sabeans and Solomon the King" abound.2 This ancient pedigree has no real substance in several links. Basically, secret societies operate by rules that bind their members together, often by oaths, rituals and signals. They can create any number of links to earlier secret societies by adopting this or that sacred or occult text/sets of traditions. Members give each other special opportunities and operate within their rules, not those of an open society. These secret societies can be used or developed by powerful masters of deceit. David Ferrie himself was fascinated by the occult. He investigated Santeria and strange "Catholic" churches, possibly for the CIA. Judyth saw some files Ferrie said were related to MK-Ultra where he had been assigned to investigate Voodoo and the drugs used on zombies. "It led nowhere," Dave told Judyth. The CIA then turned to Haiti to seek more mind control information about zombies. Some threads in the occult lead from Ferrie to the assassination itself as he investigated – and became fascinated with – some true circles of evil. It must be remembered that Ferrie was an infiltrator for the CIA into these religious cults and practices. "He was a CIA asset who pretended to hate Kennedy." **Judyth Vary** **Baker** : In actuality, at one time, Dave deeply hated JFK after what happened at the Bay of Pigs, where some young Cubans he had trained (and may have had homosexual relations with) suffered and perished. He expressed his hatred for JFK so thoroughly that he was trusted by the Mafia, rightwing fanatics, military officers and by powerful secret society conspirators in Texas and along the coast. As an anti-Castro activist, for a while he was active with anti-Castroites until his homosexuality became an issue. By the spring of 1963, Ferrie's beliefs about Kennedy had changed. He no longer believed JFK was responsible for what happened. Trusted as an insider, in Ferrie's unique position as a top pilot, a "scientist," a hands-on warrior and a man who could speak an armload of languages, Ferrie got access to many secrets and was able to pass on vital information that he hoped could save Kennedy's life. It would cost Ferrie his own. ### Controlling Dallas: Mary Ferrell as "Dragon Lady" and "Angel" Most of the "Oswald-did-it" news is generated from a single location: Dallas. Here, we focus on one of them: the beloved and deceptive "helper of researchers" Mary Ferrell, whose shoes have been filled with far less clever substitutes since her passing. Researcher Harrison E. Livingstone, a meticulous fact-gatherer, knew a great deal about Mary Ferrell, to whom Judyth had been introduced via email by researcher Dr. Howard Platzman. That was an egregious error, but, as many others, Platzman was unaware of the fangs behind the smile. Judyth would eventually learn from Livingstone that Ferrell was not to be trusted, that Ferrell had hated JFK, but by then, it would be too late. "She was just wonderful to me for a long time, just as she had been to many others," Judyth says. "Her son Jimmy had a titanium jaw after a cancer operation, and both of them were worried about cancer returning to their lives. Mary would die of it, but I would try, long before that, to help her as much as I could." Continuing her story, Judyth adds, "Mary even gave me $100 when my rear tires got slashed when I was parked outside her home one night. She also gave me a pair of Ferrigamo Italian pumps and an expensive dress of hers to wear when I was supposed to be filmed by 60 Minutes. I flew to New York, only to have the filming canceled at the last minute. If only I'd known, then, that her "dear-as-sons" friends were busy trying to destroy my credibility as a witness, calling 60 Minutes and writing to researchers with distorted versions of what I was telling Mary – information that only could have come from her. Nothing hurts quite so much as a betrayal like that." Livingstone had his own "take" on Mary: There was a woman known as the Mother Goose or the Dragon Lady, in Dallas, and of whom many people were greatly afraid. She is supposed to be the grandmother of assassination research, but nobody knew what she really was or believed. Everyone was fooled while she lived a double life, like a spy in a foreign country during a war. She was "the keeper of the Keys" (as many call her) in the JFK case. I think she isn't just that, but a key itself. Ferrell was quoted on network television as supporting the Warren Commission at the time Jim Garrison died, during the second ASK conference in Dallas, in October 1992. It took thirty years to find her out. Officially, she never disbelieved the findings of the Warren Report, as anyone who truly knew her understands. Ferrell denied that she ever received training in intelligence gathering, though a member of the Retired Intelligence Officers' Association, which [Fort Worth's] David Atlee Phillips set up. Mary said she began indexing news articles dealing with the assassination the day Kennedy was shot, and never quit for the next thirty years. One writer reported: 'Mary Ferrell said she had disliked Kennedy, did not vote for him, and would not vote for him if he were alive today. In the early 1960s, she explained, she had belonged to a right-wing group that was violently opposed to Kennedy's integration policies and to the Kennedy family in general. The group thought Kennedy was soft on communism.' Mary's explanation of why she had spent so much time and money researching the death of a man she despised was evasive. We're talking about the organizer and keynote speaker of the 1992 ASK conference in Dallas and the 1993 ASK conference which has become the centerpiece of the "critical community." I [Livingstone] believe that what we are looking at is a sophisticated private intelligence operation. It flows from a de facto secret society in Texas run by powerful people there to protect the name of Texas and to protect those who were involved in the murder of John Kennedy."3 (above) Mary Ferrell was listed as member of the Retired Intelligence Officers' Association Judyth Baker was one of many befriended by Ferrell, who directed her to a publisher who pretended interest in her book, but only, it seems, to make sure it would never get published. "Mary pretended to me that she believed Lee was innocent," Judyth says. "But she ended up betraying me." The Mary Ferrell Foundation has been wonderfully developed since then, by Rex Bradford, whose equally priceless "History Matters" files provide almost the only 100% free searchable Internet resource for the Clay Shaw trial and Grand Jury records, as well as for the Warren Commission Report and its 26 volumes of hearings, and much more. Rex Bradford is one of the unsung heroes who saved the assassination records from oblivion. As for Mary Ferrell, she amassed a truly enormous collection of books, files, index cards, photos and records. They were spilled over, leaned into and stacked up against every square inch of her home on 4406 Holland Avenue, in Dallas. "There was a place to sit by her rocking chair – that was about all," Judyth says, "and though her bedroom was relatively uncluttered, even there, Mary had at least 100 shoeboxes stacked up, filled with expensive shoes that could not fit into her closet." Under her pillow was a gun. In a corner, between the dining room and kitchen, was a Carcano rifle. "On the wall across from the gas stove was a laminated yellow poster that said, in black ink, over and over, "Buck Does It Better." Mary's big antique table was loaded with dozens of stacks of books. Only her bathroom, gas stove and refrigerator were free of books," Judyth says. "My fear was that everything could easily go up in smoke." Mary's husband "Buck" had built her a stand-alone, small building accessible through her kitchen's back door. It was also overwhelmed with books, journals and magazines. "Mary and I would eat at a nearby natural and organic foods market-restaurant nearby," Judyth says. "She had an assistant make her some meals at her home, but she loved those sandwiches. We also drove by the nearby Army-Navy store where Marina Oswald Porter worked (it is now closed). I declined to visit her, though Mary and her son Jimmy suggested it, because I knew what it was like to be harassed on the job. I had already lost my teaching job, after speaking out, myself." Mary Ferrell acted as a close friend to Judyth Baker until Judyth discovered some of her files while helping her to pack and move from her cluttered home to a fancy assisted-living two-bedroom suite. The photo on the previous page shows an inside view of the shed her husband "Buck" built to house what became a collection worth more than $1.3 million. The gray boxes are filled with newspaper clippings destined for Baylor University. "I saw Mary destroy many files," Judyth says, "especially in her file card collection. She also destroyed second and third copies of rare books to make her collection more valuable, as well as two letters Marina had written to her that Mary said would have "embarrassed" Marina. Above Mary's big apartment with its sliding glass doors and long patio was another apartment filled with cartons of books that did not go to Baylor or to the Mary Ferrell Foundation collection." Judyth tells us. "I went up there several times to bring down a book Mary wanted to look at. Only if you've seen such a collection in all its glory can you realize how many thousands of books, magazines, files, journals, photos, memorabilia and files have been generated because of the Kennedy assassination and the assassinations that followed." And then there were the dicey documents, such as the one below, legally obtained from public files in Boston before the Mary Ferrell Foundation's business records were moved to a non-public state. This one shows the Foundation gave non-relative David Lifton $165,000 in three interest-free loans. One loan had a maturity date of Sept. 2004, of which nothing had been paid, but Lifton got his third interest-free loan for $100,000 in April, 2005 anyway. Big subsidies such as this help favored authors get their books published, but in Lifton's case, he never did produce the book for which the loans were purportedly made. Lifton was surely treated "as a son" by Mary Ferrell. **Judyth Vary** **Baker** : Mary Ferrell became angry at me when, after helping her move from her Holland Avenue home to her new assisted-living apartment, I reported finding these files tucked between LIFE magazines in a stack Mary had given to me – duplicates about the assassinations that she was going to throw into a garbage bin. The files showed that Mary had changed her married name of "Ferrell" to "Dean" after moving to Ohio, where she continued an accountant's correspondence course she had been taking in Memphis, TN. Mary said she was already working as an accountant when she took the course. When she learned that I had first told her daughter, Carol Anne about the files, she suddenly became cold and unfriendly. "We were watching Jack and the Beanstalk, on TV," Judyth says, "after I had found a book for Mary from her extra upstairs apartment where many boxes of books had been stored. All the rest had gone to Ollie Curme, the Vice President of Pixel Corp. who hauled everything away. Someone had paid Mary about $1.3 million after her dear friend Robert Chapman negotiated with whoever were the ultimate purchasers. Mary had earlier told me that she was afraid of just about everybody, because there was 'no incentive for her kids to keep her alive.' I knew, at least, that Jimmy loved her. I proposed to Mary that she make a new will, where everything would go to the 'Poor Clares,' nuns to whom she always sent donations if she died within the year, and that every year, the Poor Clares would get 10% less." "You know," Mary said, "Carol Anne is real mad at you for telling me to change my will. If she knew I'd asked you over, she would have gone right through the roof!" I was shocked because Mary had promised not to tell her relatives what I'd proposed. However, Mary had been weeping, and I had tried to guide her from her fears. Realizing that I was now in big trouble with her daughter, and maybe even Jimmy, her son, I felt very uncomfortable as we sat watching TV. Having laid this burden on me, Mary had gone sullen and quiet, but I felt a bit better when she suddenly turned to me and said, "See that basket full of matches? A lot of them are from New Orleans, dear, from when Buck and I visited there and went on the riverboat there. I want you to have the matches." As I took the matches, she gave me a little sack to put them in, having decided to keep the basket. I later gave the matches to Dr. Joseph Riehl, because his wife collected them. "I think it was because of some matches that Lee brought home, to light the gas stove, that Marina was able to call Thompson's Restaurant," I told her. "Because the phone number was on the match cover. I remember you asked how Marina knew to call the restaurant. Well, Thompson's gave away matches. I'll bet Lee brought home some free matches from there." At that, I began searching the collection to see if any of the match covers were from Thompson's, also telling Mary that "Anna Lewis said Marina could speak intelligible English." Just at that moment, Mary's cute little gold Pomeranian jumped into her lap. As it landed, Mary angrily threw the little dog to the floor, so that it yipped. I had never seen Mary angry at the little fellow before. Jimmy then came home with food from Campisi's. After we talked a while, he went into the bedroom to the right that was located behind the apartment's kitchen and returned to show me a Christmas card Marina Oswald had written to him and his family. "I saw Marina at Campisi's tonight," he told me. "I want you to meet her, but I have to tell you one thing. She's getting a little rough around the edges now." I thanked Jimmy and said yes, maybe it was time to meet Marina. Little did I know that I would never see Jimmy again and would only see Mary one more time before she died." The same night Judyth told Mary about the files and experienced her short temper and edginess, an email saying "I wash my hands of Judyth Baker" was sent out before dawn to Mary's associates. Mary Ferrell and Judyth had often met for long talks for over a year when the incident happened. "I have an email where Mary is inviting me to live with her, in her new two-bedroom apartment, saying her son Jimmy wanted to live elsewhere, and I could take care of her Pomeranian, and paint and write," Judyth says. "In the email, Mary said she ordered me to leave her apartment, describing Jimmy as firmly escorting her out to her car, so at least part of the email was definitely written by her." After the excoriating email was sent out, filled with assorted attacks on Judyth's character and misquotes about what she'd told Mary about Lee, months passed. Then Mary called, inviting Judyth to visit that evening, at which time Mary agreed to be tape recorded. Mary was taped in the presence of two witnesses, denying she wrote the damning email. Then, as the three waited for Mary's dinner to come, there was a polite and friendly conversation, largely about Judyth's sister's work as a numismatist and assessor of the value of jewelry. But that was not the end of it. It was soon spread about by Robert Chapman, Mary's close friend from Memphis, and by researcher David Lifton, that Judyth's friends had crashed Mary Ferrell's apartment, waving the email in the air and demanding that Mary talk to them. An intimidated Mary then did talk to them, he claimed, hoping they would then leave her alone. From then on, Chapman lamented, Mary would have to be locked in her assisted-living two-bedroom suite to protect her from Judyth's abusive friends. To be brief, a stunning problem existed in Chapman's angry narrative: he did not know that Judyth had been there, too. For some reason, Mary Ferrell never told him. Since this meant that Chapman's version lacked the presence of the very person Chapman was trying to blacken. The great researcher Jim Marrs, who knew about the tape recording, came with a camera to interview Mary. Though they talked together, Marrs was unable to get her to be filmed. Even so, he came away satisfied because she told him she believed Judyth Baker. Marrs would go on to write the Afterword to Judyth's book, Me & Lee, in 2010. ### Lee Harvey Oswald Was Denied a Lawyer Accessed from Judyth Vary Baker's blog at: http://oswald-not-guilty.blogspot.com/2009/11/lee-harvey-oswald-was-not-allowed-to.html According to the testimony of detectives Sims and Boyd, the first interrogation session of Oswald was from 2:20 pm to 4:05 pm on Friday, November 22nd.(1) Captain Will Fritz, testifying before the Warren Commission, said that during this first session, Oswald requested John Abt to represent him and as his second choice, the American Civil Liberties Union.(2) #### The Aclu To The Rescue... Or Maybe Not Gregory Lee Olds was the President of the Dallas Civil Liberites Union. He had been contacted by one of his board members at 10:30pm On Friday, the 22nd, regarding Oswald's being denied counsel. According to his testimony in Volume 7 page 323: He called the police station and spoke with Capt. Fritz, who told him that Oswald had been given the opportunity to request counsel and had not made any requests. This of course was a lie, because as I just mentioned, Fritz told the Commission that Oswald made known his "second choice" of the ACLU to represent him in the very first interrogation session, some 6-8 hours previously.(3) After deliberation, Olds and three others headed for Dallas Police Headquarters. Olds and his party arrived on the fourth floor, where they met Charles Webster, a lawyer and professor of law at SMU, who took them in to see Capt. Glen King. Olds testified that "Captain King... assured us that Oswald had not made any requests for counsel." Next: "Two of the others, I believe, went downstairs to the basement where Justice of the Peace David Johnston was... he also assured us that there had been an opportunity of – Oswald's rights had been explained, and he had declined counsel. Said nothing beyond that. I think that was the extent of our inquiry."(4) So here we have two different stories: On the one hand the police say that Oswald was given the opportunity to request counsel and he didn't, and the judge saying that he declined counsel. We know that both of these accounts are lies because in his testimony before the WC, Sgt. Gerald Hill said that Oswald had requested counsel at the time of his arrest inside the Texas Theater.(5) Later in his testimony, Hill reiterates, Mr. HILL:... he had previously in the theatre said he wanted his attorney. Mr. BELIN: He had said this in the theatre? Mr. HILL: Yes; when we arrested him, he wanted his lawyer. He knew his rights.(6) Olds attended the Midnight Press Conference," where Oswald again publicly requested that "someone come forward to give me legal assistance." Having been discouraged by the police, the law professor and the judge from contacting Oswald, Olds was left to choose whom to believe... them, or Oswald. It was a choice he'd later regret. He testified that: "....I have always been sorry that we didn't talk with Oswald, because it was not clear whether we would be permitted to see him that night or not." Mr. STERN: But, you did not ask to see him? Mr. OLDS: No; we did not, which I think was a mistake on my part.(7) We now know today that many of Dallas D.A. Henry Wade's convictions in criminal court have been overturned.(8) Olds then told the Commission that the visit of Dallas Bar Association President H. Louis Nichols to speak with Oswald on Saturday went a long way in reasurring Olds' questions about suspected denial of counsel to Oswald: Mr. OLDS: Mr. Nichols went down late this afternoon, I think around 5:30, and he reported after that that he had seen Oswald in respect to the same reasons that we had for going down there Saturday night, to see if he wanted some sort of legal representation, and to make sure whether or not he was denied – being denied it, and he said that he was satisfied that--in essence, Oswald told Nichols he was satisfied with the situation.(9) ### Before The Judge At the midnight press conference, Oswald told reporters that he had appeared before a judge and had protested that he was not allowed a lawyer: "I was questioned by a judge. I protested at that time that I was not allowed legal representation during that very short and sweet hearing." – Lee Harvey Oswald In his testimony before the Warren Commission, Mr. Nichols stated that indigent defendants in criminal felony cases were appointed counsel by judges at their request. Mr. STERN: What is the practice in this jurisdiction regarding the appointment of counsel for indigents accused in criminal cases? Mr. NICHOLS: Basically, I think that would follow the statutes which provide that where it comes to the attention of the court, that a man charged with a felony is not represented by an attorney that the court will appoint an attorney to represent him.... The usual procedure is, I believe, when it comes to the attention of the judge that an accused in jail is not represented by an attorney – I am talking about a felony case now – or a man, whether he is in jail or not, if he makes requests of the court to appoint him a lawyer, the judges of the criminal district court will, and do appoint lawyers to represent those people.(10) None of the authorities who were present at Oswald's arraignment for the murder of J.D. Tippit, and who testified under oath before the Warren Commission, could recall what Oswald said during that hearing. The judge (David Johnston) recalled that Oswald had made a comment, but could not remember what that comment was.(11) Homicide Detective Elmer Boyd likewise could not remember what Oswald said.(12) The same kind of amnesia seems to have struck Will Fritz(13) and Detective Richard Sims couldn't remember what either the judge or Oswald said.(14) What are the chances that every official who was called to give testimony on what Oswald said during the Tippit arraignment is going to have a total loss of memory? #### Oswald & The Dallas Bar Association District Attorney Henry Wade had been under pressure from lawyers regarding the treatment of Oswald. One of the issues was Oswald's repeated public claims that he was not being allowed legal representation. In Dallas, there were two bar associations: The Dallas Bar Association and the Criminal Bar Association. On Saturday, the 23rd, one of the attorneys who were pressuring Wade contacted H. Louis Nichols, President of the Dallas Bar Assn. to request that he look into whether or not Oswald had legal representation, wanted legal representation, or wanted it but had been denied of it. Nichols' response was to call Henry Wade on the phone and make an inquiry.(15) Nichols testified before the Warren Commission that Wade told him that as far as he knew Oswald had not asked for any lawyer, so Nichols asked Wade to give Oswald a message that the Dallas Bar Association would provide him with a lawyer if he needed one. According to Nichols, Wade said he'd pass the message onto his assistants and if Oswald asked for a lawyer, Nichols offer would be given to him.(16) Of course, the reason why Wade's response was a lie is that Oswald had been requesting a lawyer from the time of his arrest, including the evening before during the "Midnight Press Conference." After thinking it over, Nichols decided that he and a member of the criminal bar association should visit and talk with Oswald. But according to Nichols, he couldn't get a member of the criminal bar to go with him. When he contacted Henry Wade, Wade told him to go visit Oswald alone and to "tell him you will get him a lawyer."(17) To have a civil lawyer go in to question Oswald alone was a joke. A civil lawyer would never ask the right questions: Was he being beaten ? Was he being starved ? Was he being deprived of sleep ? Was he being isolated from his friends and family ? Was he being denied counsel? In addition, according to his own testimony, Nichols was "connected" to the Dallas Police and the City of Dallas. Nichols used to work for the city attorney's office, and at the time of Oswald's incarceration, still represented the city credit union and had a brother on the police force, so, he had known many of these city authorities for years.(18) Nichols then called one of those people, Capt. Glen King of the DPD to ask if Oswald had a lawyer: "Captain King said that as far as he knew there had been no one representing him, and as far as he knew, Oswald had not asked for a lawyer. He had not asked for the right to call a lawyer, and had not asked that a lawyer be furnished to him..."(19) Now, keep in mind that King said this on the afternoon of Saturday, the 23rd, AFTER Oswald had made a public plea the night before for "someone to come forward to give me legal assistance" and AFTER he appeared in the 2:30 pm lineup viewed by William Whaley, who testified: "He showed no respect for the policemen, he told them what he thought about them. They knew what they were doing and they were trying to railroad him and he wanted his lawyer."(20) Nichols attempts to avoid becoming involved by asking Capt. King to deliver a message to Oswald: I said, "Well, Glen, if you know at any time that he asks for a lawyer, or wants a lawyer, or needs a lawyer, will you tell him that you have talked to me, as president of the bar association, and that I have offered to get him a lawyer if he wants one."(21) Capt. King offered Nichols the chance to talk to Oswald but Nichols "didn't know whether I wanted to or not at this point." I didn't know to what extent I would, or wanted to, or should become embroiled in the facts. I wanted to know whether he needed a lawyer, and I didn't anticipate that I would be his lawyer, because I don't practice criminal law. (22) However, Nichols was pressured into going by a law professor from SMU. "I then received a call from another lawyer who was a professor out at S.M.U. and he wanted to know whether or not the bar association was doing anything about getting a lawyer for Oswald. I told him what had transpired, what I had done, and I hadn't decided what should be done at this time, if anything by me, as president of the bar association. He seemed to think that it would be advisable and would be helpful if I would go up and satisfy myself personally as to whether or not Oswald had any lawyer, wanted a lawyer or was asking for a lawyer and hadn't been able to get one, and I told him that I had not decided what to do, so, I sat around and decided if it had to be done. It seemed like enough time had gone by, and enough uncertainty among the people I talked to as to whether or not he had a lawyer or had asked for a lawyer that I decided I might as well go up and talk to him, so, I cleaned up and went on up to the city hall. That was probably 5:30 or so in the afternoon.(23) The law professor, in a sense, twists his arm as if saying, "It's been over 24 hours since his arrest and he hasn't asked for an attorney yet?" When he arrived at the police station, he went up to the Chief's office looking for Capt. King. The Chief saw him and introduced him to an FBI agent, then volunteered to take him up to Oswald's cell himself.(24) When Nichols asks Oswald if he had a lawyer, Oswald starts complaining about his treatment: Mr. NICHOLS: I asked him if he had a lawyer, and he said, "Well, he really didn't know what it was all about, that he was – had been incarcerated, and kept incommunicado, and I said, "Well, I have come up to see whether or not you want a lawyer, because as I understand--" I am not exactly sure what I,said there, or whether he said something about not knowing what happened to President Kennedy, or I said that I understood that he was arrested for the shot that killed the President, and I don't remember who said what after that. This is a little bit vague.(25) Here Nichols is having an exclusive talk with the accused assassin of President Kennedy, and he can't remember what was said in the exchange. Mr. STERN: He, I gather, used the word "incommunicado" to describe– Mr. NICHOLS: Yes; that was his word. Mr. STERN: Did he elaborate on that, or any---or indicate to you that he had not been able to see members of his family or other people of his choice? Mr. NICHOLS: No; he did not say that he had been refused anything. Just didn't elaborate, and I really didn't ask him at that point. my inquiry was intentionally very limited. I merely wanted to know whether he had a lawyer, if he had a lawyer then I had no problems. If he asked for a lawyer and they did not offer him one, that was contrary to what I had been told, because I had been told, as far as the police were concerned, and Mr. Wade, as he recalled, that the man had never asked for a lawyer. Nor had he asked to call a lawyer, for the right to call a lawyer, so that I was interested in knowing whether or not he had a lawyer and whether or not he had requested a lawyer and been refused.... I didn't go into the other questions, or whether or not he wanted to see his family and hadn't been permitted. I really was concerned about whether or not he had a lawyer or wanted a lawyer, or whether we had any obligations to furnish him one.(26) In addition, when Oswald asked for John Abt or a lawyer from the American Civil Liberites Union, Nichols told him that he didn't know Abt and he didn't know any lawyers who were members of the ACLU but admitted under oath that "as it turned out later, a number of lawyers I know are members."(27) According to Nichols' testimony, this was the exchange between himself and Oswald: Nichols: What I am interested in knowing is right now, do you want me or the Dallas Bar Association to try to get you a lawyer?" Oswald: No, not now. You might come back next week, and if I don't get some of these other people to represent me, I might ask you to get somebody to represent me. Nichols: Well, now, all I want to do is to make it clear to you, and to me, whether or not you want me or the Dallas Bar Association to do anything about getting a lawyer right now. Oswald: No.(28) As Nichols is leaving, Chief Curry asked him to make a statement to the press: "...As I left the chief asked me whether or not I wanted to make a statement to the press, and I said, "Well, I don't know whether I do or not. I don't know whether it is the thing to do or not." And he said, "Well, they are going to be right outside the door there, and if you want to say anything this would be an opportunity to do it. Incidentally, I am very glad you came up here. We don't want any question coming up about us refusing to let him have a lawyer. As far as I know, he has never asked for one. He has never asked to call one."(29) Nichols then went before the media and stated that Oswald had refused his offer for help: "He appeared to me that he knew where he was and pretty much what his rights were with regard to being represented, and he knew apparently – at least the conversation was that if he didn't get somebody to represent him that he wanted that he could always fall back on the bar association, or somebody, and I had told him that I would see him next week if he wanted me to, and I satisfied myself at least, to the extent, that the man appeared to know what he was doing. He did not appear to be irrational. He appeared to be calm. He turned down my offer of help, and I felt like at that point that was all I needed to do, and this was later Saturday afternoon, and I had no inkling that anything else, except maybe that the next week if he didn't get a lawyer I might hear from him, or check into it, and that's all I know about Mr. Lee Harvey Oswald." (30) Nichols never mentioned to the press Oswald's request for John Abt or the American Civil Liberties Union. He never mentioned to the press Oswald's complaint of being held "incommunicado." #### A Confused Chief Curry Chief Jesse Curry, the only witness to the exchange between Oswald and Nichols, could not remember which day it occurred, testifying that Nichols' visit was on Friday(31). Later in his testimony, Curry is told that Nichols' visit was on Saturday, not Friday: Mr. RANKIN: Chief Curry, you said that Mr. Nichols came that afternoon. I call to your attention that we have information that he came there on the Saturday afternoon. Mr. CURRY: Perhaps it was, not the Friday. That perhaps was on Saturday. Mr. RANKIN: Yes. Mr. DULLES: I wonder if you could just summarize briefly where we are. (Discussion off the record.) At that point, a "discussion off the record" is conducted and when the discussion comes back on the record, Curry's memory has improved. He tells the Commission that Nichols offered to provide counsel to Oswald, but Oswald "didn't care to at this time" but in the event he couldn't secure counsel for himself, he would "call on you later." Then Rep. Ford asks the stupidest question: Representative FORD: Did Nichols and Oswald talk one to another?(32) #### The Saturday Call FBI agent James Bookhout testified that he attended two interrogation sessions of Oswald on November 23rd (Saturday). One was at 10:30 am and the second was at 6:30 pm. In the first one he attended, he said that Fritz gave Oswald directions on how to make a collect call. In the second Oswald thanked him for allowing him to make the call. Mr. BOOKHOUT: Yes, it was in this interview that he mentioned he wanted to contact Attorney Abt A-b-t, New York City. I recall Captain Fritz asked him if he knew Abt personally and he said he did not, but he explained that he knew that Abt had defended the Smith Act cases in 1949, or 1950, and Captain Fritz asked him if he knew how to get ahold of Mr. Abt, and he stated that he did not know what his address was, but he was in New York. I recall that Captain Fritz explained to him that he would allow him to place a long distance call for Abt, and he explained to Oswald how to ask the long distance operator to trace him down and locate him, even though Oswald didn't even know his address or telephone number. Mr. STERN: Did he actually make the call in your presence? Mr. BOOKHOUT: No; he didn't make the call in my presence. The next interview that we had with him, I recall that Captain Fritz asked him if he had been able to contact Mr. Abt. Oswald stated that he had made the telephone call and thanked Captain Fritz for allowing him to make the call, but actually he had not been able to talk to Abt. He wasn't available. Wasn't in his office or something...(33) Bookhout's account is supported by Forrest Sorrels.(34) So Bookhout puts the time of Oswald's use of the phone between 11:30 am and 6:30 pm on Saturday. William Whaley testified that Oswald was still screaming for his lawyer at the 2:30 lineup he viewed: Mr. WHALEY. He showed no respect for the policemen, he told them what he thought about them. They knew what they were doing and they were trying to railroad him and he wanted his lawyer.(35) Ruth Paine testified that Oswald called her about 3:30 or 4 pm and asked her to contact John Abt after 6 pm.(36 ) Marguerite Oswald testified that she didn't see her son until sometime after 4:30 pm and that he told her that he'd already requested to get in touch with attorney Abt. (37 ) From the time of his arrest, the longer the wait for Oswald to contact an attorney, the less chance that that contact was going to be made. Try contacting a lawyer long distance in his New York office on a Saturday evening in 1963. Good luck. And the police knew this, which maybe why Oswald was held incommunicado through Friday and up until Saturday noon. The authorities could not allow him to come in contact with either counsel directly or family and friends, who would have sought counsel on his behalf. Once they were satisfied that his chances of securing counsel were next to nil, they allowed him to make the call. When Oswald couldn't contact Abt, because it was a collect call and there was no one there to accept the charges, he turned to Ruth Paine for help. Mrs. Paine testified that she called both numbers, home and office that Oswald had given her, but was unsuccessful in contacting Abt. When Oswald called back at 9:30 pm, she said that she "couldn't recall" whether she reported to him that she was unable to contact Abt. She could only tell the Commission that "something was said but I do not recall it specifically"(38) Mrs. Paine further told the Commission that "I am of the impression I again tried the home telephone of John Abt on Sunday morning, but I am not certain, and there was no answer. That I certainly remember."(39) #### Conclusion The testimony presented in this narrative has shown that Lee Harvey Oswald requested a lawyer from the time of his arrest until late Saturday afternoon, when he contacted Ruth Paine for help. She never contacted Abt and failed to tell Lee about her decision not to try to call Abt again. The testimony has also shown that Oswald was held incommunicado until after noon on Saturday. During that period between his arrest and the visit of his family, Oswald repeatedly pled for legal assistance and when the ACLU responded to that plea, they were lied to by the Dallas Police and chose to believe that lie. The Dallas Police were successful in keeping Oswald "incommunicado" until Saturday afternoon, at a time when the likelihood of Oswald's securing counsel before Monday had diminished. It was at this time that the Dallas Police allowed his family to see him and allowed him to make his phone call. The importance of the timing of Oswald's access to a telephone can be summed up in this way: Attorney Abt testified that he and his wife didn't leave for the cabin until Friday evening.(43) Had Oswald been allowed to make that phone call at the time of his arrest, he would have made contact with Abt before they left for Connecticut. The authorities were eager to put the "denial of counsel" issue to rest, so they agreed to allow a civil lawyer with connections to the city and its police department and the president of the Dallas Bar Association, to "question" Oswald about the denial of counsel issue in private. After that interview, the lawyer faced the press and declared that Oswald had refused his offer for help. It's difficult to imagine, given the press coverage of that weekend, that Nichols never saw on TV, never heard on radio or never read in the newspapers, Oswald's pleas for assistance and instead was forced to rely on "what I had been told." The purpose of his "intentionally very limited" interview of Oswald seems to have been to take the pressure off of the authorities in Dallas rather than to insure that Oswald had counsel. By his own admission, his "concern" was not for how Oswald was being treated. When Oswald complained, Nichols admitted that he "didn't ask any questions." His testimony that Oswald told him to "come back next week" defies logic and common sense and is contrary to documented video showing Oswald repeatedly asking for "someone to come forward." Not John Abt... someone... ANYONE. I find it hard to believe that Nichols could have been impartial and not have mentioned that Oswald HAD requested the name of John Abt or the American Civil Liberties Union. I also find it hard to believe that an impartial party would not mention Oswald's complaint about his treatment. In the end, Nichols served the interests of the Dallas authorities better than he served the interests of Lee Harvey Oswald. Perhaps that was the plan all along. The proof of Lee Harvey Oswald's innocence is documented in the way in which the Dallas Police conducted the police lineups, tampered with the evidence and held him incommunicado for over 24 hours, effectively delaying his contacting counsel. When you have a guilty suspect, you don't need to do those things because the evidence will always stand on its own merit. The fact that they DID do those things is a testament, IMO [In my humble opinion] to his innocence." NOTES 1. (7 H 123, 7 H 165); 2. (4 H 214-215); 3. (4 H 214-215); 4. (7 H 323); 5. (7 H 52); 6. (7 H 61); 7. (7 H 324); 8. www.ctka.net/2008/Wade.html; 9. (7 H 325); 10. (7 H 331); 11. (15 H 507); 12. (7 H 130); 13. (4 H 217); 14. (7 H 171); 15. (7 H 327); 16. (ibid); 17. (5 H 240); 18. (7 H 327); 19. (ibid); 20. (2 H 261); 21. (7 H 327); 22. (7 H 331); 23. (7 H 327-328); 24. (7 H 328); 25. (ibid); 26. (7 H 330); 27. (7 H 329); 28. (ibid); 29. (ibid); 30. (7 H 330); 31. (4 H 155); 32. (4 H 158); 33. (7 H 314); 34. (7 H 356); 35. (2 H 261); 36. (3 H 85); 37. (1 H 149); 38. (3 H 88); 39. (3 H 89); 40. (ibid); 41. (10 H 116); 42. (1 H 146); 43. (10 H 116) http://www.youtube.com/GJJdude ### If not James Files, or in addition to James Files, we have CIA's William Harvey running "a stable of French assassins..." : "November 19, 1963 Michel Roux enters the United States at New York and travels to Fort Worth, Texas for the stated purpose of visiting social acquaintances on Nov. 22nd. Michel Roux is a French army deserter with connections to French intelligence, working once as an infiltrator into the OAS. NOTE: Jean Souetre, a French OAS terrorist, considered a threat to the safety of French President Charles de Gaulle, uses the names Michel Roux and Michel Mertz as aliases. A CIA document asserts that Jean Souetre was in Fort Worth on the morning of Nov. 22, 1963 and followed JFK on to Dallas that afternoon. Today, Souetre is the public relations director of an elegant gambling casino in France, reportedly operated by the Mafia. Michel Mertz, the other name used by Souetre, is also that of a real individual -- credited with once saving the life of President de Gaulle in an OAS terrorist attack. He is involved in international narcotics dealing. Mertz is reputed to be a legend of sorts in the world of espionage and narcotics smuggling. There is interesting speculation that Mertz has had a connection with the CIA in some of its more nefarious activities. THIS INFORMATION IS LATER CONCEALED FROM THE WARREN COMMISSION.4 Also, the same source as above has given us this information: Compiled by Ira David Wood III, Has the following: "April 24, 1963...Also on this day, the Dallas Times Herald reports that JFK will visit Dallas in November. "Around this period of time (Spring, 1963) French OAS captain Jean Souetre reportedly meets with General Edwin Walker, then goes on to New Orleans." "November 13, 1963 Secret Service agent Lawson reports to Agent Sorrels at Dallas office of Secret Service. (Metz, France) Army code breaker Pfc. Eugene Dinkin is taken into custody by Army officials and hospitalized in a closed psychiatric ward. He is kept virtually incommunicado for approximately one week. Dinkin had gone AWOL weeks before and alerted various embassies across Europe about a conspiracy to assassinate the president involving the military and perhaps an "ultra right economic group." Dinkin eventually ends up in Walter Reed Army Hospital for four months -- where it appears that a "cover story" may have been induced to obfuscate whatever legitimate advance knowledge he possesses. Dinkin says that he believes that the psychiatric evaluation given him by the Army psychiatrist is, in fact, an attempt on their part to cover up the military plot which he has attempted to expose. There is evidence that the White House, the CIA and the Attorney General's office were all in possession of Dinkin's explicit and detailed warning prior to JFK's assassination. NOTE: One of Dinkin's duties as a code breaker has been to decipher cable traffic originating with the French OAS. Jean Souetre/MICHEL MERTZ of the OAS will be in Dallas on November 22, 1963. The CIA's William Harvey has a "stable" of assassins in Europe – most of whom also have ties to the French OAS." DOE witness and researcher Jim Phelps added to this discussion with this information: "QJ/WIN=Jean Souetre Corsican French Connection assassin, ties with Auguste Ricord and the NAZI of Argentina, Christian David connection. Goes back to Carlos Marcello for U.S. contact." Another researcher in the same thread noted that: "As is well known, a 1977-released CIA document dated April 1, 1964, [it is #632796]states that the FBI had advised the French on March 5. 1964 that Jean Soutre aka Michel Roux aka Michael Mertz had been "expelled from the U.S. at Fort Worth or Dallas 48 hours after the assassination." Here is the unredacted text, from 1995: 8. Jean SOUETRE aka Michel ROUX aka Michael MERTZ – on 5 March [Mr. Papich] advised that the French had [hit] the Legal Attache in Paris and also the [SDECE man] had queried the Bureau in New York City concerning subject stating that he had been expelled from the U.S. at Fort Worth or Dallas 48 hours after the assassination. He was in Fort Worth on morning of 22 November and in Dallas in the afternoon. The French believe he was expelled to either Mexico or Canada. In January he received mail from a dentist named Alderson living at 5803 Birmingham, Houston, Texas. Subject is believed to be identical with a Captain who is a deserter from the French Army and an activist in the OAS. The French are concerned because of De Gaulle's planned visit to Mexico. They would like to know the reason for his expulsion from the U.S. and his destination. Bureau files are negative and they are checking in Texas and with the INS. They would like a check of our files with indications of what may be passed to the French. Mr. Papich was given a copy of CSCI-3/766,742 previously furnished the Bureau and CSDB-3/655,207 together with a photograph of Captain SOUETRE . WE/3/Bublie; CI/SIG; CI/OPS/Evans Document Number: 632-796 (Illegible CIA routing slip in lower right-hand corner) The final pieces of this puzzle are revealed in information that researcher Jerome Corsi has tracked down. In response to a 1976 Freedom of Information Act request, the CIA released documents 632–796 confirming for the first time that a professional assassin was apprehended in Dallas on Nov. 23, 1963. Secret details of JFK's assassination are finally unlocked. Get your autographed copy of "Who Really Killed Kennedy?" by Jerome Corsi now! The CIA memo, Corsi notes, mentions Jean Souetre, a.k.a. Michel Roux, a.k.a. Michel Mertz – a world-renowned Corsican hit man with a long history as an accomplished assassin and with ties to the French Connection drug trade stretching from Southeast Asia to Marseilles, France, to New Orleans. The memo, stamped "SECRET" and dated April 1, 1964, reads as follows: Jean SOUETRE aka Michel Roux aka Michel Mertz – On March 5, Dr. Papich advised that the French had hit the Legal Attaché in Paris and also the SDECE man had queried the Bureau in New York City concerning subject stating that he had been expelled from the U.S. at Fort Worth or Dallas 48 hours after the assassination. He was in Fort Worth on the morning of 22 November and in Dallas in the afternoon. The French believe that he was expelled to either Mexico or Canada. In January he received mail from a dentist named Alderson living at 5803 Birmingham, Houston, Texas. Subject is believed to be identical with a Captain who is a deserter from the French Army and an activist in the OAS. The French are concerned because of de Gaulle's planned visit to Mexico. They would like to know the reason for his expulsion from the U.S. and his destination. Bureau files are negative and they are checking in Texas and with the INS [U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service]. They would like a check of our files with indications of what may be passed on to the French. Mr. Papich was given a copy of CSCI-3/776,742 previously furnished the Bureau and CSDB-3/655,207 together with a photograph of Captain SOUETRE. The obvious assumption, says Corsi, would be that Souetre should have been placed at the top of the list of suspects in the JFK assassination. If not a shooter, the possibility remains the Corsican assassin was in Dallas to observe, oversee or perhaps even to direct and supervise shooters hoping to catch JFK in a cross fire. Assassination researchers Brad O'Leary and L.E. Seymour in their 2009 book, Triangle of Death, suggest the "Mr. Papich" mentioned in the document may have been a CIA asset working in the legal attaché's office as a surveillance operator or simply as an employee who served as a liaison for the U.S. Embassy. The SDECE is the Service de Documenation Extérieure et Contre-Espionage, the French equivalent of the CIA. The OAS, or Organization de l'Armée Secrétée, was a right-wing extremist group opposed to French President Charles de Gaulle that engaged in acts of terrorism and assassination and opposed France's policy to grant the African nation of Algeria independence from French rule. O'Leary and Seymour argued that the CIA document implicated the OAS, because one of its members, Souetre, was in Dallas the day JFK was assassinated, only to be captured and deported by U.S. authorities some 48 hours later. A known assassin was apprehended in Dallas, but there is nothing to prove he was even questioned, Corsi points out. Moreover, the CIA never shared the information with the Warren Commission. When Mary Ferrell, the renowned archivist of assassination material, found the CIA document in early 1977, she described it as one of the worst-looking documents she had encountered, virtually looking like a copy of a copy of a faint carbon copy. ### Tracking down the assassin Investigative reporter Henry Hurt concluded it was highly unlikely the CIA officer charged with deciding on the release of secret papers in 1967 had "even an inkling of the revelations contained in this document." Hurt further concluded the document would never have come to light had it not fallen "under the sharp eyes of Mary Ferrell." Hurt also determined that the "Souetre" referenced in CIA document 632–796 was not Michel Roux. Hurt found independent documentation that the FBI knew Roux was visiting acquaintances in Fort Worth on Nov. 22, 1963, and left the United States Dec. 6, 1963, at Laredo, Texas. This Michel Roux had spent three years in the French Army in Algeria before deserting, Corsi explains. Because Roux was not deported, Hurt ruled out that Roux was Souetre. Hurt also pointed out that since his earliest days in the Senate, JFK was publicly and passionately in favor of Algerian independence, a fact that made him a natural enemy of the OAS. Hurt traced Dr. Alderson mentioned in the CIA document to Dr. Lawrence Alderson, a respected dentist and longtime resident of Houston who insisted the FBI began trailing him immediately after the assassination and followed him for several weeks. Finally, the FBI asked for an interview to discuss his relationship with Jean Souetre. Alderson explained to the FBI that as a first lieutenant in the U.S. Army stationed in France, he met Souetre, then a captain in the French Air Force. Alderson remembered Souetre as "a political activist of the neo-Nazi persuasion." They became friends and for the next 10 years the two corresponded annually around Christmastime. Alderson told Hurt the FBI said agents "had traced Souetre to Dallas a day before the assassination and then lost him," adding the FBI was certain either Souetre killed JFK or knew who had done it. In 1999, O'Leary located and interviewed Souetre, who was then working as public relations director at the Casino de Divonne in Divonne les Bains, France. Souetre explained he and Mertz were both parachute captains in the French Army and that Mertz, some 10 years older than Souetre, was in the maquis [the Resistance] during World War II. Souetre argued that it was Mertz, using Souetre's name, who was in the U.S. at the time of the Kennedy assassination. "What I find strange is the fact that [Mertz] was there in Dallas the day of the crime and under my identity," Souetre said. What was he doing there that day? It is obvious that he knew that something was going to happen and that by implicating Captain Souetre he could blame the CNR [Comité Natinale de la Résistance, the later name of the OAS]. Souetre claimed that when U.S. authorities approached him, he proved he was not in Dallas on the day JFK was assassinated and that he had never been to the United States at any time, for any reason. So what, Corsi asks, was Mertz doing in Dallas on that fateful day in 1963? ### Heroin, Vietnam and Dallas Souetre claimed the reason Mertz was let go and deported from the U.S. was because Mertz, when he was apprehended in Dallas, worked at the same time both for the Marseille heroin crime syndicate and for SDECE, the French intelligence service. Souetre explained that at that time, the U.S. Mafia – and particularly crime bosses Carlos Marcello, Sam Giancana and Santo Trafficante, all of whom ran vast heroin distribution networks in the U.S. – got their product from Antoine Guerini and his Marseille-based heroin enterprise." We know that Mertz worked directly for that same enterprise," O'Leary and Seymour wrote. "Kennedy's attack on U.S. Mob bosses threatened the stability of Guerini's Marseille heroin market. Almost all of the heroin bought by U.S. addicts came from Marseille after it was processed from the opium base provided by Ngo Dinh Nhu [brother of South Vietnamese President Diem]. Hence, Guerini and his syndicate had a lot to lose if Kennedy was allowed to maintain his war on the mob." O'Leary and Seymour argued the reason organized crime wanted JFK dead was that the president threatened the Mafia's biggest cash cow, the security of their multi-billion heroin enterprise. Nhu's deal with the Guerini syndicate turned the local South Vietnamese heroin market into an enormous profit machine. The murder of Diem in the coup d'état staged by Gen. Minh with the help and encouragement of the CIA was widely attributed to a decision made by Kennedy, even though Kennedy had given explicit orders that Diem was not to be killed. O'Leary and Seymour concluded the JFK assassination was "a premeditated conspiracy between the U.S. Mafia, the Marseille Mafia and the highest echelons of the South Vietnamese government" to protect their heroin trade. ### The CIA drug trade Support for the O'Leary-Seymour argument can be found in history professor Alfred W. McCoy's 1972 study, The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade, Corsi points out. Noting that Diem, a pious Catholic, first launched a determined anti-opium campaign when he came into power in May 1955, McCoy documents the policy was reversed three years later by Diem's brother Nhu, seeking additional revenue to fund an expanded network of anti-communist secret police. Nhu imported opium into Vietnam from the Laotian poppy fields, with assistance from Air Laos Commerciale, a small charter airline managed by Indochina's Corsican gangster Bonaventure "Rock" Francisci. According to Lucien Conein, a former high-ranking CIA official in Saigon who helped engineer the Diem coup in 1963, the relationship between Nhu and the Corsican gangsters began in 1958 when Francisci made a deal with Nhu to smuggle Laotian opium into South Vietnam. Most of the narcotics exported from South Vietnam were shipped from Saigon's port on oceangoing freighters. As the Vietnam War progressed, the Corsican mobsters operating in Saigon designated Marseille as the preferred European port of entry. Conein was widely reported to have carried $42,000 in cash as a means of encouragement for the South Vietnamese generals planning the Diem overthrow. In an important observation, McCoy noted there is a natural attraction between intelligence agencies and criminal syndicates. "Both are practitioners of what one retired CIA operative has called the 'clandestine arts' – the basic skill of operating outside the normal channels of civil society," McCoy wrote in The Politics of Heroin. Among all the institutions of modern society, intelligence agencies and criminal syndicates alone maintain large organizations capable of carrying out covert operations without fear of detection. McCoy scoffed at the interdiction of weaker U.S. drug enforcement agencies, noting that when the U.S. Bureau of Narcotics first opened its office in Bangkok with three agents in the late 1960s, the CIA's "massive covert apparatus" operated in the opium highlands of Southeast Asia with the very drug lords the U.S. narcotics agents were trying to apprehend. While the CIA in Southeast Asia in the 1950s and 1960s operated with vast sums of cash, they had no reason to handle heroin, preferring instead to provide its drug-lord allies with transportation for their drugs, arms and political protection. "In sum," McCoy wrote, "the CIA's role in the Southeast Asian heroin trade involved indirect complicity rather than direct culpability." It was a perfect model for a CIA that had been molded around the theme of "plausible deniability," concludes Corsi.5 ### Trolls and Entrapment Websites Big websites that offer many authentic files about the Kennedy assassination – even material that argues, for example, that Oswald is innocent – are offered on the Internet. These websites then proceed to trap the average person into believing that those running the site are honest. For example, John McAdams' site declares that if Judyth Vary Baker is telling the truth, it will change everyone's understanding of the Kennedy assassination. It then offers anonymous essays purporting to be factual, such as saying that Baker's evidence is limited to a pair of flip-flops she claims was owned by Oswald, and an empty ink bottle. It would be laughable, except that such essays are well-written by clever, dishonest cover-up artists who can overwhelm the new researcher or ordinary reader. Several writers are notorious "overkill." Their names should be emblazoned in a Hall of Shame, and include: John McAdams, Gerald Posner, Vincent Bugliosi, David Von Pein, Max Holland, Dale Myers (assisted by Dave Reitzes, Dave Perry, Farris Rookstool, Allan Eaglesham and a host of more minor characters). Posner has recently been discredited, John McAdams has been disgraced and is no longer at Marquette University, though his labeling of dissenters as "crackpots" continues, and Bugliosi and Gary Mack have gone on to face their Maker, while the otherwise genial Bill O'Reilly of Fox (Killing Kennedy) that also aired Stephen King's 11-22-63 has most recently be terminated.. Max Holland influences TV and films and runs a political opinion site, while several other large JFK sites on the Internet that do a commendable job of confusing the public. But the public still cares about the naked truth. This book was created to offer everyone a guide to the truth, as far as we can discern it through the rubble and distortion of historical facts. Concerning Posner's book, veteran researcher Harrison E. Livingstone (who debated Posner on the "Today Show" in Sept, 1988) expressed, before his death, the most searing contempt for those who assassinate John F. Kennedy a second time by destroying his reputation: Since JFK died, the political warfare included the destruction of his image in the minds of the public for all that he gave us of his self and leadership, all that was wonderful about him and that golden time in our history, in spite of the nation's problems. The name of the game is to destroy his reputation--to indulge in the worst kind of character assassination so that people will not care about what happened to him. We are dealing with propaganda warfare here, the same sort of thing intelligence agencies prepare for attack in foreign nations, and which political parties do to each other...Who is paying Posner to say these things? What is at stake for him? He is a Random House "house" writer, meaning as long as they can count on him supporting the establishment line in this and the Martin Luther King case, he eats.6 Both Posner (Case Closed) and Bugliosi (History Reclaimed) received considerable help from ghost writers and huge advances to sweeten the deal. Both books were widely praised and publicized before they were published, assisted by glowing reviews and prominently displayed as "best sellers" in the windows of bookstores, while books such as Me & Lee, Dr. Mary's Monkey and St. John Hunt's Bond of Secrecy are (though selling well) absent from the shelves of many Barnes & Noble and other bookstores. Truth-seekers are helped by intrepid authors and researchers on the Internet, plus some luminous and more popular figures such as former Nixon aide Roger Stone, Barry Krusch, Andrew Kreig, John B. Wells, Sean Stone, David Talbot and Jim Marrs. Meanwhile, Internet trolls patrol newsgroups, wearing out anyone who objects to their often outrageous statements, such as "Oswald was clearly insane." They are the cover-up artists. They invade Facebook groups too, hijacking posts to stop productive debate by use of mockery, sarcasm, or opposing statements (without evidence, since they cannot cite evidence that can endure close scrutiny). They are likely to write, "WHY did Oswald bring his rifle to the TSBD that day unless he intended to shoot JFK?" They can post robotically generated, pre-written answers that take no effort to produce, while responding persons hunt for the evidence they know can refute the statement, only to find their reply immediately buried, any defense under still more general declarations, until the thread of discussion is swollen with a flood of worthless statements. * * * 1 1. http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?/topic/20810-heavy-set-middle-aged-man-put-in-police-car-%E2%80%A6/&page=4#comment-282679 Retrieved April 12, 2017 2 2. Ibid. 258, 260. 3 3. Harrison Edward Livingstone. _Killing the Truth – Deceit and Deception in the_ _JFK Case._ Carroll & Graf, 1993. 386396. 4 13. http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?/topic/10203-jean-souetre/ 5 14. <http://www.wnd.com/2013/10/corsican-assassin-in-dallas-on-day-jfk-killed/> Retrieved April 23, 2017. 6 20. Harrison E. Livingstone. "On Gerald Posner" <http://spot.acorn.net/jfkplace/09/fp.back_issues/27th_issue/onposner.html> Index A Abramovici, Robert Abt, John , -, , - Acheson, Dean -, , , Adams, Don , -, , Adams, Robert L. Agitateur Air America 1, Alderson, Lawrence , Alsop, Joe -, Altman, Lawrence K. 253, American Opinion American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate and Beyond Anderson, Alden ("Andy") - Anderson, George Anderson, Rae 399, 409 Angleton, James Jesus -, , , , , -, Arbenz, Jacobo , , , , Armstrong, John , , -, -, -, Assange, Julian , , Assassination Records Review Board (ARRB) , , -, , -, , Assignment: Oswald , Atlantic, The - Atzenhoffer, Tony Aynesworth, Hugh , B Baer, Bob , Baker, Bobby , Baker Hotel 332, 415-416 Baker, Judyth Vary ii, v, ix, , , , , , , , -, , -, , 225-, , , \- , , , , -, , , , -, , , , , , , , , , , Baker, Marion Baker, Robert , , 15-, -48 Baker, Russ 219-220, 264, 326, 334, 336, 376, 402, 420, 435 Ball, Joseph , Bancroft, Mary -, , Banister, Guy , , , , , , , , Bao Dai Barbour, John , Barnes, Tracy , -, , , , -, , -, Barrett, Robert Bartelho, Jim Bartholomew, Richard Belmont, Alan Bentley, Paul Bernanke, Ben Bernstein, Carl , , Betrayal: A Reconstruction of Certain Events from the Bay of Pigs to the Assassination of John F. Kennedy , Betrayal of the John Fitzgerald Kennedy Presidency, The 27, Bezos, Jeff Bin Laden, Osama - Bishop, Jim , Bissell, Richard , , , , Blood, Money & Power: How L.B.J. Killed J.F.K. Bloomberg, Michael Bloomfield, L. M. , - Blough, Roger , Boggs, Hale ,- Bohlen, Charles Bolden, Abraham \- , , , , Bonanno, Joe Bond of Secrecy , , Bookhout, Richard -, - Borghese, Valerio Bouhe, George , , , Bound by Honor: A Mafioso's Story Boyd, Elmer , Bradford, Rex Brading, Eugene Bradley, James Brady, Surell Brazile, Donna Breach of Trust Brennan, Howard 438 Brewton, Pete Briggs, Charles , Brown, Madeleine -, Brown, Morgan Brown, Walt Bruneau, Emile Brussell, Mae , , Buckley, William F. Jr. , , Buffett, Warren Bugliosi, Vince , -, - Bullion, Waddy Bundy, McGeorge , , -, -, , -, , Bundy, William Burnham, Greg -, Bush, George H.W. , , , -, , , , -, , , 219-, , , -, , , Bush, George W. Butler, Ed , , Buzzfeed Byrd, David Harold -, , Byrd, Harry F. C Cabell, Charles , , Cabell, Earle , , 412 Cabot, John Moors Cagle, Jess 434 Canfield, Michael -, Cannon, Joseph , Capitalism: A Love Story Caro, Robert A. , - Carr, Bob Carr, Richard Randolph 438 Carter, Jeff , , , , Carter, Jimmy , , , Case Closed , Casey, William , Castro, Fidel , -, , -, , , , , , , , , , , -, -, , -, -, , , , , , -, -, , , -, , -, , , , , Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) vi -, -, , , , , , , , , -, -, , , , , , , -, , -, -, -, -, -, , , -, , , , , -, -, -, -, , , -, -, -, -, -, , -, -, , , -, , -, -, -, , , -, , -, -, -, -, , , -, , , -, , , -, Centro Mondiale Commerciale (CMC) , -, - Chapman, Robert , Charnin, Richard Chaska Herald Cheney, Dick , Chin, Larry Chomsky, Noam -, Chotiner, Murray Church Committee vi, , , Churchill, Winston Citizen Times Civello, Joseph Clemons, Acquila Clinton, Bill , 162, Clinton, Hillary , , , -, , , , -, , -, , , Colapietro, Mike Colby, William , , Coleman, John - Collingwood, Charles Collins, Mike Colson, Charles 429 Columbus, Christopher Common Cause , Conein, Lucien , , - Connally, John , , , , , , , , , , Contract on America , Cook, Austin Cooper, John Sherman Core, Jesse , Corsi, Jerome , - Couch, Malcom 438 Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) 69, -, -1, , , , , -162, , , -223, , Craig, Roger Crawford, James 438 Creature from Jekyll Island, The , Crenshaw, Charles Crichton, Jack , , Cronkite, Walter , , , Crookham, Perry Crossfire: The Plot that Killed Kennedy , 282, 405 Crowley, Aleister Crowley, Philip J. Cruz, Rafael , - Cruz, Ted , -292 Curme, Ollie Curry, Jesse , - Cushing, Richard D Daily Worker Dallas Morning News , Dallas News , Dallas Times Herald , Dankbaar, Wim Dark Mission David, Christian David, Dennis David Ferrie: Mafia Pilot , , Davis, John H. , Dean, John W. III -, , , -, , -, , de Galindez, Jesus de Gaulle, Charles , - Delgado, Jose , Delgado, Nelson 373 DeLoach, Cartha - del Valle, Eladio de Mohrenschild, Jeanne -, , -, , de Mohrenschildt, Dimitri de Mohrenschildt, George -, , , , , , , , , , , , -, -6, , , , 354-60, , , -3, , 429, Deneselya, Donald v -, , -, , , -, , , , \- , - de Spadafora, Gutierez Destiny Betrayed , Devil's Chessboard, The -, Diem, Ngo Dinh , -, -, , -, , , -, , , DiEugenio, Jim , , , -, , , 432, Diggs, Marshall Dillon, D. Douglas Dinkin, Eugene , Disraeli, Benjamin Doctor's World, The Donovan, "Wild Bill" , ,-, Dornberger, Walter , Douglass, James , , -, , , , , , , , , , Downs, Hugh Drain, Vincent , Drapkin, Jenny 400 Dr. Mary's Monkey , , Duke, Lynn Dulles, Allen W. , 59- , , -, -, -, , , , -, 255, , , -, , -, , , , , , Dulles, John Foster 32, 110, ,-, , Dunlap, Edward , Durbrow, Elbridge , Dylan, Bob E Eaglesham, Allan Echo from Dealey Plaza, The , Edelman, Richard - Edwards, Robert 438 Ehrlichman, John , \- , Eisenhower, Dwight D. -, , , , , , , , , , -, -, , , -, , , , 11-22-1963 Ellison, Larry Ends of Power, The Esquire , , Estes, Billy Sol Estulin, Daniel Euins, Amos 438 Expendable Elite , F Fabry, Paul , -, Family of Secrets , , , Farewell, America Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) , , , -, -, , -, , -, , , , -, , , , , , -, -, , , , -, , , -, -, -, , -, , , , , , -, -, , -, -, -, , , , , -, -, , -, , , -, , , -, , , , , , - Fehmer, Marie Fiester, Sherry Feldman, James Ferrell, Mary , , , , , , -, Ferrie, David , , , , -, -, , , , , , -, , -, , -, -, , -, , , - Fetzer, Jim , , Files, James , , , -, , Financial Times First Hand Knowledge -, - First to Fight , Fischer, Ronald 438 Folger, Cliff Forbes , -, Ford, Gerald , -, , , , -, Forrestal, James Fortas, Abraham - Fortune , Fort Worth Star-Telegram Fox, Don 391 Fox, Thomas Fox, Vicente Francisci, Bonaventure "Rock" Franklin, Benjamin Fritz, Will , , -, - From an Office Building, with a High-Powered Rifle , 48, 80 Frontline Frost, David 429 Fuhrman, Mark Fuller, R. Buckminster Fulsom, Don , G Gallagher, Mary 400 Garrison, Jim , , , , , -, -, , -, -, , -, , -, , , , Garrison Tapes, The Gates, Bill Gehlen, Reinhard , , Giancana, Sam Gibson, Donald -, Gill, G. Wray Gilpatrick, Roswell Glennon, Michael Glover, Everett - Golz, Earl Gray, Patrick , , Greenhouse, Bunnatine "Bunny" Greenspan, Alan Greer, William , , , , , Gregory, Peter Griffin, G. Edward Groden, Robert , , Gruening, Ernest , , Guerini, Antoine H Hagen, Walter ,-, Haldeman, H.R. , , -, Hall, Len Hancock, Larry , , Harriman, W. Averell , Harris, Bob Harvey, William , , - Haslam, Edward T. -, , Hearst, William Randolph Jr. Hedegaard, Erik -, Helms, Richard , , , , -, , , , , , Hemming, Gerry , Henderson, Ruby 438 Hess, Stephen - Hewett, Carol , Hidell, A. J. (Oswald alias) 11, 50, , , , - Hill, Gerald Hillyer, Quin - History Reclaimed , Hitler, Adolph , , , , Ho Chi Minh, , -, , , , , , Hoffer, Eric Hoke, John Hoke, Sylvia Hyde Holland, Max , -, , , Holloway, Pat - Hoover, J. Edgar , , , -, , -, -, , , -, , -, , , , -, -, Hopsicker, Dan Hornberger, Jacob , Horne, Douglas , , -, Horton, Emory Hosty, James -, , House, Edward Mandell House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) , , , , , , , , , , Hughes, Lynn N. Humphrey, Hubert , , Hunt, E. Howard -, , , , , , -, , , Hunt, Haroldson Lafayette 272, Hunt, St. John , , , Hurt, Henry , -, - Hurt, John D. 381-382 Hussein, Saddam , , , -, Huxley, Aldous 384 Hyde, William Avery I I Am a Patsy , Imperial Brain Trust Inside the ARRB , , , INTERARMCO International Monetary Fund (IMF) -, , Into the Nightmare: My Search for the Killers of President John F. Kennedy and Officer J. D. Tippit J Jackson, Guy Jr. Jackson, Janine Jackson, Robert H. 438 Janney, Peter January, Wayne -, Jefferson, Thomas , Jenkins, Mary Morgan 24, 25 Jenner, Albert -, -, - Jesus, Gil , 379 JFK and the Unspeakable: Why He Died and Why It Matters , , -, , , , , , , JFK (film) , , , , JFK, the CIA, Vietnam and the Plot to Assassinate John F. Kennedy Johnson, Alexis 124 Johnson, Brad 79 Johnson, Lady Bird , 401 Johnson, Lyndon Baines 3, 5, , -, , -41, 60-61, 68, , , 78, 96, , , 110-111, , , 138-140, , , -, 185, , , , -222, -, 246, 252, -260, 263, 266, 271-, 300, 319, , 366, -, , -401, 403-, -, 416, , -, 431 Johnson-McMillan, Priscilla , , , , Johnston, David - John XXIII (Pope) , Jones, Penn Jones, Steve Josephs, David 274, K Kai-shek, Chiang Katzenbach, Nicholas -, , , Kearton, Krissa -103 Kelin, Jan Kellerman, Roy - Kelly, Bill , Kelly, David Kendall, Donald -, \- Kennedy (book) Kennedy, Jackie , -, , , , -, , , Kennedy, John Fitzgerald v, , , , , 11-12, 23, -, -30, 32, 38, 41-43, 45-46, 52, 54-55, -67, -76, 80-82, , 92-, 95-, 100, 102, 105-106, , , 112-113, , , 121-122, , 136, , , 145-146, -, 162-165, 174-175, 181-, -, , 244, 259-, 262-, 265-272, 277, 285, , 295-299, 301, 303, -, 312-313, , , 327, 331-332, , , 366, 372, , , 387, , 393, , , , 403, 405, 412-, -8, 420-421, 423, 425-, -5, -440, , Kennedy, Joseph Kennedy, Robert F. 11, 30, 38-40, , 69, , 108, 124-, , 199, 233, 236, , 247-248, 312, 334, 377, , , 426, 432 Kennedy, Ted Kerry, John , , Keyes, Paul Khrushchev, Nikita -, , , , King, Gary King, Glen , King, Larry King, Martin Luther Jr. 3, 30, , , 106, , , , King, Stephen , Kinser, John Kirkwood, Pat - Kissinger, Henry , , Kohly, Mario Garcia , Kornbluh, Peter Kostikov, Valeri , , Kreig, Andrew , Krulak, Victor H. -, , Krusch, Barry Kuntzler, Paul vi, , -, - L La Monica, Barbara Lane, Mark , , -, Lansdale, Edward G. -, -, - Larsen, Sandy , LBJ: the Mastermind of the JFK Assassination Legacy of Secrecy Le Huu Tu LeMay, Curtis , , , Lemnitzer, Lyman , Lennon, John Levenda, Peter , -, , , Lewis Comeaux, Anna , , , Lewis, David , Lewis, Roy Libby, Scooter" Liddy, G. Gordon Liebeler, Wesley , , 270, , 357 LIFE (magazine) , , , , -, , 413, Lifton, David , , , , Liggett, John Lincoln, Evelyn , , - Live by the Sword: The Secret War Against Castro and the Death of JFK Livingstone, Harrison E. , , , \- , \- Lodge, Henry Cabot -, -, -, -, , -, -, Lopez-Fresquet, Rufo , Los Angeles Times , , Lovett, Robert Lyman, Patrick , , , M Mack, Gary , Mafia , , -, , , -, , -, , , , , , , , , , , , , -, , , , , , , , -, , , Making of the President 1964, The , Malcolm X Malley, Jim , Manning, Chelsea [Bradley] , Mansfield, Mike Mantello, Giorgio , , Man Who Killed Kennedy: The Case Against LBJ, The , , , Mao Zedong Marcello, Carlos , , , -, , , , , , Marchetti, Victor , -, Marcus, Ray Marina and Lee , , , , , , Markava, Inna Markham, Helen Marley, Bob Marrs, Jim , , , , , , , , , , , -, , , , , Martin, Jack 356 Martin, James H. 370, Martin, Paul Marvin, Dan -, Mary Ferrell Foundation , , , , Mary's Mosaic McAdams, John , , , , -, -, , \- McBride, Joseph McCarthy, Joseph -, McClellan, Barr , , McClelland, Robert McCloy, John , , , , 277, McCone, John , , McCoy, Alfred W. - McCulloch, Warren S. McDonald, Nick , McGarr, Lionel McKenzie, William McKinney, Howard - McKnight, Gerald D. McNamara, Robert , , , -, , -, , , - Meagher, Sylvia , Melanson, Philip , , Me & Lee: How I came to know, love and lose Lee Harvey Oswald v, vi, , , , , , -, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Mellen, Joan , , , , Mendenhall, Joseph A. Men Who Killed Kennedy, The 156, , , , , , Meredith, James , Merkel, Angela , Mertz, Michel Victor -, , -, - Meyer, Cord , , , , , Meyer, Mary Pinchot , , , , , Meyers, Lawrence and Edward Miami Herald Midlothian Mirror, The Militant Miller, Herbert J. Jr. Milteer, Joseph Adams , - Minor, Linda , , , , , , Minter, William Monaghan, William I. , Moore, Michael , Moorman, Mary , Morales, David , , Morgan, Edward P. Morgan, John Pierpont -, , , - Morgan, Reeves 21, 25 Morley, Jefferson , Morrow, Robert -, -, -, , -, -, 409 Morse, Wayne , - Mossack Fonseca Mother Jones , Moyers, Bill , -, , , - Murchison, Clint , , , , , Murdoch, Rupert Murret, Charles "Dutz" , , Murret, Lillian Myers, Dale K. , , , N Nagy, Ferenc -, Nation of Immigrants, A Nation, The , , Nechiporenko, Oleg Nelson, Phil , , Neruda, Pablo Newman, Bill Newman, John , -, , , , -, Newman, May Newsweek New York Review of Books, The New York Times , , , , , -, , , , -, , , , , Ngo Dinh Nhu , -, -, Nichols, H. Louis , , -, - Nieto, Enrique Peña 1984 , , Nixon, Pat , Nixon, Richard -, , , , , , , , 259-, , -, , , -, -, -, -, -, O Obama, Barack , , , -, , , , -, , Obushveldt, Jock Ochsner, Alton -, -, , -, , , , -, , , , , , , , O'Donnell, Kenny , , , , Office of Naval Intelligence , , , , , , , Office of Strategic Services (OSS) -, -, , , , -, , , Oglesby, Carl Olds, Gregory Lee - O'Leary, Brad , , Oliver, Beverly , , 253, , , , Olson, Frank , On the Trail of the JFK Assassins: A Groundbreaking Look at America's Most Infamous Conspiracy , Onassis, Ari 426 O'Reilly, Bill , Organization de l'Armée Secrétée (OAS) , , , , , Orwell, George , Oswald and I Oswald, Junie , , -, -, , , - Oswald, Lee Harvey v, -, , , -, , , , , , -, -, , , 69, -, , , -, 103, , , 112, -116, , , , , , 209, -, -, , , -, , -, -, -, , , , , , , , -, -, -, -, -, , 346, 348-52, , --3, , , 377-, , 385, 387, -392, 405-406, , 411, 414, , -422, 425, -, , , , , , - Oswald, Marguerite -, , , , , -, -, Oswald, Marina -, , , , , -, , , , -, , , , , -, -, -, , ,-, , -, -, -, -, -, , , , , , -, , Oswald, Rachel , -, , - Oswald, Robert , -, -, -, , -, -, , , , , -, , , , -, , , , , , -, , , , -, -, , , , -, , , -, , -, , , , -, , -, , , , , , -, , , -, , , P Paesa Sera -, Paine, Lyman , Paine, Michael , , , , 261, , -, , , -, , , , , , , , , -, -, -, , , , , , -, , Paine, Ruth , , , -, , , , , -, -1, -, , 316, , -, , , -, -, -, , -, , , Paine, Thomas Parker, Greg , Pash, Boris Passage of Power: the Years of Lyndon Johnson, The Patton, George , Paul, Ron Paul VI (Pope) , Pease, Lisa , Peck, Dorothy Peck, Jay Bert , Pence, Mike People (magazine) , , , -, , , , , , \- , Permindex -, -, Peron, Evita Perry, Dave , Phelps, Jim Philbrick, Herbert , Phillips, David Atlee , , , , , , , , , Phillips, Maurice -, - Pic, John Pickard, John Pitzer, William Pius XII (Pope) - Platzman, Howard , , Playboy , , Plumlee, Robert "Tosh" , , , , - Podgorny Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade, The Pollack, Jack Harrison -, Popular Mechanics Posner, Gerald -, , , -, Powell, Colin , - Powers, Dave 200, 301, 393 Powers, Gary , -, -, Powers, Jr., Gary , -57 Presidential Puppetry , Probe Magazine Proctor, Grover - Prouty, Fletcher , , , , -, , -201, -, -, , , Prudhomme, Robert Prusakov, Ilya Vasilyevich Publisher's Weekly Puharich, Andrija , Putin, Vladimir , R Randle, Linnie May Rankin, J. Lee , , , , , 345, , 451 Rather, Dan , , , -, , , Rayburn, Sam Readers Digest Reagan, Ronald -, , , , , Reasonable Doubt Reclaiming History Reclaiming Parkland Redlich, Norman Regan, Don Regardie, Francis Israel 438 Reiland, Ron Reitzes, Dave Reston, James , , , Rice, Condoleezza Richardson, John H. Richardson, Sid , 1-, - Riconosciuto, Michael Ricord, Auguste Riehl, Joseph Rise of the Fourth Reich, The , Rivera, Larry Robertson, William "Rip" , , Robinson, Ted , Rockefeller, David , - Rockefeller, Nelson Rockfeller, David , Roldugin, Sergei Rolling Stone , , Rookstool, Farris III -, , , , Roosevelt, Franklin Delano , 70, , , -, 135, -, -, 161, 241 Rorke, Alexander , , Rose, Guy F. , Rose, Jerry , Roselli, Johnny 116, , Rostow, Eugene Rostow, Walt , Roux, Michel aka Mertz , \- Rove, Karl Rowland, Arnold 438 Rowley, James Joseph - Ruby, Jack , , , , -, -, , , , , , , -, - Rudolph, Arthur Ruha, Will Rumsfeld, Donald Rusk, Dean , , -, Russel, Harvey Russell, Bertrand 175 Russell, Dick (author) 289, 307, 356, 462 Russell, Richard , Russo, Anthony 188 Russo, Gus Russo, Perry S Saltwater in My Veins Sanders, Bernie , , Sarti, Lucien Saturday Evening Post , Savage, Gus 285 Savage, Michael , Schanberg, Sydney Scheim, David E. , Schieffer, Bob Schwartz, Edward ix, , , , , , , -, , , , , , , -, , , -, , Schwarz, Jon Schweiker, Richard vi, , Scoggins, William Scott, Peter Dale , , , Secret Team, The , Service de Documenation Extérieure et Contre-Espionage (SDECE) - Severson, Gary -, Seymour, L.E. , Shane, Scott Shaneyfelt, Lyndal L. , Shanklin, Gordon , , Shaw, Clay Lavergne , , , , , -, -, -, -, , , -, , Sheppard, Morrie Sherman, Mary -, , , -, , , , , , -, Shoup, David , Shushkevich, Stanislau Similas, Norman 438 Sims, Richard , Sirhan Sirhan , , 60 Minutes 86, , , , Slim, Carlos Smith, Matthew - Smith, Walter Bedell Smith, Warren W. , Snowden, Edward , , , , Somersett, Willie - Sorensen, Ted , Soros, George Sorrels, Forrest , , Souetre, Jean aka Roux/Mertz - Special Activities Division (SAD) , Special Operations Group (SOG) , Specter, Arlen , - Speer, Pat Spellman, Francis - Stalin, Josef Steele, Alfred Steele, Robert David 433 Stevenson, Adlai , 78, , Stevenson, Coke R. Stone, Oliver , , 253, , , Stone, Roger , , , , , , Stone, Sean Strategy of Peace, The Sturgis, Frank , Summers, Anthony , , Surgeon of the South Swinney, Louise 380-381 T Tagg, Eric Taibbi, Matt Talbot, David -, , , Tapper, Paul 437 Tatro, Edgar -, -, , Taylor, Maxwell , -, -, Telegraph , Termine, Sam They Killed Our President Thich Quang Duc Thomas, Albert , , Thompson, Josiah , , , Thornley, Kerry , Times-Picayune , , Tippit, Edgar Lee Tippit, Jefferson Davis , , , -, , , , , , Tobias, M. , -, , , Tolson, Clyde , , To Turn the Tide Tower, John Tracy, James T. , , -, , , , , , , Trafficante, Santo Trained to Kill Treon, Alveeta A. , Trudeau,Justin True Story of the Bilderberg Group, The Trujillo, Rafael , Truly, Roy , , Truman, Harry , , , - Trump, Donald -, , -, -, -, -, , -, , Turner, Nigel , , -, -, , U United States in the World Arena, The USA Today , US News & World Report V Valenti, Jack , , Vance, Cyrus R. Veciana, Antonio , Ventura, Jesse Voebel, Ed von Braun, Werner , Von Pein, David , 302, , W Wade, Henry , -, , Waldron, Lamar Walker, Edwin , , , , , , -, -, -, , ,, Wallace, Mac Walters, Barbara Walter, William , , , , , , -, , Walther, Carolyn 438 Walthers, Buddy , Ward, Chester Warren, Earl , , , , Warren Report , , , , , -, , Washington Post , , , , , , Washington Times Weberman, A.J. , Webster, Charles 446 Webster, Robert , , Wecht, Cyril , Weisberg, Harold , , , Wells, John B. , , Wells, Tom Westbrook, W. R. Whaley, William 448, 452 Wheeler, Earle White, Geneva , White, Bob 399 White, Jack , White, Roscoe , - Whitmey, Peter , Who Really Killed Kennedy Who's Who in the JFK Assassination Williams, John Delane Williams, John J. Williams, Phillip E. Willis, Gary -, Wilson, Edwin , , 127 Wilson, Woodrow , Wisner, Frank , , Witherspoon, Johnnie Maxie With Malice, Lee Harvey Oswald and the Murder of Officer J. D. Tippit Wolf, William T. -, Wood, Ira David III , , Woods, Rose Mary , Woodward, Bob , Worrel, James 438 Wright, Frank Wyllys, Edward 364-365 Wynne, Bedford Y Yakhliel, Inessa Yarborough, Ralph , Yatskov, Pavel Young, Arthur , , Young, Ruth Forbes Paine , Yusuf, Gokay Hasan , Z Zapruder film , , , , , , , , , , Zuckerberg, Mark Zunes, Stephen ## Table of Contents 1. cover 2. Title-page 3. Copyright page 4. Epigraph 5. Dedication 1. Acknowledgments 6. Table of Contents 1. Author quotes 2. Meet Donald Deneselya 3. Background: the CIA and Dr. Alton Ochsner 4. Meet Judyth Vary Baker 1. Science, cancer research, and Athletics 2. "Ask the Question. Ask the Question!" 5. The End of the Project 1. Why we were there: 6. David Ferrie, The Insider 1. Four Friends 2. Some of Judyth's Witnesses 3. Meet Edward Schwartz, Co-Author 4. Paul Kuntzler's Ad 5. Paul Kuntzler, Don Deneselya, Edward Schwartz 7. Preface 1. Why You Should Care: 2. Why "Conspiracy" Is a Bad Word 3. The New World Order and End-of-World Fears 4. Two Cases of Corruption, Deceit & Conspiracy 5. Case Study #2 6. "From an Office Building with a High-Powered Rifle" 7. The Origin of The Second Wallet 8. Tampering of a Personnel File 9. The Morphing of the CIA 10. The U-2 Incident 11. Sources of the U-2 Information 12. Edward Schwartz and Judyth Vary Baker 13. Other Important Books 14. Restoring the American Dream 15. Learning About the Real Lee Harvey Oswald 8. Chapter 25: Countdown 1. Saturday, November 16, 1963 2. Sunday, November 17, 1963 3. Killing Kennedy to Destroy America 4. Killing JFK's Policies 5. Changing the System 6. The Lies That Changed Our World 7. Part I – Yesterday's Links To Today's Evils 1. The Military – Industrial Complex, Big Business, and Globalism 1. Why "The Big Picture" Is Full of Holes 2. Operation Mockingbird and "Fake News" 3. Labels That Kill 4. Why we should care: 5. Using "Conspiracy Theory" to "Cover-Up" 6. Document 1035-960 7. Dead Witnesses Don't Talk 8. "The Four Amigos" and the City of Dallas 9. Farris Rookstool: Damage Control Expert 10. Unsubstantiated! 11. CIA-betrayed: The Case of Edwin Wilson 12. "The Four Amigos" 13. Our Favorite Families (Not) 14. The Warren Commission's Mission 15. The Commission's Conflicts of Interest 16. Playing Hide-and-Seek with the Evidence 17. Hoover Cooperated in the Cover-Up 18. The Secrets of Jekyll Island 19. Executive Order No. 11110: An Example of Kennedy's Courage 20. The Council on Foreign Relations: Strengthening the Oligarchy 21. The Bretton Woods Conference 22. The OSS and the Central Intelligence Agency 23. Dec. 22, 1963: A Former President Warns the Nation About the CIA 24. Kennedy vs the CIA, the Military and the State Department: the Cuban Missile Crisis 2. When a Dollar Was Gold 1. Big Government Is Big Business 2. The Panama Papers: Deja Vu 3. Get Used to the Word "Oligarchy" 4. The Military-Industrial Complex and Government Corruption 5. The Gold Standard and the Economy 6. FDR, JFK and LBJ on the Road to Globalization 7. 1945: An Important Year on the Road to Globalization 8. Operation Paperclip 9. The Korean War 10. The Amazing Insight of JFK 11. Bilder-what? The Bilderbergs 12. The American Oligarchy and American Voters 13. The U.S. "Defense" Budget and Our Warrior Mentality 14. To Control the Nation, Our Official History Must Be Controlled 15. Erasing Kennedy's Heroism from History 16. Another Witness Exposes the Greatness of JFK 17. The North American Leaders' Summit of 2005 18. College, Jobs and Mobility: Crushing the American Dream 19. Trump, the TPP Partnership Deal, and Death Threats 3. JFK and the Vietnam War 1. NSAM #52 2. McGeorge Bundy and the Sabotage of NSAM #263 3. "The DRAFT" 4. How, When and Why the Vietnam War Began 5. The Saigon Military Mission and the Death of Millions 6. False Flag: To Kill a Prince 7. Why Vietnam Was Chosen for War 8. Karma and the United States 9. "Kill the Insurgents and Communists!" 10. Enter President Kennedy 11. The Hueys, the Vietnam War, and Dallas 12. The Dulles Connection to Dallas 13. The Sacrifice That Changed History 14. The McNamara-Taylor Tour and Report 15. The Diem Coup 4. The Mythmakers Exposed 1. Dispelling the Myths 2. The History Channel Exposed 3. "He Was Just Stupid" 4. "All's Fair in Love and War" 5. The CIA Forged Classified Files in 1972 6. Twisting the Truth About Kennedy's Role in the Vietnam War 7. The Cuban Study Group and Acts of Treason 8. War Profits and Texas Presidents 9. Krulak's Saga 10. False Flag: The Gulf of Tonkin Incident 11. The First "Attack" 12. Vietnam and Globalism 13. The Vatican Connection to the Vietnam War 14. Pope Pius XII 15. Pope John XXIII 16. Pope Paul VI 8. Part II – Power Corrupts 1. A Lust for Power, and the Consequences 1. The Fear Factor and the Domino Theory 2. Fake News and the Media 3. Foreknowledge of the Assassination, and Other Secrets 4. Pre-Planned: "Oswald the Only Assassin" 5. The "Brainwashing" Effect of False Reports 6. Should We Link the WTC to the Assassination? 7. The Trade Mart and Permindex 8. Evidence Hidden/Destroyed/Lost and Sealed 9. Dr. Crenshaw's description of JFK's exit wound. 10. Jim Garrison, Clay Shaw and His Banana Buddies 11. JFK: Invited to Speak at the Trade Mart 2. The Painful Truth 1. Because They Hated Him 2. The CIA, Opium, United Fruit and LHO 3. The United Fruit Octopus 4. Who Dare Call It Treason? 5. The "Paineful" Deception 6. Michael the Enabler 7. "Helpful" Ruth Paine and her CIA Family 8. The Money Order, the Blanket and the Cameras 9. The Money Order 10. The Clean Blanket 11. The Camera 12. Applying Common Sense 13. Tracy Barnes' Role in the JFK Assassination 14. Robert Morrow: Attempts to "Solve the Case" 15. Misinformation About "Harvey" and "Lee" 16. Robert Morrow's Story: Part True, Part False, CIA Slips off the Hook 17. Morrow's Account Examined, Continued: 18. A Different Storm Drain Story 19. QJ/WIN 20. Kenny O'Donnel and Dave Powers: "For the good of the country" 21. The Kill Shot 22. The Info-Prostitutes 3. October, 1963: the CIA Gains Strength 1. Oswald, the Fake Defector, and the U-2 2. Lee Oswald's Problems as a Fake Defector 3. Lee & Marina Fall into the Hands of the Paines 4. Marina was "Cruelly Isolated" 5. The CIA Out of Control 9. Part III – Oswald's Innocence 1. Setting Up the Patsy – The Paines 1. More About Ruth and Michael Paine 2. Lee Oswald Thought Judyth Was CIA 3. The Reily Cover Jobs 4. Pix of the Paines: The "Front Yard" Photos 5. The Photo in Marina's Shoe 6. The Secret Service Takes Over 7. Did Lee Give His Brother the Imperial Reflex? 8. The Dallas Police Visit Irving 9. Reconstructing Two Rolls of Film 10. The Ever-Helpful Mr. Paine 11. The Ever-Helpful Mrs. Paine 12. Lee, the "Wife Beater" 13. Lee Oswald's Last Job 14. Ruth's Lack of True Concern for Marina 2. The Big Picture: The Plots Come Together 1. "The Handlers" Handle Lee Oswald's Requests for a Lawyer 2. The Call That Killed 3. Grover Proctor and the Raleigh Call 4. Mind Kontrol, Fake Churches and the Occult 5. E. Howard Hunt 6. Bullets, Bullets, Everywhere... 7. The South Knoll 8. Storm Drains and Other Enigmas 9. Convenient Lies 10. Who Saw the Kill? 11. Witnesses Ignored by the Warren Commission 12. "The Men Who Killed Kennedy" 13. LBJ Usurps the White House 14. Lyndon Johnson's Conduct as President 15. Nixon Forgets Where He Was on Nov 22: An Example of Cover-Up 3. Nixon's Lies: A Lesson in Cover-up 1. Nixon's Lies Reveal How Cover-Ups Work 2. Hess' Biggest Blunder 3. Presidential Puppetry 4. Outrageous Lies Ignored and Censorship Conducted by the Media 5. What Nixon Knew Destroyed Him 6. The "Bay of Pigs Thing" 7. A Final Look at the Big Picture 8. Winning the War for Justice 4. Appendices 1. Mrs. Mahlon Tobias, George Bouhe and Jack Ruby 2. Interesting Facts 3. Mary Ferrell, David Ferrie, Harrison Livingstone, and the Occult 4. Controlling Dallas: Mary Ferrell as "Dragon Lady" and "Angel" 5. Lee Harvey Oswald Was Denied a Lawyer 6. Before The Judge 7. If not James Files, or in addition to James Files, we have CIA's William Harvey running "a stable of French assassins..." : 8. Tracking down the assassin 9. Heroin, Vietnam and Dallas 10. The CIA drug trade 11. Trolls and Entrapment Websites 10. Index ## Guide 1. cover 2. Title-page 3. Copyright page 4. Epigraph 5. Dedication 6. Table of Contents 7. Preface 8. Index

