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{ "contexts": [ "Patients with cholestatic liver function tests and histological features of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) but a normal cholangiogram are considered to have small duct PSC. The natural history of this condition is unknown.", "Thirty three patients with small duct PSC were identified among patients admitted for diagnostic workup of cholestatic liver function tests in one centre in the UK (Oxford) and one centre in Norway (Oslo). A total of 260 patients with large duct PSC were compared, and prognosis in terms of death, cholangiocarcinoma, biochemical features, histological features, and symptoms analysed.", "Mean age at diagnosis was 38 years and 39 years in small duct and large duct PSC, respectively. Mean follow up was 106 months in small duct and 105 months in large duct patients. Four patients originally considered to have small duct developed large duct PSC. Two of these underwent liver transplantation during follow up. Of the remainder who did not develop large duct PSC, two patients died during follow up: one of liver failure and the other of cardiac death unrelated to her liver disease. A total of 122 (47%) large duct patients either required liver transplantation (34 patients) or died (88 patients). Small duct patients had a significantly better survival compared with large duct patients. Among small duct patients, none developed cholangiocarcinoma compared with 28 of 260 (11%) large duct patients." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Bile Duct Neoplasms", "Bile Ducts", "Cholangiocarcinoma", "Cholangitis, Sclerosing", "Disease Progression", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Humans", "Liver Function Tests", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Prognosis", "Risk" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The shoot apical meristem (SAM) is an indeterminate structure that gives rise to the aerial parts of higher plants. Leaves arise from the differentiation of cells at the flanks of the SAM. Current evidence suggests that the precise regulation of KNOTTED1-like homeobox (KNOX) transcription factors is central to the acquisition of leaf versus meristem identity in a wide spectrum of plant species. Factors required to repress KNOX gene expression in leaves have recently been identified. Additional factors such as the CHD3 chromatin remodeling factor PICKLE (PKL) act to restrict meristematic activity in Arabidopsis leaves without repressing KNOX gene expression. Less is known regarding downstream targets of KNOX function. Recent evidence, however, has suggested that growth regulators may mediate KNOX activity in a variety of plant species.", "Here we show that reduced activity of the gibberellin (GA) growth regulator pathway promotes meristematic activity, both in the natural context of KNOX function in the SAM and upon ectopic KNOX expression in Arabidopsis leaves. We show that constitutive signaling through the GA pathway is detrimental to meristem maintenance. Furthermore, we provide evidence that one of the functions of the KNOX protein SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM) is to exclude transcription of the GA-biosynthesis gene AtGA20ox1 from the SAM. We also demonstrate that AtGA20ox1 transcript is reduced in the pkl mutant in a KNOX-independent manner. Moreover, we show a similar interaction between KNOX proteins and GA-biosynthesis gene expression in the tomato leaf and implicate this interaction in regulation of the dissected leaf form." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Arabidopsis", "Arabidopsis Proteins", "Base Sequence", "DNA, Plant", "Gene Expression Regulation, Plant", "Genes, Homeobox", "Genes, Plant", "Gibberellins", "Homeodomain Proteins", "Meristem", "Models, Biological", "Mutation", "Phenotype", "Plant Leaves", "Plant Proteins", "Plants, Genetically Modified" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "After peripheral inflammatory stimuli, spinal cord cyclooyxgenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA and protein levels increase, whereas COX-1 is unchanged. In animal models of inflammatory pain, intrathecal COX-2 selective inhibitors suppress hyperalgesia. However, the role of spinal COX-2 inhibition in postoperative pain is not well elucidated. This study investigates whether a water-soluble COX-2 selective inhibitor, L-745337, can modify allodynic responses in a rat model of postoperative pain.", "Allodynia was induced in the left plantar hindpaw by surgical incision. Animals then received intrathecal (0-80 micro g) or subcutaneous (0-30 mg/kg) L-745337 coadministered with intrathecal morphine (0-2 nmol). Reduction of mechanical allodynia (increased withdrawal threshold) was quantified with calibrated von Frey hairs.", "L-745337 alone, whether intrathecal or systemic, had no effect on withdrawal threshold. When intrathecal L-745337 at doses of 40 to 80 micro g was combined with a subthreshold dose (0.5 nmol) of morphine, withdrawal thresholds were increased in a dose-dependent manner. Adding 80 micro g L-745337 to 1 nmol morphine produced an antiallodynic effect greater than that of morphine at twice the dose. Subcutaneous L-745337, up to 30 mg/kg combined with intrathecal morphine resulted in the same antiallodynic response as morphine alone." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Analgesics, Opioid", "Animals", "Behavior, Animal", "Cyclooxygenase 2", "Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors", "Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Drug Synergism", "Indans", "Injections, Spinal", "Injections, Subcutaneous", "Isoenzymes", "Male", "Morphine", "Pain Measurement", "Pain Threshold", "Pain, Postoperative", "Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Spinal Cord" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Both innate and specific defenses of the preterm infant are even less developed than those of term infants, and the immune systems of preterm infants might be skewed differently at birth. Their immune responses to food antigens started early in life might therefore differ from those of term infants.", "We sought to compare antibody levels to cow's milk, ovalbumin, and gliadin at age 10 years in children who had been born either preterm or at term.", "IgG and IgA isotype antibodies to whole cow's milk, beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-casein, and ovalbumin, as well as IgG antibody levels to gliadin and to tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, were measured for a group of 62 children born preterm and 61 control subjects born at term. These children were studied at the same time for atopy.", "Children born preterm had markedly lower levels of antibodies to cow's milk and to its protein fractions (P <.0001 for IgA and IgG antibodies to cow's milk and alpha-casein and IgG beta-lactoglobulin antibodies). IgG gliadin antibodies were also significantly lower in the preterm group (P =.03), although the difference was not significant for IgG ovalbumin antibodies. In the preterm group both those born before gestational week 30 and those given cow's milk-based formula early (before day 50) had the lowest levels of cow's milk antibodies. In the preterm group atopy was associated with low levels of IgG cow's milk antibodies but with high levels of IgG ovalbumin antibodies." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Antibodies", "Child", "Female", "Gliadin", "Humans", "Hypersensitivity", "Immunoglobulin A", "Immunoglobulin G", "Infant Food", "Infant, Newborn", "Infant, Premature", "Male", "Milk", "Milk Proteins", "Ovalbumin", "Reference Values" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Among factors potentially involved in the increased prevalence of allergic diseases, modification of the intestinal bacteria flora or lack of bacterial stimulation during childhood has been proposed. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) present in fermented foods or belonging to the natural intestinal microflora were shown to exert beneficial effects on human health. Recent reports have indicated their capacity to reduce allergic symptoms.", "The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of LAB on the production of type 2 cytokines, which characterize allergic diseases.", "PBMCs from patients allergic to house dust mite versus those from healthy donors were stimulated for 48 hours with the related Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergen or with a staphylococcal superantigen. The effect of LAB preincubation was assessed by measuring the type 2 cytokine production by means of specific ELISA.", "The tested gram-positive LAB were shown to inhibit the secretion of T(H)2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-5). This effect was dose dependent and was observed irrespective of the LAB strain used. No significant inhibition was induced by the control, gram-negative Escherichia coli TG1. Interestingly, LAB reduced the T(H)2 cytokine production from allergic PBMCs specifically restimulated with the related allergen. The inhibition mechanism was shown to be dependent on antigen-presenting cells (ie, monocytes) and on the involvement of IL-12 and IFN-gamma." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Allergens", "Cytokines", "Enterotoxins", "Humans", "Hypersensitivity", "Interferon-gamma", "Interleukin-12", "Interleukin-4", "Lactobacillus", "Lipopolysaccharide Receptors", "Monocytes", "Reference Values", "Th2 Cells" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Bidirectional stimulatory cross-talk was recently found to exist between activated T cells and airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells, a process that involves coligation of specific cellular adhesion-costimulatory molecules that results in the induction of proasthmatic-like changes in ASM responsiveness.", "The present study examined whether the cooperative intercellular signaling between activated T cells and ASM cells is coupled to the induced expression and actions of IL-5 and IL-1beta.", "Agonist-induced constrictor and relaxant responses were examined in rabbit ASM segments exposed to resting and anti-CD3-activated T cells in the absence and presence of either an