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Intellectual Property and Personality Rights / Answer / By Tutorials Magnet / October 20, 2020 October 20, 2020 Work made for hire Work subject to copyright which is entirely created by an employee during the scope of employment or some limited works for which the involved parties agree in writing to Work for Hire designation is called work for hire. According to copyright jurisdiction, if a work is made for hire, the employer (a cooperate, a legal entity or an individual) and not the employee is considered the legal author (Maskus, 2010). A work is considered a work for hire if it has been prepared by the employee during his or her employment period if it has been considered to elaborate a collective work, as an answer, a translation or as a part of audiovisual work and the responsible parties willingly sign an agreement in a written document that the work shall be considered a work made for hire. Hellyer (2012) asserts that if an independent contractor is the creator of the work, the work may be considered for hire if it is a contribution to another collective work, a translation, a part of a picture or other audiovisual work, a compilation, an instruction text or an atlas. The work must be specially ordered and there must be a written agreement between the parties specifying that the work is made for hire by use of the phrase work for hire. Intellectual property shop rights A shop right is an unwritten license which permits the employer to use a patented invention, created by an employee who did his or her invention during his or her employment scope, made use of the company's equipment and having all their expenses catered for by the employer (Maskus, 2010). The employer is therefore free from patent infringement and can make attempts of improving and making income from the patent in the firm's business routine without royal payment. A shop right cannot be transferred from one party to another unless the business is sold as a whole. Struggle over ownership of a software application Suppose an insurance firm employs a software writer to create application software which can be installed and used by their policy holders to access the company's services through their mobile phones. The firm gives him or her well furnished office for a work place and caters for all the expenses incurred. He or she, however, spends the morning hours working on the creation of the application software and the afternoon hours creating a program that would allow a company's manager have access to the stakeholders account in his phone. At the end of the stipulated time line, he or she is done creating both application software and him or her licenses the company manager's application software at $100,000 (Yang, 2008). The insurance firm realizes it and sues him or her in a court of law and also claims ownership of the software. In this case the employer does not own the rights to the second application software since the employee had only been instructed to create application software for the policy holders and not for the company's manager. The insurance firm may only sue the employee for wrongfully using the employer's utilities. However, the full ownership of the manager's application software belongs to the employee. The insurance firm will only own the rights to the policy holders' application software. Myth versus reality It is a myth that an employee owns the rights to an invention they have made in a company during their scope of employment. The rights are fully owned by the employer if the employee did the invention during the scope of employment and was using the employer's resources to work on the invention and if the employer catered for all the expenses incurred by the employee during this process. Hellyer, Paul, (2012)"Who Owns This Article? Applying Copyright's Work-Made-for-Hire Doctrine to Librarians' Scholarship" Yang, C. (2008). The effects of strengthening intellectual property rights in NIEs. Contemporary Economic Policy, 26(2), Maskus, K.E. (2010). Intellectual property rights in the global economy. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.

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The EU prepares to overhaul packaging and waste rules By Natasha Spencer 03-Jan-2023 - Last updated on 27-Dec-2022 at 12:47 GMT Bakery and snack producers will be mainly concerned with the new EU packaging requirements regarding recyclability, recycled content in plastic packaging and the new labelling rules. Pic: New Africa Related tags Packaging Waste European commission With new European Union (EU) packaging rules on the horizon, the bakery and snacks sectors are gearing up to address packaging requirements and waste management policies that better reflect market and environmental needs. On 30 November 2022, the European Commission released its final proposal for an updated packaging and packaging waste regulation (PPWD),​ ​amending the European Union's (EU) 2019/2020 regulation and 2019 directive. If adopted, the proposed revision will expedite the EU's goal to make all packaging reusable or recyclable by 2030 and strive to help it reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. Differing regulatory approaches across Member States create challenges for countries within Europe to harmonise packaging and waste, preventing it from 'fully functioning', according to the PPWD proposal. Disparate systems and subsequent variations between labelling, supply chain management and data reporting, for example, can prove challenging. These variations pertain to prevalent and far-reaching issues such as packaging labelling requirements, defining recyclable or reusable packaging, modulating extended producer responsibility (EPR) fees and marketing limitations on specific packaging formats. To ensure the effectiveness and adequate enforcement of EU packaging and waste rules, the updated regulation strives to better reflect the market's needs and the wider environment. Concerns about the impact of packaging on the environment continue to drive these discussions. Packaging is one of the main users of virgin materials, with 40% of plastics and 50% of paper designated for packaging in the EU. Furthermore, packaging itself accounts for 36% of municipal solid waste. The case for tackling packaging and waste The leading influences impacting packaging in Europe today are housed in the European Commission's Impact Assessment​, ​published alongside its regulatory proposal on packaging and packaging waste. In today's economy, packaging is highlighted as a significant economic activity. In 2018, packaging manufacturing in the EU created a turnover of €355bn. Operators in waste management generated a turnover of €15bn. Widespread calls for action to limit the environmental burden are underway. The Commission recognises that key issues remain, despite earlier regulations and directives, and seeks to repeal Directive 94/62/EC. Poor implementation, poor enforcement, a failure to stay up-to-date with market developments and a lack of clarity about performance have led to what the Commission recognises are the 'regulatory failures' of the current PPWD. "The regulatory failure is aggravated by market failures, such as environmental externalities, fragmented markets and poorly performing labelling,"​ the Commission states in its Impact Assessment. Furthermore, resource overexploitation, ecosystem pollution and greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to Hungary's total emissions have led the Commission to address the stark and unresolved issue of packaging and waste. According to the Impact Assessment, interconnected problems with packaging and waste persist, inhibiting the effectiveness of the EU's current legislation. The congruence of a growing generation of packaging waste, barriers to packaging circularity and downcycling – when recycling creates a resulting product of lower value than the original item – continue to disrupt Europe's plan to lower the burden of plastic packaging and its waste and achieve circularity. Additionally, revisions in 2018 only focused on recycling targets and failed to consider other issues affecting waste. Although further recent specific acts – including the Single-Use Plastic Directive (SUPD)​​ in 2019 and Own Resource Decision (ORD)​​ in 2020 – have come into effect and had plastic packaging within their scope, they still need to overcome these issues. The failure to tackle plastic packaging and waste has led to increasing waste. Forecasts indicate that total packaging waste generated is expected to rise from 78 million tonnes in 2018 to 92 million tonnes in 2030 and 107 million tonnes in 2040. Waste of this growing magnitude causes a widespread detrimental ripple effect. These relate to the increased use of non-renewable resources, inefficient waste management, negative climate impacts, littering, overuse of substances of concern, low-quality recycling and excessive landfill, incineration and export at the end of life. A new way to do packaging Pic: milanchikov Bakery and snack manufacturers will be mainly concerned with the new EU packaging requirements​​ regarding recyclability, recycled content in plastic packaging and the new labelling rules. The proposal is now with the co-legislators, the European Parliament and the Council, who will need to adopt it. After adoption and entry into force, most new rules would apply after one year, 'so they will not be applicable in 2023', confirms the Commssion. "Over the past decade, there has been an emphasis on increasing the quantity of recycled content in beverage containers, particularly rPET, into soft drinks,"​ said Andrew McCaffery, Global EPR Director at UK environmental consultant Ecoveritas. Through research, the figure has slowly risen from 10% recycled content to nearly 100% in some bottles. Commenting on what this means in terms of beverages, McCaffery said, "Most beverage bottles placed on the market will not be impacted by either the UK Plastic tax or the proposed new European legislation."​ However, while the impact of packaging in the drinks industry has been gathering pace, it has been slower in the bakery and snacks sector. Added McCaffery, "The same emphasis in getting recycled content into other plastic food contact non-bottle formats, pots, tubs, trays and films (polytrimethylene terephthalate PTTs) has not occurred."​ Limited action has been down to several reasons, including legislation, technical issues and lack of supply of secondary raw material/ For example, while the collection infrastructure has been well established for PET bottles, many countries still need a mature collection system for PPTs. "This puts manufacturers of PTTs and film at an unfair disadvantage in terms of increased costs from plastic taxes,"​ he noted. Many have argued that governments and EPR systems' subsidised bottle collections in the past decade suggest that now is the time to support PTT collection rather than penalise the manufacturers, contented McCaffery. However, there are wider issues that relate to manufacturing that need to be resolved. "There is still the technical challenge of having recycled content in the food contact packaging and for it not to impact on performance," ​he said. "This should be the focus of the food industry over the next few years."​ The road to better packaging and waste management In December 2020, the European Council accepted the Commission's aim to secure a landscape where all packaging is reusable or recyclable in an economically feasible way by 2030. Additionally, it conveyed its intentions to lower packaging, over-packaging and therefore, packaging waste. In a further move that puts packaging at the top of the agenda, a new circular economy action plan released in February 2021, emphasised this objective and asked the Commission to present a legislative proposal that covers reduction measures and target requirements. Currently, the increased use of packaging materials alongside the low levels of recycling and reuse within Europe hinder the market's ability to develop a carbon-conscious circular economy. In looking to the Commission for clear legislation on packaging and waste, the plan calls for ambitious requirements for excessive packaging and measures to improve recyclability and keep certain packaging factors to a minimum. Key areas and actions include the complexity of packaging, increasing recycled content, phasing-out hazardous and harmful substances and promoting reuse without compromising food safety and hygiene standards. The EU's move to strengthen and consolidate the law on packaging and waste sits alongside broader global initiatives. In March 2022, the United Nations (UN) Environmental Assembly advanced efforts to create a global plastics treaty. The resolution initiates the intergovernmental negotiation process for a global plastic treaty to contribute to achieving a circular economy. In April 2022, the World Business Council for Sustainable Development introduced its SPHERE packaging framework to tackle packaging waste mismanagement. Despite moves to strengthen packaging initiatives and waste management, a lack of clarity as to when deposit return schemes (DRSs) will arrive and amendments to the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for packaging in the UK will come into force, is an example of a current issue creating uncertainty. Added Kathy Illingworth, head of Sustainability Consulting, Ecoveritas, "it is likely [the UK's] labelling, eco-modulation, fees, compliance points and registration processes will vary from the rest of the EU," ​which creates complications for global companies operating in the country. Meeting EU packaging needs Pic: Grecaud Paul Despite the implementation looking more likely to take shape in 2024, bakery and snack producers will need to look ahead and start considering their development plans. Where possible, others may choose to voluntarily implement new procedures before the new rules come into force. "The proposal is technology-neutral and creates a level playing field for innovative solutions in packaging and its fate until the end of life,"​ says the Commission. "But producers and recyclers would be better placed to give you a sense of what is in their innovation pipeline."​ Added Illingworth, "It seems like the EU is moving in the right direction, but how achievable these targets and requirements will be and the full impact they will have on producers is debatable."​ A planned review in 2027 offers hope of aligning with producers where harmonisation and environmental improvements are present. The challenge now is to ensure clarity and certainty on requirements to enable manufacturers to implement the changes required to reflect environmental needs and satisfy the law. Related topics Policy Sustainability 'We need to stick to being one Europe to overcome the supply chain challenges and fight inflation': Fedima president The scientist redefining nutrition, food waste and food security with an upcycled sugars from fibre

{'redpajama_set_name': 'RedPajamaCommonCrawl'}

just want to buy more Palys and Zoas. I joined this forum because I want to know more since I am planning to have one this month setup. I want to anyone's suggestions as I am still in the part where I want to get an idea on what will be the design and more specifically the size that I need to consider. Hi, I'm Sherrilee and thank you for adding me to Aquaria Canada I have never owned an aquarium or fish tank in my life but my husband and I will be moving into a house soon and we are looking to get a fish tank. Any suggestions for us are more than welcome. Thinking like 25 gallon tank would be good. Thanks. What a privilege to join a CANADIAN fish keeping community! I've been in the hobby for a year, and it has become a passion and a therapy at the same time. I'm looking forward to browse around and interact with you guys. This looks amazing. I love all those shades of blue and purple. This is exactly what I'm trying to get with my tank. I'm getting there.

{'redpajama_set_name': 'RedPajamaC4'}

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{'redpajama_set_name': 'RedPajamaC4'}

Learned Hand From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core (Redirected from Judge Learned Hand) Chief Judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit September 1, 1948 – June 1, 1951 Position established Thomas Walter Swan Judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit December 20, 1924 – June 1, 1951 Julius Marshuetz Mayer Harold Medina Judge on the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York Seat established Thomas D. Thacher Billings Learned Hand (1872-01-27)January 27, 1872 Albany, New York, U.S. August 18, 1961(1961-08-18) (aged 89) Democratic (Before 1900) Republican (1900–1912) Progressive (1912–1916) Frances Amelia Fincke Billings Learned Hand (/ˈlɜːrnᵻd/ LURN-id; January 27, 1872 – August 18, 1961) was a United States judge and judicial philosopher. He served on the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and later the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Hand has been quoted more often by legal scholars and by the Supreme Court of the United States[1] than any other lower-court judge. Born and raised in Albany, New York, Hand majored in philosophy at Harvard College and graduated with honors from Harvard Law School. After a short career as a lawyer in Albany and New York City, he was appointed at the age of 37 as a Federal District Judge in Manhattan in 1909. The profession suited his detached and open-minded temperament, and his decisions soon won him a reputation for craftsmanship and authority. Between 1909 and 1914, under the influence of Herbert Croly's social theories, Hand supported New Nationalism. He ran unsuccessfully as the Progressive Party's candidate for Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals in 1913, but withdrew from active politics shortly afterwards. In 1924, President Calvin Coolidge promoted Hand to the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, which he went on to lead as the Senior Circuit Judge (later retitled Chief Judge) from 1939 until his semi-retirement in 1951. Scholars have recognized the Second Circuit under Hand as one of the finest appeals courts in the country's history. Friends and admirers often lobbied for Hand's promotion to the Supreme Court, but circumstances and his political past conspired against his appointment. Hand possessed a gift for the English language, and his writings are admired as legal literature.[2] He rose to fame outside the legal profession in 1944 during World War II after giving a short address in Central Park that struck a popular chord in its appeal for tolerance. During a period when a hysterical fear of subversion divided the nation, Hand was viewed as a liberal defender of civil liberties. A collection of Hand's papers and addresses, published in 1952 as The Spirit of Liberty, sold well and won him new admirers. Even after he criticized the civil-rights activism of the 1950s Warren Court, Hand retained his popularity. Hand is also remembered as a pioneer of modern approaches to statutory interpretation. His decisions in specialist fields, such as patents, torts, admiralty law, and antitrust law, set lasting standards for craftsmanship and clarity. On constitutional matters, he was both a political progressive and an advocate of judicial restraint. He believed in the protection of free speech and in bold legislation to address social and economic problems. He argued, however, that the United States Constitution does not empower courts to overrule the legislation of elected bodies, except in extreme circumstances. Instead, he advocated the "combination of toleration and imagination that to me is the epitome of all good government".[3] 2 Harvard 3 Albany legal practice 4 Marriage and New York 5 Federal judge 6 Between the wars 7 World War II 8 Postwar years 9 Semi-retirement and death 10 Philosophy 11 Jurisprudence 12 Influence 13 Selected works Samuel Hand, Learned's father, was a successful lawyer who died at age 52. Billings Learned Hand was born on January 27, 1872, in Albany, New York, the second and last child of Samuel Hand (1833–86) and Lydia Hand (née Learned). His mother's family traditionally used surnames as given names; and Hand was named for a maternal uncle and a grandfather, both named Billings Peck Learned.[4] The Hands were a prominent family with a tradition of activism in the Democratic Party. Hand grew up in comfortable circumstances on Albany's main residential street. The family had an "almost hereditary" attachment to the legal profession[5] and has been described as "the most distinguished legal family in northern New York".[6] Samuel Hand was an appellate lawyer,[7] who had risen rapidly through the ranks of an Albany-based law firm in the 1860s and, by age 32, was the firm's leading lawyer. In 1878, he became the leader of the appellate bar and argued cases before the New York Court of Appeals in "greater number and importance than those argued by any other lawyer in New York during the same period".[8] Samuel Hand was a distant, intimidating figure to his son; Learned Hand later described his relations with his father as "not really intimate".[9] Samuel Hand died from cancer when Learned was 14.[10] Learned's mother thereafter promoted an idealized memory of her husband's professional success, intellectual abilities, and parental perfection, placing considerable pressure on her son.[11] Lydia Hand was an involved and protective mother, who had been influenced by a Calvinist aunt as a child; and she passed on a strong sense of duty and guilt to her only son.[12] Learned Hand eventually came to understand the influences of his parents as formative.[13] After his father's death, he looked to religion to help him cope, writing to his cousin Augustus Noble Hand: "If you could imagine one half the comfort my religion has given to me in this terrible loss, you would see that Christ never forsakes those who cling to him." The depth of Hand's early religious convictions was in sharp contrast to his later agnosticism.[14] Hand was beset by anxieties and self-doubt throughout his life, including night terrors as a child. He later admitted he was "very undecided, always have been—a very insecure person, very fearful; morbidly fearful".[15] Especially after his father's death, he grew up surrounded by doting women—his mother, his aunt, and his sister Lydia (Lily), eight years his elder.[16] Hand struggled with his name during his childhood and adulthood, worried that "Billings" and "Learned" were not sufficiently masculine. While working as a lawyer in 1899, he ceased using the name "Billings"—calling it "pompous"—and ultimately took on the nickname "B".[7][17] The Albany Academy, Albany, New York Hand spent two years at a small primary school before transferring at the age of seven to The Albany Academy, which he attended for the next 10 years. He never enjoyed the Academy's uninspired teaching or its narrow curriculum, which focused on Ancient Greek and Latin, with few courses in English, history, science, or modern languages. Socially, he considered himself an outsider, rarely enjoying recesses or the school's military drills.[18] Vacations, spent in Elizabethtown, New York, were happier times. There, Hand developed a life-long friendship with his cousin and future colleague Augustus Noble Hand, two years his senior.[19] The two were self-confessed "wild boys", camping and hiking in the woods and hills, where Hand developed a love of nature and the countryside.[20] Many years later, when he was in his 70s, Hand recorded several songs for the Library of Congress that he had learned as a boy from Civil War veterans in Elizabethtown.[21] After his father's death, he felt more pressure from his mother to excel academically. He finished near the top of his class and was accepted into Harvard College. His classmates—who opted for schools such as Williams and Yale—thought it a "stuckup, snobbish school".[22] Learned Hand in 1893, the year he graduated from Harvard College Hand started at Harvard College in 1889, initially focusing on classical studies and mathematics as advised by his late father. At the end of his sophomore year, however, he changed direction. He embarked on courses in philosophy and economics, studying under the eminent and inspirational philosophers William James, Josiah Royce and George Santayana.[23] At first, Hand found Harvard a difficult social environment. He was not selected for any of the social clubs that dominated campus life, and he felt this exclusion keenly. He was equally unsuccessful with the Glee Club and the football team; for a time he rowed as a substitute for the rowing club. He later described himself as a "serious boy", a hard worker who did not smoke, drink, or consort with prostitutes.[24] He mixed more in his sophomore and senior years. He became a member of the Hasty Pudding Club and appeared as a blond-wigged chorus girl in the 1892 student musical. He was also elected president of The Harvard Advocate, a student literary magazine.[25] Learned Hand (front row, second from right) with fellow students outside Austin Hall at Harvard Law School, between 1894 and 1896 Hand's studious ways resulted in his election to Phi Beta Kappa, an elite society of scholarly students.[26] He graduated with highest honors, was awarded a master's as well as a bachelor's degree,[27] and was chosen by his classmates to deliver the Class Day oration at the 1893 commencement.[26] Family tradition and expectation suggested that he would study law after graduation. For a while, he seriously considered post-graduate work in philosophy, but he received no encouragement from his family or philosophy professors. Doubting himself, he "drifted" toward law.[28] Hand's three years at Harvard Law School were intellectually and socially stimulating. In his second year, he moved into a boarding house with a group of fellow law students who were to become close friends. They studied hard and enjoyed discussing philosophy and literature and telling bawdy tales. Hand's intellectual reputation proved less of a hindrance at law school than it had as an undergraduate. He was elected to the Pow-Wow Club, in which law students practiced their skills in moot courts. He was also chosen as an editor of the Harvard Law Review, although he resigned in 1894 because it took too much time from his studies.[29] During the 1890s, Harvard Law School was pioneering the casebook method of teaching introduced by Dean Christopher Langdell.[30][31] Apart from Langdell, Hand's professors included Samuel Williston, John Chipman Gray, and James Barr Ames. Hand preferred those teachers who valued common sense and fairness, and ventured beyond casebook study into the philosophy of law.[32] His favorite professor was James Bradley Thayer, who taught him evidence in his second year and constitutional law in his third. A man of broad interests, Thayer became a major influence on Hand's jurisprudence. He emphasized the law's historical and human dimensions rather than its certainties and extremes. He stressed the need for courts to exercise judicial restraint in deciding social issues.[33] Albany legal practice Hand graduated from Harvard Law School in 1896 at the age of 24. He returned to Albany to live with his mother and aunt, and started work for the law firm in which an uncle, Matthew Hale, was a partner. Hale's unexpected death a few months later obliged Hand to move to a new firm, but by 1899, he had become a partner.[34] He had difficulty attracting his own clients, however, and found the work trivial and dull.[35] Much of his time was spent researching and writing briefs, with few opportunities for the appellate work he preferred. His early courtroom appearances, when they came, were frequently difficult, sapping his fragile self-confidence. He began to fear that he lacked the ability to think on his feet in court.[36] For two years, Hand tried to succeed as a lawyer by force of will, giving all his time to the practice. By 1900, he was deeply dissatisfied with his progress. For intellectual stimulation, he increasingly looked outside his daily work. He wrote scholarly articles, taught part-time at Albany Law School, and joined a lawyers' discussion group in New York City. He also developed an interest in politics.[37] Hand came from a line of loyal Democrats, but in 1898 he voted for Republican Theodore Roosevelt as governor of New York. Though he deplored Roosevelt's role in the "militant imperialism" of the Spanish–American War, he approved of the "amorphous mixture of socialism and laisser faire [sic]" in Roosevelt's campaign speeches.[38] Hand caused further family controversy by registering as a Republican for the presidential election of 1900.[39] Life and work in Albany no longer fulfilled him; he began applying for jobs in New York City, despite family pressure against moving.[40] Marriage and New York After reaching the age of 30 without developing a serious interest in a woman, Hand thought he was destined for bachelorhood. But, during a 1901 summer holiday in the Québec resort of La Malbaie, he met 25-year-old Frances Fincke, a graduate of Bryn Mawr College.[41] Though indecisive in most matters, he waited only a few weeks before proposing. The more cautious Fincke postponed her answer for almost a year, while Hand wrote to and occasionally saw her. He also began to look more seriously for work in New York City.[42] The next summer, both Hand and Fincke returned to La Malbaie, and at the end of August 1902, they became engaged and kissed for the first time.[43] They married on December 6, 1902, shortly after Hand had accepted a post with the Manhattan law firm of Zabriskie, Burrill & Murray.[44] The couple had three daughters: Mary Deshon (born 1905), Frances (born 1907), and Constance (born 1909). Hand proved an anxious husband and father. He corresponded regularly with his doctor brother-in-law about initial difficulties in conceiving and about his children's illnesses. He survived pneumonia in February 1905, taking months to recover.[45] In 1914, Hand moved his offices across Broadway from the dilapidated Post-Office–Court Building (left) into the recently completed Woolworth Building (center), then the tallest in the world. The family at first spent summers in Mount Kisco, with Hand commuting on the weekends. After 1910, they rented summer homes in Cornish, New Hampshire, a writers' and artists' colony with a stimulating social scene. The Hands bought a house there in 1919, which they called "Low Court".[46] As Cornish was a nine-hour train journey from New York, the couple were separated for long periods. Hand could join the family only for vacations.[47] The Hands became friends of the noted artist Maxfield Parrish, who lived in nearby Plainfield. The Misses Hand posed for some of his paintings.[48] The Hands also became close friends of Cornish resident Louis Dow, a Dartmouth College professor. Frances Hand spent increasing amounts of time with Dow while her husband was in New York, and tension crept into the marriage. Despite speculation, however, there is no evidence that she and Dow were lovers. Hand regretted Frances' long absences and urged her to spend more time with him, but he maintained an enduring friendship with Dow.[49] He blamed himself for a lack of insight into his wife's needs in the early years of the marriage, confessing his "blindness and insensibility to what you wanted and to your right to your own ways when they differed from mine".[50] Fearing he might otherwise lose her altogether, Hand came to accept Frances' desire to spend time in the country with another man.[50] While staying in Cornish in 1908, Hand began a close friendship with the political commentator and philosopher Herbert Croly.[51] At the time, Croly was writing his influential book The Promise of American Life, in which he advocated a program of democratic and egalitarian reform under a national government with increased powers.[52] When the book was published in November 1909, Hand sent copies to friends and acquaintances, including former president Theodore Roosevelt.[53] Croly's ideas had a powerful effect on Roosevelt's politics, influencing his advocacy of New Nationalism and the development of Progressivism.[54] Hand continued to be disappointed in his progress at work. A move to the firm of Gould & Wilkie in January 1904 brought neither the challenges nor the financial rewards for which he had hoped.[55] "I was never any good as a lawyer," he later admitted. "I didn't have any success, any at all."[56] In 1907, deciding that at the age of 35 success as a Wall Street lawyer was out of reach, he lobbied for a potential new federal judgeship in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, the federal court headquartered in Manhattan. He became involved briefly in local Republican politics to strengthen his political base. In the event, Congress did not create the new judgeship in 1907; but, when the post was finally created in 1909, Hand renewed his candidacy. With the help of the influential Charles C. Burlingham, a senior New York lawyer and close friend, he gained the backing of Attorney General George W. Wickersham, who urged President William Howard Taft to appoint Hand. One of the youngest federal judges ever appointed, Hand took his judicial oath at age 37 in April 1909.[57] Federal judge Hand served as a federal judge in the Southern District of New York from 1909 to 1924. He dealt with fields of common law, including torts, contracts, and copyright, and admiralty law. His initial unfamiliarity with some of these specialties, along with his limited courtroom experience, caused him anxiety at first.[58] Most of Hand's early cases concerned bankruptcy issues, which he found tiresome, and patent law, which fascinated him.[59] Learned Hand sat on the federal trial court in Manhattan for fifteen years. Hand made some important decisions in the area of free speech. A frequently cited 1913 decision is United States v. Kennerley,[60] an obscenity case concerning Daniel Carson Goodman's Hagar Revelly, a social-hygiene novel about the "wiles of vice," which had caught the attention of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice.[61] Hand allowed the case to go forward on the basis of the Hicklin test, which stemmed back to a seminal English decision of 1868, Regina v. Hicklin.[62] In his opinion, Hand recommended updating the law, arguing that the obscenity rule should not simply protect the most susceptible readers but should reflect community standards: It seems hardly likely that we are even to-day so lukewarm in our interest in letters or serious discussion as to be content to reduce our treatment of sex to the standard of a child's library in the supposed interest of a salacious few, or that shame will for long prevent us from adequate portrayal of some of the most serious and beautiful sides of human nature.[63] Following his appointment as a judge, Hand became politically active in the cause of New Nationalism.[64] With reservations, in 1911 he supported Theodore Roosevelt's return to national politics. He approved of the former president's plans to legislate on behalf of the underprivileged and to control corporations, as well as of his campaign against the abuse of judicial power.[65] Hand sought to influence Roosevelt's views on these subjects, both in person and in print, and wrote articles for Roosevelt's magazine, The Outlook.[66] His hopes of swaying Roosevelt were often dashed. Roosevelt's poor grasp of legal issues particularly exasperated Hand.[67] Despite overwhelming support for Roosevelt in the primaries and polls, the Republicans renominated the incumbent President Taft. A furious Roosevelt bolted from the party to form the Progressive Party, nicknamed the "Bull Moose" movement. Most Republican progressives followed him, including Hand.[68] The splitting of the Republican vote, however, harmed both Roosevelt's and Taft's chances of winning the November 1912 presidential election. As Hand expected, Roosevelt lost to the Democratic Party's Woodrow Wilson, though he polled more votes than Taft.[69] Hand took the defeat in his stride. He considered the election merely as a first step in a reform campaign for "real national democracy".[70] Though he had limited his public involvement in the election campaign, he now took part in planning a party structure.[71] He also accepted the Progressive nomination for chief judge of New York Court of Appeals, then an elective position, in September 1913.[72] He refused to campaign, however, and later admitted that "the thought of harassing the electorate was more than I could bear".[73] His vow of silence affected his showing, and he received only 13% of the votes.[74] Hand came to regret his candidacy: "I ought to have lain off, as I now view it; I was a judge and a judge has no business to mess into such things."[75] By 1916, Hand realized that the Progressive Party had no future, as the liberal policies of the Democratic government were making much of its program redundant. Roosevelt's decision not to stand in the 1916 presidential election dealt the party its death blow.[76] Hand had already turned to an alternative political outlet in Herbert Croly's The New Republic, a liberal magazine which he had helped launch in 1914.[77] Hand wrote a series of unsigned articles for the magazine on issues of social reform and judicial power; his only signed article was "The Hope of the Minimum Wage", published in November 1916, which called for laws to protect the underprivileged. Often attending staff dinners and meetings, Hand became a close friend of the gifted young editor Walter Lippmann.[78] The outbreak of war in Europe in 1914 had coincided with the founding of the magazine, whose pages often debated the events in Europe. The New Republic adopted a cautiously sympathetic stance towards the Allies, which Hand supported wholeheartedly. After the United States entered the war in 1917, Hand considered leaving the bench to assist the war effort. Several possible war-related positions were suggested to him. Nothing came of them, aside from his chairing a committee on intellectual property law that suggested treaty amendments for the Paris Peace Conference.[79] "Conscription", a drawing by Henry J. Glintenkamp published in The Masses in 1917 and deemed by the postmaster of New York City "to arouse discontent and disaffection"[80] Hand made his most memorable decision of the war in 1917 in Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten.[81] After the country joined the war, Congress had enacted an Espionage Act that made it a federal crime to hinder the war effort. The first test of the new law came two weeks later when the postmaster of New York City refused to deliver the August issue of The Masses, a self-described "revolutionary journal". The edition contained drawings, cartoons, and articles criticizing the government's decision to go to war.[82] The publishing company sought an injunction to prevent the ban, and the case came before Judge Hand.[83] In July 1917, he ruled that the journal should not be barred from distribution through the mail. Though The Masses supported those who refused to serve in the forces, its text did not, in Hand's view, tell readers that they must violate the law. Hand argued that suspect material should be judged on what he called an "incitement test": only if its language directly urged readers to violate the law was it seditious—otherwise freedom of speech should be protected.[84] This focus on the words themselves, rather than on their effect, was novel and daring; but Hand's decision was promptly stayed, and later overturned on appeal.[85] He always maintained that his ruling had been correct. Between 1918 and 1919, he attempted to convince Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, a man he greatly admired, of his argument. His efforts at first appeared fruitless, but Holmes' dissenting opinion in Abrams v. United States in November 1919 urged greater protection of political speech.[86] Scholars have credited the critiques of Hand, Ernst Freund, Louis Brandeis, and Zechariah Chafee for the change in Holmes's views.[87] In the long-term, Hand's decision proved a landmark in the history of free speech in the country.[88] In Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969), the Supreme Court announced a standard for protecting free speech that in effect recognized his Masses opinion as law.[89] "Physically Fit", a drawing by Henry J. Glintenkamp published in The Masses in 1917 and introduced as supplemental evidence during the trial Hand had known that ruling against the government might harm his prospects of promotion.[90] By the time of the case, he was already the most senior judge of his district. The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit often summoned him to sit with that court to hear appeals, a task he found stimulating. In 1917, he lobbied for promotion to the Second Circuit, but the unpopularity of his Masses decision and his reputation as a liberal stood against him. He was passed over in favor of Martin T. Manton.[91] In the final months of the war, Hand increasingly supported President Woodrow Wilson's post-war foreign policy objectives. He believed the United States should endorse the League of Nations and the Treaty of Versailles, despite their flaws. This position estranged him from Croly and others at The New Republic, who vehemently rejected both. Alienated from his old circle on the magazine and by the reactionary and isolationist mood of the country, Hand found himself politically homeless.[92] Between the wars The next Second Circuit vacancy arose in 1921, but with the conservative Warren G. Harding administration in power, Hand did not put himself forward. Nonetheless Hand's reputation was such that by 1923, Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. wanted him on the Supreme Court,[93] and in 1924 Harding's successor, Calvin Coolidge, appointed Hand to the Second Circuit. It was a sign of Hand's increased stature that figures such as Coolidge and Chief Justice William Howard Taft now endorsed him. Coolidge sought to add new blood to a senior judiciary that was seen as corrupt and inefficient.[94] In 1926 and 1927, the Second Circuit was strengthened by the appointments of Thomas Walter Swan and Hand's cousin Augustus Noble Hand.[95] After the demise of the Progressive Party, Hand had withdrawn from party politics.[30] He committed himself to public impartiality, despite his strong views on political issues. He remained, however, a strong supporter of freedom of speech, and any sign of the "merry sport of Red-baiting" troubled him. In 1920, for example, he wrote in support of New York Governor Al Smith's veto of the anti-sedition Lusk Bills. The New York Assembly had approved these bills in a move to bar five elected Socialist Party legislators from taking their seats.[96] In 1922, Hand privately objected to a proposed limit on the number of Jewish students admitted to Harvard College. "If we are to have in this country racial divisions like those in Europe," he wrote, "let us close up shop now".[97] In public, Hand discussed issues of democracy, free speech, and toleration only in general terms. This discretion, plus a series of impressive speaking engagements, won him the respect of legal scholars and journalists,[98] and by 1930 he was viewed as a serious candidate for a seat on the Supreme Court. His friend Felix Frankfurter, then a Harvard Law School professor, was among those lobbying hard for Hand's appointment. President Herbert Hoover chose to bypass him, possibly for political reasons, and appointed Charles Evans Hughes, who had previously served on the Court for six years before resigning to become the Republican candidate for President in 1916, as Chief Justice. With Hughes and another New Yorker, Harlan Fiske Stone, on the Court, the promotion of a third New Yorker was then seen as impossible.[99] Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933 Hand had voted for Hoover in 1928, and he did so again in 1932; but in 1936, he voted for the Democrats and Franklin D. Roosevelt, as a reaction to the economic and social turmoil that followed the Wall Street Crash of 1929. With the Great Depression setting in, Hand favored a policy of interventionist central government. He came to accept Frankfurter's view that redistribution of wealth was essential for economic recovery. Hoover resisted this approach, favoring individualism and free enterprise. Roosevelt, on the other hand, promised the voters a New Deal. They elected him on a platform of strong executive leadership and radical economic reform. Hand voted for Roosevelt again in 1940 and 1944, but he remained vigilant on the constitutional dangers of big government.[100] Like others, including Walter Lippmann, he sensed the dictatorial potential of New Deal policies. He had no hesitation in condemning Roosevelt's 1937 bill to expand the Supreme Court and pack it with New Dealers.[101] Hand was increasingly called upon to judge cases arising from the flood of New Deal legislation. The line between central government authority and local legislation particularly tested his powers of judgment. In 1935, the case of United States v. Schechter came before the Second Circuit.[102] Hand and his two colleagues had to judge whether a New York poultry firm had contravened New Deal legislation on unfair trade practices. They ruled that the National Industrial Recovery Act did not apply to the Schechter Poultry Corporation, which traded solely within the state. "The line is no doubt in the end arbitrary," Hand wrote in a memorandum, "but we have got to draw it, because without it Congress can take over all the government."[103] The Supreme Court later affirmed Hand's decision. Hand became an acknowledged expert on New Deal statutes. He relished the challenge of interpreting such legislation, calling it "an act of creative imagination".[104] In a 1933 broadcast, he explained the balancing act required of a judge in interpreting statutes: On the one hand he must not enforce whatever he thinks best; he must leave that to the common will expressed by the government. On the other, he must try as best he can to put into concrete form what that will is, not by slavishly following the words, but by trying honestly to say what was the underlying purpose expressed.[105] When war broke out in Europe in 1939, Learned Hand adopted an anti-isolationist stance. He rarely spoke out publicly, not only because of his position but because he thought bellicosity unseemly in an old man.[106] In February 1939, he became his court's senior circuit leader (in effect, chief judge, although the title was not created until 1948). In this post, Hand succeeded Martin Manton, who had resigned after corruption allegations that later led to Manton's criminal conviction for bribery.[107] Not an admirer of Manton, Hand nonetheless testified at his trial that he had never noticed any corrupt behavior in his predecessor. Having sat in two cases in which Manton accepted bribes, Hand worried for years afterward that he should have detected his colleague's corruption.[108] Hand still regarded his main job as judging. As circuit leader, he sought to free himself and his judges from too great an administrative burden. He concentrated on maintaining good relations with his fellow judges and on cleansing the court of patronage appointments. Despite the Manton case and constant friction between two of the court's judges, Charles Edward Clark and Jerome Frank, the Second Circuit under Hand earned a reputation as one of the best appeal courts in the country's history.[109] In 1942, Hand's friends once again lobbied for him to fill a Supreme Court vacancy, but Roosevelt did not appoint him. The president gave age as the reason, but philosophical differences with Hand may also have played a part.[110] Another explanation lies in one of Justice William O. Douglas's autobiographies, where Douglas states that, despite Roosevelt's belief that Hand was the best person for the job, Roosevelt had been offended by the pressure Justice Felix Frankfurter placed on the president during a vigorous letter-writing campaign on Hand's behalf.[111] D.C. Circuit Judge Wiley Blount Rutledge, whom Roosevelt appointed, died in 1949, while Hand lived until 1961.[112] In a February 1944 correspondence with Frankfurter, Hand expressed a low opinion of Roosevelt's new appointees, referring to Justice Hugo Black, Justice Douglas, and Justice Frank Murphy as "Hillbilly Hugo, Good Old Bill, and Jesus lover of my Soul".[113] Deeply disappointed at the time, Hand later regretted his ambition: "It was the importance, the power, the trappings of the God damn thing that really drew me on."[114] Hand was relieved when the United States entered the war in December 1941. He felt free to participate in organizations and initiatives connected with the war effort, and was particularly committed to programs in support of Greece and Russia. He backed Roosevelt for the 1944 election, partly because he feared a return to isolationism and the prolonging of the wartime erosion of civil liberties.[115] In 1943, the House Un-American Activities Committee or "Dies Committee", for example, had aroused his fears with an investigation into "subversive activities" by government workers. Hand's contemporary at Harvard College, Robert Morss Lovett, was one of those accused, and Hand spoke out on his behalf.[116] As the end of the war approached, there was much talk of international peace organizations and courts to prevent future conflict, but Hand was skeptical. He also condemned the Nuremberg war-crimes trials, which he saw as motivated by vengeance; he did not believe that "aggressive war" could be construed as a crime. "The difference between vengeance and justice," he wrote later, "is that justice must apply to all."[117] Hand had never been well known to the general public, but a short speech he made in 1944 won him fame and a national reputation for wisdom that lasted until the end of his life.[98] On May 21, 1944, he addressed almost one and a half million people in Central Park, New York, at the annual "I Am an American Day" event, where newly naturalized citizens swore the Pledge of Allegiance.[118] He stated that all Americans were immigrants who had come to America in search of liberty. Liberty, he said, was not located in America's constitutions, laws, and courts, but in the hearts of the people. In what would become the speech's most quoted passage, Hand asked: What then is the spirit of liberty? I cannot define it; I can only tell you my own faith. The spirit of liberty is the spirit which is not too sure that it is right; the spirit of liberty is the spirit which seeks to understand the minds of other men and women; the spirit of liberty is the spirit which weighs their interests alongside its own without bias; the spirit of liberty remembers that not even a sparrow falls to earth unheeded; the spirit of liberty is the spirit of Him who, near two thousand years ago, taught mankind that lesson it has never learned, but has never quite forgotten; that there may be a kingdom where the least shall be heard and considered side by side with the greatest.[119] Extracts of the speech appeared in The New Yorker on June 10. Several weeks later, The New York Times printed the whole text, quickly followed by Life magazine and Reader's Digest.[98] Hand's message that liberty is safeguarded by everyday Americans struck a popular chord, and he suddenly found himself a folk hero.[120] Though he enjoyed the acclaim, he thought it unmerited. His biographer Gerald Gunther, noting the paradox of the agnostic Hand's use of religious overtones, suggests that the most challenging aspect of the speech was that the spirit of liberty must entertain doubt.[121] Postwar years Learned Hand's 75th birthday in 1947 was much celebrated in the press and in legal circles. C. C. Burlingham, Hand's former sponsor, for example, called him "now unquestionably the first among American judges".[122] Hand remained modest in the face of such acclaim. He continued to work as before, combining his role as presiding judge of the Second Circuit with his engagement in political issues. In 1947, he voiced his opposition to a proposed "group libel" statute that would have banned defamation of racial or minority groups. He argued that such a law would imply that intolerance could base itself upon evidence. The effect of the proposed prosecutions, he said, would be "rather to exacerbate than to assuage the feelings which lie behind the defamation of groups".[123] Senator Joseph McCarthy In the postwar period, Hand shared the dismay of his compatriots about Stalinism and the onset of the Cold War. At the same time, he was sensitive to the domestic problems created by what he saw as a hysterical fear of international Communism. Already in 1947, he noted that "the frantic witch hunters are given free rein to set up a sort of Inquisition, detecting heresy wherever non-conformity appears".[124] Hand was distressed by the crusade against domestic subversion that became part of American public life after the war.[125] He particularly despised the anti-Communist campaign of Senator Joseph McCarthy that began in 1950 and which became known as McCarthyism. Though Hand expressed his horror of McCarthyism privately, he hesitated to do so publicly because cases arising from it were likely to come before his court.[126] During this period, Hand took part in three notable cases that posed a particular challenge to his impartiality on Cold War issues: United States v. Coplon, United States v. Dennis, and United States v. Remington.[127] Department of Justice worker Judith Coplon had been sentenced to 15 years in prison for stealing and attempting to pass on defense information. In 1950, her appeal came before a Second Circuit panel that included Learned Hand. It rested on her claim that her rights under the Fourth Amendment had been infringed by a warrantless search, and that details of illegal wiretaps had not been fully disclosed at her trial. Hand made it clear that Coplon was guilty of the charges. However, he rejected the trial judge's conclusion that a warrantless arrest had been justified. He ruled therefore that papers seized during the arrest had been inadmissible as evidence.[128] The trial judge's failure to disclose all the wiretap records, Hand concluded, made a reversal of Coplon's conviction necessary. In his written opinion, Hand stated that "[F]ew weapons in the arsenal of freedom are more useful than the power to compel a government to disclose the evidence on which it seeks to forfeit the liberty of its citizens."[129] Many followers of the trial sent Hand hate mail for his decision. By contrast, in the 1950 case United States v. Dennis, Hand affirmed the convictions under the 1940 Smith Act of eleven leaders of the Communist Party of the United States for subversion. He ruled that calls for the violent overthrow of the American government posed enough of a "probable danger" to justify the invasion of free speech.[130] After the case, he was attacked from the opposite political direction for appearing to side with McCarthyism.[131] In 1953, Hand wrote a scathing dissent from a Second Circuit decision to affirm the perjury conviction of William Remington, a government economist accused of Communist sympathies and activities. In 1951, the same panel had overturned Remington's previous conviction for perjury, but in the appeal of the later case Hand was outvoted two to one. The prosecution produced stronger evidence against Remington this time, much of it obtained from his wife. Sentenced to three years imprisonment, Remington was murdered in November 1954 by three fellow inmates, who beat him over the head with a brick wrapped in a sock. According to Hand's biographer Gunther, "The image of Remington being bludgeoned to death in prison haunted Hand for the rest of his life."[132] Only after stepping down as a full-time judge in 1951 did Hand join the public debate on McCarthyism. Shortly after announcing his semi-retirement, he gave an unscripted speech that was published in The Washington Post, an anti-McCarthy newspaper. [M]y friends, will you not agree that any society which begins to be doubtful of itself; in which one man looks at another and says: "He may be a traitor," in which that spirit has disappeared which says: "I will not accept that, I will not believe that—I will demand proof. I will not say of my brother that he may be a traitor," but I will say, "Produce what you have. I will judge it fairly, and if he is, he shall pay the penalties; but I will not take it on rumor. I will not take it on hearsay. I will remember that what has brought us up from savagery is a loyalty to truth, and truth cannot emerge unless it is subjected to the utmost scrutiny"—will you not agree that a society which has lost sight of that, cannot survive?[133] Hand followed this up with an address to the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York the next year. Once again, his attack on McCarthyism won approval from many liberals. Asked to send a copy of his views to McCarthy, Hand replied that he had Richard Nixon in mind as well.[134] Despite his concerns about Nixon as vice president, Hand voted for Dwight Eisenhower in the 1952 election, later crediting Eisenhower with bringing about McCarthy's downfall in 1954.[135] Semi-retirement and death In 1951, Hand retired from "regular active service" as a federal judge.[136] He assumed senior status, a form of semi-retirement, and continued to sit on the bench, with a considerable workload.[137] The following year, he published The Spirit of Liberty, a collection of papers and addresses that neither he nor publisher Alfred A. Knopf expected to make a profit. In fact, the book earned admiring reviews, sold well, and made Hand more widely known.[98] A 1958 paperback edition sold even better, though Hand always refused royalties from material he never intended for publication.[138] Louis Dow had died in 1944, with Frances Hand at his side. The Hands' marriage then entered its final, happiest phase, in which they rediscovered their first love.[139] Former law clerks have provided intimate details of Hand's character during the last decade of his life. Legal philosopher Ronald Dworkin recalls that Hand, scrupulous about public economy, used to turn out the lights in all the offices at the end of each day. For the same reason, he refused Dworkin the customary month's paid vacation at the end of his service. Shortly afterward, to Dworkin's surprise, Hand wrote him a personal check for an extra month's pay as a wedding present.[140] Hand was known for his explosive temper. Gunther remembers him throwing a paperweight in his direction which narrowly missed.[141] Hand had a habit of turning his seat 180° on lawyers whose arguments annoyed him, and he could be bitingly sarcastic. In a typical memo, he wrote, "This is the most miserable of cases, but we must dispose of it as though it had been presented by actual lawyers."[142] Despite such outbursts, Hand was deeply insecure throughout his life, as he fully recognized.[143] In his 80s, he still fretted about his rejection by the elite social clubs at Harvard College. He was convinced that his wife had rescued him from a life as a "melancholic, a failure [because] I should have thought myself so, and probably single and hopelessly hypochondriac".[144] Austin Hall, Harvard Law School, photographed during Hand's student days. In 1958, Hand returned there to give his Bill of Rights lectures. Learned Hand remained in good physical and mental condition for most of the last decade of his life. In 1958, he gave the Holmes Lectures at Harvard Law School. These lectures proved to be Hand's last major critique of judicial activism, a position he had first taken up in 1908 with his attack on the Lochner ruling.[145] They included a controversial attack on the Warren Court's 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education,[146] which in Hand's opinion had exceeded its powers by overruling Jim Crow segregation laws.[147] His views were widely criticized as reactionary and unfortunate, with most deploring the fact that they might encourage segregationists who opposed libertarian judicial rulings. Published as The Bill of Rights, the lectures nevertheless became a national bestseller.[148] By 1958, Hand was suffering from intense pain in his back and faced difficulty in walking. "I can just manage, with not infrequent pauses, to walk about a third of a mile," he wrote to Felix Frankfurter. "My feet get very numb and my back painful. The truth is that 86 is too long."[149] Soon, he was obliged to use crutches, but he remained mentally sharp and continued to hear cases. In 1960, he worked briefly on President Dwight Eisenhower's "Commission on National Goals", but he resigned because "it involved more work than in the present state of my health I care to add to the judicial work that I am still trying to do".[150] By June 1961, Hand was in a wheelchair. He joked that he felt idle because he had taken part in no more than about 25 cases that year, and that he would start another job if he could find one.[151] The following month, he suffered a heart attack at Cornish. He was taken to St Luke's Hospital in New York City, where he died peacefully on August 18, 1961. The New York Times ran a front-page obituary. The Times of London wrote: "There are many who will feel that with the death of Learned Hand the golden age of the American judiciary has come to an end."[152] He was buried next to his wife in the family plot at Albany Rural Cemetery near Menands, New York.[153] Pragmatic philosopher William James was one of Hand's teachers at Harvard College. Hand's study of philosophy at Harvard left a lasting imprint on his thought. As a student, he lost his faith in God, and from that point on he became a skeptic.[154] Hand's view of the world has been identified as relativistic; in the words of scholar Kathryn Griffith, "[i]t was his devotion to a concept of relative values that prompted him to question opinions of the Supreme Court which appeared to place one value absolutely above the others, whether the value was that of individual freedom or equality or the protection of young people from obscene literature."[155] Hand instead sought objective standards in constitutional law, most famously in obscenity and civil liberties cases.[156] He saw the Constitution and the law as compromises to resolve conflicting interests, possessing no moral force of their own.[157] This denial that any divine or natural rights are embodied in the Constitution led Hand to a positivistic view of the Bill of Rights.[158] In this approach, provisions of the Constitution, such as freedom of press, freedom of speech, and equal protection, should be interpreted through their wording and in the light of historical analysis rather than as "guides on concrete occasions".[159] For Hand, moral values were a product of their times and a matter of taste.[155] Hand's civil instincts were at odds with the duty of a judge to stay aloof from politics.[160] As a judge he respected even bad laws; as a member of society he felt free to question the decisions behind legislation. In his opinion, members of a democratic society should be involved in legislative decision-making.[161] He therefore regarded toleration as a prerequisite of civil liberty. In practice, this even meant that those who wish to promote ideas repugnant to the majority should be free to do so, within broad limits.[162] Hand's skepticism extended to his political philosophy: he once described himself as "a conservative among liberals, and a liberal among conservatives".[163] As early as 1898, he rejected his family's Jeffersonian Democratic tradition.[164] His thoughts on liberty, collected in The Spirit of Liberty (1952), began by recalling the political philosophies of Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton.[165] Jefferson believed that each individual has a right to freedom, and that government, though necessary, threatens that freedom. In contrast, Hamilton argued that freedom depends on government: too much freedom leads to anarchy and the tyranny of the mob.[166] Hand, who believed, following Thomas Hobbes, that the rule of law is the only alternative to the rule of brutality,[167] leaned towards Hamilton.[168] Since the freedom granted to the American pioneers was no longer feasible,[169] he accepted that individual liberty should be moderated by society's norms.[170] He nevertheless saw the liberty to create and to choose as vital to peoples' humanity and entitled to legal protection. He assumed the goal of human beings to be the "good life", defined as each individual chooses.[171] Between 1910 and 1916, Hand tried to translate his political philosophy into political action. Having read Croly's The Promise of American Life and its anti-Jeffersonian plea for government intervention in economic and social issues, he joined the Progressive Party.[172] However, he discovered that party politicking was incompatible not only with his role as a judge but with his philosophical objectivity. The pragmatic philosophy Hand had imbibed from William James at Harvard required each issue to be individually judged on its merits, without partiality. In contrast, political action required partisanship and a choice between values.[172] After 1916, Hand preferred to retreat from party politics into a detached skepticism. His belief in central planning resurfaced during the 1930s in his growing approval of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, as he once again—though this time as an observer—endorsed a program of government intervention.[173] Hand was also an interventionist on foreign policy, supporting U.S. involvement in both world wars, and disdained isolationism.[174] Hand has been called one of the United States' most significant judicial philosophers.[175] A leading advocate of judicial restraint, he took seriously Alexander Hamilton's formulation that "the judiciary ... may truly be said to have neither force nor will, but merely judgement."[176] Any judicial ruling that had the effect of legislating from the bench troubled Hand. In 1908, in his article "Due Process of Law and the Eight-Hour Day", he attacked the 1905 Supreme Court ruling in Lochner v. New York, which had struck down a law prohibiting bakery staff from working more than ten hours a day. The Supreme Court went on to strike down a series of similar worker-protective laws on the grounds that they restricted freedom of contract.[177] Hand regarded this principle as undemocratic.[178] "For the state to intervene", he argued, "to make more just and equal the relative strategic advantages of the two parties to the contract, of whom one is under the pressure of absolute want, while the other is not, is as proper a legislative function as that it should neutralize the relative advantages arising from fraudulent cunning or from superior force."[179] The issue concerned Hand again during the New Deal period, when the Supreme Court repeatedly overturned or blocked Franklin D. Roosevelt's legislation.[180] As an instinctive democrat, Hand was appalled that an elected government should have its laws struck down in this way. He viewed it as a judicial "usurpation" for the Supreme Court to assume the role of a third chamber in these cases.[181] As far as he was concerned, the Constitution already provided a full set of checks and balances on legislation.[182] Nevertheless, Hand did not hesitate to condemn Roosevelt's frustrated attempt to pack the Supreme Court in 1937,[183] which led commentators to warn of totalitarianism. The answer, for Hand, lay in the separation of powers: courts should be independent and act on the legislation of elected governments.[184] Hand's democratic respect for legislation meant that he hardly ever struck down a law.[185] Whenever his decisions went against the government, he based them only on the boundaries of law in particular cases. He adhered to the doctrine of presumptive validity, which assumes that legislators know what they are doing when they pass a law.[186] Even when a law was uncongenial to him, or when it seemed contradictory, Hand set himself to interpret the legislative intent.[187] Sometimes, however, he was obliged to draw the line between federal and state laws, as in United States v. Schechter Poultry. In this important case, he ruled that a New Deal law on working conditions did not apply to a New York poultry firm that conducted its business only within the state.[188] Hand wrote in his opinion: "It is always a serious thing to declare any act of Congress unconstitutional, and especially in a case where it is part of a comprehensive plan for the rehabilitation of the nation as a whole. With the wisdom of that plan we have nothing whatever to do ..."[188] Hand also occasionally went against the government in the area of free speech. He believed that courts should protect the right to free speech even against the majority will. In Hand's view, judges must remain detached at times when public opinion is hostile to minorities and governments issue laws to repress those minorities.[189] Hand was the first judge to rule on a case arising from the Espionage Act of 1917, which sought to silence opposition to the war effort. In his decision on Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten, he defined his position on political incitement: Detestation of existing policies is easily transformed into forcible resistance of the authority which puts them in execution, and it would be folly to disregard the causal relation between the two. Yet to assimilate agitation, legitimate as such, with direct incitement to violent resistance, is to disregard the tolerance of all methods of political agitation which in normal times is a safeguard for free government. The distinction is not scholastic subterfuge, but a hard-bought acquisition in the fight for freedom.[190] In the case of United States v. Dennis in 1950, Hand made a ruling that appeared to contradict his Masses decision. By then, a series of precedents had intervened, often based on Oliver Wendell Holmes's "clear and present danger" test, leaving him less room for maneuver.[191] Hand felt he had "no choice" but to agree that threats against the government by a group of Communists were illegal under the repressive Smith Act of 1940.[192] In order to do so, he interpreted the "clear and present danger" in a new way. "In each case," he wrote, "[courts] must ask whether the gravity of the 'evil', discounted by its improbability, justifies such invasion of free speech as is necessary to avoid the danger." This formula allowed more scope for curbing free speech in cases where, as the government believed with Communism, the danger was grave, whether it was immediate or not.[193] Critics and disappointed liberals accused Hand of placing his concern for judicial restraint ahead of freedom of speech.[194] Hand confided to a friend that, if it had been up to him, he would "never have prosecuted those birds".[195] In the opinion of Kathryn Griffith, "The importance of Learned Hand's philosophy in terms of practical application to the courts lies generally in his view of the pragmatic origin of all law, but most specifically in his unique interpretation of the Bill of Rights."[196] Hand proposed that the Bill of Rights was not law at all but a set of "admonitory" principles to ensure the fair exercise of constitutional powers.[197] He therefore opposed the use of its "due process of law" clauses as a pretext for national intervention in state legislation. He even advocated the removal of those clauses from the Constitution. In Hand's analysis, "due process" is no more than a stock phrase to cover a long tradition of common law procedure.[198] He contended that the term had inflated in scope beyond the meaning intended in the Bill of Rights. The result was the misuse of due process to invade rights that the Constitution was designed to protect. For Hand, a law passed by an elected body should be presumed to meet the test of due process. A court that decides otherwise and strikes down such a law is acting undemocratically.[199] Hand maintained this stance even when the Supreme Court struck down anti-liberal laws that he detested.[200] His reasoning has never been widely accepted. Critics of his position included his colleague on the Second Circuit, Jerome Frank, who wrote: "[I]t seems to me that here, most uncharacteristically, Judge Hand indulges in a judgement far too sweeping, one which rests on a too-sharp either-or, all or nothing, dichotomy. ... Obviously the courts cannot do the whole job. But just as obviously, they can sometimes help to arrest evil popular trends at their inception."[201] Richard Posner, an influential appellate judge reviewing a biography of Hand, asserts that Hand "displayed a positive antipathy toward constitutional law. To exaggerate only a little, he didn't think judges should have anything to do with it."[202] Posner suggests that although Hand is remembered today as one of the three greatest judges in American history, his status as a truly "great judge" was not based on his "slight" contributions to First Amendment jurisprudence or other fields of constitutional law, but rather on his decisions in other areas such as antitrust, intellectual property, and tort law.[202] Learned Hand wrote approximately four thousand judicial opinions during his career. Admired for their clarity and analytic precision, they have been quoted more often in Supreme Court opinions and by legal scholars than those of any other lower-court judge.[1] Both Hand's dissent in United States v. Kennerley[60] and his ruling in United States v. Levine[203] have often been cited in obscenity cases.[204] Hand's view that literary works should be judged as a whole and in relation to their intended readership is now accepted in American law. His use of historical data to gauge legislative intent has become a widespread practice. According to Archibald Cox: "The opinions of Judge Hand have had significant influence both in breaking down the restrictions imposed by the dry literalism of conservative tradition and in showing how to use with sympathetic understanding the information afforded by the legislative and administrative processes."[205] Hand's decision in the 1917 Masses case influenced Zechariah Chafee's widely read book, Freedom of Speech (1920). In his dedication, Chafee wrote, "[Hand] during the turmoil of war courageously maintained the traditions of English-speaking freedom and gave it new clearness and strength for the wiser years to come."[206] Learned Hand played a key role in the interpretation of new federal crime laws in the period following the passing of the U.S. Criminal Code in 1909.[207] In a series of judicial opinions and speeches, he opposed excessive concern for criminal defendants, and wrote "Our dangers do not lie in too little tenderness to the accused. Our procedure has always been haunted by the ghost of the innocent man convicted. ... What we need to fear is the archaic formalism and watery sentiment that obstructs, delays and defeats the prosecution of crime." He insisted that harmless trial errors should not automatically lead to a reversal on appeal. Hand balanced these views with important decisions to protect a defendant's constitutional rights concerning unreasonable searches, forced confessions and cumulative sentences.[208] His opinions have also proved lasting in fields of commercial law. Law students studying torts often encounter Hand's 1947 decision for United States v. Carroll Towing Co.,[209] which gave a formula for determining liability in cases of negligence.[210] Hand's interpretations of complex Internal Revenue Codes, which he called "a thicket of verbiage", have been used as guides in the gray area between individual and corporate taxes.[211] In an opinion sometimes seen as condoning tax avoidance, Hand stated in 1947 that "there is nothing sinister in so arranging one's affairs as to keep taxes as low as possible".[212] He was referring to reporting of individual income through corporate tax forms for legitimate business reasons. In tax decisions, as in all statutory cases, Hand studied the intent of the original legislation. His opinions became a valuable guide to tax administrators.[213] Hand's landmark decision in United States v. Aluminum Company of America in 1945 influenced the development of antitrust law.[214] His decisions in patent, copyright, and admiralty cases have contributed to the development of law in those fields.[215] Hand was also a founding member of the American Law Institute, where he helped develop the influential Restatements of the Law serving as models for refining and improving state codes in various fields.[216] One American Law Institute recommendation was to decriminalize sexual conduct such as adultery and homosexuality, for which reason the July–August 1955 issue of the Mattachine Society Review, the magazine of the country's first nationwide homosexual organization, published a salute to Judge Hand featuring his photograph on the cover.[217] After Hand's lectures and publications became widely known, his influence reached courts throughout the country.[218] On the occasion of his 75th birthday on January 27, 1947, The Washington Post reported: "He has won recognition as a judges' judge. His opinions command respect wherever our law extends, not because of his standing in the judicial hierarchy, but because of the clarity of thought and the cogency of reasoning that shape them."[219] To the wider public, who knew little of his legal work, Hand was by then a folk hero.[220] Social scientist Marvin Schick has pointed out that this mythic status is a paradox.[221] Because Hand never served on the Supreme Court, the majority of his cases were routine and his judgments rooted in precedent. On Hand's retirement in 1951, Felix Frankfurter predicted that his "actual decisions will be all deader than the Dodo before long, as at least many of them are already".[222] Working for a lower court, however, saved Hand from the taint of political influence that often hung over the Supreme Court. Hand's eloquence as a writer played a larger part in the spread of his influence than the substance of his decisions; and Schick believes that the Hand myth brushes over contradictions in his legal philosophy. Hand's reputation as a libertarian obscures the fact that he was cautious as a judge. Though a liberal, he argued for judicial restraint in interpreting the Constitution, and regarded the advancement of civil liberties as a task for the legislature, not the courts. In his 1958 Holmes Lectures, for example, he voiced doubts about the constitutionality of the Warren Court's civil rights rulings.[223] This philosophy of judicial restraint failed to influence the decisions of the Supreme Court during Hand's lifetime and afterwards. Finally, in an essay called Origin of a Hero discussing his novel the Rector of Justin, author Louis Auchincloss says the main character was not based on a headmaster; certainly not as was often speculated Groton's famous Endicott Peabody. "If you want to disguise a real life character," Auchincloss advised fellow novelists, "just change his profession." His actual model for the Rector of Justin was "the greatest man it has been my good luck to know" – Judge Learned Hand.[224] Hand, Learned (1941), Liberty, Stamford, CT: Overbrook, OCLC 2413475 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. Hand, Learned (1952), Irving Dilliard (eds.), The Spirit of Liberty: Papers and Addresses of Learned Hand, New York: Knopf, OCLC 513793 CS1 maint: uses editors parameter (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. Hand, Learned (1958), The Bill of Rights, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, OCLC 418364 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. (Oliver Wendell Holmes Lectures) Hand, Learned (1968), Hershel Shanks (eds.), The Art and Craft of Judging: The Decisions of Judge Learned Hand, New York: Macmillan, OCLC 436539 CS1 maint: uses editors parameter (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Stone 2004, p. 200; Vile 2003, p. 319 ↑ Schick 1970, pp. 188–89 ↑ Dworkin 1996, p. 342. Quoted from Hand's 1958 Holmes Lectures. ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 3–5 ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 3, 7, 40; Griffith 1973, p. 3 ↑ Charles E. Wyzanski, quoted in Schick 1970, p. 13 ↑ 7.0 7.1 Schick 1970, p. 13 ↑ Gunther 1994, p. 7 ↑ Griffith 1973, p. 3 ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 10–11 ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 4, 6, 11 ↑ Gunther 1994, p. 22 ↑ Vile 2003, p. 320 ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 20, 23–25 ↑ Griffith 1973, pp. 3–4 ↑ Two were subsequently released commercially as part of a disc of American folksongs. See "Judge Learned Hand Turns Singer In New U.S. Album of Folk Music", The New York Times, pp. 1, 15, May 11, 1953 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. Retrieved on July 27, 2008. Excerpts can be heard as part of Wade, Stephen (October 5, 1999), "Learned Hand", All Things Considered, NPR <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. Retrieved on July 27, 2008. ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 26–30, 76 ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 30–31. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Griffith 1973, p. 4 ↑ 30.0 30.1 Dworkin 1996, p. 333 ↑ Carrington 1999, p. 206 ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 50–52; Griffith 1973, p. 4 ↑ Carrington 1999, p. 137; Schick 1970, p. 14; Griffith 1973, pp. 4–5 ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 64–65. This switch did not prove permanent: over the course of the years, Hand voted equally for Democratic and Republican candidates. ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 172–174 ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 171–73 ↑ Gilbert, Alma, Maxfield Parrish: The Masterworks, Third Edition (Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press, 2001) p. 110. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Gunther 1994, pp. 187–188 ↑ Stettner 1993, p. 25 ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 195, 198–202 ↑ Gunther 1994, p. 107 ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 123–124, 128–133; Schick 1970, p. 14; Griffith 1973, p. 5 ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 137–138, 144–145 ↑ 60.0 60.1 United States v. Kennerley, 209 Fed. 119 (S.D.N.Y. 1913) ↑ Boyer 2002, pp. 46–48 ↑ Griffith 1973, p. 154; Rabban 1999, p. 146; Regina v. Hicklin, LR 3 QB 360 (1868). ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 202–204; Schick 1970, p. 14 ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 206–210, 221–24 ↑ Gunther 1994, p. 233. The new party structure incorporated Jane Addams' Progressive Service, an educational organization aimed at spreading the reformist agenda to the public and to the legislators. ↑ Schick 1970, p. 14 ↑ Stone 2004, p. 166 ↑ Schick 1970, p. 176; Shanks 1968, pp. 84–97; Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten, 244 Fed. 535 (S.D.N.Y. 1917) ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 151, 157; Stone 2004, pp. 157, 164–165 ↑ Schick 1970, pp. 177–178; Rabban 1999, p. 296; Stone 2004, p. 177 ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 152, 156–160; Stone 2004, pp. 165–170 ↑ Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616 (1919). ↑ Irons 1999, pp. 270, 275, 279–280; Gunther 1994, pp. 161–167; Stone 2004, pp. 198–207 ↑ "Judge Hand's injunction against the postmaster's exclusion of The Masses from the mails, though reversed on appeal, is seen, in retrospect, as the precursor of the federal court's present protection of freedom of the press." Judge Charles E. Wyzanski. Qtd. in Griffith 1973, p. 6 ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 151–152, 170 ↑ Gunther 1994, p. 155; Stone 2004, pp. 165–166 ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 161, 257–260, 270–71 ↑ White 2007, p. 214; Schick 1970, p. 17 ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 270–277; Schick 1970, p. 15. Taft had once dismissed Hand as "a wild Roosevelt man and a Progressive". ↑ 98.0 98.1 98.2 98.3 Schick 1970, p. 16 ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 457–460; Carrington 1999, p. 141 ↑ United States v. A. L. A. Schechter, 76 F.2d 617 (2d Cir. 1935) ↑ Gunther 1994, p. 471; Schick 1970, p. 163 ↑ Schick 1970, p. 5 ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 514–516, 521; Schick 1970, p. 5 ↑ Griffith 1973, pp. 9–10 ↑ Ashworth, Kenneth (2001). Caught between the dog and the fireplug, or how to survive public service. Washington, Dc: Georgetown University Press. pp. 70–71. ISBN 0-87840-847-9. Douglas, qtd in Ashworth. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> ↑ Letter from Learned Hand to Felix Frankfurter (Feb. 6, 1944) (available in Felix Frankfurter Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.). Quoted in Melvin I. Urofsky, William O. Douglas As a Common Law Judge, 41 Duke Law Journal 133, 135 n.18 (1991). ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 566–570; Dworkin 1996, p. 335 ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 541–543. Lovett was removed from his government job by an Act of Congress, but in 1946 the Supreme Court ruled his dismissal unconstitutional as a bill of attainder. ↑ Griffith 1973, pp. 11–12 ↑ Qtd. in Gunther 1994, p. 549 ↑ Gunther 1994, p. 578; Stone 2004, p. 398 ↑ United States v. Coplon, 185 F.2d 629 (2d Cir. 1950); United States v. Dennis, 183 F.2d. 201 (2d Cir. 1950); United States v. Remington, 208 F.2d. 567 (2d Cir. 1950) ↑ Gunther 1994, p. 596; Griffith 1973, p. 37 ↑ Schick 1970, pp. 176–181; Griffith 1973, pp. 150–152; Irons 1999, pp. 379–380 ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 624–625; Stone 2004, p. 369 ↑ Hand 1977, pp. 223–24 ↑ Dworkin 1996, p. 347 ↑ Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905) ↑ Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 654–657; Carrington 1999, pp. 141–143 ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 662–664; Carrington 1999, pp. 141–143; Griffith 1973, p. 109 ↑ Grondahl, Paul (December 5, 2013). "Learned Hand (1872-1961): Judicial eminence, '10th man on the U.S. Supreme Court'". Albany Times-Union. Retrieved January 11, 2016. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> ↑ "Skepticism is my only gospel, but I don't want to make a dogma out of it." Qtd. in Lewis F. Powell, "Foreword", Gunther 1994, p. x ↑ 155.0 155.1 Griffith 1973, p. vii ↑ Schick 1970, p. 165; Dworkin 1996, p. 12 ↑ Griffith 1973, p. 192; Dworkin 1996, p. 342 ↑ Griffith 1973, pp. 131–140; White 2007, pp. 217–218 ↑ Schick 1970, p. 186 ↑ Griffith 1973, pp. 57–58; Dworkin 1996, pp. 342–343 ↑ "The limits Hand placed on choice are similar to those John Stuart Mill placed upon freedom when he denied the freedom to destroy liberty or the social and political structure which protected it." Griffith 1973, p. 60 ↑ Carrington 1999, p. 138; Polenberg 1995, pp. 296–301 ↑ Griffith 1973, p. 65 ↑ Wyzanski 1964, p. vi ↑ Griffith 1973, p. 86. "Hamilton thought government consisted of combinations based on self-interest and that liberty did not rest on anarchy. Man required an ordered society, which included not only individual concerns but collective interests and which permitted human life to rise above that of the savage and made possible joint efforts and thus more comfort, security, and leisure for a better life. He believed that while Jacobins cried for liberty what they really wanted was to exercise their own tyranny over the mob. It appeared to Hand that history had proved Hamilton right." ↑ Griffith 1973, p. 190 ↑ 172.0 172.1 Griffith 1973, pp. 56–57,60–63 ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 368, 535 ↑ Wyzanski 1964, p. viii ↑ Horwitz 1995, p. 264; Schick 1970, pp. 162–163; Gunther 1994, p. 122 ↑ Griffith 1973, pp. 109, 211 ↑ Griffith 1973, pp. 219–222 ↑ White 2007, p. 235 ↑ 188.0 188.1 Griffith 1973, pp. 112–113 ↑ Qtd. in Griffith 1973, p. 144 ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 604–605; Stone 2004, pp. 399–400 ↑ Irons 1999, p. 380; Schick 1970, pp. 180–181; Stone 2004, p. 400 ↑ Dworkin 1996, pp. 338–39 ↑ Griffith 1973, pp. 130–138; Horwitz 1995, pp. 262–263 ↑ "The statute may be far from the best solution of the conflict with which it deals; but if it is the result of an honest effort to embody that compromise or adjustment that will secure the widest acceptance and most avoid resentment it is 'Due Process of Law' and conforms to the First Amendment." From Hand's The Bill of Rights. Qtd. in Schick 1970, p. 163 ↑ Gunther 1994, p. 383; Carrington 1999, p. 140 ↑ 202.0 202.1 Posner & Gunther 1994, pp. 511, 514 ↑ United States v. Levine, 83 F.2d 156 (2d Cir. 1936); see also United States v. One Book Called Ulysses, 72 F.2d 705 (2d Cir. 1934), originally judged by John M. Woolsey and affirmed by a Second Circuit panel including Hand. ↑ Griffith 1973, p. 157; Gunther 1994, p. 149 ↑ Gunther 1994, pp. 304–305, 532–533; Judd 1947, pp. 405–422 ↑ United States v. Carroll Towing Co., 159 F.2d 169 (2nd Cir. 1947) ↑ Weinrib 1995, p. 48. Hand proposed that the defendant's duty is a function of three variables: the probability of an accident's occurring, the gravity of loss if it should occur, and burden of adequate precautions. He expressed this in the algebraic formula: "If the probability be called P; the injury, L; and the burden, B; liability depends on whether B is less than L multiplied by P: i.e., where B is less than PL." See also Calculus of negligence. ↑ Griffith 1973, pp. 26–30. See also Chirelstein 1968, "Learned Hand's Contribution to the Law of Tax Avoidance". ↑ Griffith 1973, pp. 32–34; Schick 1970, pp. 170–171, 188; United States v. Aluminium Company of America, 148 F.2d 416 (2nd Cir. 1945). In this case, the Second Circuit took the place of the Supreme Court under a special statute, enacted after the Supreme Court lacked quorum in the case because of recusals. Hand's opinion set the standard for future rulings. ↑ Griffith 1973, pp. 43–44; Gunther 1994, pp. 410–414 ↑ Mattachine Review (Issue No. 4, July–August 1955)(cover and pg. 2) ↑ Schick 1970, pp. 154, 187 ↑ Schick 1970, p. 355; Auerbach 1977, p. 259 ↑ Origin of a Hero, in Auchincloss, Louis (1979), Life, Law, and Letters: Essays and Sketches, Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-28151-2 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> Auerbach, Jerold S. (1977), Unequal Justice: Lawyers and Social Change in Modern America, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-502170-7 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. Boudin, Michael; Gunther, Gerald (January 1995), "The Master Craftsman", Stanford Law Review, 47 (2): 363–386, doi:10.2307/1229231, JSTOR 1229231 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. (JSTOR subscription required for online access.) Boyer, Paul S. (2002), Purity in Print: Book Censorship in America from the Gilded Age to the Computer Age (2nd ed.), Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 978-0-299-17584-9 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> Carrington, Paul (1999), Stewards of Democracy: Law as Public Profession, New York: Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-8133-6832-0 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. Chirelstein, Marvin (January 1968), "Learned Hand's Contribution to the Law of Tax Avoidance", Yale Law Journal, 77 (3): 440–474, doi:10.2307/794940, JSTOR 794940 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. (JSTOR subscription required for online access.) Dworkin, Ronald (1996), Freedom's Law: The Moral Reading of the American Constitution, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-826470-5 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. Griffith, Kathryn (1973), Judge Learned Hand and the Role of the Federal Judiciary, Norman: Oklahoma University Press, ISBN 978-0-8061-1071-4 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. Gunther, Gerald (1994), Learned Hand: The Man and the Judge, New York: Knopf, ISBN 978-0-394-58807-0 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. Hand, Learned (1977), Dilliard, Irving (ed.), The Spirit of Liberty, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-31544-4 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. Horwitz, Morton J. (1995), The Transformation of American Law 1870–1960, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-507024-8 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. Irons, Peter (1999), A People's History of the Supreme Court, New York: Viking Penguin, ISBN 978-0-670-87006-6 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. Judd, Orrin (February 1947), "Judge Learned Hand and the Criminal Law", Harvard Law Review, 60 (3): 405–422, JSTOR 1335328 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. (JSTOR subscription required for online access.) Polenberg, Richard (June 1995), "'A Conservative among Liberals, and a Liberal among Conservatives': The Life of Learned Hand", Reviews in American History, 23 (2): 296–301, doi:10.1353/rah.1995.0051, JSTOR 2702701 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. (JSTOR subscription required for online access.) Oakes, James (January 1995), "The Master Craftsman", Stanford Law Review, 47 (2): 387–394, doi:10.2307/1229232, JSTOR 1229232 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. (JSTOR subscription required for online access.) Posner, Richard; Gunther, Gerald (November 1994), "The Learned Hand Biography and the Question of Judicial Greatness", The Yale Law Journal, 104 (2): 511–540, doi:10.2307/797010, JSTOR 797010 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. (JSTOR subscription required for online access.) Rabban, David M. (1999), Free Speech in Its Forgotten Years, 1870–1920, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-65537-8 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. Richardson, Elliot L. (January 1995), "The Spirit of Liberty Is Skeptical", Boston University Law Review, 75: 231 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. Schick, Marvin (1970), Learned Hand's Court, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-1214-9 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. Shanks, Hershel, ed. (1968), The Art and Craft of Judging: The Decisions of Judge Learned Hand, New York: Macmillan, OCLC 436539 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> Stettner, Edward A. (1993), Shaping Modern Liberalism: Herbert Croly and Progressive Thought, Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, ISBN 978-0-7006-0580-4 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. Stone, Geoffrey R. (2004), Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime From the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism, New York: Norton., ISBN 978-0-393-05880-2 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. Vile, John R., ed. (2003), Great American Judges: An Encyclopedia, 1, Santa Barbara: ABC–CLIO, ISBN 978-1-57607-989-8 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. Weinrib, Ernest J. (1995), The Idea of Private Law, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-44212-2 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. Westbrook, Robert B. (1993), John Dewey and American Democracy, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, ISBN 978-0-8014-8111-6 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. White, G. Edward (2007), The American Judicial Tradition: Profiles of Leading American Judges (3rd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-513962-4 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. Wright, Charles Allan, "A Modern Hamlet in the Judicial Pantheon", 93 Michigan Law Review 1841 (1995). Wyzanski, Charles E. (1964), "Introduction", in Hand, Learned (ed.), The Bill of Rights, New York: Atheneum, OCLC 4038843 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> Wikimedia Commons has media related to [[commons:Script error: The function "getCommonsLink" does not exist.|Script error: The function "getCommonsLink" does not exist.]]. Wikiquote has quotations related to: Learned Hand Wade, Stephen (October 5, 1999), "Learned Hand", All Things Considered, NPR <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>. Retrieved on July 27, 2008. Includes excerpts of Learned Hand's recordings of folksongs for the Library of Congress, part of a commercially released disc of American folksongs. 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The Upcoming Cats Movie Looks Absolutely Terrible and I Can't Wait to See It In the decades to come, our children's children will doubtlessly ask us, "What were you doing when the strangest movie trailer of all time was released?" If you haven't yet experienced the simultaneously whimsical and nightmarish preview for the long-awaited film adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber's hit stage musical, Cats, do that now. For non-musical theater types and the uninitiated, the upcoming movie appears to present a confusing collage of A-list celebrities, horrifying CGI, and dancing anthropomorphic pets. For those of us well-accustomed to the stage show, it appears the exact same way. Like a threatening suggestion, the trailer promises, "THIS HOLIDAY SEASON, YOU WILL BELIEVE," and it beckons the question: Which holiday? Halloween? April Fools'? I want to believe in this bonkers musical adaptation, but there are too many unanswered questions. Namely, is this actually the best use of our capabilities with computer-generated imagery? And, can the weirdness of an abstract — albeit insanely successful — theatrical production ever again translate seamlessly into a cinema box office hit? In a behind-the-scenes preview released by Universal Pictures on Wednesday, director Tom Hooper said, "We've used digital fur technology to create the most perfect covering of fur," and many people, including myself, wondered what exactly that would entail. To find out in this (literally) stunning trailer is to question if we all share the same definition of the word "perfect." Sure, the realism is there, to an extent, but so is an undeniable cognitive dissonance. The much-memed line from Jurassic Park is applicable: "Your scientists were so preoccupied with whether or not they could, they didn't stop to think if they should." A more palatable example of the pitfalls of CGI came with the release of Disney's "live action" remake of The Lion King. Many reviewers, including NPR's Justin Chang, lamented the lost emotion from the film's characters bound up in its display of 21st-century technological prowess. While the hand-drawn animations of the 1994 version gave way to wild and adorable imagery, this new one is, perhaps, "so realistic-looking that, paradoxically, you can't believe a moment of it." When Cats opened on Broadway in 1982 (the same year as the release of the sexy, animal horror film Cat People — coincidence?), the players didn't look exactly like cats. They wore tights and leg warmers and big, new wave hairdos. They understood that the power of suggestion in creating a world was more convincing than photorealism. That isn't to say that Cats hasn't always been an oddity. In its 18-year Broadway run, it mystified many with its shockingly successful combination of plotless poetry, an eclectic musical score, and some sort of alien spaceship ending. I saw a touring production of Cats in junior high, and afterwards my friend and I waited outside the theater to meet some of the performers. While we waited, we met a middle-aged couple wearing fabric cat ears and tails who "followed" the show. In fact, it had been their hundredth-odd time experiencing the musical. These people are weird, I thought. But that's exactly who the show is made for. I wasn't sporting any furry accessories that night, but I was weird too because I willingly attended a deranged, ambiguously sexual, kitty sing-a-long. Can the new Cats movie exude the same energy? Attract the same cult following? The incredible star power (along with the power of morbid curiosity) assures that it will make money at the box office. Sure, the trailer showcases a load of aesthetic incongruities that forces us to reconcile our relationship with reality, but maybe it's the musical we deserve. Maybe we're entering a new cinematic age. One thing is for sure: we all now have a present that we can't open until Christmas. An oddly-shaped one with psychedelic wrapping paper. Featured image: Cats (2019), Universal Pictures

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Not sure if my hair is a 3a or 3b, please HELP! Hi everyone!I need some help, I can't figure out what type of hair I have, 3a or 3b. Also, I would like to know if anyone knows some natural trick or product to have more density in your hair.Thank you so much! I would definitely guess that you were a 3a, but you could have a mixture. Unfortunately, you can't change hair density. Density is the amount of hair the grows out of your hair and you can't create more hair follicles. If you mean you want thicker hair, you can try applying castor oil. Scientifically, there is no proof that it makes your hair thicker, but many many women (and men, probably) have agreed that their hair has gotten thicker with regular use. If you mean that you just want it to look fuller, you could pick out your hair or try separating the curls, but this will probably result in less definition. I think you have 3b Curls! Your definitely a type 3A.. The circumference of your curls are not of a 3B... You may have sprinkles of 3B but mostly throughout your a 3A girly.. Hope this helps..

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It's been 10 years since the American Heart Association started encouraging people to "Go Red for Women" during the month of February. Despite the push for awareness, some people may still be surprised to learn just how prevalent the disease is in women. "(Heart disease) kills more women than cancer does, and we don't think about it like that. People think breast cancer or ovarian cancer even, but (heart disease) is the No. 1 killer for women," said Karen Campf, director of educational services at Alliance Community Hospital. The reason the disease claims so many lives, Campf said, is because women are often too busy to take care of their own health needs and tend to ignore the symptoms of a heart attack. In women, these symptoms may also be mistaken for the flu because they can include things like cold sweats, nausea, stomach pains and shortness of breath. Campf said there are numerous stories about women being caught off guard by heart attacks because of the symptoms they had, including younger women. "As women, we're used to taking care of everybody else. We don't think about ourselves, so when we have symptoms like that we really do brush it off," she said. "If somebody else had those symptoms, we'd be getting them to the doctor or the hospital, but we just think, 'Oh, I've got the flu, I've got a bad cold, I'm just under too much stress.'" Campf said if your symptoms persist or you have shortness of breath when walking a flight of stairs, it is time to seek help, especially if you have a strong family history of heart disease. Just say no to smoking -- If you smoke, stop. Also try to avoid secondhand smoke. Eat a healthy diet -- Practice healthier eating habits and portion control. "Don't think of yourself as going on a diet, think of it as a healthy lifestyle." Get your exercise -- Increase the amount of exercise you get in your daily life. "Any amount of exercise, whether it be just walking, or using a treadmill or a bike -- that's the important thing." Don't overdo alcohol -- Avoid drinking too much alcohol. "A little bit is okay; it's the excessive amount that's not good." Lessen your stress -- Reducing stress is important. "As women, we're not good about taking time for ourselves. We take care of everybody else and forget about ourselves, but the (American Heart Association) really pushes the fact that you should take 20 minutes a day to relax and do whatever you want to do and take that time for yourself. "You need to look at your lifestyle and (ask) what changes do I need to make so that I don't have problems with my heart," Campf added. "The thing is to take care of yourself. Get rest, eat a healthy diet, move around, and when you have problems, go to the doctor. If you have known high blood pressure, then you need to have it treated. If you're a diabetic, then you need to keep it under control because all those things together will make your chance of having heart disease worse." When the arteries leading to the heart become blocked either by cholesterol buildup or a blood clot, it affects the blood from circulating through the heart, which means the heart is not getting oxygenated. Campf said this is what leads to chest discomfort and shortness of breath. For those who do have a heart attack, getting help immediately is important. "You need to get to the emergency room because there's so many things we can do now to stop that heart attack and prevent the damage to your heart," she said. Campf, who began her more-than-30-year career in nursing in the intensive coronary unit, is amazed by the changes that have taken place in medical care for heart attacks. Not only have stays in the hospital shortened, but if patients get help in time, damage can even be prevented. Campf said the goal of ACH staff is to get heart attack patients into a cath lab at Aultman or Mercy hospitals within 90 minutes. "It's awesome to see how wonderful (the treatments are) and the lives that we're saving because of the technology that we have. But the more important thing is stopping that heart disease from occurring all together," she added. To continue that ultimate goal, the most important things are education and lowering risk factors. "I do think the education is working and a woman is more apt to think, 'Could this be my heart?' than she would have in the past when it was thought of as such a man disease," Campf said. "But we constantly have to get that word out that people of all ages (are at risk for) not just heart attacks, but stroke and peripheral vascular disease." To assess your risk for heart disease, you can take a quiz called Heart Aware at www.achosp.org or www.heart.org. For more information about Heart Aware, contact ACH's Cardio Pulmonary Services at 330-596-7100.

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232 Americans Arrested During Week of Antiwar Protests by Staff on March 27, 2008 · 4 comments in Media, Organizing, Peace Movement, War and Peace By our search of reports of antiwar protests and demonstrations during the week of March 15 to March 20, OB RAG has now determined that 232 Americans were arrested for their activities during protests of the Iraq war and occupation by US forces. This is a conservative number, and only represents the arrests reported in news and blogs that are available on the internet. Most of the arrests occurred at the demonstrations staged on March 19th in two large cities, those in Washington, DC, and in San Francisco. 32 protesters were arrested in DC on the East Coast, most in front of the IRS building, and the largest number of arrests occurred on the West Coast, 143 were taken into custody for blocking traffic during a day of civil disobedience in downtown San Francisco. Twenty people were arrested in Syracuse and at least 2 in Chicago. The remaining numbers of the arrests were scattered across small city America: 4 in Portland, 2 in Grand Rapids, 5 in Hartford, CT., 2 in Des Moines, 3 in Madison, 7 in Memphis, Tennessee, 8 in Chicopee, MA, and even 4 in Cape Cod. Brief outlines of the actions are recounted here in the pages of OB RAG. And I will attempt to post a recap of the protests in the very near future. But you heard it here, first, unfortunately, as the corporate press does not want you to know, and the alternative press is not yet organized sufficiently, 232 of our countrywomen and men were taken into police custody because of their protests of this war. Our hats are off to them, may there be more Americans that are ready to put their body where their heart is. OB Joe March 28, 2008 at 7:14 am We're not getting this kind of info. Frank Gormlie March 31, 2008 at 3:49 pm I have to add 6 more arrests to this total, to make it 238. I did not realize that the 6 antiwar protesters who disrupted Easter mass service at a Chicago church had been arrested. See our new post from 3/31/08. Frank Gormlie April 3, 2008 at 10:24 pm The latest account is 304 arrests. See our subsequent posts. Readers should check out the updated posts on number of arrests. We eventually counted nearly 400. Older Article: Off-Duty Cop Who Fired 5 Shots – Wounding Unarmed Woman and Her 8 Year Old Son – Should Be Jailed for Attempted Murder Newer Article: March 28th : Anniversary of the Infamous Collier Park Riot in Ocean Beach, 1971

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We all know that emotions don't live only in our heads. The hair on our arms tends to stand on end when we feel fear, and our stomachs flutter when we're excited or nervous. Emotions clearly have a direct physiological effect on our bodies, and now a team of Finnish researchers has analyzed exactly how—and represented them in this visualization. In a study recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences, more than 700 participants were shown two blank silhouettes alongside words, movies, stories, and facial expressions. They were then asked to rate how they felt and where on their body they felt it, corresponding to the silhouettes. This created an overall picture of bodily responses to emotions. More activity sees the color change from black to red to yellow, while decreasing activity is represented by an increasingly bright shade of blue. The results, published in the Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences, tally with many of the experiences you've probably had: depression is linked with a deadening in the limbs, while shame induces bright spots on the cheeks. Sadness even features activity in the eyes, presumably representing the tears experienced by participants. The researchers acknowledge that "[all] cultures have body-related expressions for describing emotional states" — such as "butterflies in the stomach" — that don't necessarily have an actual physiological link, and thus, some of the feelings experienced by the participants could be societally influenced rather than organic. But, even though they can't rule out such a possibility, the authors say the results of the study don't agree with that argument. Researchers claim they found a strong consensus in physical responses to a given emotion in people from a range of cultural and linguistic backgrounds, (participants were drafted in from both Finland and Taiwan) suggesting that these are "universal sensation patterns triggered by activation of emotion systems" and are more likely a result of a biological basis for our response to emotions, rather than a cultural one. That might mean a blush or maybe just a nerve sensation, but it's something we all share. More evidence that emotions are stored in the body. EFT is an effective modality that relieves the negative emotions that we accumulate throughout life that can lead to weight gain, physical pain and chronic illness. Previous PostWhen Diets Don't Work – The Real Reason Why Some Can't Lose Weight.

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Whilst every care has been taken to verify the accuracy of the information and links provided on the website, we cannot guarantee that inaccuracies will not occur and cannot be held liable or responsible for any loss, damage or inconvenience caused as a result. Hypertext links to third party websites outside of our own website are provided for the convenience of users only. The Web Master is unable to provide any warranty concerning the accuracy or completeness of any information held within these third party websites – this is the responsibility of the publisher of the third party website. Furthermore, by linking to other websites, the Web Master in no way endorses the views or information held within such websites and is unable to grant permission to use material found on such sites. Permission to take content from this Web Site should be sought from the Webmaster, this includes all photographs.

{'redpajama_set_name': 'RedPajamaC4'}

Thanksgiving Leftover Casserole – NORPAC Foods, Inc. Combine turkey and 1 cup turkey gravy and spread evenly on the bottom of a 9×13 glass baking dish. Evenly press on leftover mashed potatoes and sprinkle green beans over the top. Mix together milk and leftover gravy and spread evenly over potatoes and green beans. Sprinkle on leftover stuffing and lightly drizzle chicken broth over the top (this will keep the stuffing from drying out). Cover with tin foil and bake at 400-degrees for 35-40 minutes or until heated through.

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PVC Clipboard Foldover Red P10 Pack of 1 • Manufactured in smooth grain PVC. • Extra strong pad clip.• Complete with hanging hole. • Clear half pocket inside width of front cover. • Pen holder within spine. • Holds A4 or foolscap paper. • Red. • Pack of 10.

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Feb 01, 2012—Data centers—facilities that typically house servers, routers and storage systems—are energy hogs. The equipment not only is sensitive to heat but also generates large amounts of heat, so cooling is essential. But all too often, data centers are cooled excessively, to ensure the best environment for the equipment contained within them. That makes data centers among the biggest energy consumers within enterprises. And the use of energy in these facilities continues to climb, despite the fact that many organizations have consolidated servers, thanks to technologies such as virtualization. According to a report released in September 2011 by DatacenterDynamics, a London-based research firm, data centers worldwide were expected to consume 19 percent more energy in the next 12 months than they had in the past year. The greatest increase in power demand is in markets with the highest projected data center facility growth over the next 12 months, the report says. That means bigger increases in energy use are expected in major U.S. and European markets than anywhere else. A significant number of the organizations queried think increased energy costs will have an impact on their data center operations during the next 12 months. Many organizations are motivated by a desire to cut costs, and better energy management is one place to focus, says Russell Klein, VP and group director, IT infrastructure, at research firm Aberdeen Group, in Boston. "Whether the servers and storage devices are on-premise or hosted, the organization is paying for the infrastructure, so everyone is concerned about managing the cost of the data center," he says. Most companies monitor data-center environments with large, wired environmental systems, which tend to be costly, complex, and time-consuming to install and reconfigure. Now, wireless monitoring systems that use radio frequency identification and sensor technologies can gather environmental information in real time, to help companies better manage energy consumption.

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It is very important to have one doctor who knows all your medical history. Many people have complicated problems that require specialists, but still need one physician who can help coordinate your health care needs. Another advantage of choosing a Family Physician is that when several members of the same family are sick, they can all be evaluated and treated at the same time. There is no hassle of trying to arrange appointments with three or four physicians. Dr Luis Alvarez M.D. treats patients of all ages. He treats acute and chronic problems and is on staff at West Boca Medical Center. Specialists play an important role in your health care. In fact, many people see several specialists. It essential to have a primary care doctor help you manage all of your medical issues. A doctor that knows you, your problems and your medications. For example, your ophthalmologist can take excellent care of your eyes; but if you have a question about your high blood pressure medicine or about an influenza vaccine, it is not their area of expertise. It is the job of you primary doctor to help you manage your health. Dr. Luis Alvarez works in close partnership with his sister Dr. Sandra Alvarez. Both physicians see all ages of patients and if one doctor is unavailable the other is happy to accomodate your needs.

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We ask that you read this privacy promise carefully as it contains important information on who we are, how and why we collect, store, use and share personal information, your rights in relation to your personal information and on how to contact us and other organisations in the event you have a complaint. Please see the section on your rights for more information. We are South West Home Care a partnership based in Poole and Bournemouth Dorset. In order that we can provide domestic care and support services to the people we support we collect and use certain personal information about you. Personal information means any information about you from which you can be identified, but it does not include information where your identity has been removed (anonymous data). As the 'controller' of personal information, we are responsible for how that data is managed. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which applies in the United Kingdom and across the European Union, sets out our obligations to you and your rights in respect of how we manage your personal information. A 'public body' we mean any organisation in the United Kingdom which delivers, commissions or reviews a public service and includes (but is not limited to) the Ombudsman, local authorities, councils, unitary authorities, clinical commissioning groups, health and social care trusts, the National Health Service as well as their arm's length bodies and regulators. A 'social or health care professional' we mean any person who provides direct services, acts as consultant or is involved in the commission of your healthcare or social care services, including (but not limited to) your general practitioner (GP), dental staff, pharmacists, nurses and health visitors, clinical psychologists, dieticians, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, hospital staff, social workers and other care and support related professionals. • Any accidents and incidents or near misses you may have been involved in our employees are delivering a service to you – this may include details of injuries and treatment you may have received. Please be aware that our website may provide you with links to other websites. If you follow a link to any other website please note they have their own privacy promises. We do not accept any responsibility or liability for the privacy and security practices of such third-party websites and your use as such is at your own risk. • Improve your experience of our website and to ensure that the content is presented in the most effective way. We share your medical information with appropriate external social or health care professionals (including your GP and pharmacist) and any individuals you have nominated as your representative as and when required. This data sharing enables us to establish the type of domestic care and support you need. It also allows us to design the right domestic care package to suit your individual circumstances, including if (in future) you decide to receive care from an alternative provider. We may also share information with another Personal Care Agency where that firm is providing you with personal care and we are covering your domestic needs. Such information will be limited to that which enables both ourselves and the Personal agency to provide you with a safe and efficient service that meets your needs. We will share personal information with law enforcement or other authorities if legally required to do so. We are also required to share personal information with external social or health care professionals, including public bodies and local safeguarding groups (in some circumstances) to ensure your safety. We will share minimal and relevant information within South West Home Care in order to provide safe and effective services to you. We will not share, sell or trade your personal information with any other third party without your consent. Data archiving companies – responsible for the secure storage and destruction of records. These providers are under a written contract to ensure the same level of privacy and security that we promise to you. The provision of your medical, physical or mental condition is necessary to enable us to create a domestic care plan and to provide you with suitable domestic care and support services. Without this information, we will not be able to assess your domestic care needs or provide any domestic care services to you. The provision of your name, home address is required so that we can arrange a domestic care worker to attend your home to deliver the services and so that we can invoice you for the fees. All your personal data is stored and processed on systems that are within the European Economic Area (EEA) and offer the same level of legal protection and rights over your data. In certain situations, we transfer your personal information to the following countries which are located outside the European Economic Area (EEA). This is done in order to provide our employee with your name, address, contact details and care needs information which they require to deliver a safe service. This information is only shared once you have accepted the employee as part of the service we provide. This international transfer is under Article 49(1)(b) – the transfer is necessary for the performance of a contract between the data subject and the controller. Such countries do not have the same data protection laws as the United Kingdom and EEA. Any transfer of your personal information will be subject to appropriate or suitable relevant safeguards that are designed to help safeguard your privacy rights and give you remedies in the unlikely event of a misuse of your personal information. If you would like further information please contact us (see How to contact us below). The confidentiality and security of your information is of paramount importance to us. We have appropriate organisational and technical security measures in place to prevent personal information from being accidentally lost, or used or accessed in an unauthorised way. We limit access to your personal information to those who have a genuine business need to know it. Those processing your information will do so only in an authorised manner and are subject to a duty of confidentiality. The GDPR also gives you right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority, in particular in the European Union (or European Economic Area) state where you work, normally live or where any alleged infringement of data protection laws occurred. The supervisory authority in the UK is the Information Commissioner who may be contacted at https://ico.org.uk/concerns/ or telephone: 0303 123 1113. This privacy promise was first published on 22st May 2018. We may change this privacy promise from time to time, when changes are significant we will draw your attention to this via email and on our website.

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Egyptian court postpones Morsi trial in "prison break" case to 14 August - Daily News Egypt Egypt Egyptian court postpones Morsi trial in "prison break" case to 14 August Egyptian court postpones Morsi trial in "prison break" case to 14 August Cairo Criminal court postponed on Sunday the re-trial of former president Mohammed Morsi and 27 others, in the case related to mass jail breaks back in 2011, to 14 August, to listen to witnesses, state-media reported. In November 2016, the Cairo Court of Appeals had revoked Morsi's death sentence in the case, ordering a re-trial. … Daily News Egypt July 30, 2017 Be the first to comment Cairo Criminal court postponed on Sunday the re-trial of former president Mohammed Morsi and 27 others, in the case related to mass jail breaks back in 2011, to 14 August, to listen to witnesses, state-media reported. In November 2016, the Cairo Court of Appeals had revoked Morsi's death sentence in the case, ordering a re-trial. Morsi, who was also the leader of the Freedom and Justice Party, which is affiliated to the Muslim Brotherhood, is already facing the death penalty on other charges. Morsi came to power in 2012 after winning in the presidential elections. However, his ouster came on 3 July 2013 after mass protests started 30 June 2013, in opposition to his ruling. The Muslim Brotherhood was labelled a terrorist organisation in 2013, following a court decision that banned the group. Thousands of its members are being tried in front of the Egyptian judiciary. In November 2016, the Cairo Court of Appeals had repealed a death sentence and a life imprisonment verdict to defendants in the case. The case dates back to 2011 during the 25 Revolution when Wadi El-Natrun prison where Morsi was a prisoner, was stormed in 29 January. The defendants face accusations of making troubles by the help of the international organisation of Muslim Brotherhood, Hezbollah, and Hamas. Topics: Mohamed Morsi prison break Daily News Egypt More in Daily News Egypt Parliament approves new NGOs draft law amid members' rejections Toyota-Orascom-GDF alliance to complete Gulf of Suez wind farm by October Triple M, Tafila Technical University discuss maximising local component in renewable energy https://cdn1.dailynewsegypt.com/2017/07/30/egyptian-court-postpones-morsi-trial-prison-break-case-14-august/ Palestinian FM welcomed rapprochement between Egypt and Hamas On current political moment, future of the democratic forces in Egypt: Egyptian Social Democratic Party (Part 3) Morsi's "insulting judiciary" case verdict to be declared on 30 September Court upholds three-year jail sentences in Matariya doctors' assault case Two police officers referred to court for assisting suspect's escape July 30, 2017 Breaking News

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Q: Simple markov chain problem I know this is an easy problem, but I can't figure it out. A particle takes discrete steps $σ_1,σ_2,σ_3,…,σ_n$ which take on values +1 or −1. However, $P(σ_i=+1)=p$ and $P(σ_i=−1)$ will be $1-p$. So I am interested in bound of $ P (\sum_{i}{\sigma_i} \geq k)$ ? I tried to use Chernoff's bound, but it doesnt give me a good bound. Also for Chernoff I need to have $k \geq \mu$. Can I say that $\sigma$-s correspond to some other $Y_i$, such that $Y_i = 1$, with prob. $p$ and $0$, with prob $1-p$, and we are interested in $P(\sum_i{Y_i} \geq k/2)$? A: Assuming the $\sigma_i$ (and thus $Y_i$) are independent, the distribution of $S_n = \sum_{i=1}^n Y_i$ is binomial with parameters $n$ and $p$. If the Chernoff and Chebyshev inequalities are not good enough for your purposes, you might try a more quantitative version of the DeMoivre-Laplace theorem: see W. Feller, "On the normal approximation to the binomial distribution", Annals of Mathematical Statistics 16 (1945) 319-329 http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2236142?uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21101337407023

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Q: Why is the Carry Flag set during a subtraction when zero is the minuend? At the moment I write my own little library for arithmetic and logical operations for very big unsigned integers. To improve performance I decided to implement some functions in assembly. So here is my question. While subtracting two unsigned integers the Carry Flag is set when I subtract any number from 0. But why is the Carry Flag set in this situation? The Carry Flag is only set when an overflow occurs, but if I subtract any number from zero I don't get an overflow. Or I am wrong? A: We know from grade school that a - b = a + (-b). And that is how logic does it we dont subtract we add the negative. We also know from beginner programming classes that with twos complement to get the negative you invert and add one. a - b = a + (~b) + 1. We also know from grade school the concept of carrying. 9+3 = 2 carry the one. Same in binary, with two operands you can have 1 + 1 = 0 carry the one. So each column in logic needs a carry. Each are three bits in two bits out, the two operands in plus carry in and carry out and the result out. Since each of these logic blobs has an input bit, carry in, normal addition that first carry in is a zero, but for subtraction we can make that carry in a 1 and invert the second operand to get a + b = a + (~b) + 1 So subtraction is addition, if you work through a few simple examples, or better try every three bit combination of operands yourself. You will see that there is no such thing as signed nor unsigned addition (or subtraction), the beauty of twos complement encoding. Knowing all of this, subtraction is addition, with addition we get a carry out on UNSIGNED overflow, the signed overflow bit is when the carry in and the carry out of the msbit dont match, usually represented as the V flag. Now some architectures, since they are already inverting the b operand on the way in and the carry in on the way in, they invert the carry out on the way out. SOME DONT. So you have to look at your particular architecture to understand if the carry out is considered an unsigned addition overflow or if it is a borrow. or not borrow or whatever. zero minus something is not always going to have a carry out for the addition. 0b000 - 0b111 0001 000 + 000 ===== 001 The carry out of the addition is zero. Your architecture may choose to leave it that way or it may choose to invert it and call it a borrow. Within an architecture family. All of the x86s or all of the ARMs it is likely they will continue to do it the same way forever. But there is no reason to expect ARM and MIPS and x86 and XYZ to all do it the same way. Inverting it and defining it as a borrow makes sense from a terminology perspective. Note that all of the (signed/unsigned) greater than, less than, greater than or equal, less than or equal definitions are based on the carry/borrow choice for that architecture, you cannot translate those flag comparisions across architectures unless they have the same definition. A: Carry flag is carry or borrow out of the Most Significant bit (MSb): CF (bit 0) Carry flag — Set if an arithmetic operation generates a carry or a borrow out of the mostsignificant bit of the result; cleared otherwise. This flag indicates an overflow condition for unsigned-integer arithmetic. It is also used in multiple-precision arithmetic. Don't associate the CF with the sign bit, in a subtraction CF is set whenever the minuend, treated as unsigned, is less than the subtrahend, treated as unsigned. This is equivalent to an overflow condition, for signed numbers the equivalent flag is OF. For an (unnecessary?) visual clue, in this 4-5 operation, it is the second borrow, the red one, that set the CF Not if you subtract from zero, it comes naturally that for any number, but zero itself, you'll always have the CF set, as the subtrahend has at least one bit set. Finally, some instructions let you change the sign bit without affecting the CF (see for example the logic operations or the behavior of neg).

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It is my wonderful friend Taniesa's birthday today! Happy birthday Taniesa!!! Taniesa is such a sweet & caring person and I feel so lucky to have met her (and through crafting)! She recently started her own stamp company, Trinity Stamps. Isn't that so cool?! The Trinity Stamps line has so many sweet images but the Bouquet of Hope might just be the sweetest! And it's so fun to color!!! I love the image so much that I wanted a really just wanted a soft, simple background so I did a little marbling with Copic refills. The BG11 is so soft that it's almost hard to capture it in the photos but it's so pretty in real life! I will definitely be doing it again! Hugs to all of you this Friday and a special big birthday hug Taniesa! XO! Many happy returns of the day. Got to know about one of the best LA venue from my friend and also hired the same for dad's birthday last to last week. Dinner and snacks both were amazing. Pretty interior was praised by all. Drinks were all sober with quite lovely crockery. Serves were according to number of guests.

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Update: State officials said late Monday night that tests show the lake water at Lourdes Camp is safe to drink and to swim in. Skaneateles, N.Y. -- Lourdes Camp in Skaneateles is closing, asking parents to pick up their children "as soon as possible" after blue-green algae blooms made the camp's water unsafe to drink or swim in. "I'm sorry to inform you we are closing camp immediately, and request the pickup of your child as soon as possible," camp Director Mike Preston said in an email to parents late Monday afternoon. "This decision was made in consultation with the Onondaga County Health Department." Preston said the water on the camp's 1,500-foot lakefront was deemed unsafe to swim in because of the algae blooms. In addition, the camp draws its water from the lake, so the camp's water supply is unsafe to drink, he said. "While this is a hard decision, the safety of our campers and staff is our number one priority," he said. The camp said children were provided bottled water until parents would pick them up, according to a news release issued this evening by the camp. The day camp and overnight camp were scheduled to end for the season on Friday, according to the camp's website. The camp, which is marking its 75th year in operation, is at Ten Mile Point on the eastern shore of Skaneateles Lake. It has 100 acres of land enhanced by large shade trees, sprawling lawns, surrounding hills and Ten Mile Creek, according to the camp's website. The camp has 20 cabins, a main lodge, infirmary, chapel, dining hall, canteen, boathouse and modern bathrooms. It operates a resident and day camp for boys and girls. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, harmful algae blooms, including blue green algae, are a major environmental problem in all 50 states. They can be toxic to humans, so people and pets should stay away from water that is green, scummy or smells bad, the EPA says. Two beaches on the lake -- Clift Park and the Skaneateles Country Club -- were closed Tuesday and Wednesday last week because of the algae. Both reopened Thursday. Onondaga County has also been testing for the algae in the pipes that provide water to Syracuse and some other municipalities. Last week, tests showed 0.3 parts per billion of toxins, called microcystins, in the intake pipes in the lake on Monday and Tuesday. That's the lowest level able to be detected by current technology. Tests results for three days -- Wednesday through Friday -- showed no toxins in the pipes, according to data from the Onondaga County Department of Health. Some parents struggle with disconnecting from their kids.

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2 reviews of Blue Frog Cantina, first by you? Be careful when heading to the lieu, darts fly very close to the path to the bathroom. If you're looking for a more festive dining experience, snag a seat in the bar. A bowl of water can be found outside for waiting canines. Combination platters offer a sampling of menu options and big portions at an affordable price. The vodka lemonade is a summery-treat that comes in a pint glass and packs a punch. Do you own Blue Frog Cantina? Contact us to connect with your diners. Blue Frog Cantina is located near the cities of Airport Mail Center, Atl, Bankhead, Midtown Atlanta, and Lastrup. People found this by searching for: Blue Frog Atlanta Menu, Blue Frog Atlanta Financial Trouble, Blu Frog Cantina Menu, Blue Frog Atlanta Images, Blue Cantina East Atlanta, Blue Frog Cantina Atlanta Menu, Blue Frog Cantina Bar In Decatur, and Who Owns Frogs Cantina In Atlanta, Ga.

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Maria Bartiromo Wiki, Married, Husband, Children, Affair, Net Worth First daily television journalist to broadcast from the New York stock exchange floor, Maria Bartiromo, who is also better known for her rise on the CNBC financial network. This gorgeous also came to be the first journalist to be inducted into the Cable Hall of Fame in the year of 2011. The lady was born Brooklyn, New York on September 11, 1967, to her Italian-American parents Vincent and Josephine. Date of Birth Sep 11, 1967 Age 55 Years, 4 Months Profession Journalist Husband/Spouse Jonathan Steinberg (m. 1999) Divorced Not Yet Gay/Lesbian No Net Worth $25 Million Dollars Social Media Twitter, Facebook Children/Kids Not Yet Education New York University College of Arts & Science Parents Vincent Bartiromo (Father), Josephine Bartiromo (Mother) Siblings Theresa Santoro (Sister) Career and Progression: This beauty started her career in 1993 and later served as an editor at CNN. Maria also served as a producer for about half decade and also ran the show "On the Money with Maria Bartiromo." Nevertheless, she is also a writer and has written for USA Today as well. After having served with the CNBC for two decades eventful and productive years, this lady left the station in 2013 to join the Fox Business Network. Know Her Net Worth and Salary? The top-ranked net worth provided wiki sites revealed that she has a net worth of $25 million dollars as of 2016 and $6 million USD yearly income, and also provided the source of her net worth and where and how this lady made the massive amounts of net worth and salary. This woman is not only a host and television personality, but she is also a well-known author, which also helped to her to make grand net worth. And it has reported that she also has numbers of restaurants and famous café and hotels as well. However, her father is also an influential businessman. Divorce Controversy, is still Together with her Husband? She is a married and got married to Jonathan Steinberg in 1999. Her husband is the primary driving force behind WisdomTree Investments. They are still together, no any news about having a divorce. Once she has rumored to be pregnant, but it was unofficial, and later it proved false. According to the couple's wedding announcements in the New York Times, the two got hitched on 13th June 1999, when she was 31 and her that time affairs boyfriend Jonathan is 34. They got married in a Jewish ceremony at Jonathan's father's house in New York. A daily beast feature on Maria from 2014 said throughout her sabbatical before to her move to the FBN, this lady and her husband Jonathan spent time hiking in Arizona, she said some storyteller wiki sites in May 2015 that the two are 'Workaholics' and have no children to date. Short Bio: The 49-years-old age journalist, author and also businesswoman has an average of the height of 5 feet 5 inches with her average of weight with cute faces and attractive body figure. She is still young and beautiful and keeps her body perfect and well-maintained. If you need to connect with her, then you also follow her on her social media accounts.

{'redpajama_set_name': 'RedPajamaCommonCrawl'}

package xyz.vinesh.creditcardview; import android.graphics.Typeface; import android.os.Bundle; import android.support.annotation.Nullable; import android.support.v4.app.Fragment; import android.support.v7.widget.CardView; import android.view.LayoutInflater; import android.view.View; import android.view.ViewGroup; import android.widget.ImageView; import android.widget.TextView; import java.util.ArrayList; /** * Created by vineshraju on 24/6/16. */ public class CreditCardViewBack extends Fragment implements CardUpdateListener { private TextView cvv; private ImageView logo; private CardView cardView; private CardTypes cardTypes; private Card card; private Typeface typeface; private CreditCardView creditCardView; public CreditCardViewBack() { } public static CreditCardViewBack newInstance(Card card) { CreditCardViewBack fragment = new CreditCardViewBack(); Bundle args = new Bundle(); args.putString(Card.NAME_KEY, card.getCardHolderName()); args.putString(Card.NUMBER_KEY, card.getCardNumber()); args.putString(Card.EXPIRY_KEY, card.getExpiry()); args.putString(Card.CVV_KEY, card.getCvv()); args.putInt(Card.COLOR_KEY, card.getCardForegroundColor()); fragment.setArguments(args); return fragment; } public void setCreditCardView(CreditCardView creditCardView) { this.creditCardView = creditCardView; } @Override public void onCreate(@Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); Bundle args = getArguments(); card = new Card(args.getString(Card.NAME_KEY), args.getString(Card.NUMBER_KEY), args.getString(Card.CVV_KEY), args.getString(Card.EXPIRY_KEY), args.getInt(Card.COLOR_KEY)); } @Nullable @Override public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, @Nullable ViewGroup container, @Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) { View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.credit_card_view_back, container, false); cvv = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.tvCvv); logo = (ImageView) view.findViewById(R.id.ivLogo); cardView = (CardView) view.findViewById(R.id.card_view); if (creditCardView != null) creditCardView.setBackListener(this); cardTypes = new CardTypes(getContext()); typeface = Typeface.createFromAsset(getContext().getAssets(), "fonts/ocraextended.ttf"); cvv.setTypeface(typeface); update(); return view; } private void refreshLogo(CharSequence s) { boolean matched = false; ArrayList<CardTypes.PatternResourcePairs> cardTypes = CreditCardViewBack.this.cardTypes.getCardTypes(); for (CardTypes.PatternResourcePairs cardType : cardTypes) { if (cardType.matches(s.toString())) { matched = true; logo.setImageDrawable(cardType.getLogoResource()); break; } if (!matched) logo.setImageDrawable(null); } } private void update() { cardView.setCardBackgroundColor(card.getCardForegroundColor()); cvv.setText(card.getCvv()); refreshLogo(card.getCardNumber()); } @Override public void updateCard(Card card) { this.card = card; update(); } @Override public void updateCardTypes(CardTypes cardTypes) { this.cardTypes = cardTypes; } }

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0000 Utc Towne Centre Dr, San Diego, CA 92122 (#190006210) :: Neuman & Neuman Real Estate Inc. It's a great opportunity to own your business in UTC area. Nice and clean Hawaiian poke restaurant. Customers could either carry out or eat at the restaurant. Listing provided courtesy of Top Notch Realty, Inc.. Listing information © 2019 San Diego MLS, Inc.

{'redpajama_set_name': 'RedPajamaC4'}

Mr. Alex Kofi Agyekum, Chairperson of Parliamentary Select Committee on Youth, Sports and Culture, has dismissed claims that the Ghana Football Association (GFA), is an independent body, hence cannot be touched by the government. Mr. Agyekum said any institution operating within the demarcations of Ghana was subject to the laws of the country. The Member of Parliament for Mpohor Constituency told the GNA Sports in an interview that, the recent invitation of Mr. Kwesi Nyantakyi, president of the GFA, by the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) of the Ghana Police Service affirms, that nobody can be independent of the laws of Ghana including the GFA. "The president asking that the GFA president to subject himself to interrogation shows that there is nobody and no institutions in this country that is so independent and cannot be touched in the case, which bothers on criminality," he said. "The perception that the GFA is an autonomous body and independent body is not true. The action by the president shows that there is no organisation, institution or agency operating in Ghana, which is independent. "Even though the GFA per their governance system are seen as autonomous because nobody directs them as to how their rules and regulations, but when it come to international competitions by national teams, they are financed by the tax payers so they cannot be independent," he added. Mr Nyantakyi was picked up for interrogations by the CID on Wednesday, May 24, when he returned from abroad following complaints by the president Nana Addo Danquah Akuffo-Addo to the CID. He was alleged to have use the name of the president and the office fraudulently in a video documentary by investigative journalist Anas Aremeyaw Anas.

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Home/Headline/Gaffes: Tinubu Should Contest To Be Grand Comedian Of Nigeria – Atiku's Aide Gaffes: Tinubu Should Contest To Be Grand Comedian Of Nigeria – Atiku's Aide Tinubu, Atiku Phrank Shaibu, the Special Assistant on Public Communications to the presidential candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), Alhaji Atiku Abubakar has called on the ruling All Progressives Congress to replace its presidential candidate, Bola Tinubu. In a statement on Sunday, Shaibu said the APC should replace Tinubu to avoid further embarrassing scenarios occasioned by his continued miscues and gaffes. According to Atiku's aide, Tinubu should only be contesting to be the 'Grand Comedian of the Federal Republic and not Grand Commander of the Federal Republic going by his utterances'. He said it is public knowledge that every time Tinubu has come out in public to make a statement or two, he has goofed. According to him, if Tinubu is not saying that a voter's card has an expiration date, he is saying that young Nigerians are tweeting on WhatsApp or that 50 million youths should be recruited into the Nigerian Army and be fed with cassava in the morning, and 'Agbado' (corn) in the night. Shaibu noted that Tinubu in his latest gaffe at the Lagos rally asked Nigerians to get their APV in order to vote for APC when even primary school children know that the PVC (Permanent Voter Card) is the only item that admits a voter into a polling unit. He noted that Tinubu's gaffes already supply comedians, skit makers, meme-makers, and TikTokers with content. Shaibu said the APC'S seven-and-a-half-year reign is a sad reminder of Nigeria's arrested development since 2015 when they came to power. He said Governor Babajide Sanwo-Olu's claim at the Lagos rally that Tinubu will lift Nigerians out of hardship and hunger was an indictment on the APC, an admission that indeed over 133 million Nigerians now live in abject poverty as reported by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). "Now they are selling a message of renewed hope. It is common knowledge that darkness cannot cure darkness and sickness cannot cure sickness. How can the APC be promising to fix problems exacerbated by the APC? This is balderdash," he said. Shaibu said that the most compelling reason for the APC to be de-registered is the fact that it has driven millions of Nigerians deeper into poverty since 2015, after spending trillions of naira 'procuring hunger, darkness and insecurity'. "If the APC are not keen on replacing this disaster of a candidate, they should in the alternative apologize to all Nigerians for bringing them nothing but suffering of unquantifiable proportion since 2015, and proceed to make a solemn pledge not to have anything to do with governance, especially with the February 25, election is fast approaching," Shaibu said "I must confess that I consider the remarks credited to the APC presidential candidate Bola Ahmed Tinubu on Saturday, November 26th, 2023 where he laboured, albeit unsuccessfully, to paint the People's Democratic Party (PDP) Presidential Candidate as ungrateful and over-ambitious as not only offensive but reckless." He said instead of attacking Atiku, Tinubu should have dissipated his energy on telling Nigerians about himself, 'especially at this time when it is said at various fora that the only thing that is real about Tinubu is his person and that every other ascription on him is a borrowed robe'. It noted that the documents released on Friday, 24th June, 2022, showed that the APC Presidential flagbearer left the columns for his primary and secondary education unmarked. But he said he obtained a degree in business and administration in 1979, apparently referring to his previous claims of attending the Chicago State University, Shaibu said. Shaibu quoted Tinubu as saying, "I went on self-exile from October 1994 to October 1998. When I returned, I discovered that all my property, including all the documents relating to my qualifications and my certificates in respect of paragraph three above, were looted by unknown persons." Shaibu said Tinubu's latest claims appear to contradict his previous election submissions, especially in 1999 and 2003 when he ran for office as a governorship candidate in Lagos. He claimed both times that he attended primary and secondary schools. #PDP APC atiku Tinubu 2023: Ohanaeze Should Sponsor Obi - Ezeife Zulum Condemns Attack During Atiku's Borno Visit

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I remember being a kid and watching Doctor Who. Kids see the show in a very special way. The doctor and his adventures are magical and amazing. So at night time who better to watch over you than the Doctor himself. This Doctor Who Tardis Night Light will make all of the monsters go away. This night light means that the Tardis will always be nearby. It uses a 7-watt bulb. You'll have to supply the Tardis sound yourself. Pre-order it now for $16.99 from Bigbadtoystore and it will arrive in October. UPDATE January 2013: You can now buy the Doctor Who TARDIS Night Light at Hot Topic for $16.50. She will not Shut up About it.

{'redpajama_set_name': 'RedPajamaC4'}

In addition to our wide range of parrot products, we also run a parrot boarding hotel, which lets you make sure that your parrot is in great hands as you tend to a vacation or an emergency. We offer parrot toys which your pet can enjoy, nutritious parrot food that your parrot will love, sturdy cages to protect and keep your pet safe and many other parrot supplies. Most of the items on our wide range of products have been tried and tested by our own flock, so your parrot is sure to love them, too. We offer the complete package that will let you keep your parrot entertained, happy and healthy.

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Retrospection Students celebrate Holi on the Mac Lawn. By Joey Huang Histories Told Through Holi While Holi is associated around the world with joyous celebration and beginnings, there is a lesser-known history surrounding its origins. This history has informed protests and calls for more socially conscious discussions to accompany the holiday's festivities. By Addea Gupta and Huong T. Le Holi, also known as the Festival of Colors, is a Hindu celebration of the end of winter and the onset of spring. It is meant to invoke a good harvest and is predominantly celebrated in the Indian subcontinent. Over the years, however, it has found its way into the Western world and beyond through the South Asian diaspora. Now, individuals from all over the world participate in the joyous celebration involving "rang," or colorful powder, as well as music and delicious sweets. The tradition is thought to derive from the myth of Holika, a Bahujan, or low caste, woman who was burned when assisting her brother Hiranyakashipu, a demon king, in plotting his son's murder. Hiranyakashipu was enraged over his son's devotion to Lord Vishnu, one of the principal deities of Hinduism who had killed his younger brother. The celebration of the transition from winter to spring is premised on this myth about burning a Bahujan woman to symbolize the triumph of good over evil. Some argue that this myth has contributed to the burning and sexual abuse of Bahujan women during Holi in modern-day India. Thus, many question the ethics of celebrating Holi, especially when the celebrations are not accompanied by an acknowledgement of the holiday's history. Issues of casteism extend beyond these violent burnings during Holi. They appear in everyday disparities in education, employment, and other resources, as well as social stigma against lower-caste individuals across the South Asian subcontinent. According to the U.S. State Department, these cases of caste-based violence, as well as violence against religious minorities, have been increasing under the administration of Indian Prime Minister Narenda Modi. Modi's administration is commonly associated with promoting Hindutva, a form of Hindu nationalism that is associated with attitudes that contribute to casteism and the resulting violence. In 2020, members of the South Asian diaspora joined in nationwide protests aimed to oppose various policies and forms of violence associated with Hindutva. One such group, the Students Against Hindutva Ideology, an "inter-university, interfaith, progressive student coalition," gained significant traction. During the month of Holi celebrations, students led protests on over twenty college campuses, including Harvard, both in the United States and England, to protest India's Citizenship Amendment Act, which restricts Indian citizenship for religious minorities in the subcontinent. "We understand the deep socio-cultural issues associated with caste and their representation in the festival of Holi," says Navin S. Durbhakula '25, who helped put together this year's Holi event at Harvard. Keeping these issues in mind, Abhi S. Patel '25 led a talk on caste inequalities in India earlier this month for the attendees of a weekly event hosted by Dharma, Harvard's Hindu Students' Association. "Our goal was to present as unbiased a perspective on Holi and caste as possible using reputable sources to back our presentation. At the same time, we also wanted to emphasize that Dharma condemns all forms of caste discrimination, whether it take[s] place in Holi or otherwise," Patel writes in an emailed statement. At Holi, students throw "rang," or colorful powders, to celebrate the arrival of spring. By Joey Huang While they were cognizant of the issues surrounding the interpretations of Holi in the modern world and set aside time for these discussions, their goal was also to revive a celebratory spring tradition after two years of being off-campus in April, when Dharma typically hosts Holi. Organizers Durbhakula, Karina J. Mahida '25, and Suhanee S. Mitragotri '25 had been hard at work for the past three weeks to gather all the supplies for the event, design custom t-shirts for attendees, order snacks, curate a playlist, and plan additional events. "One of our traditions is that every night before Holi celebrations, Dharma's nearly 40-person board — known as DBoard — gets together to play a game of Jeopardy," Kavya M. Shah '23 says. "The morning of, DBoard throws rang on the John Harvard Statue and goes for a picnic where the food is sourced from Flour Bakery," Dhwani Bharvad '22 says. "We then go over to the Malkin Athletic Center Lawn to set up the tables full of colors, snacks and water guns. Before celebrating with colors, we play a game of Kabaddi, a traditional South Asian sport." On April 3, a crowd of at least 100 students gathered in a circle at the MAC Lawn and at exactly 1:30 p.m. kicked off Holi by throwing rang at each other. Within the next hour, the numerous plastic bags full of colors were emptied, people were drenched by buckets of water, and all the samosas ordered had been relished by hungry participants. "We will not be ashamed to celebrate Holi the proper way it was originally meant to be celebrated," Patel writes. "However, as Hindus, we will do our best to understand that this does not always happen and that many Bahujans and women are harassed and discriminated against by some groups' Holi celebrations." "It is our duty to call out [discrimination] and ensure that our space is welcoming and lives up to promoting the original message," Patel adds. The magazine of The Harvard Crimson

{'redpajama_set_name': 'RedPajamaCommonCrawl'}

Q: Angular 7 + SignalR: Cannot find namespace 'SignalR', because tsconfig.app.json is ignored In my Angular app(version 7), I'm using SignalR to setup the connection, based on the solution I found online, I can set up the connection, it works. The code is as following import { Injectable } from '@angular/core'; import { StreamParams } from './signalr-connection.model'; declare let $: any; @Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' }) export class SignalRConnectionService { public connection: SignalR.Hub.Connection; // SignalR namespace public proxy: SignalR.Hub.Proxy; // SignalR namespace constructor(url: string, streamParams: StreamParams) { this.connection = $.hubConnection(url, { qs: streamParams }); } public addHub(hubName: string): void { this.proxy = this.connection.createHubProxy(hubName); } public start(): void { this.connection.start({ jsonp: false }) .done(() => { console.log('Now connected, connection ID=' + this.connection.id); }) .fail(() => { console.log('Could not connect.'); }); } } I also installed the @types/signalr. In the tsconfig.json file I also set as following: "typeRoots": [ "node_modules/@types" ], "types": ["jquery", "signalr"] In development mode of compilation, I got the below error: It said that Cannot find namespace 'SignalR'. But It compiled successfully and the app can run as well. So what's the issue? Edit: I find the solution by myself, and provide it here for information. It turns out angular-cli generated another TS config file, tsconfig.app.json, which is ignored by me. Basically speaking, tsconfig.json provides the global basic setting. And tsconfig.app.json is for application level setting. so I add "types": ["signalr"] to the tsconfig.app.json file, then error removes away.

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Congratulations to Jill Perry for being chosen Boxing Ontario's female athlete of the year . Jill was also recognised in the Eastern Region along with club mate Samir Luati for their accomplishments over the past year. The athletes received a certificate of recognition as well as a gift certificate from the Region. ← Cadet Club ready to make a splash!

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Twyla's Memory Posted in Arts inkmagazine Arts December 10, 2020 inkmagazine Photo Series by MiJin Cho "Twyla's Memory" is a seven-photo photo series exploring narrative elements in Toni Morrison's short story, "Recitatif." The four narrative theory elements explored are: the narrator's point of view (POV), the narrator's reliability, the narrator's visibility, and narrative frequency. The photo series creates a visual representation of each element when it comes to Twyla's changing memory of the events and characters behind Maggie's fall in the orchard. There are five main shifts in her memory of Maggie's fall, and each occurs during Twyla's encounters with Roberta, her childhood friend. Photo 1. "Introduction to Narrator" The first photo, "Introduction to Narrator," presents Twyla as the narrator and shows the five life stages during which her memory of Maggie is altered. Twyla is the narrator, and nothing is known about her physical appearance besides her age (which changes throughout the short story) and gender (female). She is either black or white. As such, no face or specific physical characteristics will be featured. The one thing Morrison lets the audience know about Twyla is that she is poor in comparison to Roberta. She worked at a fast-food restaurant, Howard Johnson's, as a teenager and lives within the blue-collar working class. The Howard Johnson's hat is a distinct possession of Twyla and symbolizes Twyla in the photos. Beginning with the bottom right hat, the Howard Johnson's hats show Twyla's age with a corresponding orange silhouette of a female in that age. The five ages of Twyla are: eight, early 20s, early 30's, mid-to-late 30s, and 40s. In all of the photos, a Howard Johnson's hat is present in the hands of Twyla to display Twyla's clear and explicit presence in the narrative. As such, the Howard Johnson's hats represent the narrative element, visibility of the narrator. Beyond the first photo, the remaining photos contain Twyla's memories from her POV. In "Recitatif," Twyla is a first person narrator because of her use of "I," "we," and "our," rather than "He/She/They" or "You." Correspondingly, the camera angle is from the shoulder of Twyla, showing all photos from her eyeview. Because first person POV is confined to only the thoughts of the narrator, each photo has a circular rim that creates margins in the photos—visually showing the limitations of a first-person POV. Photo 2. "Memory 1" Twyla's initial memory of Maggie's fall is shown in "Memory 1," where Twyla and Roberta hide behind a tree as the "gar girls" laugh at a falling Maggie. In the story and the photo, Maggie is a physically-disabled mute with "legs like parentheses," as Twyla puts it (Morrison 2). She rocks side-to-side as she walks and wears a "stupid little hat-a kid's hat with ear flaps." Maggie is a cook in St. Bonny's Orphanage, where Twyla, Roberta, and the other orphans girls reside. The "gar girls" are the big girls of the orphanage, whom Twyla names because of "Roberta's misheard word for the evil stone faces described in a civics class" (Morrison 2). In the photo, the two laughing girls are the gar girls. They were sexually abused in the past; "Poor little girls who fought their uncles off but looked tough to us, and mean," and implied to be runaway teenagers (Morrison 2). They are mean, bold, and wear a lot of makeup (lipstick and eyebrow pencil). Roberta is Twyla's childhood friend. Nothing is known about her physical appearance, besides her age (similar to Twyla's age) and gender (female). She is either black or white. As such, no face or specific physical characteristics will be featured. The only known fact is that Roberta is rich in comparison to Twyla. She is a customer at Howard Johnson's, goes to Jimi Hendrix music concerts, and eventually marries rich, with a chauffeur and limousine. Roberta is represented by the highest hand on the three with three rings and watch, which is indicative of her higher economic status. Photo 3. "Memory 2″ In "Memory 2," the same memory of a falling Maggie and laughing gar girls appears, but the scene is out of focus. Here, Twyla's memory of the orphanage begins to be questioned, and Roberta's hand is being pulled away from Twyla by another hand, showing the growing disconnect between the two as they meet at the Howard Johnson's diner for the first time after their time at the orphanage. During Twyla and Roberta's third encounter at the grocery store, Roberta corrects Twyla's memory by telling her that the '[gar] girls pushed [Maggie] down" (Morrison 12). "Memory 3" represents the correction in Twyla's memory with the gar girls knocking Maggie down. Soon following, Roberta and Twyla meet again during a picket line busing protest and Roberta accuses Twyla of being the one to "kick a black lady [Maggie] who couldn't even scream" (Morrison 16). The accusation creates another shift in Twyla's recall of Maggie falling down, with Twyla pushing Maggie down in "Memory 4." Photo 6. "Memory 5a" Photo 7. "Memory 5b" Finally, during Twyla and Roberta's fifth encounter, Twyla tells Roberta that although Twyla did not push Maggie down, Twyla identified with Maggie's inability to fight back (in this case, against Twyla's mother). This is evidenced in the line, "And when the gar girls pushed [Maggie] down, and started roughhousing, I knew she wouldn't scream, couldn't—just like me…" (Morrison 17). As such, "Memory 5a" portrays Maggie and Twyla both being pushed down, and "Memory 5b" overlaps Maggie's hat and Twyla's Howard Johnson's hat to create one fallen person. Directed through Twyla's POV, the photo series aims to capture every shift in Twyla's memory concerning Maggie's fall, and each shift in memory highlights Twyla's inconsistency as a storyteller or unreliability as a narrator. The combination of Twyla's first-person POV, explicit visibility, and the repetitive nature of one event allows for great uncertainty regarding the "truth" of the narration. This allows Morrison to place an ironic distance between the story and the audience, prompting the audience to reflect upon Twyla's character, background, and actions before making a judgment. Morrison effectively utilizes narrative elements of perspective, visibility, and frequency to force the audience to question the truth behind memories and reflect upon their own understanding of power dynamics and relationships in society. Content Director and Photographer: MiJin Cho Photo Editor: Shelly Lee Photo Subjects: Paige P., Melida B., Shelby S., and Carah H. Art, claire evan, Ink Magazine, mijin cho, photography, Richmond, RVA, VCU

{'redpajama_set_name': 'RedPajamaCommonCrawl'}

The grassroots group Cruise Port Referendum Cayman told Cayman 27 it is closing in on 2,000 voter signatures in its push to trigger a people initiated referendum on the cruise berthing facility project. To trigger a referendum, CPR Cayman would need to collect signatures from 25% of registered voters. With 21,5000 voters on the rolls as of 1 July, according to the Elections Office, the magic number would be just shy of 5,300 signatures. CPR Cayman will be collecting signatures this Saturday at Hurley's Supermarket (8AM-4PM), and at Lobster Pot (8AM-2PM).

{'redpajama_set_name': 'RedPajamaC4'}

Q: Cannot implicitly convert type 'string' to 'int' I'm doing an athlete program and I want to make int salaryCounter = athleteSalary.ToString so when the user enters the salary of the hired professional I can subtract it from the salary of the athlete and print out how much the athlete will have left but when I try to do it the program tells me "Cannot implicitly convert type 'string' to 'int' ". Can someone help me? { Console.WriteLine("Please enter the first name of the athlete"); String athleteString = Console.ReadLine(); Console.WriteLine("Please enter the second name of the athlete"); String athleteString2 = Console.ReadLine(); Console.WriteLine("Did you type {0} {1}? Press y for yess n for no.", athleteString.ToString(), athleteString2.ToString()); ConsoleKeyInfo KeyInfo = Console.ReadKey(); if (KeyInfo.KeyChar == 'y') { Console.WriteLine("Enter the salary of {0} {1}", athleteString.ToString(), athleteString2.ToString()); String athleteSalary = Console.ReadLine(); Console.WriteLine("{0} Is this right?", athleteSalary.ToString()); ConsoleKeyInfo rightathleteSalary = Console.ReadKey(); int salaryCounter = athleteSalary.ToString(); if (rightathleteSalary.KeyChar == 'y') { Console.WriteLine("Ok. Lets contiune."); athleteSalary = Convert.ToString(salaryCounter); Console.WriteLine(salaryCounter); int counter = 0; Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} {2}", athleteString.ToString(), athleteString2.ToString(), salaryCounter.ToString()); Console.WriteLine("Enter the hired help. The max number of people is five. Press any key to start."); while (counter < 5) { Console.ReadKey(); Console.WriteLine("Please enter the first name of the hired help"); String hiredhelpString = Console.ReadLine(); Console.WriteLine("Please enter the Last name of the hired help"); String hiredhelpString2 = Console.ReadLine(); Console.WriteLine("Did you type {0} {1}? Press y for yess n for no.", hiredhelpString.ToString(), hiredhelpString2.ToString()); ConsoleKeyInfo KeyInfo5 = Console.ReadKey(); if (KeyInfo5.KeyChar == 'y') { Console.WriteLine("Enter the salary of {0} {1}", hiredhelpString.ToString(), hiredhelpString2.ToString()); String hiredhelpSalary = Console.ReadLine(); Console.WriteLine("{0} Is this right?", hiredhelpSalary.ToString()); ConsoleKeyInfo rightSalary = Console.ReadKey(); if (rightSalary.KeyChar == 'y') { Console.WriteLine("Ok. Lets contiune."); } Console.WriteLine("Record this proffesional? Press y for yess n for no."); ConsoleKeyInfo RecordKey = Console.ReadKey(); if (RecordKey.KeyChar == 'y') { counter = counter + 1; Console.WriteLine("Number of hired help is {0} They will be paid {1}", counter, hiredhelpSalary); Console.WriteLine("Press any key to contiune."); } else { if (RecordKey.KeyChar == 'n') { counter = counter - 1; Console.WriteLine(" Ok. Lets try again. Press any key to contiune."); Console.ReadKey(); Console.WriteLine("Please enter the first name of the hired help"); String hiredhelpString3 = Console.ReadLine(); Console.WriteLine(" Please enter the Last name of the hired help"); String hiredhelpString4 = Console.ReadLine(); Console.WriteLine("Did you type {0} {1}? Press y for yess n for no.", hiredhelpString.ToString(), hiredhelpString2.ToString()); ConsoleKeyInfo KeyInfo6 = Console.ReadKey(); if (KeyInfo6.KeyChar == 'y') { Console.WriteLine("Record this proffesional? Press y for yess n for no."); ConsoleKeyInfo RecordKey1 = Console.ReadKey(); if (RecordKey.KeyChar == 'y') { counter = counter + 1; Console.WriteLine("Number of Hired help is {0} press any key to contiune", counter); Console.WriteLine("Press any key to contiune."); } } } } /*******************************************************************************************************/ /************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************/ } else { if (KeyInfo5.KeyChar == 'n') { Console.WriteLine(" Ok. Lets try again. Press any key to contiune."); Console.ReadKey(); } } } /*************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************/ Console.WriteLine(""); Console.WriteLine("Athlete's name: {0} {1} Number of Hired help is {2}", athleteString.ToString(), athleteString2.ToString(), counter); Console.ReadKey(); } A: It looks like you're getting confused about variable types. Briefly; string - stores information character by character. The compiler can't read numbers stored in strings. int - stores whole numeric values which can be used in calculations. Your immediate compile problem comes from this line; int salaryCounter = athleteSalary.ToString(); You're telling the compiler to take altheteSalary which is a string, call the ToString() method which gets the string representation (this is unnecessary when the source is a string) and store the result in an integer. You need to parse the string to read out the numeric value like this; int salaryCounter = int.Parse(athleteSalary) Though, whenever you receive input directly from a user you should code defensively, so instead of int.Parse, use TryParse. That way if your user enters 'Bob' for their salary, you can display an appropriate error; int salaryCounter; while(!int.TryParse(athleteSalary, out salaryCounter) { Console.Writeline("The salary should be a number, try again"); athleteSalary = Console.ReadLine(); } Also, you can remove most of the calls to .ToString(), especially where the variable is already a string. A: The main issue is that you need to convert your user input to a type other than a string. There are many ways to do this, but since you are writing a console application that relies heavily on user-entered data, and since some of this data has to be converted to types other than strings, you might consider writing some helper methods that take care of some of the converting and retrying for you. I've used the following class in several applications with success. Basically, it's just a bunch of methods that accept a string 'prompt' and return a strongly typed result from the user. If the user enters invalid data, then they have to try again until the enter something valid: class UserInput { public static bool GetBool(string prompt) { bool result; List<string> validTrueResponses = new List<string> {"yes", "y", "true", "t", "affirmative", "ok", "okay", "yea", "yeah", "yep"}; List<string> validFalseResponses = new List<string> {"no", "n", "false", "f", "negative", "never", "not", "nay", "nix"}; while (true) { if (prompt != null) Console.Write(prompt); var input = Console.ReadLine(); if (validTrueResponses.Any(r => r.Equals(input, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))) return true; if (validFalseResponses.Any(r => r.Equals(input, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))) return false; if (bool.TryParse(input, out result)) break; Console.WriteLine("Sorry, I don't understand that response. " + "Please try again."); } return result; } public static string GetString(string prompt) { if (prompt != null) Console.Write(prompt); return Console.ReadLine(); } public static int GetInt(string prompt) { int input; while (true) { if (prompt != null) Console.Write(prompt); if (int.TryParse(Console.ReadLine(), out input)) break; Console.WriteLine("Sorry, that is not valid. Please try again."); } return input; } public static decimal GetDecimal(string prompt) { decimal input; while (true) { if (prompt != null) Console.Write(prompt); if (decimal.TryParse(Console.ReadLine(), out input)) break; Console.WriteLine("Sorry, that is not valid. Please try again."); } return input; } } Then, I would create a simple class to represent a Person, which has simply a first name, last name, and salary (and override the ToString method to display first and last name): public class Person { public string FirstName { get; set; } public string LastName { get; set; } public decimal Salary { get; set; } public override string ToString() { return string.Format("{0} {1}", FirstName, LastName); } } Now we can reduce some duplicated code by creating methods to get a Person name and salary. This will prompt the user for the information, and then give them a chance to correct it before commiting the data: private static void GetPersonName(Person person, string typeOfPerson) { if (person == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("person"); if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(typeOfPerson)) typeOfPerson = "person"; bool inputIsGood = false; while (!inputIsGood) { person.FirstName = UserInput.GetString( string.Format("Please enter the first name of the {0}: ", typeOfPerson)); person.LastName = UserInput.GetString( string.Format("Please enter the last name of the {0}: ", typeOfPerson)); Console.WriteLine("You entered: {0}", person); inputIsGood = UserInput.GetBool("Is that correct (y/n): "); } } private static void GetPersonSalary(Person person) { bool inputIsGood = false; while (!inputIsGood) { person.Salary = UserInput.GetDecimal( string.Format("Enter the salary of {0}: $", person)); Console.WriteLine("You entered: {0:C}", person.Salary); inputIsGood = UserInput.GetBool("Is that correct (y/n): "); } } That may seem like a lot of code, but here's how you can use it in your application: private static void Main() { var athlete = new Person(); GetPersonName(athlete, "athlete"); GetPersonSalary(athlete); Console.WriteLine("Enter the hired help. The max number of people is five. " + "Press any key to start."); Console.ReadKey(); List<Person> hiredHelpers = new List<Person>(); while (hiredHelpers.Count <= 5) { bool addAnotherHelper = UserInput.GetBool( string.Format("There are currently {0} helpers. " + "Do you want to add another (y/n): ", hiredHelpers.Count)); if (!addAnotherHelper) break; Person helper = new Person(); GetPersonName(helper, "helper"); GetPersonSalary(helper); bool recordHelper = UserInput.GetBool("Do you want to record this " + "professional (y/n): "); if (recordHelper) { hiredHelpers.Add(helper); } } Console.WriteLine(); Console.WriteLine("Athlete's name: {0}, salary: {1:C}.", athlete, athlete.Salary); Console.WriteLine("Number of Hired help is: {0}", hiredHelpers.Count); Console.WriteLine("Hired help details:"); hiredHelpers.ForEach(h => Console.WriteLine(" - Name: {0}, Salary: {1:C}", h, h.Salary)); Console.ReadKey(); }

{'redpajama_set_name': 'RedPajamaStackExchange'}

Rock icon Elvis Costello abandons one of his biggest hits over racist epithet Singer Elvis Costello announced that he would no longer perform the song "Oliver's Army" in concerts due to the racist epithet in the lyrics, and urged radio stations to skip the tune rather than play the censored version. "If I were to write this song today, I might think twice about it," a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame told The Telegraph. This word is often used as an insult to blacks. However, in Costello's song, it is used against a white man during the riots in Northern Ireland in the last century. "It was a derogatory term for Irish Catholics, and I sang it to emphasize the point," Costello told The Guardian in a separate interview. He told The Telegraph that the word was used against his family. "That was the name of my grandfather in the British army – it's a historical fact," Costello said. "But people hear the word ring a bell and accuse me of something I didn't mean." The 1979 song reached # 2 in the UK – its highest position – and remained on the chart for 12 weeks. "On the last tour I wrote a new verse about censorship, but what's the point? So I decided I wouldn't play it, "he told the Telegraph. Costello also said that radio stations should skip the song entirely, rather than play the censored version that is often used now. "They are likely to aggravate the situation by emitting beeps. Because they emphasize it then, "he said. "Just don't put on the record!" Read the full interview here. Costello's new album, "The Boy Named If", is due out on Friday and is scheduled to tour the UK with his band The Imposters in June. He told the Guardian that although he ended up with Oliver's Army 44 years later, fans can still expect to hear another favorite at the concert. "Instead, I'll sing '(What's So Funny' Bout) Peace, Love and Understanding," Costello suggested. (function () { 'use strict'; document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () { document.body.addEventListener('click', function(event) { fbq('track', "Click"); }); }); })(); … Star Trek: Picard's spectacular third season trailer Film on Netflix to embrace your solitude after breaking up with the love of your life Pamela Anderson turned down the hot proposal made by Sylvester Stallone What we suspected actor Tom Welling behind the scenes of the series Smallville The terrifying Shrek-inspired short that stars a murderous Fiona as its protagonist and you can watch for free Controversy with James Gunn for controversial casting strategy This is the movie that made it clear that Warner had to kill the Snyderverse to get DC out of the hole: An unusual...

{'redpajama_set_name': 'RedPajamaCommonCrawl'}

Choosing between common healthcare and alternative healthcare is never an easy decision. But when has doing anything new ever been an easy decision to make? Like it or not, your teeth need to be examined by a dental professional on a regular basis even if you have been taking impeccable care of your mouth. If you are the type of person that hates going to the dentist, holistic dentistry might be the right choice for you. Who knows, it might be the best decision you have ever made. As a holistic Dentist Dr. Saadia believes that the dental care relates to the entire person. As a pediatric holistic dentist,the appropriate care goes beyond oral health, it involves building a lifelong relationship with dental care. Generally speaking, anything that is prefaced with the word Holistic aims to look at the whole picture. As such, it can be concluded that traditional dentistry aims to only treat the problem at it's source. With Holistic Dentistry, the problem is treated at it's source, but the cause of the problem is also determined in some cases. By looking at some of the causes of the pain, Practitioners of Holistic Dentistry aim to use the ounce of prevention and the pound of cure at the same time in order to eliminate any relapses. Dr. Saadia is an active member of World Clinical Laser Institute and World Congress of Minimally Invasive Dentistry. She is committed to providing compassionate care and holistic dentistry treatment to children in the Boca/Palm Beach County area. Her personalized, dental style is clear the moment your family enters her office and is surrounded by its relaxed environment. Dr. Saadia is careful to make your child's dental experience pleasant and fear-free for even the youngest of children. Schedule an appointment today.

{'redpajama_set_name': 'RedPajamaC4'}

"There are only two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle." More Julianna Name Popularity Charts | Table | About | By Year How popular is Julianna? In 2018 the somewhat popular name Julianna, ranked the 237th Most Popular Girls Name in the United States. Presently one of the top 250 most popular, Julianna has been less popular than the top 1000 in the past. It reached its highest popularity RANKING of #176 in 2010. However, the name was bestowed upon the greatest number of babies in 2006 with 1,814 occurrences. The least amount of newborns dubbed Julianna in any given year was less than 5, most recently in 1908. Decidely upward trends in the number of babies given the name Julianna occurred roughly during the years 1909-1915, 1934-1941, 1949-1952, 1953-1957, 1966-1969, 1977-1985, 1986-1989, and 1992-2001, whereas clearly downward trends happened around 1921-1925. Sometimes the name Julianna has been more popular as a girls name and sometimes it has been more popular as a boys. Julianna's popularity has remained mostly unchanged for some time. In recent years however, the number of babies given the name Julianna has dropped. What does the future hold for the popularity of Julianna? Overall, when compared to its most prominent year, the name's popularity is at a high point. The name Julianna is favored by many parents but has recently started to drift downward in popularity. *Mouse over the charts or scroll down to the table for data details. Mouse over or Click for Percentages. Julianna (Girl) Julianna (Boy) No. of Babies Given Name Popul. Rank 1,354 237 < 5 -- 1,697 191 6 11,418 1,683 200 7 9,427 964 299 < 5 -- 390 569 5 8,533 134 1,042 < 5 -- 98 1,070 < 5 -- 8 1,674 < 5 -- < 5 -- < 5 -- United States name popularity data is provided by the Social Security Administration and is based on Social Security card applications. Data for a given year is not made available until well into the next year. Data reflects what was recorded and has not been edited for errors, so for example the gender associated with a name may be incorrect. The more babies that are given a particular name, the higher the popularity ranking. If multiple names have the same usage, the tie is broken by assigning popularity rank in alphabetical order. Therefore in the case of names with fewer occurrences, names with the same number of occurrences may have vastly different rankings because they will be interranked alphabetically. To safeguard privacy, the SSA does not include names with less than 5 occurrences. Please note, we update the data each May when the SSA releases new figures. All data changes at that time, including previous years, which will change minutely based on new information.

{'redpajama_set_name': 'RedPajamaCommonCrawl'}

Q: Problema con envio de formulario usando php y js Buen día, además de tener un problema, lo que creo tener es una duda teórica: Vengo haciendo un sistema con varios CRUDs aplicando el modelo MVC. En todos mis CRUDs sigo los mismos pasos: archivo.php que hace la llamada al controlador.php justo antes del cierre de la etiqueta form, el controlador.php procesa y verifica los datos, los envía al modelo.php y este hace lo suyo comunicándose con la DB. Lo que me pasa en el ultimo CRUD es que, el botón submit de este formulario, ademas de enviarlo, tiene un par de acciones onClick en un archivo.js. Menciono esto de las acciones JS porque es el único botón submit de todos mis formularios que tiene este tipo de comportamientos, y el CRUD no funciona (específicamente la Creación de elementos) Sospecho fuertemente que tiene algo que ver el hecho que el botón ejecute acciones en JS, pero no estoy seguro y por ahí le estoy errando en algo. Agradecería que me pudieran ayudar. A continuación coloco mis códigos: crear-menu.php <div class="card-footer"> <button type="submit" class="botonGuardar">Guardar Menú</button> </div> </form> <?php $crearMenu = new ControladorViandas(); $crearMenu -> ctrCrearVianda(); ?> EDIT 1:Ya probé colocar este código php tanto dentro como fuera de las etiquetas form, con idéntico resultado en ambos intentos. menu.js con esta acción, recojo datos del formulario y los guardo como un string en el val de un elemento de mi html, para recogerla luego con las variables $_POST[]. No se si es buena idea. $(".botonGuardar").click(function() { // Creo el objeto JSON listaIngredientes = []; $(".listaIngredientes").each(function() { var ingrediente = $(this).children(".col-6").children().children(".nuevoNombreIngrediente").val(); var cantidad = $(this).children(".col-2").children(".nuevaCantidadIngrediente").val(); var precio = $(this).children(".ingresoPrecio").children().children(".precioIngrediente").val(); var unidad = $(this).children(".div-unidad").children(".unidad-de-medida").val() listaIngredientes.push({ "ingrediente": ingrediente, "cantidad": cantidad, "unidad": unidad, "precio": precio }) }) $("#ingredientesFinal").val(JSON.stringify(listaIngredientes)); }); controlador.php Como pueden observar, hay unos mensajes js de consola en el codigo php. Cuando entro a crear-menu.php la consola arroja de una "no hay variable post nuevo menu", pero cuando envío el formulario no arroja ninguna de las dos consolas. Es como que nunca vuelve a ejecutar el método para crear un nuevo menú/vianda static public function ctrCrearVianda(){ if(isset($_POST["nuevoMenu"])){ echo '<script>console.log("hay variable post nuevo menu")</script>'; if( preg_match('/^[a-zA-Z0-9ñÑáéíóúÁÉÍÓÚüÜ ]+$/', $_POST["nuevoMenu"])) { $tabla = "viandas"; $datos = array( "nombre" => $_POST["nuevoMenu"], "id_cliente" => $_POST["seleccionarCliente"], "productos" => $_POST["ingredientesFinal"], "costo" => $_POST["nuevoPrecioMenu"], "dmc" => $_POST["nuevoDmc"] ); $respuesta = ModeloViandas::mdlCrearVianda($tabla,$datos); if($respuesta == "ok"){ // El menu se creó correctamente echo '<script> swal.fire({ type: "success", title: "El menu ha sido creado correctamente", showConfirmButton: true, confirmButtonText: "Cerrar", closeOnConfirm: false }).then(function(result){ if(result.value){ var url = window.location var parts = url.toString().split("/"); var lastSegment = parts.pop() || parts.pop(); window.location = lastSegment; } }); </script>'; } }else{ //EL NOMBRE DE MENU NO PUEDE LLEVAR CARACTERES ESPECIALES } }else{ echo '<script>console.log("no hay variable post nuevo menu")</script>'; } } modelo.php Por ultimo dejo el modelo, aunque es en vano porque estoy casi seguro que este esta bien, y ademas el error que devuelve el sistema hace que directamente ni se interactue con este archivo. /*============================================ CARGAR VIANDA ============================================*/ static public function mdlCrearVianda($tabla, $datos){ $stmt = Conexion::conectar()->prepare("INSERT INTO $tabla(nombre, id_cliente, productos, costo, dmc) VALUES ( :nombre, :id_cliente, :productos, :costo, :dmc)"); $stmt->bindParam(":nombre", $datos["nombre"], PDO::PARAM_STR); $stmt->bindParam(":id_cliente", $datos["id_cliente"], PDO::PARAM_STR); $stmt->bindParam(":productos", $datos["productos"], PDO::PARAM_STR); $stmt->bindParam(":costo", $datos["costo"], PDO::PARAM_STR); $stmt->bindParam(":dmc", $datos["dmc"], PDO::PARAM_STR); if($stmt->execute()){ return "ok"; }else{ return "error"; } $stmt -> close(); $stmt = null; } A: Hola @Mani voy a intentar una respuesta poco ortodoxa pero que yo suelo usar cuando necesito ciertos comportamientos previos al envio de los formularios: Al enlazar (ligar bind()) el comportamiento deseado para el evento click, se lo está adicionando a su comportamiento normal, de modo que ambos comportamientos van a dispararse. Para evitar que el comportamiento por defecto sea lanzado primero, o que ambos se ejecuten sin saber a ciencia cierta cual va primero se debe empezar por desvincular el comportamiento por defecto (en este caso disparar el submit del formulario) así: <script lang="javascript"> $('.botonGuardar').unbind('click'); // desactiva el comportamiento por defecto $('.botonGuardar').click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); event.stopPropagation(); // tu código pasando la información // ... // Y ahora disparas controlado el submit del formulario: $('#selector_de_form').submit(); }); // Fin del método </script> De esta forma tienes una solución sencilla que asegura que el envio del formulario se haga con la data preparada debidamente. A: Puedes colocar un event.prevenDefault() y ahí agregar la datas que deseas agregar y luego hacer el submit... $('#tuboton')click(function(e) { e.preventDeafault(); //introducir el código aquí ejecutas acciones para asignar la data $('#form').submit(); });

{'redpajama_set_name': 'RedPajamaStackExchange'}

Q: Linking to curl from C++ on M1 Mac - undefined symbols for arm64 I have an existing project that was on Windows and Linux. I recently got a mac for the first time and I am trying to set it up for C++ development but I'm having an issue linking to curl I believe. From what I've seen, curl supports the M1 arm based chip via homebrew which I installed using homebrew install curl. Below is my make file SOURCES = DataDogStatsD.cpp DDEvent.cpp Helpers.cpp lib_name = libDataDogStatsD.so.1.1.0.5 curl_include = /usr/local/include/curl rapidjson_inc_path = /usr/local/include/rapidjson OBJECTS = $(SOURCES:.cpp=.o) CFLAGS = -fpic -c $(SOURCES) -Wall -g -Iinclude -std=c++11 -I/usr/include -I$(curl_include) -I$(rapidjson_inc_path) CC = g++ LDFLAGS = -lpthread -pthread -lm -L/opt/homebrew/opt/curl/lib .PHONY: clean default: $(CC) -shared -Wl,-install_name,libDataDogStatsD.so.1 -o $(lib_name) $(OBJECTS) $(LDFLAGS) ln -sf $(lib_name) libDataDogStatsD.so clean: rm -vf $(OBJECTS) depend $(lib_name) depend: $(SOURCES) $(CC) $(CFLAGS) > depend -include depend When I run make, I get the following: g++ -fpic -c DataDogStatsD.cpp DDEvent.cpp Helpers.cpp -Wall -g -Iinclude -std=c++11 -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include/curl -I/usr/local/include/rapidjson > depend g++ -shared -Wl,-install_name,libDataDogStatsD.so.1 -o libDataDogStatsD.so.1.1.0.5 DataDogStatsD.o DDEvent.o Helpers.o -lpthread -pthread -lm -L/opt/homebrew/opt/curl/lib Undefined symbols for architecture arm64: "_curl_easy_cleanup", referenced from: DataDogStatsD::event(DDEvent, bool, void (*)(bool, std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> >)) in DataDogStatsD.o DataDogStatsD::sendDDEventinthread(DDEvent, void (*)(bool, std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> >)) in DataDogStatsD.o "_curl_easy_getinfo", referenced from: DataDogStatsD::event(DDEvent, bool, void (*)(bool, std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> >)) in DataDogStatsD.o DataDogStatsD::sendDDEventinthread(DDEvent, void (*)(bool, std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> >)) in DataDogStatsD.o "_curl_easy_init", referenced from: DataDogStatsD::initCurl(DDEvent, std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> >*, curl_slist*, char const*) in DataDogStatsD.o "_curl_easy_perform", referenced from: DataDogStatsD::event(DDEvent, bool, void (*)(bool, std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> >)) in DataDogStatsD.o DataDogStatsD::sendDDEventinthread(DDEvent, void (*)(bool, std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> >)) in DataDogStatsD.o "_curl_easy_setopt", referenced from: DataDogStatsD::initCurl(DDEvent, std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> >*, curl_slist*, char const*) in DataDogStatsD.o "_curl_easy_strerror", referenced from: DataDogStatsD::event(DDEvent, bool, void (*)(bool, std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> >)) in DataDogStatsD.o DataDogStatsD::sendDDEventinthread(DDEvent, void (*)(bool, std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> >)) in DataDogStatsD.o "_curl_slist_append", referenced from: DataDogStatsD::initCurl(DDEvent, std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> >*, curl_slist*, char const*) in DataDogStatsD.o "_curl_slist_free_all", referenced from: DataDogStatsD::event(DDEvent, bool, void (*)(bool, std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> >)) in DataDogStatsD.o DataDogStatsD::sendDDEventinthread(DDEvent, void (*)(bool, std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> >)) in DataDogStatsD.o ld: symbol(s) not found for architecture arm64 clang: error: linker command failed with exit code 1 (use -v to see invocation) make: *** [default] Error 1 I've tried setting the -arch to x86_64 as a test on on the LDFLAGS and it then successfully compiles and creates the library, but I don't really see that I should need to build x86_64 when it should be built for M1, and therefore be quicker as it won't have to go through Rosetta. If I run lipo -info /opt/homebrew/opt/curl/bin/curl to check the architecture of the library I get the following: Non-fat file: /opt/homebrew/opt/curl/bin/curl is architecture: arm64 So curl looks to be correct so not sure why I'm getting error undefined symbols for arm64 A: I don't see any reference to the curl library in your makefile. To rectify this, you (probably) need to add -lcurl to your LDFLAGS. Also, /opt/homebrew/opt/curl/bin/curl is the curl executable, not the library. That is (probably) /opt/homebrew/opt/curl/lib/libcurl.dylib

{'redpajama_set_name': 'RedPajamaStackExchange'}

When you fancy a relaxing massage, how do you know which massage to pick before you start researching massage ads? is the invention of the Swede Pir Henrik Ling. He used his knowledge of physiology to develop a system of treatment that combines massage with physical exercise. This became Swedish massage. Its aim is to restore good health by careful manipulation of muscles and joints. is the legacy of the Danish therapist Dr. Emil Vodder and his wife Estrid since the 1930s. They discovered that gently palpating and moving the skin certainly stimulated the lymphatic system and improved congestive conditions. Hence they developed a system of treatment of the whole body. Manual lymphatic drainage has many implications from self-help for minor swellings to professional treatment of chronic oedema. The lymphatic system picks up debris and waste products from the body's connective tissue. It consists of a series of lymph nodes connected by lymph vessels. The nodes appear in clusters mainly around the neck, armpits, and groin. They contain white blood cells that help to fight infection by filtering out bacteria as the lymph, a watery fluid, passes through the nodes. Healthy connective tissue nourishes every cell of the body. But when the tissue is congested, nutrition of cells and the flow of waste products to the bloodstream slow down. When MLD stimulates the lymph system, the stagnation reverses, the body functions more healthily, and the immune system gets stronger. Traditional eastern medicine is based on the belief that life energy flows along channels, or meridians, of the body. In traditional Chinese medicine this energy bears the name of qi. The aim of all treatments, and massage, is to create an unobstructed flow of qi in the body, hence promoting harmony and wellbeing. There are 12 regular meridians. Each one influences a major organ and its associated functions. Another two meridians trace the midline of the front of the body – Ren (Conception vessel) and the back of the body – Du (Governing vessel). In a healthy person qi is balanced between the opposite but complementary qualities yin and yang. Yin signifies darkness, cold, passivity; yang signifies light, warmth, activity. Yin meridians run along the front of the body, the abdomen, and the inner sides of the arms and legs. Yang meridians run mainly along the back of the body and the outer sides of the arms and legs. A massage will balance the left and right sides, the top and bottom, and the front and back into a cohesive energetic whole. The major traditional healing systems in India are Ayurveda and Unani. Both systems consider massage a vital part of life, hence a means of preventing illness, improving circulation, and attaining physical and spiritual harmony. According to both systems all living organisms are defined by fluctuating vital energies known as humours. Each humour contains a combination of five essential elements: ether, air, fire, water, earth. The purpose of all therapeutic treatments, and massage, is to bring these life forces into harmony. If the humours are out of balance, the flow of prana, an invisible life energy that enters the body through food and breath, will also be disrupted. Most Indian massage includes work on pressure points. There're said to be 107 points on the body. Stimulating these points with various massage techniques is believed to affect the body's internal organs and systems. This concept is similar to that of Thai massage and shiatsu. Good health depends on a balanced flow of life energy called prana through an invisible network of channels in the body. These channels are called sen lines and are similar to the Chinese meridians. Out of 72,000 sen lines in the body ten are the most important in Thai massage. A Thai masseur tries to achieve perfect energy balancing by stretching the sen lines. He uses the hands, feet, and elbows to apply pressure to key points along them. The belief is that the physical body is the vehicle through which we can reach the emotional or psychic body. The masseur traditionally performs the massage in a meditative mood. He begins with a prayer and works with full awareness and mindfulness. is immensely popular throughout the East. In India, China, Singapore, and Turkey most barbers and hairdressers will automatically offer a scalp massage. The word shampoo derives from the Hindi word capna, meaning 'to press' or 'rub'. This ten-minute massage is quite energetic and done on dry hair to avoid stretching the hair. literally translates as 'finger pressure'. This massage evolved in Japan and has origins in traditional Chinese medicine. It is based on the eastern principle that energy of life (ki in Japanese, qi in Chinese) flows through longitudinal meridians in the body. The aim is to apply pressure along these meridians to influence the flow of ki and therefore maintain harmony and good health. is another massage based on the theory that applying pressure to specific areas of the feet and less commonly hands and ears can affect internal organs and bodily systems and therefore promote good health. It evolved from the work of an American ear/nose/throat surgeon Dr. William H. Fitzgerald. He was interested in the theory of energy lines, or meridians, and developed zone therapy in about 1913. A reflexology treatment is usually immensely relaxing. Not only do most people enjoy having their feet massaged, but stimulating the extensive nerve endings in the feet is also beneficial in itself and can have profound effects throughout the body. is a sequence of gentle kneading movements designed to send waves of relaxation through the body. of the full body can last just 15 minutes and consists mainly of fast stroking. The vigour of the strokes forces the body and mind to let go and is therefore useful for revitalizing rushed and also hyperactive people. I'm certainly qualified in and offer all the treatments which I described here. Would you like to talk about them?

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Interpolation properties of the class of disjointly strictly singular operators on Banach lattices are studied. We also give some applications to compare the lattice structure of two rearrangement invariant function spaces. In particular, we obtain suitable analytic characterisations of when the inclusion map between two Orlicz function spaces is disjointly strictly singular.

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"Our country is facing a crisis – one that is destroying families and communities across America, and dishearteningly, one that hits close to home. In 2016, 1,526 Hoosiers died of an opioid overdose. "I'm proud that in bipartisan fashion, this Congress and the Trump administration have been able to provide local and state officials resources to help prevent and treat those suffering from opioid addiction. Additionally, we're committed to protecting communities and fighting fentanyl. Together, we'll be able to fight this deadly disease. Congressman Banks voted for H.R. 6 when it passed the House in June. More information about National Prescription Take Back Day and a collection site locator can be found here.

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Wiesen (ungarisch: Rétfalu, kroatisch: Bizmet) ist eine Marktgemeinde im Bezirk Mattersburg im Burgenland in Österreich. Geografie Geografische Lage Wiesen liegt am Fuße des Rosaliengebirges zwischen Bad Sauerbrunn und Forchtenstein auf einer Höhe von Im Gemeindegebiet befindet sich der Naturpark Rosalia-Kogelberg. Ortsteile sind Anger, Dorf, Graben und Wiesen Nord. Etwas außerhalb befinden sich die Ortsteile Keltenberg und Römersee, an denen die Gemeinde über Anteile verfügt und die Siedlung Sauerbrunn, die sich direkt angebaut an Bad Sauerbrunn befindet. Nachbargemeinden Geschichte Vor Christi Geburt war das Gebiet Teil des keltischen Königreiches Noricum und gehörte zur Umgebung der keltischen Höhensiedlung Burg auf dem Schwarzenbacher Burgberg. Später unter den Römern lag das heutige Wiesen dann in der Provinz Pannonia. Erstmals urkundlich erwähnt wurde Wiesen im Jahr 1346. Wegen seiner Nähe zu Wiener Neustadt konnten landwirtschaftliche Produkte in der Stadt verkauft werden, auch fanden Wiesener in den dort ansässigen Betrieben Arbeit. So zählte der Ort um 1800 bereits über 1000 Einwohner. Für weiteren Aufschwung sorgte die 1847 eröffnete Bahnlinie von Ödenburg nach Wiener Neustadt. Der Ort gehörte, wie das gesamte Burgenland, bis 1920/21 zu Ungarn (Deutsch-Westungarn). Seit 1898 musste aufgrund der Magyarisierungspolitik der Regierung in Budapest der ungarische Ortsname Rétfalu verwendet werden. Nach Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs wurde nach zähen Verhandlungen Deutsch-Westungarn in den Verträgen von St. Germain und Trianon 1919 Österreich zugesprochen. Der Ort gehört seit 1921 zum neu gegründeten Bundesland Burgenland (siehe auch Geschichte des Burgenlandes). Seit 1997 ist Wiesen Marktgemeinde. Bevölkerungsentwicklung Kultur und Sehenswürdigkeiten Alte Pfarrkirche Wiesen beim Friedhof Neue Pfarrkirche Wiesen Wegkapelle hl. Johannes Nepomuk/Angerkapelle Pest-/Dreifaltigkeitssäule Regelmäßige Veranstaltungen Seit 1976 finden auf dem im nördlichen Teil von Wiesen gelegenen Festivalgelände regelmäßige Veranstaltungen statt. Das charakteristische Festzelt, eine Stahlseilkonstruktion, bietet Platz für 4000 Besucher, ein Open-Air-Bereich für weitere 4000. Festivals wie Forestglade, Sunsplash, Two Days a Week, Spring Vibration, GrooveQuake oder das Urban Art Forms Festival bringen insgesamt über 100.000 Besucher in die Erdbeergemeinde. Das Jazzfest Wiesen findet jährlich im Juli statt. Politik Gemeinderat Der Gemeinderat umfasst aufgrund der Einwohnerzahl insgesamt 23 Mitglieder. Gemeindevorstand Dem Gemeindevorstand gehören neben Bürgermeister Matthias Weghofer (ÖVP) und Vizebürgermeister Josef Habeler (ÖVP) die geschäftsführenden Gemeinderäte Juliane Bogner (WiPUG), Martin Müller (ÖVP), Christoph Ramhofer (ÖVP), Alois Robic (SPÖ) und Wolfgang Sieger (ÖVP) an. Bürgermeister Bürgermeister ist seit 1991 Matthias Weghofer (ÖVP). Bei der Bürgermeisterdirektwahl 2017 gewann er im ersten Wahlgang mit 65,36 % der gültigen Stimmen gegen Dietmar Rath (WiP, 15,30 %), Alois Robic (SPÖ, 11,60 %) und Claudia Schweiger-Bollmann (FPÖ, 7,74 %). Bei der Wahl 2022 verteidigte Matthias Weghofer sein Amt mit 57,09 Prozent der Stimmen im ersten Wahlgang. Vor Juliane Bogner mit 30,11 % und Alois Robic mit 12,80 % der Stimmen. Chronik der Bürgermeister Gemeindepartnerschaften Wittingen, Niedersachsen Wappen Persönlichkeiten Söhne und Töchter der Gemeinde Johann Habeler (1895–1967), Baupolier und Politiker Otto Strobl (1927–2019), Komponist, Musikpädagoge, Dirigent und Organist Manfred Kremser (1950–2013), Ethnologe und Bewusstseinsforscher Ehrenbürger der Gemeinde Die Ehrenbürgerschaft ist die höchste Auszeichnung einer Person, die von der Gemeinde mit Gemeinderatsbeschluss vergeben wird. Königreich Ungarn Gustav Degen (verliehen am 1. Oktober 1893) – Reichstagsabgeordneter Karl Kadnár (verliehen am 23. Dezember 1916) – stellvertretender Sektionschef der k.k. priv. Südbahn-Gesellschaft I. Republik Rudolf Zoffmann (verliehen am 5. Juli 1923) – ehemalige Schuldirektor Josef Erdt (verliehen am 27. Juni 1927) – Dechant und Ortspfarrer Anton Schreiner (verliehen am 24. November 1929) – ehemaliger Landeshauptmann Michael Koch (verliehen am 24. November 1929; aberkannt am 5. April 1938) – Landesrat, Landtagspräsident und Mitglied des Bundesrates Otto von Habsburg-Lothringen (verliehen am 6. Mai 1934; aberkannt am 5. April 1938) – Kaisersohn im Exil Engelbert Dollfuß (verliehen am 6. Mai 1934; aberkannt am 5. April 1938) – Bundeskanzler Kurt Schuschnigg (verliehen am 16. September 1934) – Bundeskanzler Hans Sylvester (verliehen am 17. Dezember 1937; aberkannt am 5. April 1938) – Landeshauptmann Franz Strobl (verliehen am 17. Dezember 1937; aberkannt am 5. April 1938) – Landesrat Michael Berthold (verliehen am 17. Dezember 1937; aberkannt am 5. April 1938) – Landesrat II. Republik Alois Seibert (verliehen am 22. Juli 1952) – Dechant und Ortspfarrer Johann Habeler (verliehen am 10. Februar 1957) – Landtagsabgeordneter Eugen Julius Strobl (verliehen am 19. April 1969) – Verdienste um den Bau der neuen Kirche Johann Habeler (verliehen am 29. November 1975) – Volksschuldirektor Karl Toder (verliehen am 29. November 1975) – Ortspfarrer seit 1954 Literatur Josef Köller: Die Grafschaft Forchtenstein unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Urbare. Universität Wien, Dissertation, Wien 1960. Johann Kriegler: Wiesen. Von der Vergangenheit in die Gegenwart. Eine Bilddokumentation. Großgemeinde Wiesen im Burgenland, Wiesen 1984. Heimatbuch der Marktgemeinde Wiesen im Burgenland, hrsg. von der Marktgemeinde Wiesen im Burgenland. Zusammengestellt und teilweise verfasst von Johann Kriegler. Marktgemeinde Wiesen im Burgenland, Wiesen 2001. Johann Kriegler: Wiesen im Burgenland. Erlebtes, Gehörtes, Geschautes. Eigenverlag Johann Kriegler, Wiesen 2002. Johann Kriegler: Kleines Lexikon der Wiesener Mundart mit besonderer Berücksichtigung alter, seltener und ausgestorbener Dialektwörter. 2. erweiterte Auflage, Marktgemeinde Wiesen, Wiesen 2016. Bilderbogen von Wiesen Weblinks Seite der Gemeinde Gemeindegrenzen zu den Nachbargemeinden Einzelnachweise Katastralgemeinde im Bezirk Mattersburg

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Chinese Farmer Constructs Artificial Flying Saucer By marjorie A 46-year-old retired farmer in China with only an elementary school education and no mechanical or aeronautical training has dreamt all his life of building his own flying machine. Today that dream has become a reality for Shu Mansheng, who has successfully completed his first flight as the pilot of a flying saucer he himself built. This achievement marks the second attempt for the self-taught very talented man, who last year completed his first homemade aircraft. He managed to get it off the ground, but was injured on the second trial flight. His new and improved flying machine is equipped with eight engines vertically mounted that drive individual fixed-pitch wooden propellers. The arrangement of the engines involves both an inner and outer group, each equipped with four engines. In the center is an open cockpit mounted above spokes that both support the engines and extend to an outer circular ring. This latest attempt has cost the farmer all of his energy about 60,000 yuan (US $9,400). The inventor has been able to focus on his aviation adventures after gleaning quite a bit of money from a financial windfall. This time, the former farmer and automobile mechanic was victorious as he managed to fly to a height of two meters (about 7 feet) while sitting in the center cabin of the aircraft. Shu's goals for the future are twofold. First, he plans to improve his invention, and secondly, he hopes to open a school for children where they can study subjects like aeronautics, that aren't considered acceptable topics in conventional school teaching. Check out the video: Go Shu, go, go go! ← The World's Most Expensive iPhone Case Amog Ambition: Domino's First Pizza on the Moon Plan → Holy crap! Those props are uncovered, and I bet he's not wearing a seatbelt. I'm guessing if one of those engines happens to fail mid flight that thing will tip suddenly. See where I'm going with this? Wow, inches away from 4 whirling blades of death in a cloth bucket! Not really a saucer, and it doesn't really fly…

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Service-Oriented Architecture: Scaling the Uber Engineering Codebase As We Grow Einas Haddad Like many startups, Uber began its journey with a monolithic architecture, built for a single offering in a single city. At the time, all of Uber was our UberBLACK option and our "world" was San Francisco. Having one codebase seemed "clean" at the time, and solved our core business problems, which included connecting drivers with riders, billing, and payments. It was reasonable back then to have all of Uber's business logic in one place. As we rapidly expanded into more cities and introduced new products, this quickly changed. As core domain models grew and new features were introduced, our components became tightly coupled, and enforcing encapsulation made separation of concerns difficult. Continuous integration turned into a liability because deploying the codebase meant deploying everything at once. Our engineering team experienced rapid growth and scaling, which not only meant handling more requests but also handling a significant increase in developer activity. Adding new features, fixing bugs, and resolving technical debt all in a single repo became extremely difficult. Tribal knowledge was required before attempting to make a single change. Moving to a SOA We decided to follow the lead of other hyper-growth companies—Amazon, Netflix, SoundCloud, Twitter, and others—and break up the monolith into multiple codebases to form a service-oriented architecture (SOA). Specifically, since the term SOA tends to mean a variety of different things, we adopted a microservice architecture. This design pattern enforces the development of small services dedicated to specific, well-encapsulated domain areas. Each service can be written in its own language or framework, and can have its own database or lack thereof. Migrating from a monolithic codebase to a distributed SOA solved many of our problems, but it created a few new ones as well. These problems fall into three main areas: Obviousness With 500+ services, finding the appropriate service becomes arduous. Once identified, how to utilize the service is not obvious, since each microservice is structured in its own way. Services providing REST or RPC endpoints (where you can access functionality within that domain) typically offer weak contracts, and in our case these contracts vary greatly between microservices. Adding JSON Schema to a REST API can improve safety and the process of developing against the service, but it is not trivial to write or maintain. Finally, these solutions do not provide any guarantees regarding fault tolerance or latency. There's no standard way to handle client-side timeouts and outages, or ensure an outage of one service does not cause cascading outages. The overall resiliency of the system would be negatively impacted by these weaknesses. As one developer put it, we "converted our monolithic API into a distributed monolithic API". It has become clear we need a standard way of communication that provides type safety, validation, and fault tolerance. Other goals include: Simple ways to provide client libraries Cross language support Tunable default timeouts and retry policies Efficient testing and development At this stage in our hyper-growth, Uber engineers continue to evaluate technologies and tools to fit our goals. One thing we do know is that using an existing Interface Definition Language (IDL) that provides lots of pre-built tooling from day one is ideal. We evaluated the existing tools and found that Apache Thrift (made popular by Facebook and Twitter) met our needs best. Thrift is a set of libraries and tools for building scalable cross-language services. To accomplish this, datatypes and service interfaces are defined in a language agnostic file. Then, code is generated to abstract the transport and encoding of RPC messages between services written in all of the languages we support (Python, Node, Go, etc.) In addition to Thrift, we're creating lifecycle tooling to publish these clients to packaging systems (such as pip for Python and npm for Node). Discovering and contributing to the service then becomes a manageable task. Service clients also act as learning tools, in addition to docs and wikis. The most compelling argument for Thrift is its safety. Thrift guarantees safety by binding services to use strict contracts. The contract describes how to interact with that service including how to call service procedures, what inputs to provide, and what output to expect. In the following Thrift IDL we have defined a service Zoo with a function makeSound that takes a string animalName and returns a string or throws an exception. Adhering to a strict contract means less time is spent figuring out how to communicate with a service and dealing with serialization. In addition, as a microservice evolves we do not have to worry about interfaces changing suddenly, and are able to deploy services independently from consumers. This is very good news for Uber engineers. We're able to move on to other projects and tools since Thrift solves the problem of safety out of the box. Lastly, we drew inspiration from fault tolerance and latency libraries in other companies facing similar challenges, such as Netflix's Hystrix library and Twitter's Finagle library, to tackle the problem of resiliency. With those libraries in mind, we wrote libraries that ensure clients are able to deal with failure scenarios successfully (which will be discussed in more detail in a future post). Tradeoffs and Where We're Headed Of course, no solution is perfect and all solutions have challenges. Unfortunately, Thrift's toolset is relatively young and tools for Python and Node are not abundant. There is a risk that a lot of time will be invested in creating these tools. Additionally, there is no higher-level support for headers. Authentication and cross-service tracing, for example, are two challenging problems since higher level meta-data would be passed in every time. Dismantling our well-worn monolith has been a long time coming. While it has been a key component that enabled our explosive growth in the past, it has grown cumbersome and difficult to scale further and maintain. Our goal for the remainder of 2015 is to get rid of this repo entirely—promoting clear ownership, offering better organizational scalability, and providing more resilience and fault tolerance through our commitment to microservices. Photo Credits for Header: "Scaly Anteater" by David Brossard licensed under CC-BY 2.0. Image cropped for header dimensions. Header Explanation: Pangolins have large scales, and therefore for would-be predators are an intriguing scalability problem to overcome. Lady Eng Previous article Uber and Hack Reactor Remote Beta Host Their First Immersive Online Hackathon Next article Uber + HackingEDU Introducing #LADYENG at Uber Engineering Tess Russell Learning as a New Grad on the Uber Engineering Money Team Cory McDowell Uber Engineering Team Profile: Uber for Business Conor Myhrvold

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Q: What to use as inputs in OpenCV calibrateCamera cameraMatrix and distCoeffs parameters? I'm trying to get calibrateCamera working on my Node.js backend. The library is working fine, but I'm having trouble with the OpenCV functions not giving any error messages if I have faulty inputs. I'm kind of flying in the dark. But that's beside the point. I've taken 17 images of the chessboard calibration pattern, and got the code to detect the pattern in all of the images. Everything works just fine until I call cv.calibrateCamera(), probably due to me not knowing what I should use as the required inputs for cameraMatrix and distCoeff (4th and 5th input parameters). However, I can't be 100% this is the issue because of not receiving any error messages from errors in the cv... functions. I tried to follow the example at https://docs.opencv.org/3.1.0/dc/dbb/tutorial_py_calibration.html , but on python in the tutorial you can use None as inputs to cameraMatrix and distCoeff. I tried to use null, but that didn't work either. Any help would be appreciated. const size = new cv.Size(9,6); let mat = null; let objpt = []; for(let i=0;i<9;i++) { for(let j=0;j<6;j++) { objpt.push(cv.Point(2.5*i,2.5*j,0)) } } let objectPoints = []; let imagePoints =[]; for (let i=0; i < 17;i++) { mat = cv.imread('./calib/calib'+(i+1)+'.jpg'); let smallmat = mat.resize(756,1008); const corners = smallmat.findChessboardCorners(size); if (corners.returnValue) { objectPoints = objectPoints.concat(objpt); imagePoints = imagePoints.concat(corners.corners); } } // THIS IS WHERE EXECUTION JUST STOPS WITH NO ERROR MESSAGE cv.calibrateCamera( objectPoints, imagePoints, new cv.Size(756,1008), new cv.Mat(3, 3, cv.CV_32FC1,0), [0,0,0,0,0] ); A: According to the test parameters should be passed like this: [_objectPoints, _objectPoints], [imagePoints, imagePoints], imageSize, _cameraMatrix, distCoefficients where const _cameraMatrix = new cv.Mat([ [800, 0, 100], [0, 800, 100], [0, 0, 1] ], cv.CV_64F); and const distCoefficients = [0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.0];

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2018 Honda Fit: Little Guy Gains Big Safety Tech Honda's smallest gets a nip, a tuck, and a batch of safety features. DUNCAN BRADY For its first update since the third-generation Honda Fit debuted for 2015, the 2018 model promises subtle aesthetic improvements and brings an impressive list of driver-assistance features. The Honda Sensing package of active-safety and driver-assistance technology headlines the list of changes. Automated emergency braking, lane-departure warning, and lane-keeping assist likely will be welcome additions for buyers of Honda's little hatch, and they come standard on the EX trim level and above. (The Honda Sensing package is optional in lower trim levels.) Fits with Honda Sensing will gain a 4.2-inch color display tucked into the gauge cluster, too. The tech is a standout in the subcompact class; among the Fit's competitors, only the Toyota Yaris iA and the Chevrolet Spark offer automated emergency braking, and only the Toyota also offers lane-departure warning. Honda's bundle includes adaptive cruise control, although our experience with the system in our long-term Honda Pilot is that its performance can be at times herky-jerky and leave something to be desired. Returning to the Fit lineup is an optional Sport trim, slotted between the base LX and feature-rich EX models. Those who go for this new Fit are treated to exclusive black-finish 16-inch wheels, a rear diffuser with bright-orange trim, a chrome exhaust tip, and a Sport badge on the liftgate. Sport models also benefit from some of the EX's premium features including an upgraded audio system and Honda's 7.0-inch touchscreen infotainment interface (now with a volume knob!) with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto. Non-Sport Fits benefit from exterior and interior upgrades, too. Gone is the Playskool-grade plastic front grille, replaced with a handsome two-piece unit outlined with chrome. LX, EX, and EX-L models also gain a new front bumper with a splitter, a restyled rear bumper, and redesigned taillights that still look similar to those bookending the liftgate of the Volvo XC90. Two new paint colors—Helios Yellow Pearl and Orange Fury—expand the Fit's chromatic range, the orange shade recalling those of the first- and second-generation Fits, favored hues among enthusiasts. High-level EX Fits snag keyless entry, a sunroof, blind-spot monitoring, and push-button start. Those who treat themselves to the top spec EX-L will enjoy leather upholstery, heated front seats and side mirrors, and available navigation. The current 130-hp 1.5-liter inline-four will make a return, along with the continuously variable automatic and the optional six-speed manual. Our tip is to go for the manual; rowing your own gears provides more enjoyment and allows you to make the most of the engine's powerband. Speaking of, the manual models get 2 whole horsepower and 1 lb-ft of torque more than Fits sporting the CVT. More important, the baby Honda's ingeniously configurable interior and low price are sure to stick around. Those features, among others, have garnered the Fit seven 10Best Cars trophies and three comparison-test wins over its multiple generations, and we look forward to seeing how the latest version stacks up.

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You will find here latest Happy Makar Sankranti 2017 Images Pictures Photos Wallpapers HD Wishes Quotes Messages Status Pics Free Download so feels free to download or send to your friends & family. Happy Makar Sankranti 2017: Makar Sankranti is going to be celebrated on 14th January 2017 this year. We all are very excited to celebrate this festival with friends and family If you are one of us then you are at right place because we are sharing here the best collection Happy Makar Sankranti 2017 Images, Makar Sankranti 2017 Pictures, Makar Sankranti Pics, Makar Sankranti Photos Free Download from our website. Makar Sankranti is an annual festival which is celebrated with great enthusiasm and happiness in all over the world. I am very excited to celebrate this event with friends and family members so I think that you are also waiting for the festival. We have provided here Happy Makar Sankranti Images Pictures for facebook. You can use profile pics for your whatsapp dp on your Whatsapp. Share Makar Sankranti Essay in english hindi marathi telugu and Quotes with your friends on Facebook & Whatsapp. Makar Sankranti Wishes are the best way to wish your friends and family Makar Sankranti or Kite Festival is one of the most widely celebrated festivals in India. It is one-day festival which is celebrated with a lot of excitement and joy. This year 2017 Makar Sankranti is scheduled on 14 January 2017. Here are the most amazing and Advance Happy Makar Sankranti Wishes, Makar Sankranti Greetings Cards for friend & family and whatsapp messages & status which we are providing to you on the occasion of Makar Sankranti 2017. People wish to their friends & family and hug their partner & pray to live long together their full life. We are sharing here Makar Sankranti Images, Makar Sankranti Wishes and Makar Sankranti Messages in English Hindi Marathi Telugu. MAY THE MAKER SANKRANTI BRING IN NEW HOPES AND GOOD HARVEST FOR YOU. WISHING YOU A HAPPY MAKAR SANKRANTI. Nowadays, Most of the people spend their full day on social sites so that you can share Makar Sankranti images, Makar Sankranti pics, Makar Sankranti wallpaper & Makar Sankranti photos to your friends and relatives. हीच शिभेच्छा, संक्रांत वर्ष दिनी…! मधुर नात्यासाठी गोड गोड बोलु..! Share these advance Happy Makar Sankranti 2017 Images Pictures Photos Wallpapers HD Wishes Quotes Messages Status Pics Greetings Cards Free Download on your social media like facebook, Twitter, whatsapp, google plus and many others.

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Impact and Community Outreach Funds Alpha Funds Dora Maclellan Brown Ministry Scholarship Timothy Scholarship Fund Login Aunt Dora: Where It All Began The story of The Generosity Trust is the story of a Christian woman with a bold vision: to be extraordinarily generous with the financial resources God had entrusted to her. Dora Maclellan Brown, affectionately known as Aunt Dora, served on the Board of her family's private foundation and encouraged them in a letter "to always remember the definitely Christian faith." Using proceeds earned through her family business, she started her own foundation that would become The Generosity Trust. Her letter has become a guiding principle for our outreach. Today, The Generosity Trust (TGT) carries forward Aunt Dora's vision more than 50 years later. We advance the cause of Christ by magnifying the joyful generosity of Christians. While continuing to make grants and provide seminary scholarships in memory of our founder, we are primarily a donor-driven foundation that provides funds and services to simplify charitable giving for generous Christians. The legacy of Aunt Dora remains central to our work today as we begin serving a third generation of donors. We partner with people who want to be generous with their financial resources and leave a legacy for years to come. Stories of Giving "Knowing that my education would be paid for by the Generosity Trust, our finances would not be depleted, and our future is in His hands is overwhelming. TGT's support is the absolute cornerstone for our life in ministry." Jimmy Latham Dora Maclellan Brown Ministry Scholarship Recipient 345 Frazier Ave., Unit 205 info@thegenerositytrust.org Keep up with the latest from The Generosity Trust through our monthly emails. By subscribing, you're opting in to receive emails from us. And we're promising not to spam you.

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Legends of Tomorrow Season 5: Matt Ryan to Remain a Series Regular Plus a New Character "Three From Hell" Watch the Full Trailer For Rob Zombie's New Film Now EVO 2019 Releases Final Entry Numbers With Surprising Results Home » Pop Culture » Current News » True Detective Season 3 Shuffle: Game of Thrones' Jeremy Saulnier Leaves, Jack Ryan's Daniel Sackheim to Direct True Detective Season 3 Shuffle: Game of Thrones' Jeremy Saulnier Leaves, Jack Ryan's Daniel Sackheim to Direct Posted by Ray Flook March 31, 2018 Comment With the third season of Nic Pizzolatto's crime anthology series True Detective having completed production on the the season's first two episodes, Game of Thrones director Jeremy Saulnier (Green Room) is leaving the HBO series and Jack Ryan's Daniel Sackheim (The Americans) is coming aboard. Sackheim will share directing duties with series creator/executive producer Pizzolatto, who is making his directorial debut this season. Citing scheduling conflicts as the cause of Saulnier's departure, HBO released the following statement: "Director and executive producer Jeremy Saulnier has completed the first two episodes of 'True Detective' Season 3 and will be departing the production due to scheduling issues. Daniel Sackheim has come on board as a director and executive producer for the series alongside series creator and director Nic Pizzolatto," Sources in the original Variety report that HBO is happy with the scripts for the third season; though it was also reported location filming in Arkansas has been difficult at times, and that Pizzolatto and Saulnier have had differing views on the episodes. After filming on the second episode was complete, it became clear to both the cable giant and Saulnier that the project would run long and potentially conflict with his ability to take on additional projects. Set to tell the story of a macabre crime in the heart of the Ozarks and a mystery that deepens over decades and plays out in three separate time periods, the third season cast of True Detective includes: Mahershala Ali (Moonlight), Carmen Ejogo (Selma), Stephen Dorff (Blade), Scoot McNairy (Godless), Mamie Gummer (Side Effects), Ray Fisher (Justice League), Michael Greyeyes (Fear the Walking Dead), Jon Tenney (The Closer), Rhys Wakefield (The Purge), Sarah Gadon (Alias Grace), Emily Nelson (Code Black), Brandon Flynn (13 Reasons Why) and Michael Graziadei (Good Girls Revolt). Though few specifics are available on the show's season 3's storyline and characters, here's what we do know about some of the players. Ali will play the lead role of Wayne Hays, a state police detective from northwest Arkansas. Dorff will play Wayne's partner Roland West, an Arkansas State Investigator who, along with his partner, has his life and career influenced over three decades by a baffling crime. Ejogo will play Amelia Reardon, an Arkansas schoolteacher with a connection to two missing children in 1980. McNairy will play Tom, a father who suffers a terrible loss that ties his fate to that of two state police detectives over 10 years. Fisher will portray Freddy Burns, son of Wayne Hays. For some of the characters, we've only been given their names at this point. Wakefield, Greyeyes, and Tenney are set for Henry Hays, Brett Woodard, and Alan Jones, respectively; with Gadon as Elisa Montgomery and Nelson as Margaret. Flynn will portray Ryan Peters and Graziadei is set to play Dan O'Brien. Pizzolatto is listed as lone writer for the third season of True Detective (minus one episode, co-written with David Milch), as well as showrunner. He also serves as executive producer this season alongside Scott Stephens; Matthew McConaughey and Woody Harrelson; Season 1 director Cary Joji Fukunaga; Scott Stephens, Steve Golin, Bard Dorros and Richard Brown. Variety (original exclusive reporting) About Ray Flook Proudly serving as TV Editor, Ray started with Bleeding Cool in 2013 as a contributing writer/photographer before being brought aboard as staff in 2017. Counting John Cusack as his pop culture "spirit animal," his "word fu" stays strong as he continues trying really hard to be the sheppard... twitter facebook square instagram envelope (Last Updated March 31, 2018 3:42 pm ) HBO Releases Teaser Trailer for 'True Detective' Season 3 #7Years7Kingdoms: Maisie Williams Asks for Your Favorite Game of Thrones Moments Let's Take a Look at The Mattel WWE Entrance Greats Jeff Hardy Hulk Hogan Responds to Mark Henry, Apologizes to "All Wrestlers" for Racist Rant Marvel's Jessica Jones Season 2: Trish Walker's Music Video

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GST Michigan Works! is the number one resource for business retention and expansion service information. We work with area businesses through a business focused, demand-driven, collaborative approach to assist businesses retain current workers, create jobs, attract new business and operate competitively in the global market place. Our Certified Business Solutions Professional staff attempt to address a broad spectrum of employer needs related to business development and talent. We work closely with partner organizations and serve as agents to bring other resources into the mix to address employer needs that cannot be provided directly by the workforce system. Our goal is to assist companies find the best/right employees. We will bring our five step BSP approach to help figure out the problems and bring resources to companies, not to "fix" but to diagnose and offer options and make sure the plan is carried out. Provided over $300,000 in on-the-job training funds to off-set new employee training costs. Assisted area business to revision, diversify and align resulting in a $20 million increase in annual sales. Michigan Works has provided over $760,000 in incumbent worker training funds to assist area employers to remain competitive and avert hundreds of potential layoffs. Planned, funded and implemented "on-site" customized talent training programs to meet multiple employer "entry level" talent needs. Assisted area companies to reduce turnover cost and increase their ROI – at no cost. Assisted numerous employers to attract and retain, hard to find, talent through our customized recruitment and staffing services at no charge. Call one of our "Certified Business Solutions Professional" staff members for details and further information about how we can assist you at (810) 233-5974 ext. 134 or email tkrauss@gstmiworks.org. Please note the GST Michigan Works! provides services only to employers in our geographic area (Genesee, Huron, Lapeer, Sanilac, Shiawassee and Tuscola Counties. Our agency will assist employers located within an area covered by a partnering workforce agency only if agreed upon in advance. GST Michigan Works! Advantage Onboarding: Have our "Certified Business solutions Professionals" show you employee onboarding savings as high as $15,000 per employee. On-The-Job Training (OJT) is a Federally-funded program targeted toward employers to help defray their training costs when hiring laid-off or dislocated workers. This program is a great opportunity for employers to hire new employees while minimizing their overall training costs. Due to a variety of funding sources, there are different eligibility requirements. Heroes Act: provides tax credits for hiring veterans and disabled veterans who are out of work. Tax credits are $5,600 for veterans and up to $9,600 for hiring disabled veterans. 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About Jorge By years Immigration, Mexico, U.S.A. America's Terror-Filled Waiting Rooms Jorge Ramos Avalos January 8, 2020 January 8, 2020 Mexico has become an incredibly dangerous place for Central American immigrants. The administration of President Andrés Manuel López Obrador has given in to the demands of President Donald Trump, and tens of thousands of migrants who are seeking asylum in the United States have been forced to wait in Mexico while their applications are processed in American courts. The situation is terrible: At the makeshift migrant camps set up along the border, children — who are neither allowed to attend school nor receive health care — are forced to sleep on the ground, even in the winter cold, and teenagers are vulnerable targets for criminal gangs. Here, in a country rife with drug cartels and human trafficking, Central American families must live like this for months. And Mexico has agreed to all of it. It's painfully ironic that Mexico — a country that for decades has exported immigrants to the United States — has become the primary impediment to migrants heading north. Mexico must not allow itself to be used as a waiting room for the United States. Mexico's limited state and federal budgets should be used to fight Mexican crime and poverty, not crush the dreams of people who only want to pass through on their way to safety and a new life. Since the introduction of the Migrant Protection Protocols last January, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security has required approximately 50,000 asylum-seekers and other migrants to wait in Mexico, according to an October 2019 report by Human Rights First. Already there have been over 340 reported cases of rape, kidnapping, torture and other violent acts committed against these immigrants. This figure would likely be much higher if all such crimes were reported. For Central Americans fleeing gang violence at home, it's hard to imagine that life in the border cities of Matamoros or Nuevo Laredo in Tamaulipas state could be much of an improvement. And yet, as Human Rights First points out, the State Department sends asylum-seekers to Tamaulipas to wait even while labeling it a "Level 4" threat, the same designation it gives Afghanistan, Iraq and Syria. According to reports by the López Obrador administration, 790 people were killed in Tamaulipas between January and November 2019. The last few years have been some of the most violent in Mexico's modern history. It's clear that the Mexican government is unable to protect even the lives of its own citizens. Despite this, many thousands of migrants have come, and now have no choice but to stop and wait. Turning back is not an option: Cubans and Venezuelans can't return to the dictatorships they left behind, and for many Central Americans going home would be a death sentence. Yamali Flores and Josué Cornejo are a couple from Honduras, with two young daughters and a teenage son. Recently they were forced to flee the violence in northern Mexico and enter the United States illegally. They were captured and sent back across the border to Matamoros. "We were applying for asylum in Mexico, but we saw one of the bosses of the people who killed our aunt and they broke into our home while we were asleep," Cornejo told me last fall in an interview. "Then I told my wife that we had no choice and that's why we decided to cross the river." During the crossing, Cornejo took great pains to protect evidence he had collected of the danger his family faced in Honduras and Mexico from any water damage. It didn't matter. The American authorities arrested them anyway. Immigrants entering the United States with children were once allowed to stay, even without valid documents. Now it's not so simple. This new policy is part of the Trump administration's effort to significantly reduce the number of undocumented immigrants staying in the country. The Human Rights First report estimates that, according to a policy it calls illegal known as "metering," 26,000 asylum applicants have been turned away at U.S. ports of entry. When I asked Flores how the family felt about staying in Matamoros, she told me they were "afraid [and] nervous because of all the things we see happening here." Unfortunately, they still have a long wait ahead of them before they learn if they've been granted asylum in America. "Even if it takes eight months," Flores said, "we'll be here." The family doesn't have legal representation or the money to hire a lawyer, which drastically reduces chances that their application will be approved. Flores says she sometimes cries at night. "It's hard to see your children sleeping on the floor," she told me. Intentionally or not, Mexico is preventing the family from living in a safe place. And neither the López Obrador administration nor the state of Tamaulipas has the infrastructure or economic resources to take care of so many immigrants. The tensions created by this lack of resources, and by the xenophobia of some Mexicans, have flared into anti-immigrant protests, where demonstrators shout things like "Mexico for the Mexican people!" Such abuse is unlikely to stop as more immigrants arrive. On Skype, Flores and Cornejo introduce me to their children, David, Génesis and Ivonne. "We only want them to live," Flores says. "To become adults." I asked what would happen to their children if they were sent back to Honduras. "They would all be killed," their father said. Migrants like these are stuck in an impossible situation. They can't seek safety in the United States, where they will only be turned away. Neither can they return to Central America, where they will face death. Instead, they must await their fate in violence-plagued northern Mexico. Something must be done to help people like Flores and Cornejo and their children. And now. By Jorge Ramos Ávalos Image by: Trevor Gerzen on Unsplash Previous ArticleThe Island of GarbageNext ArticleGen Z & WW3 Jorge Ramos Avalos Jorge Ramos has been the anchorman for Noticiero Univision since 1986. He writes a weekly column for more than 40 newspapers in the United States and Latin America, and provides daily radio commentary for the Radio Univision network. Ramos also hosts Al Punto, Univision's weekly public affairs program offering analysis of the week's top stories, and Fusion's AMERICA with Jorge Ramos, a news program geared towards young adults. Ramos has won eight Emmy awards and is the author of ten books, most recently, STRANGER - The Challenge of a Latino Immigrant in the Trump Era. A survey conducted by the Pew Hispanic Center found that Ramos is the second most recognized Latino leader in the country. Latino Leaders magazine chose him as one of "The Ten Most Admired Latinos" and "101 Top Leaders of the Latino Community in the U.S." Follow @jorgeramosnews - Mention @jorgeramosnews Column file Column file Select Month January 2020 December 2019 November 2019 October 2019 September 2019 August 2019 July 2019 June 2019 May 2019 April 2019 March 2019 February 2019 January 2019 December 2018 November 2018 October 2018 September 2018 August 2018 July 2018 June 2018 May 2018 April 2018 March 2018 February 2018 January 2018 December 2017 November 2017 October 2017 September 2017 August 2017 July 2017 June 2017 May 2017 April 2017 March 2017 February 2017 January 2017 December 2016 November 2016 October 2016 September 2016 August 2016 July 2016 June 2016 May 2016 April 2016 March 2016 February 2016 January 2016 December 2015 November 2015 October 2015 September 2015 August 2015 July 2015 June 2015 May 2015 April 2015 March 2015 February 2015 January 2015 December 2014 November 2014 October 2014 September 2014 August 2014 July 2014 June 2014 May 2014 April 2014 March 2014 February 2014 January 2014 December 2013 November 2013 October 2013 September 2013 August 2013 July 2013 June 2013 May 2013 April 2013 March 2013 February 2013 January 2013 December 2012 November 2012 October 2012 September 2012 August 2012 July 2012 June 2012 May 2012 April 2012 March 2012 November 2011 April 2011 March 2011 February 2011 January 2011 November 2010 October 2010 September 2010 August 2010 July 2010 June 2010 May 2010 April 2010 March 2010 February 2010 January 2010 May 2008 June 1994 Real America With Jorge Ramos/FB Mexico's Murder Problem By Jorge Ramos Avalos , 4 days ago January 20, 2020 Gen Z & WW3 By Jorge Ramos Avalos , January 9, 2020 January 10, 2020 Dancing for their Lives By Jorge Ramos Avalos , December 19, 2019 December 22, 2019 Busting Border Buses Elections, U.S.A. How Democrats Can Win the Latino Vote in 2020 By Jorge Ramos Avalos , January 10, 2020 January 10, 2020 By Jorge Ramos Avalos , January 8, 2020 January 8, 2020 Society, Travel The Island of Garbage Politics, U.S.A. 'Why Not Let Trump Cheat?' Jorge Ramos has been the host of Univision News since 1986. He writes a weekly column for more than 40 newspapers in the United States and Latin America and publishes daily radio commentary for the Univision Radio network. Ramos also hosts Al Punto, the weekly Univision public affairs program that offers an analysis of the best stories of the week, and Fusion AMERICA with Jorge Ramos, a news program aimed at young adults. Ramos has won eight Emmy awards and is the author of ten books, the most recent, STRANGER - The challenge of a Latino immigrant in the Trump era. Follow Jorge Ramos: © 2019 Jorgeramos.com. All rights reserved.

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The Orange County Register: Sanchez expands base in U.S. Senate race Rep. Loretta Sanchez, D-Orange (Sam Gangwer/Staff Photographer) By Martin Wisckol / Staff Columnist Nov. 29, 2015 – Updated 12:00 a.m. Rep. Loretta Sanchez's campaign for U.S. Senate is showing signs of expanding its base beyond Southern California, giving frontrunner Kamala Harris, the state's attorney general, reason to keep an eye on the rear-view mirror. Last week, Sanchez announced endorsements by local elected officials from the Central Valley as well as that of a couple other key officials from the region, Rep. Jim Costa, D-Fresno, and former Lt. Gov. Cruz Bustamante. That comes on the heels of endorsements from Rep. Anna Eshoo of the Silicon Valley and Rep. Sam Farr from the Central Coast. Additionally, House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi named the Orange County native to be House Democrats' negotiator for the long-term highway bill pending in Congress. It's an interesting choice, given that Sanchez doesn't sit on the Transportation Committee, and is best know for her work on military and homeland security issues. "Maybe it's a tacit endorsement," suggested former Rep. John Campbell, an Irvine Republican who now teaches political science at UC Irvine. Pelosi, who lives in San Francisco where Harris served as district attorney, has not made a formal endorsement in the race. To read expanded column, click here. Filed under: Campaigns, Democrats, Elections, In the News, Politics, State of California, U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. Senate 4 Responses to this post Anonymous on November 30th, 2015 12:14 pm Hey!!! I was fooled by Martin Wisckol!!!!!!!!!!!! Good opening TEASER, "Rep. Loretta Sanchez's campaign … is showing signs of expanding its base … reason to keep an eye on the rear-view mirror." Then we find out Sanchez's new endorsements are Costa and Cruz ("hahaha") Bustamante. In other words Sanchez is still a joke of a candidate: Anonymous on May 24th, 2015 11:40 am "But Sanchez should never been in Congress," Repairman on March 4th, 2013 1:35 pm yea imagine that, kind of like Dennis Roddman (LORETTA SANCHEZ) representing the United States in north Korea imagine that. Steve Brow on November 30th, 2015 6:54 pm That Cruz Bustamonte endorcement will be a game changer, given his showing in the governor's recall race. Steve on November 30th, 2015 8:52 pm What drug are you on? Must be peyote

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Justin J. Marler, or better known as Tenebrae Invictus is a member the TTV Podcast, who is known for his occasional comments and releasing satirical reviews of old BIONICLE games called The Invictus Analysis. When the BZPCs were still alive, he was head admin of TheBZPC, BZPC2 and the BZPC Wiki, and was the longest lasting admin of the BZPCs, trailing behind Venom. As of 2013, Tenebrae Invictus has not worked on a comic in months. Many people on BZP who join as kids are most likely noobs. Tenebrae Invictus is no different, except he typed mainly with proper grammar. He began his life on BZP as a guy who spammed a couple of RPGs in random places from his topic on the LEGO Message Boards. His topics were closed very soon by people like the Ninjo. He then even made very brief comic series (they sucked) and epics (failed). He was not well known, and did not truly grow up until around 2006. During his beginning years on BZP, he met people on forums such as MNO V3 (now gone) and other famous people such as Exo M7. He even made two official comics for him. In year one, mere ninjamaster501 got to 2800 posts. As a noob. In year two, -Ninja- was more matured. Still a noob, though, but now hosting games in Games & Trivia. In year two, Tenebrae Invictus was around 3300+ posts. By year three, -NM- Killa had grown up a lot more but was still not recognized much. He was a lot more mature and hung out with many people such as Cee-stee and other people who have either left BZP or have been banned. He left for Thailand in Mid 2006, and he disappeared for over a year and a half. During the span of his disappearance, he posted very infrequently and did not see his friends at all. During this time, he was a Dragonball Z Forum, hiding the fact he was actually only 11 when the site required he needed to be 13+. He hid it fairly well. In May 2008, the vanished -NM- Killa returned to America and became more active once more. At only about 3400 posts, his posts spiked during the two months he lived in Utah. He got his post count OVER 9000!!! 4000 and then he moved to his actual house in Northeastern Colorado, where the true tale begins. -NM- Killa became -Makuta Antroz- then onto Shadow Antroz. In this era of 2008 he rose through the 4000+ posts. Then he became Mangekyou Itachi, and joined BZPC. He joined during the time Jed was a mod, and so was Eljay (in the beginning). He joined the Vahki fad and met people such as Darth Cyberstrike, Kini, Mesonak and Terakk. Then after the fad was over he returned to simple Mangekyou Itachi, He made a 1 comic series that he could never commit to and it ended fairly soon. Then he became Invictus, and at this point he was more known on BZPC, and had over 5000 posts. He saw many things during the span of BZPC, and in mid 2009 he obtained a moderator position on BZPC. He also then became Tenebrae Invictus, after 5 years of being on BZP. After that, in the events after September 15, 2009, he became an admin and started his comic series, Failure in Progress. Then, on December 14, 2009, Venom reset BZPC. By a landslide vote, Invictus kept his administrator position (and now is the oldest admin), with Sonu being the only other secondary admin. Fortunately, he was still able to celebrate his fourth month as admin on December 15, 2009. The day before his fifth month celebration, however, Venom permanently reset the chat, claiming it was over. However, Tenebrae Invictus still claimws 5 months, as he was still an admin of BZPC Mark 2, which was directly related to the first BZPC. On January 14, 2010, he and Kini decided to get some other BZPC members to pull a prank and make it look like Venom had gone power crazy and banned everyone. Venom didn't take that well, and when Mange told him that the whole prank had been done on another chat, Venom felt he had been pushed over the top and completely shut down BZPC. Mange wanted people to come to the BZPC Mark 2, but MT and Dar's idea of him creating his own chat was liked by almost everyone, so Mange created his own chat: BZPC2. This was the replacement for BZPC, and the other BZPCians went there, hoping to get chat life relatively back to normal. TheBZPC emerged in April and everyone moved there. Mange became co-head owner there along with Venom after the true BZPC succession crisis. By then he had OVER SIX THOUSAAAAND posts. He didn't post very often, after reaching his goal of 6000 before his sixth anniversary on BZPower. He has reached his first year as admin on the BZPCs on September 15th, 2010. On the night of September 30th-October 1st, Eljay, Kini and VTP all made an agreement the VTP was to come to the comic makers chat and during his visit there or after, Eljay would not be allowed to ban him, otherwise Invi/Mange would have to demote Eljay on TheBZPC. Invi got on the chat when comic makers was first brought up and membered on the chat after being a guest for a long time, many minutes before VTP got on. He was then designated as a witness VTP was not going to be banned. However, when VTP logged on he was already banned it and VTP and Kini created civil unrest on TheBZPC. Invi refreshed the comic makers chat and it turned out that Eljay had banned VTP right before Invi was membered. Stupidity ensued. Kini and VTP organized an Anti-Eljay av protest with Kiotu also donning their Anti-Eljay av and the chat got spammed up with a ridiculous argument. Eljay and Invi both put on a Holy VTP av and Invi finally decided to start threatening to ban people for 3 days if the argument didn't stop. The chat quieted down but soon enough VTP started harassing Eljay by starting to say he was going to give out one of Eljay's secret kits. He banned VTP for 3 days, and Shadok and Kiotu each had a turn unbanning him. Eljay started spam kicking VTP to attempt keeping him gagged. Kini claimed Invi and his mods were useless. Invi had to threaten people again to shut up or he'd really have to give out more bans. The rest of the night was a travel of chats, and on Shadok's chat Kini and VTP were making stupid and rarely funny captions of a picture of Eljay wearing a silly cardboard Ignika on a meme site. Varderan said that this event was one of the major TheBZPC wars. Tenebrae Invictus began to be on Skype a lot more than BZPC, but he hoped BZPC might live once again. He has also been involved with more of a... real life. He also started up a new comic series at the end of January, and it has enjoyed moderate success. Then, in late March 2011, Invictus was told on Skype by Var that people had been planning to return to BZPC. Tenebrae invictus accompanied them and has been a driving force of the activity on BZPC. Invictus is one of the few active members on BZPC after the week in March where everybody returned. The previous year signaled the decay of TheBZPC. The chat was constantly resetting after some amount of time due to inactivity and xat was having login issues. However, by 2013 the decay was complete, with nothing being remembered by the chat. For a long time Tenebrae Invictus was adamant that the BZPC could never fully die, but then relinquished that stance. However, recent developments seem to be turning this somewhat forced opinion around, especially the fact that the chat is finally keeping track of the chat information. The revival in late 2013 brought on some drama for Invi and the chat, but it eventually blew over, and so did activity in the chat. At the end of September 2014, Tenebrae Invictus left behind TTV, BZPC, etc. to be a full time missionary for the LDS Church. While he was away, Varderan mourned Invi's death, apparently caused by ebola. Well, anyways, Tenebrae Invictus had a blast while he was away and came back at the beginning of October 2016, and was greeted by fans of the channel whom of which many had no idea who he even was. In that month he fulfilled his promise to continue The Invictus Analysis. However, a multitude of things discouraged Invi from making more than one episode at the time: Using a Premiere Pro trial to make the video, his microphone quality, the video resolution and worst of all, the lack of attention the latest Analysis got after the initial few days. Tenebrae Invictus is still with the TTV Channel to this day, mostly participating in the main podcast. Eventually he'll get around to making another Analysis. Recently, Tenebrae Invictus has been branching out more into getting his real name some exposure, as well as slowly getting into other forms of social media. Tenebrae Invictus was the third oldest BZP member who comes to the BZPCs, with Kothra being the first and QQQQ the second. He still retains the title of 2nd oldest on a BZP chat, though Pak left any idea of a BZPC with Venom. He is one of the more harsher rule enforcers. Tenebrae Invictus is so far the only person that has not been ruled by any other BZPCer except for Ven for a long time. Since TheBZPC, he is now the only person not ruled by Ven. "bai moagiepoo... and haloooo babes." That's easy. FailEmblem linked it on tTH v3. No link provided kthxbai.

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The top three ways to fight fatigue and increase your energy. Simple and effective health strategies to help you prevent premature aging, weight gain, and cognitive decline. The secrets to improve relationships and rekindle the romance. The best foods for gorgeous skin and how to reverse aging. How to save time and money while feeding your family healthy meals. Are your Bowels Making You Bitchy? You Deserve To Be Happy, Healthy, and Hot! What Makes Naturally Ageless Mom Different? Each video session serves you with unique material – the very blueprints for a healthy life for busy moms from our experts. What makes this different is that most of the information out there for weight loss, productivity, stress reduction, longevity, beauty, and health seems to overlook that fact that moms cannot always plan their time (kids are little improv artists!). For instance, meditating for the first 15 min of the day doesn't quite work when you wake to a screaming toddler. Our experts understand the unique challenges that busy moms face and have crafted their tips to take this into account. There's a lot of free information online, but how do you know who to trust? The lineup at the Naturally Ageless Mom Summit has been carefully selected based on their track record of success. These expert speakers each have actionable tips and information proven to help you in your journey. All online, the Naturally Ageless Mom Summit can be viewed from your own office or living room. And the best part? Dr. Michelle Sands is a #1 Best Selling Author, licensed Functional Medicine Physician and Doctor of Naturopathic Medicine (ND) with a Medical Degree from the University of Bridgeport and graduate work with the Institute of Functional Medicine. She is also a Board Certified Holistic Nutritionist, and a Certified Personal Trainer and Endurance Athlete. But first and foremost, she is a loving wife and a proud mom. Michelle believes that nature provides us with everything we need to heal our bodies and live optimally. She also understands that in today's modern world our bodies and minds are exposed to lots of un-natural things that take away from that optimal level of health. Dr. Sands is passionate about helping women, specifically new moms over 35, to harness the power of nature so they impact their genetic expression and live vibrantly, not just optimizing health physically, but mentally, emotionally and spiritually as well. Her goal for all women is for them to love their bodies and enjoy their lives. Dr. Sands uses modern science, functional lab testing, holistic lifestyle modifications, natural supplementation, bio-identical hormones, homeopathy, and eastern philosophies to restore health and increase vital energy in her patients. Hear from 20 experts in relationships, healing, functional medicine, and more. You'll get the strategies, tools, and insights you need to put yourself first over the noise. Dr. Sarah Rattray is a highly experienced Certified Gottman Couples Therapist in Seattle, Washington. She has a passion for helping couples and individuals be their best selves, to empower and free them to share their own gifts with their communities. Amie Valpone, HHC, AADP is the founder of TheHealthyApple.com; and best-selling author of Eating Clean: The 21-Day Plan to Detox, Fight Inflammation, and Reset Your Body. Dr. John Dempster is a Naturopathic Doctor and the medical director/founder of The Dempster Clinic – Center for Functional Medicine, located in Toronto, Canada. He knows everything about everything. Listen to him talk and be blown off your seat and out of your britches! And this time it wasn't a massive fart! YES! I Want a Ticket! How do I attend the event? This is a virtual summit that you can attend from the comfort of your home or office. Once you register you will receive a link to view each interview. Each night the interview will be saved on the event page and you can access it through Sunday, Jan 15th, 11:59pm EST. What if I want to keep the trainings for future use? If you would like lifetime access to the full summit and bonus materials, you can upgrade to the all access pass during registration. You will receive information on how to access the live trainings and bonus materials provided by the speakers and the host. How can I communicate with the speakers and host? You can ask questions of the speakers and host, as well as chat with other event attendees in our private Facebook community. How is this summit different from all the other summits? Each speaker has provided ONE actionable tip for you to implement immediately. Each session will come with a worksheet so you can implement that actionable item. Join the Facebook community and find an accountability partner so you can stay on track.

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KELLY Brook has sparked rumours she's set to wed her boyfriend Jeremy Parisi after being spotted wearing a huge diamond ring on her engagement finger. The former glamour model was snapped at the airport returning from a romantic holiday in on the Costa del Mediterraneo. The happy couple looked loved up as they wheeled their luggage through the airport before heading off the next destination on their summer break. Kelly, 38, has been with her French man for around three years and have often been asked about their plans to marry or have children. She even revealed earlier this year she proposed to her boyfriend in Antigua as the sun was setting, but Jeremy said no. She then clarified that it wasn't a "serious" proposal and that it was more of a joke on their luxury holiday. Now it looks like the pair could be preparing to walk down the aisle. Kelly has been spotted wearing a similar ring on her engagement finger before. But the pair are yet to confirm any plans to get hitched. Brunette beauty Kelly has enjoyed a string of high-profile romances in the past including action film star Jason Statham, Titanic star Billy Zane, rugby player Thom Evans and Celebrity Big Brother housemate David McIntosh. She is currently living with model Jeremy and says she hopes to start a family with him after they got together in 2015.

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This position is part of the Technical Services team of the region, that provides 1st level support to the customer in regards of on-site fleet of machines. He/she will oversee the Installation, Maintenance and preventive / corrective actions to the assigned machines to leave them in proper conditions of use. Handle customer service calls for both equipment and carrier issues with the ability to identify, analyse, and solve the problems. Recommend to customers and the appropriate department corrective action regarding equipment safety and System performance issues. Maintain customer satisfaction in all areas related to the System. Ability to establish good working relationships internally and externally. Internal Networking / Key Relationships: This position needs to be in close cooperation with other departments within the company as production, customer service, engineering. Electro mechanical aptitude includes: Perform equipment installations, technically diagnose and repair equipment, startup of equipment, trouble shoot, repair conversions, rebuilding, preventive maintenance, dismantle of industrial machinery. Have working knowledge of PLC (Allen Bradley and Siemens programming), servo drives, variable frequency drives, relay logic, and comprehend electrical schematics, Rockwell programming. Ability to read and understand blueprints, schematics and ladder logic. Generate accurate documentation regarding application, repair, equipment configuration, safety issues, equipment efficiency's, preventive maintenance reports, carrier issues, potential equipment failure, customer interface issues, etc. Knowledge in PLC as Allen Bradley and Siemens. Minimum of Associates Degree in Electrics / Electronics. Additionally, minimum of 5 years' experience in both electrical and mechanical operation and maintenance of machinery. International mobility within the region. High degree of travel required. If you are interested in knowing more about this position, please contact me at joan.bars@robertwalters.com or click to apply.

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The Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) will launch its "E-Marketing Campaign for Medical Tourism in Thailand" and website www.ThailandMedTourism.com at the Emerald Hotel on Friday, October 15, 2010. The event will kick off three marketing campaigns that will run through to April 2011 to enhance Thailand's reputation as the "Global Centre of Excellence For Medical Tourism". The website collects and provides information on medical tourism providers in Thailand, including hospitals, clinics, spas, and Thai traditional medicine practitioners and their level of accreditation and standards. So far, more than 340 medical tourism providers are listed on the website.

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Q: Extract time slot based on interval value In cell A1 I have an interval value which is an integer which can either be 1, 5 or 15 which means 1 minute, 5 minutes or 15 minutes In range "B1:B12", I have the sample data (it will be more) 12:03 12:03 12:06 12:06 12:09 12:11 12:14 12:15 12:15 12:16 12:31 12:32 Now in column C, I need to extract time slots based on number is available in cell A1. If cell A1 has 15 then the column C would contain below 12:15 12:30 because first 15th minute in column starts at 12:15 then increment it by 15 mins until last available data which falls in that 15 min range. If cell A1 has 5 then the column C would contain below 12:05 12:10 12:15 12:30 because first 5th minute starts at 12:05 then increment it by 5 mins until last available data which falls in that 15 min range. and if cell A1 has 1 then extract everything except duplicates. I hope I have explained the scenario properly. I am not able to think of a logic to do this in excel vba and need help with how to start so that I can try to apply the logic and comeup with a code. Thank you EDIT I am adding a pic of the desired result. if A1 contains 1 then copy all timestamps in column C without the duplicates if A1 contains 5 then show only 5 times of 5 min interval if A1 contains 15 then show only 3 times of 15 min interval A: this works as a single cell formula in C1: =UNIQUE(INT(B1:B12/(A1/60/24))*(A1/60/24)) breaking it down: A1/60/24 is the time interval you want (A1 in minutes so divide by 60 mins per hour and 24 hours per day to get to Excel time interval units). Then: INT(B1:B12/(A1/60/24)) rounds you down to the start of the time period. Then: *(A1/60/24) converts you back up to the time of the interval in which the input time falls. Then: UNIQUE( pulls out the unique values. The helpful thing here is that by including B1:B12 as a range it makes everything (helpfully) spill A: Using VBA (1) returning an array You will need to ctrl-shif-enter Option Explicit Function get_unique_time_interval(ByVal interval_size As Double, ByVal input_data As Range) As Variant interval_size = interval_size / 60# / 24# Dim d Set d = CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary") Dim r As Range For Each r In input_data Dim t As Double t = Int(r.Value / interval_size) * interval_size If Not d.exists(t) Then d.Add t, t Next r get_unique_time_interval = Application.WorksheetFunction.Transpose(d.keys) End Function (2) hard-coded outputting to C1 option explicit Sub get_unique_time_interval_sub() Dim interval_size As Double: interval_size = ActiveSheet.Range("a1").Value Dim input_data As Range: Set input_data = Range(ThisWorkbook.Sheets(1).Range("b1"), ThisWorkbook.Sheets(1).Range("b1").End(xlDown)) interval_size = interval_size / 60# / 24# Dim d Set d = CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary") Dim r As Range For Each r In input_data Dim t As Double t = Int(r.Value / interval_size) * interval_size If Not d.exists(t) Then d.Add t, t Next r Dim v As Variant Dim i As Long i = 0 If Not IsEmpty(Range("c1").Value) Then Range(Range("c1"), Range("c1").End(xlDown)).ClearContents For Each v In d.keys ThisWorkbook.Sheets(1).Range("c1").Offset(i, 0).Value = v i = i + 1 Next v End Sub A: If you accept a formula based answer then This should work for you: A1: some inteval value. B1: =0.5+A1/(24*60) Where 0.5 mean 12:00 in Excel. In B2: =B1+$A$1/(24*60) And drag this formula down to where you need it. Exampls:

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What's the Buzz 13 Reasons Why Renewed for Season 3 By Daily Buzz Staffaccess_time1 year ago 13 Reasons Why has officially been renewed for a third season, with Netflix revealing the news with a video announcement on Wednesday. The clip sees a locker being opened and a paper bag taken out, with the locker door bearing the number three in black paint. Not returning, however, is Katherine Langford, who recently revealed that she's done telling Hannah Baker's story. "For me, we told Hannah's story so fully in Season 1," she said. "In a way, doing that scene in episode 13 [of Season 2], I've so often referred to it as it was the hardest scene because it's the scene where I had to let her go. I think coming back this season was challenging because it was playing her but not really her." "Hannah…I love you…and I let you go" Those are the words I was able to say six months ago, and now can finally share with you…As most of you know @13reasonswhy was my first ever job and I am so grateful to have had the opportunity to tell Hannah's story so fully in season 1, and to be asked back for a season 2. Thankyou to @netflix @paramountpics @anoncontent , the incredible producers, creatives, cast and crew for making these last 2 years so special. And to all of you here – Thankyou for filling my life with love and light ? This show will always be a special part of my life, and regardless of whether Hannah is there or not, I know that I will continue to strive to do work that is meaningful and has a positive impact – whether that be in film, music, or any other form of art. There is a lot coming up this next year, and I can't wait to share it with you ? #hannahbaker A post shared by KATHERINE LANGFORD (@katherinelangford) on May 25, 2018 at 9:59am PDT folder_openTagged in: 13 Reasons Why Previous Post Previous Post Warner Brothers Announces Jared Leto's Joker Standalone Movie Next Post Next Post Kenny Loggins Will Re-Record Danger Zone for Top Gun 2

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Franz Adolf Eduard Lüderitz, född 16 juli 1834 i Bremen, död 30 oktober 1886 genom drunkning i Oranjefloden, Tyska Sydvästafrika, var en tysk köpman och grundare av den tyska kolonin Tyska Sydvästafrika. Lüderitz blev 1878 disponent för en stor tobaksfirma i Bremen och anlade 1883 en handelsstation (kallad Fort Vogelsang) vid viken Angra Pequena under 26° 21' sydlig bredd. Han förvärvade den 25 augusti 1883 genom köp äganderätten till ett område i Stora Namaland, norr om nedre Oranjefloden och ställde det den 7 augusti 1884 under Tyska rikets beskydd. Detta område, kallat Lüderitzland, kom att utgöra den sydligaste delen av Tyska Sydvästafrika. Staden Lüderitz i dagens Namibia har fått sitt namn efter honom. Källor Personer i Tyskland under 1800-talet Namibias historia Födda 1834 Avlidna 1886 Personer som drunknat Män Ugglan Personer från Bremen

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Magic Legends Exploring New Grounds Jacky F — December 13, 2019 comments off Magic The Gathering fans have been pretty familiar with the card game as it has been around for years. The game has started gaining more popularity in recent times with the release of Magic The Gathering Arena and now the company is looking to venture into new grounds. Magic Legends explore the MMO action-RPG side of gaming. Announced at The Game Awards, we got to see the new trailer for the game. From what we know now, the game will allow players to create their own Planeswalker and explore the world. While no release date was announced, they did say that a beta for the game will be ready in 2020 so fans will have that to look forward to. The game will be developed by Cryptic Studios and Perfect World. It was also added that more details will be revealed in January so stay tuned.

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Laci Peterson's Mom: Killer Will Pay April 21, 2003 -- Laci Peterson's family now knows what happened to their daughter and her unborn child, and the suspect in her death — her husband Scott — is in custody, but they say they will never have true closure. Hours after Scott Peterson pleaded not guilty to two counts of capital murder, his in-laws held a news conference to thank the media, their community, law enforcement officials and the nation for support in the search for Laci, who was nearly eight months pregnant when she disappeared Christmas Eve. Her remains, and those of her unborn child, washed ashore last week on a San Francisco Bay shore. Laci's family made a point not to mention her husband by name. But her weeping mother vowed to seek justice for Laci and the unborn son she had named Connor. "Soon after Laci went missing, I made a promise to her that if she's been harmed, we will seek justice for her and Connor and make sure that that person responsible for their deaths will be punished," said Sharon Rocha. "I can only hope that the sound of Laci's voice begging for her life, and begging for the life of her unborn child, is heard over and over and over again in the mind of that person every day for the rest of his life." Her voice quivering, Rocha said: "I love my daughter so much. I miss her every minute of every day. My heart aches for her and Connor. Without them, there's a huge void in my life." Laci's family said they did not want to mention Scott specifically because they did not want to jeopardize the prosecution's case and preferred to focus on their loss — and Laci's memory. "We're not going to do anything that will jeopardize the work of so many men and women," said Ron Grantski, Laci's stepfather. "We understand that many of you will be asking us for interviews over the next few days. But please understand, we have two things ahead of us: May 4 is Laci's, birthday and we have to start thinking about funeral services." The birthday would have been Laci's 28th. The family said they were grieving not only for Lacy, but for the child they would never know. Rene Tomlinson said her friend Laci had been looking forward to being a mother, and that her last passion was for the baby she was expecting. "Now we will never see Connor, see his smile or know his cry," Tomlinson said. 'I Am Not Guilty' As Laci Peterson's family ponders funeral plans, her husband sits in a 6-by 9-foot jail cell awaiting his next court appearance. During an arraignment that lasted less than four minutes in Stanislaus County Superior Court, Peterson looked straight ahead at Judge Nancy Ashley as she read the charges against him. "I am not guilty," said Peterson, 30, as he entered his plea. Handcuffed, shackled and wearing a red prison jumpsuit and prison-issued sandals, he did not look at his parents, who were seated just a few feet away behind him, or his in-laws, seated across the courtroom. Sharon Rocha wept as the charges were read. Before today's proceedings began, Jackie Peterson, Scott's mother, hugged Sharon Rocha and was observed telling her, "I'm sorry." At the time of his arrest Friday, the normally dark-haired, clean-shaven Peterson had dyed his dark hair and eyebrows blond, grown a goatee that was also blond, and was carrying a large amount of cash. But at today's arraignment, the goatee was gone, though his hair remained dirty-blond. Peterson told the judge he could not afford an attorney and public defender Tim Bazar was appointed to represent him. The judge scheduled a bail hearing on May 6 and a preliminary hearing on May 19. 'Hard to Believe Anything But a Death Case' Laci's body and the remains of her unborn son were discovered a week ago just three miles from the Berkeley Marina, where Peterson said he was fishing the day his pregnant wife disappeared. Law enforcement officials say Peterson, a former fertilizer salesman, had long been a suspect in the case, and he was taken into custody just before tests confirmed the bodies were Laci and the baby. "Within the last week, I felt that we had reached a level where even without the bodies we could prosecute this case," said Stanislaus County District Attorney James Brazelton. "I'm very confident in the case as it is, and I believe as time goes by, it will get even stronger." In the formal police complaint, Peterson was accused of acting "intentionally, deliberately and with premeditation" in killing his wife and their unborn child. In their probable cause complaint, police said they believed Peterson killed Laci in their Modesto home on Dec. 23 or 24. However, law enforcement officials have not offered a theory on how Peterson killed his wife and unborn child or what the motive was. State coronors are still conducting tests on the remains to determine how Laci and her baby died. Because Peterson is charged with multiple murders — a "special circumstance" under California law — it is possible he could face execution if convicted. Brazelton hinted he would seek the death penalty. "It's hard for me to realistically believe it is anything but a death penalty case at this time," Brazelton said. Still, at the family news conference this evening, Brazelton stressed that prosecutors had not made a decision on whether to seek the death penalty. He said they will discuss that decision with Laci Peterson's family and with the defense. Suspect's Parents Stand By Him Investigators say Peterson's behavior seemed suspicious since shortly after he reported his wife missing on Christmas Eve last year. In the weeks after his wife disappeared, Peterson tried to sell the family home and traded his wife's Land Rover SUV for a pickup truck. He had a falling out with Laci's family after admitting to an extramarital affair. Police searched the Peterson home repeatedly, removing containers of cement, among other items. Police arrested Peterson hours before they received final DNA test results identifying Laci and the unborn child. Authorities had been monitoring Peterson's movements and feared he would try to flee. He was 30 miles from the Mexican border when he was arrested Friday. Peterson's parents jumped to their son's defense over the weekend, saying he was not trying to dispose of evidence by selling the vehicle and claiming reports he had tried to sell the house were flat wrong. They insisted Peterson has been the victim of a botched investigation. "You have a district attorney calling this a slam-dunk before there's even an arraignment," said Peterson's mother, Jackie. "I'm feeling like I'm living in Nazi Germany or the Soviet Union." Modesto Police Chief Roy Wasden said he understood Scott Peterson's family's anguish, but he insisted investigators were pursuing the right suspect. "The investigation took us where it took us," he said. ABCNEWS' Cynthia McFadden, Mike Gudgell, Steffan Tubbs and Taina Hernandez contributed to this report.

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Couples who lift together stay together. O2 Fitness Seaboard Station Personal Trainer Grant Cain and his fiancé Kristen Harris are two peas in a pod, especially when it comes to their love for heavy lifting. Standing at 6'7'' and 6'1'' tall respectively, Grant caught Kristen's eye during a night on the town when she was wearing heels and noticed he was still taller than her. They met 5 years ago in Chapel Hill, started dating, and will be taking their relationship to new heights by tying the knot this year. The soon-to-be Cains took a break from their wedding prep workout to talk all things fitness with us. How long have you been members of O2 Fitness? Grant: I've been training here for two full years. Kristen: I started working out at O2 three or four months after Grant started here. Seaboard is our main location but we like to try out the other locations when we can. When we were down in Charleston we went to Johnnie Dodds and James Island. We live in Apex so we go to Holly Springs, too. Do you come to the gym together or separately? Why? Grant: We come together on Saturdays. During the week I'm training with clients every day into the evening and Kristen works in RTP so she can't make it all the way here during her lunch. Kristen: Yeah, Saturdays are our day. We both have to work out that day so we do it together because he's training me. When you are at the gym together do you work out together or separately? Kristen: Together. Grant basically tells me what to do. Grant: We do the same machines and alternate. Kristen: We usually do supersets. He'll be on the leg curl and I'll be on the leg extension and then we'll switch. Grant: We literally do the same workout. How are your fitness goals similar? How are they different? Kristen: I guess they're similar because we're both wanting to stay in shape and eat healthy. For me personally, I really like lifting heavy and so does Grant. Grant: On top of that, my biggest goal is to be functional. I've got to be able to stand up and walk around Seaboard all day and train so I need to find good, healthy balances of being strong and being flexible. How does your partner motivate you and keep you accountable to your goals? Kristen: Since he has a training program for me, Grant can see all of my workouts that I log on the app we use. Grant: So know she's doing them. Kristen: And when we work out together he spots me and gives me the confidence to try new things and gives me cues if I'm doing something wrong. The cues are really helpful. What do you do outside of the gym together to stay on top of your fitness goals? Kristen: I do the grocery shopping and the meal prepping. I also cook his dinners at night so he can just come home and eat after a long day. They're usually healthy meals like chicken or rice. Grant: I use MyFitnessPal to track what I eat. Sometimes I'll shoot her a text with my MyFitnessPal macros for the day and if I'm running low on protein or carbs I'll say, "Hey, let's make tonight's dinner fit into this." What are your favorite workouts to do together? Kristen: Definitely leg day. We really push each other. Couples who lift together stay together, right? Grant: A lot of people think you can't work out with your significant other. But if you find a common goal, it's doable. People think training-wise you can't train together but there's a healthy balance. Girls can benefit from lifting and guys can benefit from cardio. Kristen: For us in particular, because we have such weird schedules, being able to work out together is another time we can just hang out with each other. It's like a second date night, just during the day at the gym! What have you learned from each other that you now take into your workouts? Kristen: I was always into heavy lifting just from being a college athlete and being in the gym throughout my life, but it became more of a passion once we started training together. He's taught me that looking fit and lean is not about doing cardio every day. You have to lift weights. When I first got out of college I thought, "Cardio will make me skinny, I'm going to look so good after running these 3 miles." But lifting is what really reduces your body fat and builds muscle. Grant: Kristen introduced me to paying more attention to my diet. As a college athlete I didn't really focus on that. I'd be your typical guy who goes home and just eats whatever is there. Now we're more mindful and Kristen helps to make me more aware of that.

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DOE Submits Plan to Recycle Radioactive Waste into Consumer Goods Fluoridegate—Why is Poisoning of Children Considered a Valuable Public Health Policy? Biotech Industry Ups Propaganda Efforts with Undercover Ambassadors? The Department of Energy (DOE) has released a proposal that would allow nearly 14,000 tons of radioactive metals to be recycled for use in consumer goods The proposal would modify an existing suspension to allow scrap metals from radiological areas to be released to private industry to be used for any purpose, including recycling The DOE's proposal would only add to the growing amount of radioactive scrap metal already circulating globally, contributing to increasing "background" levels of radiation exposure that have been linked to cancer, cataracts, birth defects and more If you had a choice to purchase eyeglasses or a stainless steel water bottle that was either radioactive, albeit only slightly, or not, which would you choose? You would almost certainly choose the non-radioactive product, as it is well- known that no amount of radiation exposure is "safe." Yet the U.S. government – specifically the Department of Energy (DOE) – has released a proposal1 that would allow nearly 14,000 tons of radioactive metals to be recycled for use in consumer goods… Department of Energy Wants to Recycle Their Radioactive Waste Metal Into Common Products There is currently a suspension in place that restricts the release of scrap metal originating from radiological areas at U.S. DOE facilities (such as research laboratories or nuclear weapons facilities) for the purpose of recycling. This suspension, which has been in place since 2000, is there for obvious reasons – it was imposed because of public concerns about the potential health and environmental effects of radioactive metals coming from these sites. Now the DOE has issued a proposal to modify the suspension to allow scrap metals to be released to private industry to be used for any purpose, including recycling. The draft proposal notes that only metal with the potential for surface, not volume, radioactivity, would be included in this plan, and they are touting it as benefit to the environment "from a decrease in the need for the mining and refining of metals due to the recycling of these materials." The draft noted: "Mining and smelting activities are large users of water and power, both of which would be reduced by the recycling of these materials. In addition, there would be benefits to the environment resulting from reduced land use, reduced disturbance of geology and soils, reduced GHG [greenhouse gas] and other emissions, and reduced occupational injuries associated with the reduced need for mining and refining of metal ores attributable to the recycling of these materials." It is unclear just how significant these purported environmental "benefits" could truly be, considering the draft also notes that the radioactive metal in question represents only an "extremely small fraction (of the order of 0.004 percent) of the total metal recycled" in the United States. Of course, it also doesn't hurt that sales of the metals could bring in up to $40 million a year for the DOE …2 Radioactive Metals Could Increase Cancer Risks and be Used by Pregnant Women and Children According to the DOE, only a "negligible individual dose" of radiation would be gleaned from exposure to their contaminated metals. They likened the annual exposure amount to half the amount of radiation you'd get from flying across country. This is an inappropriate comparison, as the internalization of low-dose radioisotopes can have decades-long, severe toxicological consequences due to their bioaccumulation and persistence within the body, whereas external natural radiation exposure only lasts as long as the body is exposed, e.g. the several hour duration of a flight. Also, the DOE's minimization of the risks involved do not take into account mistakes that have already happened in the past when the government recycled metal from nuclear sites in the 1990s to 2000s. During that time inadequate testing of the materials was noted, and one test in particular showed metals with radioactivity levels several times higher than were supposed to be allowed.3 Other unanswered questions include the risks that could be posed to workers who must handle the radioactive metals on a daily basis, or to those who end up with a "slightly" radioactive surgical implant or set of braces. The Wall Street Journal reported on just a peppering of the backlash that has already surfaced:4 "Some critics argue the DOE's proposed exposure standards are too high and that information provided in its 50-page document explaining the proposal is even more worrisome. Higher exposures could occur if contaminated metal is made into items such as belt buckles or hip-replacement joints, said Daniel Hirsch, a lecturer on nuclear policy at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and critic of the government's proposal. Such exposures would further increase a person's cancer risk, he said. …Rep. Ed Markey wrote to Energy Secretary Steven Chu, calling the recycling proposal 'unwise' and stating the proposal 'should be immediately abandoned.' The Massachusetts Democrat added that contaminated products could 'ultimately be utilized by pregnant women, children and other vulnerable populations.'" Radioactive Scrap Metal is Already a Problem The DOE's proposal would only add to the growing amount of radioactive scrap metal circulating globally. You may remember headlines from last year when radioactive metal tissue boxes were found at Bed, Bath and Beyond stores in the United States. In this case the products were tainted with cobalt-60, a radioactive compound used in the medical industry to diagnose and treat cancer.5 The radiation-safety chief for one of the world's biggest stainless-steel scrap yards actually told the Seattle Times last year that:6 "The major risk we face in our industry is radiation… You can talk about security all you want, but I've found weapons-grade uranium in scrap. Where was the security?" That company alone found 145 nuclear items in their scrap metal in 2011 and another 200 in 2010. It's unclear how much of this radioactive metal slips through the cracks and ends up getting processed into metal goods that are then sold to unassuming consumers… And this isn't only a matter of cancer. Radiation exposure of the developing embryo or fetus during pregnancy can also contribute to the development of diseases other than cancer in children. There is evidence of radiation exposure leading to increased incidence of cataracts, and there is also a phenomenon known as the "bystander effect," which multiplies the dose and harm from radiation exposures. According to Dr. Mae-Wan Ho, cells that have not been exposed to radiation can be harmed by nearby cells that have. Writing for ISIS, Dr. Ho explains:7 "…low dose radiation is all the more dangerous because it does not kill the targeted cell, but allows its influence to spread widely to adjacent cells, thus multiplying the radiation effect (about 100 fold) …a wide range of bystander effects in cells not directly exposed to ionizing radiation have been found, which are the same as or similar to those in the cells that were exposed, including cell death and chromosomal instability." Share Your Concerns About the Release of Radioactive Scrap Metal Although the 30-day comment period for the DOE draft proposal to release radioactive scrap metal for recycling has ended, late comments may still be considered. You can share your comments with the Department of Energy by emailing: Written comments can be mailed to: Dr. Jane Summerson, DOE NNSA Bldg 401 KAFB East Protecting Yourself in Our "Radioactive World" "The general public basically isn't aware that they're living in a radioactive world," said Ross Bartley, technical director for the Bureau of International Recycling.8 Indeed, today's "background" levels of radiation have been greatly increased by discharges from nuclear activities including tests of nuclear weapons, use of depleted uranium, and uranium mining, not to mention environmental catastrophes like the Fukushima nuclear plant. If you're looking for strategies to help prevent damage caused by radiation exposure, there are several I recommend, including: Vitamin D3 (also known as calcitriol) may offer protection against a variety of radiation-induced damages, including even those caused by background radiation or a low-level nuclear incident. Spirulina – a blue-green algae – might be another useful alternative to protect against the effects of radiation. Spirulina was actually used to treat children exposed to chronic low levels of radiation after the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. Turmeric contains a broad spectrum of water, fat and alcohol-soluble components, all of which may contribute to reducing damage associated with both external radiation and internalized radioisotope exposures. Whey: the use of a high-quality whey protein concentrate may help protect against absorbing radioactive minerals. The following foods, herbs and supplements may also help support your overall health in the event of radiation exposure: Ginseng Kelp and other seaweeds (high in natural iodine) Zeolites (to neutralize radiation) or bentonite clays Ashwaganda (an adaptogenic herb) Fulvic Acid Reishi mushrooms (strong immune support) High-dose vitamin C Magnesium Selenium Coconut oil, which supports optimal thyroid health Astaxanthin (has some protective function against ionizing radiation) Chlorella (contains chlorophyll, which will increase your resistance to radiation) Programmatic Environmental Assessment for the Recycle of Scrap Metals Originating from Radiological Areas 1 Programmatic Environmental Assessment for the Recycle of Scrap Metals Originating from Radiological Areas 2 WSJ.com January 16, 2013 5 Seattle Times March 24, 2012 7 ISIS Report May 28, 2012 Previous Article Fluoridegate—Why is Poisoning of Children Considered a Valuable Public Health Policy? Next Article Biotech Industry Ups Propaganda Efforts with Undercover Ambassadors? Radiation from Fukushima The Newest Heavy Metal Threat 5 Grams Daily of This REVERSED Severe Radiation Poisoning in Chernobyl Children

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From their latest album "Girls Power", Silent Siren release the promotional video of "ODOREmotion". The short version PV features a sound stage performance of the song glittered up with CD overlays and arcade style cuts. Lightning bolts, flames, star field backgrounds and flames burst onto the screen like magical forces encircling each member. If all of that sounds like elemental protection spells, well ODOREmotion is a tie-in cross product with the smartphone action RPG "Megasmash". I don't know if that will turn you off (or maybe on?), but Silent Siren's performance does let up with its up tempo keyboard and guitar leads and one of the best rhythms sections in the band idol game. Silent Siren's "Girls Power" hit music stands on December 27, 2018.

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Rethinking Humanitarianism podcast | Diversity in the aid sector 'Whilst people of colour are raising their voices, and perhaps opening up more conversations about discrimination, are they being heard?' Share with a friend on WhatsApp Amid the 2020 global movement for racial justice, aid organisations were criticised for their lack of diversity and colonial structures. Many published statements promising to do better. So, more than a year after this renewed push for racial justice, what progress has the humanitarian aid sector made? In this episode, TNH CEO and podcast host Heba Aly reveals the outcomes of TNH questionnaires circulated among aid organisations and aid workers. We also hear how one independent watchdog is trying to keep the sector accountable, and from an aid executive trying to foster change from the inside; as guests Lena Bheeroo from Charity So White and the Racial Equity Index, and Peter Walton, CEO of Care Australia, share their decolonisation journeys. For more, check out this article summarising the findings of the questionnaires The New Humanitarian shared with aid agencies and aid workers. New episodes of Rethinking Humanitarianism are published every two weeks. Make sure you never miss an episode of season two by subscribing on Spotify, Apple, Google, Stitcher, or YouTube, or searching "The New Humanitarian" in your favourite podcast app. Got a question or feedback? Email [email protected] or have your say on Twitter using the hashtag #RethinkingHumanitarianism. Bearing Witness inside MSF - The New Humanitarian MSF staff letter - The Guardian Dignity at MSF - Decolonise MSF Charity So White The Samaritans - A hit Kenyan satire about a fictional NGO TRANSCRIPT | Diversity in the aid sector Heba Aly: Last year amid a global movement for racial justice, aid organisations were criticised for colonial and racist attitudes in their hiring, financing, and aid delivery. Many of them pledged to do better. Audio clips, Oct 2021 Right now we are listening. And we're taking a hard look at how to confront racism and discrimination within our organisation. We will continue to challenge ourselves to recognise and address the systemic racism of the international development sector of which we are part – an active, anti-racist role we must play. While commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion isn't new, we haven't expressed our commitment to anti-racism determinately enough. And we haven't matched this commitment with wide ranging action that dismantles privilege. We are committed not only to fight against racism, but to begin an actively anti-racist organisation. This requires dismantling structures that institutionalise white power and privilege. We will seek more diverse partners across our development, humanitarian, and domestic work, sharing with and giving up power to them. We pledge to live up to our values, and promote an equal and anti-racist workplace. Aly: Nearly a year and a half after those well crafted statements. Has the humanitarian aid sector improved when it comes to diversity, equity, and inclusion? What about the broader decolonisation agenda? Have all of these promises led to real change? In today's episode, we share the outcomes of questionnaires circulated among aid organisations and aid workers. We hear about one initiative trying to hold the sector accountable. And we speak to one NGO executive grappling with the challenge of decolonising his organisation. I'm Heba Aly, and this is Rethinking Humanitarianism. In today's episode, we're asking what progress has the humanitarian aid sector made more than a year after the push for racial justice? And to try to answer that question, Rethinking Humanitarianism reached out to some of the biggest international NGOs and UN agencies working in humanitarian response. We asked them to answer a set of questions about what they've done to advance racial justice within their institutions since the murder of George Floyd pushed the Black Lives Matter movement back into the spotlight. The questionnaire touched not only on racism, but also on the broader debate about decolonising aid that has taken hold in the last year. So today's conversation will encompass both diversity and inclusion among aid staff, but also the degree to which aid is locally led. Our producer Marthe van der Wolf is in the studio to give us insights into the answers. Hi, Marthe. Marthe van der Wolf: Hi. Aly: So you reached out to twenty-one organisations, nine international NGOs filled in the questionnaire, and the three UN agencies provided statements. What were some of the main takeaways? Van der Wolf: There's certainly an acknowledgement that more needs to be done around diversity, equity, and inclusion. But also, of course, that one year is actually a short amount of time to realise change when it comes to tackling racism, improving diversity and inclusion, and changing long standing structures. But also, one of the main takeaways is that there are different definitions of what diversity actually is. So the self-reported progress is mixed. Some organisations seem to have made racial diversity a priority, while others are focusing much more on gender. And then, it kind of seems as if UN agencies appear less committed to the agenda than their NGO counterparts. Aly: And somehow I'm not surprised. We asked these organisations what actions they've taken in the last year. Where was most of that action focused from what they reported? Van der Wolf: Mostly at the strategic level. Many agencies reported much more high-level engagement with the topic. Most of the organisation's reported having introduced new policies and centre diversity in their strategies. Some had set very clear diversity targets in their staffing and committed to public reporting. Four of them reviewed salary skills or reviewed retention numbers of non-white staff. Many also offer training on anti-racism and racial equality. For most NGOs, responsibility for the diversity, equity, inclusion agenda – it rested with senior leadership and they reported engagement from leadership on these issues. Aly: I was looking through some of the results and found a number of initiatives pretty interesting. The ICRC setting up a new global independent board of appeal, and holding town halls in different languages open to staff around the world where people could express their experiences on racism and discrimination. Save the Children UK had this fascinating concept of reverse mentorship. So rather than mentoring people of colour and minorities, that the minorities and people of colour were mentoring others. Mercy Corps set up internship programs with Black and Hispanic institutions and universities. And simple things like Oxfam GB establishing diversity champions on recruitment panels. But, to what extent has all of that kind of trickled down to the field level, from what we can tell? Van der Wolf: Actually, only one of the agencies surveyed said that had devolved power to local communities in the last year. And there were only two who had said that they had increased partnership or funding to local organisations. Aly: Interesting. And then we also did a survey, or an open call I should call it, to individual aid workers to answer a similar set of questions. We got about 150 responses. How did their answers compare to the more institutional responses? Van der Wolf: There seems to be a bit of a disconnect between what aid agencies report having done and then what aid workers experienced as a change. Agencies reported that they had taken a number of actions like creating new positions dedicated to diversity and inclusion or approving mechanisms to report discrimination. Yet, the majority of eight workers who responded to the other survey said that these actions had not changed their personal work experience. And three quarters of respondents said their organisation's performance in addressing diversity, equity, and inclusion was not good and could be better. And there were actually more than twenty people who said that they considered leaving their job in the last year due to racial discrimination. Aly: We should note, I suppose, that there's an obvious risk of self-selection bias in the sense that those who take the time to respond are probably those who feel the most frustrated, but I was struck by one of the comments in which someone said, 'I am dehumanised on a daily basis in my job. To make matters worse, in the face of this undignified, disrespectful experience, I'm constantly made to feel like I should be grateful that a white European organisation from the Global North has benevolently blessed me with the job.' Van der Wolf: Yes, there were a lot of these kinds of statements. But also another one said, 'as a white person, I haven't suffered the indignity of racial discrimination, but I have witnessed it. And when I reported it, I was encouraged to keep quiet about it and told that I was making people feel uncomfortable by talking about it.' But I mean, we also have to be fair, there were also aid workers who said that there was progress and one said that they saw strong demonstration by their organisation being serious about developing greater awareness on diversity and inclusion. And that they did feel that there now was a safe space for them to open up about this and speak about their experiences. Aly: Thank you, Marthe, for these initial insights. Van der Wolf: Thank you. Aly: We're not the only one surveying people about racism and diversity in the aid sector these days. A group of current and former staff of Médecins Sans Frontières, or Doctors Without Borders, who call themselves Decolonise MSF are trying to abolish racism within the organisation. And they recently released a report about abuse and discrimination at MSF, based on a survey they conducted this summer. You may remember that last summer a 1,000 current and former staff of MSF wrote an open letter to management, saying the charity is institutionally racist and reinforces colonialism and white supremacy in its humanitarian work. Following that letter, The New Humanitarian published a testimonial by Arnab Majumdar, on his experience as a person of colour working for MSF. And he described racialised internal power structures and a culture of institutional racism. Arnab is now a member of Decolonise MSF, and we asked him for his thoughts on progress in the sector more than a year after his personal story went somewhat viral. Arnab Majumdar: After writing my article last year, I was deeply touched by the wave of personal messages of support from across the sector. MSF leadership, interestingly focused on public statements. Despite press releases and letters to staff, many of which included my name, few directors ever reached out directly, and none asked for meaningful input to reform existing processes or structures. This past spring, my colleague Monica Mukerjee and I began disseminating stories from the original staff-led open letter. We began to think of how we could actually understand in greater detail what was happening within the movement. So we designed a global survey, which went live in July, and engaged 359 participants. While we cannot claim that our data is representative, what we found was alarming. Fifty-four percent of MSF respondents witnessed or experienced one or more types of abuse over the last twelve months. Almost half saw no change in these issues on their teams or inthe wider movement. Almost 60 percent of MSF respondents have at one point reported abuse when managers are included. And just below nine percent of those who reported felt fully satisfied with outcomes. We hope that our report serves to propel the organisation into carrying out a complete independent investigation. Aly: You'll find links to Arnab's testimonial and the survey done by Decolonise MSF in the show notes of today's episode. Now, Decolonise MSF's report and our questionnaires give us a finger on the pulse but are obviously a limited sample size. So for a broader view, we have called Charity So White into our virtual podcast studio. Charity So White is a grassroots campaign by people of colour in the UK that advocates for tackling institutional racism within the charity sector. They say they don't want to burn the sector down, but they want to make it better. Joining us from Charity So White is Lena Bheeroo. Her day job is leading anti-racism work at Bond, a network for international development organisations in the UK. But she's also one of the volunteers behind Charity So White. Welcome, Lena. Lena Bheeroo: Hi Aly: So tell us how did Charity So White start? Bheeroo: Charity So White started in August 2019. And it was actually one of our founders, Fatima, who was going through the Citizens Advice website, a charity in the UK, and found some training materials which the organisation was publicly using to upskill their staff. And it was advice on how to engage with racialised communities. But all of those training materials were full of stereotypical tropes and racist assumptions about racialised communities. And so, she kind of called that out on social media, using the hashtag Charity So White. And very quickly, a lot of people of colour across the UK working in the charity sector just started to use the hashtag and shared some of their experiences, their racism incidents with us online. And so it became a hashtag, it became a movement really. Aly: And so I'm interested from that vantage point – but also from your work at Bond where you did a similar survey last year with a much bigger sample size – how you react to the results of our survey with aid workers and with aid institutions and how they compared to what you've seen? Bheeroo: Yep. So we did a survey last year with 150 NGOs responding. We also, similar to yourself, did a survey for – I use the term people of colour – across the sector, both in the UK and outside and also got 160 responses. I think your data doesn't surprise me at all. The fact that you didn't get as many organisations responding with detail, and perhaps more statements, demonstrates that they don't have in place real mechanisms to collect data on this information. Perhaps they don't track it, perhaps they're not at a position where they feel like they can be transparent about it. Whilst people of colour are raising their voices, and perhaps opening up more conversations about discrimination, are they being heard? It really speaks to how much work needs to be done within organisations across the sector more than a year on after the murder of George Floyd. But, this harm to people of colour in this sector has been going on for years. And it's only since last year that we've provided spaces for some of those issues to come out. And so whilst people of colour are raising their voices, and perhaps opening up more conversations about discrimination, are they being heard? Definitely a first step is recognising that policies and procedures that we have in place are actually creating and maintaining racist practices. And that really needs to change. But that is not the be all and end all. It must not just be something that sits in HR. This is an everybody problem. Aly: And it was very interesting because, yes, there were those policies and procedures, but then when you looked at actual diversity in the staffing the numbers didn't necessarily reflect that that much change had happened. Particularly in leadership and governance teams. So, I should be fair, that percentage of new staff that brought diversity was higher than the percentage of existing staff. So that shows movement in the direction of greater diversity. But a lot of organisations had a massive contrast between the makeup of their staff from country offices, so 85-90 percent of their staff being from the countries that they serve. And yet, the makeup of the leadership and governance teams often less than 50 percent diversity, and more often less than 15 percent. Which actually lines up with research the Center for Global Development did as well when they surveyed 15 NGO governing boards and found that only two percent of board members of NGOs had lived experience of humanitarian crises. So, what are you seeing in your work in that regard in terms of the actual composition of staff. Bheeroo: So in Charity So White we don't talk about diversity and inclusion. We talk directly about power and privilege, and anti-racism, anti-oppression. And I think that's one of the problems with the sector and getting to grips and getting comfortable with using terminology like that. With boards, certainly across the sector, they are made up of people who have been in this sector a long time. They hold a huge amount of power and privilege and getting to a place where you can invite your board to think differently about the people they have on it, how perhaps some people should step down, means relinquishing power, means relinquishing the privilege status that you do have and perhaps you aren't the best person to be governing an organisation that is working with communities in Latin America or Africa or South Asia. Having that lived experience is really important. And it benefits the organisation, it benefits the work, it benefits the staff. But those conversations are very uncomfortable, there is a need to continue as things are if people don't understand the benefit of shifting that balance. And connecting anti-oppression, anti-racism at board level is vital. And it really does need to happen in a more open way than it is happening at the moment. Boards obviously have a huge role in governing and also recruiting CEO's. So if you have a homogenous board, the likelihood is that they will hire a white person. And again, we disregard what expertise is in the sector. So when you're looking for people to lead or to contribute to boards, and to lead organisations, the expertise and value that we need to have involved in our organisations, particularly at the leadership level is that lived experience. Aly: And so when you look at where aid agencies are placing their efforts in this journey that they're on, do you think that they're focusing on the right issues? Bheeroo: It's a mixed bag, some of them are talking about anti-racism, and they are specifically using those terms. Some of them are talking about [Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion]. And the worry with EDI is that they will just try to diversify their workforce, their leadership and their board, but that it's not going to be done in an equitable way. There is no point, for example, in a country office that you may have to hire local staff into that country office, if they do not have any power over decision-making. If they are not heard in the headquartered country, wherever that may be. So we really need to think more intentionally about the processes, the culture in our organisations. Not just hiring for hiring sake, but for actually getting the right people into the right roles and supporting them to be able to thrive. There are so many different elements to this. It's not just a simple tick box exercise, which is a very dark rabbit hole that we must not fall down. And some organisations who do perhaps just put up those black statements of solidarity, those black squares last year, revamp their policies. And yet that's not connecting to, as you spoke about, the results from the individuals in the aid sector. That's not their experience, it's not translating because not enough work has been done inside organisations. Aly: In fact, the responses from the individual aid workers that word tick box came up a bit regularly. One of the comments was that 'our organisation is trying to be seen to be doing good rather than committing to doing things well'. Another said 'simply tick box exercise, zero tangible change, the hope is that the noise will disappear'. And I wonder, the extent to which we have moved on past a box ticking exercise to do that hard work that you're talking about? Bheeroo: Yeah, certainly at Charity So White and the Racial Equity Index, and I have also created a POC – people of colour – in development working group. What we hear from people in the sector is that it's a constant struggle for us to keep raising this issue. Certainly in the UK, the UK sector has undergone tremendous change since last year with the merger of [the Foreign Commonwealth & Development Office] and the aid cuts. So again, it's about racialised people keeping this on the agenda, keeping it a priority, encouraging, demanding that leadership see this is a priority, and not just a summer of solidarity movement of 2020 that just ended, and now we're going to talk about funding. Obviously, there are lots of challenges for organisations and for leaders to be considering right now. But this work is exhausting. And yet, it's too important to us not to do. Because the longer we don't engage with this in a meaningful way and start to unpack what it means to be actively anti-racist, to talk about power and privilege, to be vulnerable. The longer we harm people in our organisations, and we harm the communities that we are working with. Aly: You mentioned the Racial Equity Index, and I want to come to that in a minute. But perhaps just to put things in perspective, we heard from a lot of the organisations that this is a long term effort that can't change overnight. So what are reasonable expectations? How long should it take for this work to take hold? What would be meaningful action one year in? Bheeroo: A culture change where certainly staff of colour feel safer. That they can actually report incidences and the action will be taken. That they are brought into and invited into decision-making conversations. That their organisation across all areas policy, safeguarding, funding, all the areas that organisations work on, programming, that people who have lived experience are actually in that room when you are discussing how you measure success. Those things can actually be done now. But of course, it is very slow moving. Slavery is 400 years old, we really need to confront where our sector came from. The colonial roots of the sector, and recognise how the system that we're working in is not fit for purpose. We live in a different time now. It is not equitable. And leaders in the sector, CEOs in the sector certainly, have the power to change the way that their organisation works. They're the ones who the buck stops with. And there is also obviously individual work to be done here, as well as in organisations. Of course, a CEO could want to be quite radical and change things in their organisation, but they also need to take their organisation along with them. And that requires those longer considered conversations about why you're doing it, why it's important, how everyone has a place, a role in this. And again, that speaks to the self reflection of all of this. But it's a balance between doing action in the right way, not just for action sake, like tick boxing, and not taking action. Certainly, this is going to take a long time to unpick. And there are some amazing asks to the sector, which the gender and development network have put out and Bond supported. Which, I think, one of them is about by 2023, to have 50 percent of boards of NGOs – this is in the UK – to be reflective of the communities they serve. So be from local communities. That's a huge ask, it is a bit possible. I do wonder how many organisations will actually commit to that. We trip over ourselves, really, and we hold ourselves back when we don't move on this. But it's a balance between doing action in the right way, not just for action sake, like tick boxing, and not taking action. What we're seeing a lot across the sector is that organisations are paralysed by fear, by getting it wrong. And the longer they stay paralysed, the more harm we continue to do. We need The critical step is starting to open it up and to own it. And what we need to see then is true leadership on this, which is something that is very kind of taboo. To be open and honest, and say my organisation is racist, I'm working to dismantle that with my staff, and I'm going to be transparent about it, I'm going to be accountable for I'm going to get things wrong. And I'm going to learn and do it again until I get things right. Aly: Really interesting. And we did in fact hear from one CEO in the survey results that the biggest challenge was bringing staff along. And so, this just cuts in so many different ways. But I want to hear a bit more about this Racial Equity Index that Charity So White is helping to set up. That, as I understand it, aims to be a barometer of how well international NGOs are measuring up on indicators of racial equality. So where are you at with it? How will it work? Tell me. Bheeroo: We looked across the sector, looked across the global development sector to see: Is there anything that's like the gender indexes, that's like the FTSE100. That is transparent about organisations and a place where you can see how well they're doing on racial equity. And we couldn't find anything. So we thought we would get together and create one. What we recognise is racism shows up very differently in different countries. And it makes it more complex. In order for us to build a racial equity index that was representative of people's experiences of working in global development in different countries, we needed to ask those communities. How do you measure racial equity? And so we've just released our demographic, our first demographic set of data. One of the things that we're doing with the racial equity index is we recognise that we do not know everything. And we started to realise the language that we use here is not always translatable. And we need to be more intentional in thinking about that. So we wrote a whole blog about how we got that wrong, and how we are actively seeking different perspectives to make sure that we plug the gaps of any data that we are missing or haven't received enough data on in terms of countries, communities. So we're pulling all of that information together so that we can set up focus groups to kind of help us fill in those gaps. And then the next stage will be a secondary survey to solidify some of the information that we have. But we wanted to get to a frame that was a racial equity index with clear key indicators of how we are measuring racial equity. And once we launch it, which hopefully will be next year, we'll be inviting NGOs, again, from around the world, to submit their data to this. And this is all going to be transparent. Aly: Really interesting, and will also be interesting to see the extent to which NGOs engage with that. I think we found that with the survey, those that are a bit more progressive, were keen to have us hold them to account and were pretty transparent about where they're at on their journey. We heard from a lot of the aid workers that responded that they didn't feel, as we discussed, that their personal work experience had changed despite all of the actions that have been taken over the last year. I was struck by some of the comments we got that 'hypocrisy was even more evident', that the efforts were 'tokenistic and symbolic'. Some went further to say they were attacked when they expressed concerns around DEI-related processes. And we're talking since all of this awareness and consciousness has emerged. Someone else saying, 'we're benefiting from wonderful new hires, but I fear for how they will be treated as we haven't changed our foundation, which is rooted in white supremacy'. So I just wonder for you personally, has your experience changed as a woman of colour working in the sector? Bheeroo: For me, once I started to speak out, it got to the point where I couldn't not. And not just me personally, but what I was seeing around me. While sometimes I get very disheartened, when I hear some of the things that my fellow racialised people across the sector are experiencing. I also remember that this time eighteen months ago, you would never be able to have a conversation like this. It just wasn't possible, you would get shut down very quickly. And yet now there are more and more conversations opening up, whether welcome or not, talking about these issues, talking about power, talking about privilege, talking about shifting the power, locally-led development, how can we do things differently. Aly: We always ask one last question to all of our guests, which is if they have one practical idea for making change today. What advice would you give to executives, CEOs, etc? If there was one thing they could do today to improve on, as you put it, power and privilege rather than simply DEI? Bheeroo: Take the decision to feel the fear that you fear and move past it. Because on the other side, it's much better than being paralysed by fear. So lead by example. It's a huge thing to ask. It's also a huge thing to ask people of colour to raise their voices, we aren't always safe. So join us and actually dive into being uncomfortable, because you will get used to it and you will have so much respect. And being open to being held accountable, being transparent will only make your organisation better, your leadership better, your work better. And that's what we need to see more of. Take the decision to feel the fear that you fear and move past it. Aly: Thank you, Lena, for speaking up today, for having that courage and for being with us. Really appreciate it. Bheeroo: Thank you. Aly: It's one thing to talk about what needs to happen in principle, quite another to do it in practice. And as Lena said, CEOs do have the power to change things. In our survey, aid agencies pointed to challenges that they faced in rolling out this agenda from the difficulty to foster candid debate during lockdown, to legal constraints on collecting data and ethnicity. Federated organisations like MSF noted the challenge of charting a unified way forward amid so many different groups with their own leadership. Others pointed to the need for donors to provide funds for diversity, equity, and inclusion work. But aid workers surveyed said that the largest obstacles to progress were a lack of willingness and leadership not being up to the task. Some agencies also mentioned the need for a mindset change and cultural shifts. So what's it like trying to steer a traditional international NGO towards a more equitable way of working. Peter Walton has been on that quest and joins us to share his experience. Peter was previously international director of the Australian Red Cross where he convinced donors to actually give more funding to local actors directly and shrank his own organisation's international operations in order to support a more local humanitarian response. He's now CEO of CARE Australia, where he was brought in to reimagine the organisation. Welcome to the podcast, Peter. Peter Walton: Thanks for having me. Aly: It is hard to be honest about what it's like on the inside. So we appreciate your willingness to join us today. You've been in the sector for more than 25 years, I'd love to hear what you think has changed or hasn't changed when it comes to addressing questions of power and racism in the industry? Walton: Not nearly enough. I think the sector has evolved over time in many, many different ways. But I think largely when we talk about shifting power, whether we use terminology such as locally led, not enough has happened. And I often remarked that the department of the status quo is often the most powerful. And actually having significant systematic change is a very painful process because there are so many perverse incentives to not change and I think that's part of the leadership challenge that Lena was referring to before. It isn't just about making a choice it's actually really following through on quite fundamental shifts and narrowing the gap between what I think we often are guilty of, which is, there's a lot of rhetoric, there's not always a lot of action, there's a lot of spin when it comes to concepts, such as localisation, locally led decolonisation. And I think we have to get better at making sure that we have genuine measures for the shifts that we need, and that the measures of success change over time as well. I don't think enough has been done. But I also am probably still optimistic that we're at a time where there are choices that we can make. And I do think it is fundamentally a cultural shift and a leadership challenge. And I think we need to see more and more people align around that. Aly: And when you look back at your own journey, I imagine 25 years ago, you were engaging in types of aid that nowadays you might think, 'oh, I don't know if that was quite right'. Walton: Just to tell a very personal story back in the early 90s, I used to feel very proud about thinking I was doing amazing things. Me being this young 24-year-old armed with a master's degree swanning around parts of West Africa, thinking I had answers, even if I was doing so with humility, and just how fundamentally wrong that was on so many levels. And I do look back and cringe at times now. I was, in many ways, part of a system that was perpetuating huge power imbalances. My career has been, like many, moving through a so-called head office role, going into a country office role. And even that I often reflect on now, in hindsight, that years ago, when I was in those roles, I was often the only expat. But I wasn't the most experienced, I wasn't the most knowledgeable, I didn't have the insights around local communities that my local colleagues had, and I got paid more than them. And I think there was a realisation there that there was something fundamentally wrong about the way that the system was working. So I have sort of taken that and in some small ways, tried to challenge and think about how we can do things differently, still respecting the fact that there needs to be an interface between 'local as possible, as international as necessary'. We're dealing with very trans-boundary initiatives. But how do we do that, in fundamentally better ways is something that I think I've been focused on both at the Red Cross when I was there, but certainly now at CARE. Aly: So let's talk about your time at the Australian Red Cross, just to start, you have kind of developed this reputation now, as the person who shrank that organisation significantly, you laid off 100 people, shrunk the team from 140 to 40. And shifted from this model of boots on the ground to technical support and greater advocacy, you pushed for the Red Cross to give multi-year funding to its local partners, you also pushed the Australian government to do the same. What do you think was behind your ability to do that? Was that just courageous leadership? Or if we try to understand what allows that to take place – help us navigate it. Walton: In terms of motivation, I trace this partly back to tropical cyclone Pam that hit Vanuatu in 2015. And to be honest, I was just horrified by the well intended international reaction, but how devastating it was with, by my estimation, over 100 international organisations capitalising on a crisis, arguably with good intent, but many of those organisations had never worked in Vanuatu, before they descended on a community, bypassed all local infrastructure, they bypassed years of so-called capacity building. And I was horrified by that, and, fast forward five years to last year, a category five cyclone hit that country again. And because of COVID, the international surge system couldn't fly in and couldn't be the white saviours. And guess what? It was a good response. And I often think about the hypocrisy of how international organisations with good intent, want to provide support, but they do it in a way which is often really taking over and not genuinely getting behind those people. The affected populations, the local organisations that should be in the driving seat. The driver for me at Australian Red Cross was certainly: How can we shift to genuinely support local? And that meant reassessing what we do and how we do it. We did commission a piece of research, which we called 'Going Local', which was looking at what a localised humanitarian response would look like in the Pacific. But importantly, we used local researchers, using local methodologies. And their finding was: If you're really serious about power shifts, you've got to start by changing yourself. You can't just think about transferring funding differently. You can't just think about designing your projects differently, you have to think about fundamentally changing your own operating model. So that's what we did. We shifted towards stopping development work focusing just on humanitarian work, but how do we support institutional strengthening and give core funding to local partners – guaranteed, multi-year – to make them in a much better position to pursue their own sort of agendas. Aly: But I guess many organisations would agree with your assessment of the problem, not so many would be able to make the changes that you made. So what was it that allowed you to be able to make those changes, apart from a personal motivation and commitment to the issue? Walton: I think there was a recognition that, like many international organisations, so many of them are now trying to be a jack of all trades, master of none. I was really keen to make a statement around how do we add the most value, but do it in the right way. And that did actually mean making some choices to stop a whole range of things, which we were, frankly, chasing the money. And that was arguably a brave call, but it actually opened up space for a different conversation around how can we work differently? And how can we also help the Australian government provide better support to the region, that in itself was a challenge, because we were asking the Australian government to work in quite a fundamentally different way to the way it had worked before. Aly: So then you moved on to CARE Australia. And just after you joined, the Black Lives Matter movement reemerged. How, at that time, were you as a new NGO executive in a role like that thinking? And how did it affect the way you were looking at this issue? Walton: I was brought into CARE to sort of think about: How do we maximise impact in the space that we work? And that for me, was not just about what we do, but absolutely how we do it. And it was about the identity of CARE Australia. I think whether it's Black Lives Matters, whether it was decolonising the aid sector, whether it's anti-racism, a lot of this all involves power and power shifts and really understanding where power sits. So there was an exploration when I joined around what role do we want CARE Australia to play that's complementary adds value, but also does it in the right way. So we went through a process of, again, similar to the Australian Red Cross saying: Where do we think we can add the most value? What should we stop doing? But importantly, we made a very public commitment early on that the way that we would operate would be fundamentally different as well. And it's linked to this broader discussion, in so far as we said that we want to be as local as possible and led by those most impacted. We made a public commitment around shifting resources and decision-making to local organisations. And that's the process that we're working on now. But we also said we don't want to be playing a role which we think perpetuates some of the problems within the aid sector. And so we've made a number of shifts: We've changed our language, the lexicon of aid; We've changed the way that we represent our work to make sure that we're much better at amplifying local voice, that we aren't engaging in any, what some people would call, poverty porn, any imageries which present people in the wrong way or an undignified way. Everything is strengths-based, our languages change. And we're changing the way that we work as well, using local storytellers, local photographers, but really focused on how do we complement and support the decision-making and ultimately, the resource-holding of local organisations. To do this well also required a long hard look at ourselves, let's really lean into unpacking our own unconscious bias, unpacking our own understanding of privilege. So we've done a range of things with the whole team here in Australia looking at what is anti-racism? What does that really mean? What does it mean to deconstruct whiteness, deconstruct privilege? What does allyship look like? How do we support people of colour in power and resilience, issues like white fragility, white saviour complex, and there was a very uncomfortable discussion and it was a discussion that was had not just with staff, but also with our board, and helped to identify some other changes that we make. Because if you really want to walk the talk, you've got to be honest enough to take yourself into some uncomfortable conversations. So we're nowhere near where we need to be. But we've certainly started that. And I think that's one of the critical things. Aly: You heard the results of the survey where, when you ask CEOs what they're doing, and how much impact it's having, and then you ask aid workers, what they see, in their own experience, there's a big gap. How did that resonate with you? You're talking about making sure you're not stuck in your own limited interpretation? What are you hearing from your staff? Walton: The fundamental shift is the cultural shift. It's not the tick box exercise, having policies or statements that say, what you believe in, or what you do, the real test is, how do people feel about this? And we're beginning that conversation, but it is an ongoing conversation, Aly: What has been, perhaps, a surprisingly easy part of the change? And what's been the hardest part, were you struggling the most? Walton: I'm not sure any of it's easy. The harder thing I think is still well intended people that work in this sector are leaning into the issues of racism. And that is hard. And similarly with boards, Lena before was talking about CEOs do have power to lead, but they also have accountability with donors, they have accountability to boards, that may or may not be representative. And I think that is a challenge around how do you bring people on the journey and get that tipping point, as early as you can. And I think that that is always a challenge. I mean, at CARE Australia, I've got a board that's hugely supportive. But I think in many organisations that isn't the case. Aly: If you as CEO do show that leadership that Lena was talking about, and really push. And if you push too hard, that actually boards that might not be ready for that could just kick you out the door. And so actually, you've got a balancing act, right in terms of pushing, but pushing just the right amount, that it's acceptable. Walton: And pushing others within the sector, I think there is something around, CEOs coming together to work more collaboratively on some of these issues. I am part of a CEO group with a range of CEOs from around the world that is a bit of a peer network, saying, look, we're all committed to trying to make some of these changes, whether that's around genuine shifts to equitable partnerships, or genuine shifts around language imagery, or pushing donors, I think that's exciting, because I think there is something about strength in numbers, the role of leadership and CEO is both influencing and bringing your board along. And that's challenging when the measures of success have historically been very different. But also making sure that you're not alone, there's also that risk of any leader that really pushes in a certain direction, if they create a void through shifting power that just gets snapped up by another organisation and nothing changes systemically. Aly: You've talked about some of the kind of general challenges for you personally, what has been the hardest moment? Walton: Well, I'd go back to the Australian Red Cross, because, as you mentioned at the start, many people are now talking about that shift as being a brave, different, rare example. And that's flattering in hindsight. But at the time it was painful, because to tell – it was just under 100 people over the course of time – that their well intended jobs within an organisation aren't going to be required. That studying for a master's degree in Melbourne isn't necessarily going to lead to jobs that will exist in a few years time. What was really challenging, because they're good, well intended people. But certainly at that time, I felt a brave decision needed to be made to create space to demonstrate how things could be done differently. That was really painful, and really isolating, frankly, really quite lonely at the time, these are your team colleagues, your peers in many respects, and I think that was one of the challenging things, because to really lean into the changes that I think are required, does mean iNGOs changing themselves. It does mean letting go. Someone has to relinquish something if you're shifting power. And that is hard. It's really hard on a personal level. In hindsight, you can look back and feel proud, but it is painful. Every day was uncomfortable. And I think there is an element of getting comfortable with your discomfort. I felt a brave decision needed to be made to create space to demonstrate how things could be done differently. That was really painful, and really isolating, frankly, really quite lonely at the time. Aly: How do you do that? Walton: Try not to lose sight of what we're really trying to achieve, a future where local organisations are genuinely empowered. They do have the resources [so] that they can aspire to international support not being needed at times of crisis, as is often the case in a country like Australia or Britain or America. Why shouldn't we be helping to facilitate that long term shift as opposed to perpetuating the short term reality, which is, arguably the white saviour complex, where the international cavalry is here to save the day. Aly: But I'm interested as a CEO who's getting some pressure from your board for results in terms of money and growth, probably some pressure from your staff, both the white staff who may be uncomfortable with some of the directions you're going, and, I would imagine, some of the local staff or people of colour who are saying, 'Well, you're a white man at the helm. Who are you to be saying all of that?' I mean, there must be pressures from all sides. If you had advice for other CEOs in this position, how are you dealing with those nights where I imagine you're up at night thinking, Oh, my God! Walton: Look, I'm not immune to the sleepless nights around some of these issues and probably overthinking them. And yes, I am a middle-aged white man. I'm learning every day around this, I think it's more around having a clear intent. I aspire to a very different world where international aid is fundamentally different. And I think I'm trying not to lose sight of that North Star. Aly: From your experience doing this, if there was one thing that others that are trying to make this shift could do today. What would it be? What's the one practical idea for the way forward that others could adopt? Walton: Start. Frankly, there's no silver bullet, there's nothing's gonna all align at the same time. I think starting even with incremental steps to build up momentum. So certainly at CARE, there are shifts around language shifts around how we present ourselves, shifts around public commitments. I think it's making sure that a number of things that are progressing in the right direction just start to be put in place. Aly: Peter, thank you very much for sharing your experiences. Walton: Pleasure. Thanks for having me. Aly: That's it for today's episode, you'll find more detail on the responses to the questionnaires about diversity and decolonisation in an article on our website. We will link to it from the show notes, which as always, are available on TheNewHumanitarian.org/podcast. Thank you to the organisations and aid workers who took the time to fill out our questionnaires and share their experiences. If you've got thoughts, we would love to hear them. Do you believe that the aid sector is making progress towards dismantling racism and decolonising its structures? Have you seen a shift in power or greater equality? Where have you seen tangible results? I'd love to hear examples of success or where you're facing challenges. Send us a voice note or a message at [email protected] Interestingly, some of the feedback we got on our last episode about humanitarian reform ties in quite a bit with what we've been talking about today. Jessica McCommon, a researcher at the Humanitarian Advisory Group wrote in from Melbourne to say: "Even with much more attention to local leadership in the past few years, the sector seems to be stuck on the assumption that proposals for reform must be driven by international actors. Why not have nationally led discussions about what's needed for the different ecosystems that operate where responses actually take place?" Thank you for the feedback, Jessica. And I completely agree and in fact, The New Humanitarian is working on convening local and national actors to share their vision of what humanitarian reform and, in particular, the decolonisation of aid should look like to international policymakers. So look out for that in the coming months. In the meantime, on the next episode of Rethinking Humanitarianism, ahead of the UN's climate conference, COP26, we're looking into the findings of an upcoming investigation by The New Humanitarian into carbon emissions of the humanitarian sector. This podcast is a production of The New Humanitarian. This episode was produced and edited by Marthe van der Wolf, and I'm your host Heba Aly. Today we leave you with a clip from the 2013 Kenyan mockumentary, The Samaritans, which pokes fun and critiques the role of a new country director flown into Kenya to save the continent. Thank you for listening to rethinking humanitarianism. Audio clip, Oct 2013 Hi, I'm Scott Bartley. I've been appointed by head office as your new country director for Kenya. Now as your director, I'm here to make that difference. That change for Africa. I'm not as wet behind the ears as some of you may think. I've worked for my mother's NGO since I was six years old, where I gave my first speech at the Plaza in New York City. I have a master's degree in international development, an MBA from Stanford. After that I did a six month internship in Casablanca, where I wrote my master's thesis entitled: Kenya, the state of the political economy of industrialisation, ICT infiltration, and capacity building. As stakeholders in this organisation, I'm here to empower you to engage effectively with the BOP. Help us be the transformation we'd like to see in the news industry The current journalistic model is broken: Audiences are demanding that the hierarchical, elite-led system of news-gathering and presentation be dismantled in favour of a more inclusive and holistic model based on more equitable access to information and more nuanced and diverse narratives. The business model is also broken, with many media going bankrupt during the pandemic – despite their information being more valuable than ever – because of a dependence on advertisers. Finally, exploitative and extractive practices have long been commonplace in media and other businesses. We think there is a better way. We want to build something different. Our new five-year strategy outlines how we will do so. It is an ambitious vision to become a transformative newsroom – and one that we need your support to achieve. Become a member of The New Humanitarian by making a regular contribution to our work - and help us deliver on our new strategy. Rethinking Humanitarianism | What happens when the middle class falls into poverty? 'These survival actions people are resorting to remind our elderly of how it was back in the civil war in the 1990s. The only difference is now we're not in a civil war.' 12 January 2022 12 Jan 2022 In Haiti, disaster risks linger as another earthquake anniversary passes 'Every year, we have earthquakes and hurricanes in Haiti, and when the disasters happen, that's when we start to prepare.' How Denmark's hard line on Syrian refugees is an aid group's ethical dilemma 'If we go back, the same moment they will kill us.' How sports help refugees survive harsh conditions in Greece 'It is important to get out of the camp… so you don't go crazy.' Q&A: How can a global treaty to end violence against women succeed? 'For the treaty to be successful, it cannot have a colonial flavour to it.' 6 January 2022 6 Jan 2022

{'redpajama_set_name': 'RedPajamaCommonCrawl'}

About CHDS Center for Homeland Defense and Security The Nation's Homeland Security Educator Research & Learning Materials Homeland Security Affairs journal K-12 School Shooting Database Courses, Thesis & Resources CHDS Directory NPS Webmail MET Testimonials MET Overview EEP Testimonials by CHDS Staff · Published November 16, 2017 · Last modified April 2, 2018 Bob Hebert, Fort Bend County Judge The Emergency Management Executive Education Seminar held yesterday at the Gus George Academy was attended by a diverse group of county, municipal, school and private sector leaders; and ably facilitated by the advisory team from the Center for Homeland Defense and Security at the U. S. Naval Postgraduate School in Monterrey, California. Participants showed a willingness to discuss areas of emergency response that worked well as well as those areas that need improvement. Their frank and candid discussions of a variety of risks confronting Fort Bend County added significant value to the seminar for all who attended." Bob Hebert Fort Bend County Judge Dan Kane, Manager of Emergency Management, Port of Long Beach We really appreciate what CHDS did for our Port Complex. You started a discussion that Port Partners (Federal, State, and Local) will continue at all levels within our organizations. The Panel you assembled provided invaluable and timely insights for us as we work with the State and other regional partners on a variety of all-hazards plans, including the rewrite of the Southern California Catastrophic Earthquake Plan." Dan Kane Manager of Emergency Management Security Services Division Port of Long Beach by CHDS Staff · Published August 23, 2017 · Last modified February 23, 2018 Caroline Whalen, County Administrative Officer, King County Department of Executive Services Thank you all for sharing your insights and expertise with King County leadership last week. Executive Constantine and his cabinet were extremely impressed with the professionalism and high level of engagement your team fostered during the half-day seminar. We are already at work reviewing emergency plans and policies with the insights you helped inspire: de-conflicting intra- and inter-governmental protocols and making other moves to be better prepared for the next major incident in our region. Your encouraging words and open-ended thinking about our collaborative efforts among both public and private sector leaders – particularly in the areas of public health, hazard mitigation, and long-term recovery – were very much appreciated. As we look toward the future, please let us know if your program would like any information or assistance that can help make your seminars, or other products, even more beneficial for those you seek to serve." Caroline Whalen County Administrative Officer King County Department of Executive Services by CHDS Staff · Published February 21, 2017 · Last modified April 24, 2017 Perry Plummer, Director, New Hampshire Homeland Security and Emergency Management The Homeland Security Executive Education Seminar presented by the CHDS Mobile Education team has been, and continues to be, the foundation for executive level disaster preparedness in New Hampshire. We have been fortunate to receive this one of a kind executive education offered by the CHDS team for each of our last three Governors and their new leadership teams. Each time the seminar exceeded the new leadership team's expectation. I do not know of a better program that introduces a new Governor to emergency management and homeland security at the State level. NH is better prepared as a result of the program. The half-day seminar is always interesting, thought provoking and tremendously beneficial to prepare for natural and human-caused disasters. Stan and his team are top notch!" – Perry Plummer, Director, New Hampshire Homeland Security and Emergency Management by CHDS Staff · Published October 13, 2016 · Last modified May 4, 2017 Captain II, Jared B. Goff, Fairfax County Fire and Rescue, Personnel Services Bureau Outstanding training and staff that worked very well with our executives. The local delivery of the course was convenient and vital to getting multi-disciplines and agencies together at the same table." by CHDS Staff · Published July 26, 2016 · Last modified May 4, 2017 From Tomás P. Regalado – Mayor, City of Miami The City of Miami prides itself on its status as a major global special events destination. Every year, millions of people come to Miami to enjoy our numerous sporting events, concerts, and festivals. It is one of my most sober responsibilities as Mayor to ensure that our residents and guests are able to forge lifelong memories at these events as safely as possible. I am thankful to The Center for Homeland Defense and Security for putting together a terrific seminar that allowed executives from both private and public organizations to collaborate on critical security issues. The skillfully moderated conversations were both timely and relevant to Miami's unique concerns. I left the seminar with renewed confidence that our city remains vigilant and is continuing to push its emergency preparations in the right direction. 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Q: ElasticSearch Java hangs in initializing state I'm running a default config elasticsearch instance (version 1.7.0) on ubuntu and started it without problems. I can connect to it with Sense for example My Java client can't seem to connect to it though and hangs after just two messages: 2015-07-30 14:47:37,686 INFO : [Masque] version[1.7.0], pid[27317], build[929b973/2015-07-16T14:31:07Z] 2015-07-30 14:47:37,686 INFO : [Masque] initializing ... The elasticsearch log does not show errors or hints to any failed connection attempts. Locally the same setup works flawlessly (on a Windows machine though). Any idea of how I could find out more / any logs / any known issues? Help greatly appreciated. A: Ok, so just in case somebody else runs into the same problem. On linux I had to change the way I initialize the client. First I had Node node = nodeBuilder().node(); client = node.client(); which worked on Windows but not on ubuntu. There I had to specifically mention the host and port. client = new TransportClient().addTransportAddress(new InetSocketTransportAddress("localhost",9300));

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Home › News › National News Suspected White Supremacist ID'ed After Deadly Shooting Spree At Asian Massage Parlor, Spas Near Atlanta Robert Aaron Long was arrested after at least eight people were killed in shootings at three locations. Bruce C.T. Wright A suspected white supremacist was arrested and charged with murder for allegedly going on a deadly shooting spree at an Asian massage parlor and two spas in the metro Atlanta area Tuesday afternoon, leaving at least eight people dead, including six Asian women. The suspect was identified as 21-year-old Robert Aaron Long. There were no immediate reports of the gunman's motivation. Long was arrested in nearby Crisp County around 8:30 p.m., according to the local Fox News affiliate. He was booked into Crisp County Sheriff's Office, which released his mugshot. The shootings came as violent attacks and hate crimes against Asians were spiking across the country. Four people were found dead in Young's Asian Massage Parlor in Cherokee County, the Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported. Long was arrested specifically for that shooting while authorities see if he's linked to the other shootings. In that shooting, which took place at about 5 p.m., five people were shot, including two who were pronounced dead at the scene and two others who later died from their injuries. Two other massage parlors were targeted two hours later, leaving an additional four people dead. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution also reported that "most" of the employees at the three establishments were Asian. The victims at the first location reportedly included two Asian women and a white man and white woman. According to reports, a Hispanic man was injured but was not reported dead Tuesday night. The other four people killed at the two other locations were reportedly all Asian women. The Cherokee County Sheriff's Department released images of the suspect about an hour and a half after the first shooting was reported. Multiple members of local law enforcement said they thought Long was the gunman at all three locations. "It does appear that it's the same suspect," Cherokee County Sheriff's Department Capt. Jay Baker told the Atlanta Journal-Constitution. According to Heavy.com, Long is a resident of a town called Woodstock, which is located about a 30-minute drive north of Atlanta. The location where he was arrested in Crisp County is about 200 miles away from Woodstock and about 150 miles south of Atlanta. Long initially fled when approached by law enforcement, according to one report. Amazingly, the suspected mass shooter who was considered armed and dangerous was able to be taken into custody without police shooting him, let alone killing him. Recent reports of anti-Asian attacks in the U.S. have become increasingly frequent. A new report released Tuesday found that nearly 3,800 anti-Asian incidents took place during the 12 months of the pandemic, something that racist conspiracy theorists have blamed on China. As a result of Tuesday night's deadly attacks near Atlanta, the NYPD sent its officers trained in counterterrorism deployments to Asian neighborhoods in New York City "out of an abundance of caution." One of the major proponents of pushing the debunked narrative of China being responsible for COVID-19 has been former President Donald Trump. He called it "the China virus" on numerous occasions. That truth increases the chances of Long, the suspected gunman behind Tuesday's shootings, being a likely supporter and avid follower of Trump — similar to the thousands of people who stormed the U.S. Capitol on Jan. 6 to stop Congress from certifying the 2020 election for Joe Biden because Trump said he was the victim of fraud that caused him to lose. The Washington Post reported about a year ago that Trump's racist labeling of COVID-19 as "the China virus" could lead to violence. "It's racist and it creates xenophobia," Harvey Dong, a lecturer in Asian American and Asian diaspora studies with the University of California at Berkeley, said at the time. "It's a very dangerous situation." This is a developing story that will be updated as additional information becomes available. Nashville Police Shooting That Killed Black Woman Sparks Debate Over Who Was Wrong First Cop Who Mistakenly Shot 1-Year-Old Boy In The Head Improperly Opened Fire, Ben Crump Says Suspected White Supremacist ID'ed After Deadly Shooting Spree At Asian Massage Parlor, Spas Near Atlanta was originally published on newsone.com

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A largely downhill / level route from Crouch End to Holborn. The route primarily follows residential streets and is relatively free from traffic. Speed humps can be a little on the annoying side though! There are two arterial roads to cross - Holloway Road and Pentonville Road. Both are safe and cycle friendly.

{'redpajama_set_name': 'RedPajamaC4'}

Lavinia Corina Miloşovici, em sérvio: Лавинија Милошевић, (Lugoj, 21 de outubro de 1976) é uma ex-ginasta romena de origem sérvia que competiu em provas de ginástica artística. Lavinia fez parte da equipe romena que disputou os Jogos Olímpicos de Barcelona, em 1992; e os Jogos Olímpicos de Atlanta, em 1996. Dentre seus maiores arquivamentos estão seis medalhas olímpicas; sendo duas de ouro. Em Mundiais, são doze medalhas; cinco ouros. Milosovici foi a última ginasta a receber a nota 10,0 em Olimpíadas, e a última a receber 9,95 em um Campeonato Mundial. Carreira Lavinia Miloşovici nasceu em Lugoj. Sua mãe, Ildiko, foi uma jogadora de voleibol, enquanto seu pai, Tănase, foi lutador da equipe nacional. Iniciou na ginástica aos seis anos de idade, mudando-se para o Centro de Treinamento Nacional (Deva); aos dez, começando a destacar no desporto. Sua carreira quase foi interrompida, quando contraiu escarlatina; e quando Deva foi fechada por consequência da Revolução Romena de 1989. No entanto continuou a treinar, e em 1990 representou a Romênia em competições internacionais como a Copa América e o Campeonato Europeu Júnior. No evento, foi ouro no salto e no solo. Com seus êxitos, Lavinia destacou-se como a maior estrela da ginástica romena, após Nadia Comaneci e Daniela Silivas, ambas ginastas admiradas por Lavinia. Em 1991, fez sua estreia em eventos internacionais de grande porte; disputando o Campeonato Mundial de Indianápolis. Nele, conquistou a medalha de ouro no salto, a prata na prova coletiva, e o bronze nos exercícios sobre a trave. No ano posterior, no Mundial de Paris, conquistou o título mundial nas barras assimétricas. Em sua primeira aparição olímpica, nos Jogos Olímpicos de Barcelona, a ginasta conquistou um total de quatro medalhas; sendo bronze no concurso geral, prata por equipes e ouro no solo, pontuada com a nota 10, sendo a última ginasta a realizar tal feito. Em 1993, participou do Campeonato Mundial de Birmingham, conquistando o ouro na trave e a prata no salto. No ano posterior, competindo no Europeu de Estocolmo, fora medalhista de ouro no salto, prata no solo e bronze na trave. Ainda em 1994, no Mundial de Dortmund, venceu a prova coletiva, ao superar a equipe americana e russa, prata e bronze, respectivamente. Na finais por aparelhos, foi prata no individual geral e solo, e bronze no salto. Ao final da Copa Chunichi, Lavinia sofreu uma lesão que prejudicou sua participação no Mundial de Sabae; conquistando o ouro por equipes e o bronze no concurso geral. No ano posterior, no Mundial de San Juan,- que só contou com provas individuais por aparelhos -, terminou com a medalha de bronze nos exercícios de solo. No evento seguinte, deu-se o Europeu de Birmingham. Nele, conquistou a medalha de ouro no solo e o bronze no individual geral. No mesmo ano, a ginasta sofreu uma lesão em seu tornozelo semanas antes dos Jogos Olímpicos de Atlanta. No evento, a equipe romena formada por Simona Amanar, Ionela Loaieş, Mirela Ţugurlan, Gina Gogean e Alexandra Marinescu, conquistou a medalha de bronze na prova coletiva; a equipe americana conquistou o ouro e a russa, a prata. Individualmente, conquistou a segunda medalha de bronze na prova geral. No início de 1997, Lavinia anunciou oficialmente sua aposentadoria do desporto, casando-se com o policial Cosmin Vânatu em 1999. Em 2004, nasceu sua filha: Denisa Florentina, que morreu quatro anos depois. Em 2002, juntamente com suas ex-colegas de equipe: Corina Ungureanu e Claudia Presecan, colocaram fotos nuas em DVDs japoneses, posando com o uniforme da equipe romena. Imediatamente, a Federação Romena de Ginástica, proibiu durante cinco anos o acompanhamento e avaliação das ex-ginastas em território romeno. Principais Resultados Ver também Federação Internacional de Ginástica Outras biografias Ligações externas Ginastas artísticos da Romênia Campeões olímpicos da Romênia Ginastas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 1992

{'redpajama_set_name': 'RedPajamaWikipedia'}

The OnePlus One has an off-contract price starting at only $299, but don't call this smartphone cheap. Hiding behind the OnePlus One's 5.5-inch HD screen is some high-end hardware. By Matt Humrick, Alex Davies, Denis Maniti & Daniel Parker 26 November 2014 Results: GPU Core Benchmarks Page 1: OnePlus One = Two Good To Be True? Page 2: OnePlus One Look And Feel Page 3: OnePlus One Software Tour Page 4: Camera: Hardware Page 5: Camera: Software Page 6: Camera: Photo Quality Page 7: Camera: Photo Quality Comparison Page 8: Camera: Video Quality Page 9: Call Quality And Audio Performance Page 10: How We Tested Page 11: Results: CPU Core Benchmarks Page 12: Results: HTML5 And JavaScript Benchmarks Page 13: Results: GPU Core Benchmarks Page 14: Results: GPGPU Benchmarks Page 15: Results: Display Measurements Page 16: Results: Battery And Throttling Page 17: The OnePlus One: "Patience you must have" Apple iPhone 6 Plus deals Recertified - Apple iPhone 6s... Recertified - Apple iPhone 6... Apple iPhone 6s Plus, GSM... Apple iPhone 8 Plus [128GB,... 3DMark (Anti-Detection) Futuremark has become a name synonymous with benchmarking, and the company's latest iteration of 3DMark offers three main graphical benchmarks: Ice Storm, Cloud Gate and Fire Strike. Currently, the DirectX 9-level Ice Storm tests are cross-platform for Windows, Windows RT, Android and iOS. Ice Storm simulates the demands of OpenGL ES 2.0 games using shaders, particles and physics via the company's in-house engine. Although it was just released in May of 2013, the on-screen portions of Ice Storm have already been outpaced by modern mobile chipsets, with Nvidia's Tegra 4 and Qualcomm's Snapdragon 800 both easily maxing-out the Extreme version (1080p with high-quality textures). However, Ice Storm Unlimited, which renders the scene off-screen at 720p, is still a good gauge of GPU-to-GPU performance. The OnePlus One does well in the Graphics test, mirroring the earlier GPU results in our system benchmarks. However, the One falls behind the G3 and Galaxy S5 in the multithreaded, CPU-bound Physics test by almost 15%, the same deficit it shows in the Geekbench 3 Pro multi-core test. Basemark X 1.1 Based on the Unity 4.0 game engine, Rightware's Basemark X is a cross­-platform graphics benchmark for Android, iOS, and Windows Phone 8. This test utilizes Unity's modern features via the OpenGL ES 2.0 render path to simulate how a modern game might look and run. Basemark X is an aggressive test that still hasn't been maxed out by the latest mobile SoCs. Note: The onscreen results for the iPhone 6 Plus are not accurate, since the current version of this benchmark doesn't support their native resolutions. Instead, it renders at the native resolution of the 5s (640x1136). However, the Overall scores are not affected by this issue, since they are based on the offscreen rendering tests. All of the Adreno 330 devices, including the OnePlus One, fall within 8% of each other when looking at the overall score. The Galaxy Note 4 fails to take advantage of its faster Adreno 420 GPU, falling to the bottom of the chart. The onscreen results are grouped according to screen resolution. The three phones with 1080p displays form one group, while the QHD displays in the G3 and Note 4 burden their GPUs with more pixels. The offscreen results show the OnePlus One performing on par with the other Snapdragon 801 devices. Moving to the high quality tests, we see the newer GPUs in the iPhone 6 Plus and Galaxy Note 4 pull ahead. The four devices using the Adreno 330 GPU only show a 9% spread, with the OnePlus One leading the pack. GFXBench 3.0 Corporate Kishonti GFXBench 3.0 is a cross-platform GPU benchmark supporting both the OpenGL ES 2.0 and OpenGL ES 3.0 APIs. It comprises both "high-level" game-like scenarios, along with more "low-level" tests designed to measure specific subsystems. Among the high-level tests are Manhattan and T-Rex. Manhattan is a modern, complex OpenGL ES 3.0-based test, while the OpenGL ES 2.0-level T-Rex is a holdover from GFXBench v2.7. The low-level tests include Fill, which measures fill rate by rendering four layers of compressed textures; Alpha Blending, a test that renders layers of semi-transparent quads using high-resolution, uncompressed textures; ALU, for measuring shader compute performance; and Driver Overhead, which measures the CPU overhead of the graphics driver and API by making a lot of draw calls and state changes. See GFXBench 3.0: A Fresh Look At Mobile Benchmarking for a complete test-by-test breakdown of this benchmark. The Manhattan offscreen results match perfectly with expectations. The iPhone 6 Plus and Note 4 pull ahead with nearly identical performance. All of the Snapdragon 801 devices perform the same. With more pixels to push through its pipelines, the Note 4 and G3 see a significant drop in performance. The OnePlus One, HTC One (M8), and Galaxy S5 all essentially match their scores from the offscreen test. With 1080p displays, their onscreen resolution is the same as the fixed 1080p that's rendered during the offscreen tests. Once again, all of the Snapdragon 801 devices perform as expected but they're 40% slower than the latest PowerVR GPU. The Note 4 however, experiences severe thermal throttling when running T-Rex, which takes a toll on its final score. The low-level charts reveal a 15% advantage for the OnePlus One in the offscreen Alpha Blending test that fetches high-resolution, uncompressed textures from memory, suggesting a more efficient memory bus. The OnePlus One maintains a slight advantage in the onscreen Alpha Blending test. The Fill test also pulls textures from memory, albeit compressed, but the OnePlus One doesn't show any advantage here. All of the other low-level tests show the OnePlus One with near identical performance to the other Snapdragon 801 phones. Current page: Results: GPU Core Benchmarks Prev Page Results: HTML5 And JavaScript Benchmarks Next Page Results: GPGPU Benchmarks MrEssesse 26 November 2014 08:25 You forgot to mention how the iphone 6 plus costs 299 $ with a 2 year contract, unlocked its around 700 $. Mike Coberly 26 November 2014 08:30 So the device itself supports the CDMA bands, but is not compatible with one of the major CDMA carriers here in the US? What a shame. :( This could easily replace my now aging Galaxy Note 3. kamhagh 26 November 2014 08:53 wow cyanogen improved a lot since 2005 ! :D im gonna try it again on my nexus 4 :D i meant 2010 :| Memory Ever 26 November 2014 10:50 Summary is all kind of noise voice out because it's a China phone. If this is a phone from Apple, people will only ask when they can buy it. They don't real care about of the specification. This is the different. house70 26 November 2014 11:42 Got one for my wife, she loves it, esp. that she doesn't have to keep an eye on the battery icon anymore. This thing will run forever... Getting another one for myself. For about USD 350 you can't really do any better. They could sell it for 550-600, but they won't. CM12 (Lollipop- based) is around the corner. Only thing they botched really big was the sales; this phone had a huge potential to when first launched, but making it almost impossible to buy doesn't help. uplink-svk 26 November 2014 11:47 As owner of three 1+1 phones I'm heavily dissapointed with this phone. I really loved the Crysis Music trailer, and there I decided to go for this phone. Things that really dissapointed me are: - display is yellowish, at least was on all three pieces I owned - it's made out of cheap plastics, I don't care it feels "great", I wanted metalic phone, like they said it's gonna be in the beginning - one of the pieces was doing purplish photos - it's way too big - CM is fine, but still misses some of the basic features offered by 3rd party GUi from Samsung/HTC, which are in my eyes normal - RMAing the 1+1 is a hell, You need to send it back, wait and stuff, thank You, but no In general I bought the first one for 290 euro, second one for 250 euro, and third one for 390 euro, which are pretty good prices in my country for these phones, and all were a disaster :\ rexter 26 November 2014 14:10 This is what Nexus 6 should have been - price-wise. Watch out Google here's OnePlus. Too bad, you'll need an invitation to get one, why not invite me instead if I give them my e-mail; this just show that the company don't have much stocks to share to every, I suppose? and that pink wall paper reminds me of Ubuntu. I like the black one if I can get my hands on one... or two. Karksken 26 November 2014 14:17 Can you use this one as phone too or is it just a tablet(review). Smartguys please give us on smartPHONES also the real info as Phone quality, connection quality, e.a. info when you get the out of memory error when there is still a lot of mem available and you SIM is disconnected. How does the apps interact with the phone part. D A 26 November 2014 14:47 The invites are easy to get with a little patience. I just bought three of them in the last tow weeks. All my invites I got where from google + where previous buyers are giving out the invites hourly. Jut go onto Google plus and do a search for "Oneplus Invite", then click "MOST RECENT". be patient and keep refreshing and be ready to respond to a post where someone is offering an invite... respond with your email address that you would like one. I did this for all three of my invites, there was only one person that did not send me the invite. I was able to get all the invites within an hour.

{'redpajama_set_name': 'RedPajamaCommonCrawl'}

Presented in collaboration with Q Theatre. Tight passes. Soft touches. Hustle out there and mark your man. Every Saturday, nine teenage girls come together to train and play soccer. They're high achievers and burnouts, insiders and outsiders, best friends and vicious bullies and – often – they're all of the above, all at once. Bristling with confidence and ferocious energy, Sarah DeLappe's barnstorming, Pulitzer Prize-nominated debut is a frank and hilarious portrait of nine young warriors – messy, mean and full of compassion – working out who they are and the battles they'll have to fight. For the first time in Silo's history, the company casts a powerhouse ensemble of teenage performers. The Wolves is presented by special arrangement with SAMUEL FRENCH, INC. The Wolves contains some coarse language and adult themes.

{'redpajama_set_name': 'RedPajamaC4'}

Bluegrass-The History BlogGrass Available CDs Member Bands About HVBA Review: Tony Trischka – Hill Country November 22, 2008 by Mike Foley This is a CD reissue of Tony Trischka's first Bluegrass LP, first recorded in 1985 and long out of print. His reputation as a preeminent avant-garde banjo player firmly established, he paused here to pay tribute to the musicians who had influenced him from the beginning, including Bill Monroe, Flatt and Scruggs, Ralph Stanley, The Country Gentlemen, and others. With the exception of one traditional tune ("Mississippi Sawyer") and another co-written with Sonny Osborne, all selections are originals by Trischka, each a tipping of the hat to a particular stylist. "Strawberry Plains" Lest one get the impression from the above description that this is a gimmick record a la "The Baroque Beatles Songbook," let me stress that this is a terrific album and an impressive demonstration not only of his technical virtuosity but of his solid grounding in what is essential in the music. In his liner notes to the original album, referring to his early idols, he wrote, "I tried to absorb not just the techniques of their music, but the emotion as well." That he succeeded is evident in every cut. There isn't a single run-of-the-mill number here; every one is a fresh surprise, from the melodic use of harmonics on "New York Chimes" to the syncopated, convoluted rolls on "Strawberry Plains" (my favorite). Over the two recording sessions, in Nashville and Springfield, Virginia, Tony is accompanied by a stellar group including Tony Rice, Sam Bush, Del and Ronnie McCoury, Blain Sprouse and more. The CD contains one bonus track, "Buffalo Creek," recorded in 2000. Mike Foley Mike Foley is currently on the Board of the Hudson Valley Bluegrass Association. A retired educator, he has filled up some of his new-found time trying to learn the banjo and mandolin. His mandolin work, in particular, has been compared to lightning, in that he never strikes twice in the same place. He occasionally writes reviews of CD's by groups of which he is particularly fond as a means of building up his music library. Mike enjoys evening walks by the seashore, candle-light dinners, and quilting. Latest posts from Mike Foley Peter Conklin: Our Unsung Hero - October 24, 2022 Message from Mike Foley, HVBA President - December 14, 2020 Review: Bronwyn Keith-Hynes: Fiddler's Pastime - September 2, 2020 Bash Bish Bluegrass Band Bees In The Barn Bob Stump & Roadside Attraction Eugene Tyler Band Jim Gaudet & The Railroad Boys • Hudson Crossing • Long Steel Rail Moonshine Falls • New Breaks Out Of The Bluegrass R.J. Storm & Old School Rip and The Sleepy Hollow Boys • Roundabout Ramblers The Ruta Beggars Too Blue Wayne Fugate The Wickers Creek Band • List Your Band Here Want your ad on our website? © 2023 Hudson Valley Bluegrass Association

{'redpajama_set_name': 'RedPajamaCommonCrawl'}

Went book shopping with RAM on Saturday. We found lots of good stuff, unfortunately we didn't buy anything. I guess I need free time before more books can enter the picture (I've got a stack of five to read already). 1. The Traveler by John Twelve Hawks. Kind of a conspiricy/old society/mystical book, it looked to be one of those books I would get lost in, just like House of Leaves. This book looked pretty darn cool (add it to the paranoia category), but it was the back cover that really got me. 2. The Preservationist by David Maine. This was a fun alternate look at Noah and the ark. I've always liked reading those books that re-visit a story from a different point of view (Grendel, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, etc...). This seems to take the Ark story from many points of view. I must pick this up sooner or later. 3. The Code Book by Simon Singh. Yet another one I've been meaning to read for ages. All your picture links are broken. Yeah, my bad. I used relative URLs instead of absolute ones, so if you look at it syndicated or in "comments" mode, you won't see the pics. Should be fixed now.

{'redpajama_set_name': 'RedPajamaC4'}

Art & Heritage Lecture on Violence Against Women in RAI Films Killing in the Name of Love: Representations of Violence against Women in RAI Films - Lecture by Flavia Laviosa Sunday, March 2, 2014, 7 pm - Dante Alighieri Society of MA - 41 Hampshire St., Cambridge, MA 02139 - (617)876-5160 Since 2007, RAI 3 (Radiotelevisione Italiana) has broadcast Amore criminale (Criminal Love), a weekly series featuring over 100 cases of women who have been killed or severely injured by their husbands or partners. In addition, RAI 1 produced the miniseries Mai per amore (Never for Love). Four films: Troppo amore (Too Much Love) directed by Liliana Cavani; Ragazze in web (Girls in Web) and Helena & Glory by Marco Pontecorvo; and La fuga di Teresa (Theresa's Escape) by Margarethe von Trotta, were presented to raise awareness on the escalating phenomenon of murdered women. Prof. Laviosa will examine how RAI addresses the cultural and sociological factors causing the sexual, psychological, physical, and domestic violence against women in Italy and then analyze and discuss Cavani's, Pontecorvo's and van Trotta's visually dramatic narratives. Flavia Laviosa is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Italian Studies and in the Cinema and Media Studies Program at Wellesley College, United States. She is the founder and Editor of the Journal of Italian Cinema and Media Studies (Intellect, 2012-). She edited the volume Visions of Struggle in Women's Filmmaking in the Mediterranean (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) and was guest editor of the special issue 'Cinematic Journeys of Italian Women Directors' of Studies in European Cinema (8:2, 2011). She is currently working on the book Framed Lives and Screened Deaths: Honour Killings in World Cinema. Dante Alighieri Society of Massachusetts, Inc. TAG : Massachusetts Television Cambridge 9th Annual Sacco and Vanzetti March/Rally Saturday, August 23rd, in Boston, the 87th anniversary of the execution of Nicola Sacco an... Emanuele: cervello d'Italia al Mit di Boston Si chiama Emanuele Ceccarelli lo studente del liceo Galvani di Bologna unico italiano amme... In sordina, l'Italia ritorna in scena al Nat... La presenza italiana a Natpe 2016, la principale fiera Tv per il mercato Latino Americano... Italian world language teacher 2015-2016 FRAMINGHAM PUBLIC SCHOOLS - JOB DESCRIPTION TITLE: World Language Teacher - Italian... 'A League of Their Own' director Marshall dea... Actress and director Penny Marshall, whose love of sports made her a regular in the Los An... 'Cake Boss' Buddy Valastro challenges rival D... When Duff Goldman and Buddy Valastro are in the kitchen, it's pretty tough to say who's re... 'Cake Boss' on vacation: Buddy Valastro launc... "Cake Boss" Buddy Valastro and his family are hitting the road for an 8-episode Food Netwo... 'Cello Bar When life gave them lemons, the Pallini family didn't make lemonade — they made limoncello...

{'redpajama_set_name': 'RedPajamaCommonCrawl'}

What's next for the future of work? Nearly half of global businesses (49%) expect the COVID-19 pandemic will have a significant impact on traditional, non-digital businesses that are not aggressively transitioning to digital, according to a new global report from Cognizant's Center for the Future of Work and Oxford Economics, The Work Ahead: Digital First (to Last). In fact, 46% expect less personal and social interaction with customers, and well over one-third (37%) say they'll need to rely on digital channels for customer interaction. 08 Jan 2021 Posted in Digital Business Building on previous Cognizant research published in 2016, this latest report is part of a global research series that examines the role digital has played in separating business winners from stragglers over the last five years. The Work Ahead: Digital First (to Last): report presents observations and recommendations on how the next wave of digital will manifest itself over the next three to five years. The report's key findings include: The pandemic is skewing employer/employee relationships: Business leaders cited employee safety (59%) and worker recognition (58%) as the top areas of focus. Looking to the long term, more than half of business leaders (52%) indicated that digital working practices and organisational agility (50%) will increase, as a result of experts working across functional and departmental boundaries. Other changes on the horizon include 43% of respondents expecting to see a drop in pay for highly paid executives and 41% expecting to adjust their HR policies to accommodate flexible approaches to remote working. The skills touted as most important for advancing careers are changing: 40% ofbusiness leaders chose innovation skills as most important for succeeding at work today, behind decision-making skills (39%) and leadership skills (35%). When compared to 2016 results, global operating skills have fallen the furthest (voted the second most important skill by executives in 2016 but not even making the Top 10 in 2020). Due to the COVID-19 crisis and supply chain concerns, many executives were forced to bring supply chains back into the business's country of domicile. The impact of digital technologies on jobs accelerates: Business leaders today say they are less concerned that new machines will take over their jobs than they were in 2016. Today, 44% agree that digital technologies will protect them from being replaced by robots and AI (compared to 34% in 2016), and 46% say they believe these technologies will help them stay employed (compared to 37% in 2016). However, the belief that business leaders have in the power of digital technologies to improve efficiency is dwindling. Only 46% agree that it improves their productivity (87% in 2016) and only 44% state that it helps them collaborate with others more effectively (69% in 2016). IoT is the tech du jour to augment and improve business processes: Although more than 70% of business leaders have implemented data analytics or AI as pilots or full projects, the Internet of Things (IoT) is seeing the highest implementation of full deployments (16%). Over two-thirds (67%) are at some stage of implementation. Despite widespread endorsement of the value of 5G for businesses, the report found that only 9% of respondents have a 5G pilot underway. There are no technological silver bullets to guarantee results: When rating the impact of technology on the business by 2023, business leaders identified AI as having the greatest potential influence (43%), second only to hyper-connectivity (47%). However, when comparing results to 2016, business leaders' expectations of most technologies, including business analytics, AI, and cloud services, dropped. Today, only 34% cite cloud as a force shaping the future of work compared to 52% in 2016, telling us that cloud is a table stakes strategy, rather than the force multiplier it once was on the future of work. Euan Davis, Associate Vice President, Cognizant's Center for the Future of Work, EMEA, comments: "Over the course of this year, we have seen how COVID-19 has exposed the pre-existing condition of many organisations around the world: They were pre-digital enterprises, unfit for purpose in the modern world, holding on by their fingertips by custom and inertia. As 2021 begins, and enterprises around the world attempt to chart a course for the post-pandemic era, one thing is certain: Digital competency is no longer a nice-to-have, but rather, an absolute necessity. Businesses need to be confident in their ability to integrate machines into existing business processes, but also forge lasting partnerships between humans and machines. Technology will undoubtedly play a massive role in every organisation's future success, and flexible, data-intensive, and digitally oriented ways of working will be indispensable for weathering what is expected to be a global recession." The Work Ahead: Digital First (to Last) is based on a survey of more than 4,000 C-suite and senior executives across 23 countries, including U.S., Canada, UK, Germany, France, China, India, Japan, and Australia. This global report will be followed by three regional reports for North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific, as well as 10 industry reports, including banking and finance, consumer goods, education, healthcare, insurance, life sciences, manufacturing, retail, transportation and logistics, and utilities. Kreston Reeves plans for and delivers future of work with Citrix Accounting firm leverages digital workspace solutions to enable work from anywhere. Higher risk of disinformation attacks Fujitsu expects both businesses and individuals to be targeted, based on issues that impact a wide s... Staff in small companies need employer support less than those in larger firms According to a recent Kaspersky survey, people who work in companies with fewer than 50 employees, o... 60% of organisations claim to have the capabilities for digital transformation success All sectors have progressed on their digital transformation capabilities with Covid-19 being the cat... Report recommends skills actions Digital transformation accelerated amid a turbulent year, illuminating the need for an upskilled, fu... Disjoint between employers and employees when it comes to IT services The majority of technology executives surveyed acknowledge the growing importance of digital employe... Key video surveillance trends for 2021 The events of 2020, combined with technological advances and adoption of cloud and artificial intell...

{'redpajama_set_name': 'RedPajamaCommonCrawl'}

The American dictionary of cri... The American dictionary of criminal justice : key terms and major court cases / Champion, Dean J. Los Angeles, Calif. : Roxbury Pub., c2001. vii, 405 p. ; 24 cm. Criminal justice, Administration of -- Dictionaries. Criminology -- Dictionaries. Criminal justice, Administration of -- United States -- Cases. Criminal law -- United States -- Cases. Criminal justice, Administration of. Reference works. Dictionaries. Trials, litigation, etc. Review by Choice Review Champion's second edition continues the format of the first (Dictionary of American Criminal Justice, CH, Apr'99), and like it has two parts. The first is a list of criminal justice terms, including brief entries on major criminal justice figures, such as Benjamin Rush and O.W. Wilson. The second is an annotated list of cases (largely those argued before the Supreme Court) that have had a major impact in the field of criminal justice. Students seeking to study major cases dealing, for example, with custodial interrogations or entrapment, will find an index by topic at the back of the book. Although there are many guides to Supreme Court decisions as well as a number of criminal justice dictionaries, this relatively inexpensive paperback will prove handy as a supplement undergraduates can use with their textbooks when writing papers or researching topical areas. E. B. Ryner FBI Library Copyright American Library Association, used with permission. Dictionary of American criminal justice : key terms and major supreme Court cases / by: Champion, Dean J. Prentice Hall's dictionary of American criminal justice, criminology, and criminal law / by: Falcone, David N. Criminal justice and criminology : Terms, Concepts, and Cases /

{'redpajama_set_name': 'RedPajamaCommonCrawl'}

Houtzen to put Everest hopes on show September 25, 2017 12:03 pm. by AAP Toby Edmonds says Houtzen must perform at Moonee Valley to head towards the $10 million Everest. Queensland filly Houtzen needs to stand up and be counted in the Scarborough Stakes at Moonee Valley to confirm plans for the $10 million Everest. Houtzen has long had a slot in next month's The Everest (1200m) at Randwick which has been the focus of the filly's spring campaign, but trainer Toby Edmonds says the Magic Millions Classic winner needs to perform on Friday night. Houtzen finished third first-up in the McEwen Stakes (1000m) at Moonee Valley and the trainer has selected the Group Three Scarborough Stakes for fillies over 1200m, the distance of The Everest, rather than the Group One weight-for-age Moir (1000m) for her next start. "She's got a slot in The Everest and that's her grand final but we've got to put the foot down this week otherwise we're not going to run," Edmonds said. "We've got that slot and our aim has always been to have her cherry ripe on that day. But she has to perform on Friday night to warrant going on. "If she wins and wins poorly, she won't run. But if she wins and smashes them and runs really well, we'll be going. "We'll turn the tap on this week. If she doesn't run well, we'll wait. There's plenty of other races for her. "She's a three-year-old filly. We don't really need to be taking on those hardened sprinters at this stage of her career just for the sake of running around for $10 million." But Edmonds is confident Houtzen is ready to perform in the Scarborough and was pleased with her work-out at Moonee Valley on Monday morning. "I'm pretty sure she'll run well," he said. Brisbane's premier jockey Jeff Lloyd made the trip to Melbourne to partner the filly in the gallop and will be back aboard on Friday night after Craig Williams rode her at 50kg in the McEwen. Lloyd has committed to riding Houtzen at 51kg in The Everest. Houtzen wore blinkers in Monday's winning gallop but Edmonds is yet to decide whether she will wear them in Friday's race. "She worked really good this morning," Edmonds said. "She had a good, searching half-mile and finished off the last 600 metres pretty solid." Homework to determine Bowman's Cup ride Maher didn't know conman owned horses Harlem handed 0.5kg penalty for Cups Cracksman to miss Arc, Enable odds-on Maher hearing over ownership bona fides Gingernuts building for Cups campaign No Epsom for Rose winner Trapeze Artist Tavago heading to JRA Cup at Moonee Valley

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How Celebrity Stylists Dress Baby Bumps for the Red Carpet We can thank Kim Kardashian for making pregnancy chic. Faith Cummings Mommas-to-be Emily Blunt and Olivia Wilde at the 2016 Met Gala. Photo: Getty Images Stylists are the masterminds behind how celebrities craft their wardrobes, and they're with them through a slew of landmark events in their lives: the first time they win prestigious awards, marriage, and even pregnancy. The latter has exploded into its own category, long evolved from the empire-waist dresses and leggings that marked what is known as "maternity wear" in years past. Just as Tinseltown's finest are setting red carpet trends, they're doing the exact same thing in the pregnancy fashion realm — and of late, many aren't choosing traditional maternity lines at all. The conversation starts between stylist and star quite early on, often long before she even goes public with her pregnancy. "As their stylist, I usually know they're expecting before everyone else, so any discussion we have in the beginning is usually how to fashionably hide the bump until they're ready to announce," says Jessica Paster, the stylist currently dressing Emily Blunt, who is set to give birth to her second child very soon. One of the most recent looks Paster chose for the expecting star was a custom sapphire, sequin-embroidered lace Michael Kors Collection gown at the 2016 Met Gala. Lately, she noticed, women aren't even trying to hide their growing bellies. "Recently, women are embracing their bumps instead of hiding it throughout their pregnancy," she said. "Just a few years ago, when the bump got too big, they would throw that trusty muumuu on top; now I see women who are proud of being pregnant, and proud of their personal style, and don't want to compromise one for the other." Emily Blunt in Michael Kors Collection at the 2016 Met Gala. Photo: Getty Images For Simone Harouche, who styles Nicole Richie and Christina Aguilera (as well as designs her own line of handbags Simone Camille), it's all about creating a pregnancy wardrobe that's simply an offshoot of her clients' signature aesthetic. "Sure, you can discuss possible directions, but pregnancy is a very crazy thing, and you literally have no control over how your body gains weight and in what areas," she states. "So I keep my clients' signature style in mind while also being open to change, because we never know how their bodies are going to transform." Karla Welch vividly remembers her own pregnancy and what she wore during that time, using her personal experience to dress mommies-to-be like Olivia Wilde. "When I was pregnant, there wasn't too much change from my trademark look and I didn't really buy maternity clothes. For Olivia, we've stuck to her smoldering style, especially on the red carpet. We've made dresses work with her changing body. And, surprisingly enough, we haven't planned it too far advance; we've kept it fluid as we've gone along." Welch recalls two key moments during awards season that were major style wins for Wilde, relying on the help of two of the world's most tried-and-true high-fashion brands. "We got a VIP Premiere piece from Gucci's atelier for Olivia for the 2014 Golden Globes and I just knew it would work by looking at it." Welch's trained eye has been honed after years in the business, but the main thing she avoids with red carpet gowns is a seam at the waist. "I look for pieces and tailor [them] around that caveat, molding it by slightly nipping them in for her bump or under Olivia's bust. I just need designs where the stomach can be expanded; that's key." For Wilde's Valentino moment at the Academy Awards, "that was a beautiful cloak, sheath dress that worked perfectly," Welch says. "I actually look for special details that really highlight the bump or her arms, which is an area she's loving at the moment." Olivia Wilde in Gucci Atelier at the 2014 Golden Globes. Photo: Getty Images Fashion Trivia: The First American Member of France's Chambre Syndicale Must Read: How Climate Change Has Affected Shopping Habits, Getting to Know Twitter's 'Menswear Guy' Thorsun Is Seeking Spring '23 Product Development And ECommerce Operations Interns In New York, NY Though much of the fashion world is still a bit reluctant to give Kim Kardashian credit for influencing the industry, there's no denying how much she's changed the maternity style game while expecting daughter North and son Saint. "Kim set a very different bar when it comes to maternity wear," says Paster. "Like her, I don't rely on maternity wear either, because as great as it is, it doesn't really cover all of my clients needs. I mix and match maternity, ready-to-wear and even some sample-size pieces to get the looks we need." But according to Harouche, Kim's proclivity during pregnancy for non-maternity spandex was something she's been doing for years. "Even prior to Kim's pregnancy, I never bought maternity clothes for myself or my clients," she adds. "I just always looked for fabrics with a lot of stretch." Welch credits big-name celebs like Kardashian for getting brands on board with pregnancy-friendly pieces. "These women are influencing the change by documenting their maternity moments and designers are catching up to that shift." Spandex dresses like Kim's favorite Wolford numbers are designs Welch counts as great basics for pregnant women, though her clients always opt for a maternity jean. "Women are the biggest demographic of shoppers, so brands would be foolish to not offer really cute, affordable options for mothers to be. It's one of the most captive markets there is." Olivia Wilde in Valentino at the 2016 Academy Awards. Photo: Getty Images She also believes Instagram is one of the strongest platforms for style, and it has definitely shifted the idea of fashion while pregnant by giving the world a view into how pregnancy actually looks and feels every step along the way. "Social media is so much an extension of my clients' style and identities, as well as my own," says Welch. "When you feel and look good, why not show it? Celebrities understand it's a great way to support their favorite brands and that there are benefits that go along with that continued support." It's the new reality in her eyes and in her realm as a stylist, she's even found that Instagram photos are becoming increasingly more important and valuable than those taken on the red carpet. Maternity wear has also undergone a great change over the past five years, with brands emerging that truly care about style and trends. Both Paster and Harouche rely on Hatch and A Pea-in-the-Pod as maternity wear go-tos, and Paster also uses a French brand called Envie de Fraise that has exceptionally beautiful designs. When it comes to non-maternity brands that work for pregnancy style, Harouche opts for three incredibly popular contemporary lines for both her own pregnancy style, as well as for the women she dresses. "Rachel Pally doesn't do maternity, but I lived in her clothes as they're all stretchy and super comfy." She also counted on Splendid's long cotton dresses and separates from T by Alexander Wang. And it's all about the classics for Welch. "A great black dress with long-sleeves and a high neck that's form-fitting can be worn at any stage, as well a great oversized blazer, or a cute T-shirt that's longer-line," she suggests. Welch loves that there's such a positive sentiment now about how women look while they're pregnant, as that wasn't always the case. In fact, pregnancy dressing is among the most fun work for her, as she gets to make her clients look and feel great during a constant time of change. "It's a natural part of life and the majority of women go through it, celebrity or not." And it's certainly something to be celebrated. Sign up for our daily newsletter and get the latest industry news in your inbox every day. Homepage photo: Getty Images Jessica PasterSimone HaroucheKarla Welch Hollywood Stylists Dish: How They Hide Their Clients' Lumps and Bumps The Oscars are coming to a red carpet near you this Sunday, and it's easy for your ego and self-esteem to take a beating while you're watching. Thoughts like, "She's HOW old?" and "Wow, her ass looks great in that" may pop into your mind while watching the slinky, strapless fish tail gowns and their flawless inhabitants go by. Well, if this makes you feel any better, those stars--even the ones who are slim and trim--get a LOT of help to look that sleek and svelte, in the form of high tech undergarments. The Hollywood Reporter spoke to several Hollywood stylists who style the likes of Penelope Cruz, Dakota Fanning, and Emily Blunt. And they spilled a lot of their cinching secrets. While a lot of designers (like Elie Saab, Rouland Mouret, and Valentino) build things like corsetry, bust padding, and mesh netting into their gowns, stylists have an entire arsenal of undergarments at their disposal. Because we think everyone, and not only Hollywood starlets, should have the right to look svelte and lump-free under their couture gowns, we pulled out all the products recommended by the stylists--Cristina Ehrlich, George Kotsiopoulos, Jessica Paster, and Cameron SIlver--and figured out where you can buy them. Celebrity Stylist Jessica Paster Thinks Young Designers Are Too Snobby About Which Actresses Wear Their Clothes on the Red Carpet Jessica Paster is an old school celebrity stylist. Old school meaning she was doing this when Rachel Zoe was still an editor at YM. How about them apples? With a client list that currently includes Emily Blunt and Miranda Kerr, the stylist and JustFab chief stylist certainly made a mark on Sunday night's Golden Globes red carpet. And she's already working on the Oscars. We chatted with Paster yesterday about who looked good—and who didn't—at the Globes, and why you don't see cool young designers represented on the red carpet. By Lauren Sherman Apr 10, 2014 How Celebrity Stylists Prep Leading Men for the Red Carpet With awards season in full swing, we spoke with Micaela Erlanger and Jeff Kim about their male clients' level of involvement, the fitting process and the challenges of dealing with muscle mass. (We're looking at you, Michael B. Jordan.) By Gemma Kim Jan 15, 2016 How Stylists Prep Teen Starlets for the Red Carpet Public appearances can pose a challenge for young actresses, who alternatively risk appearing too young, too sexy or too mature. By Tyler McCall May 11, 2015

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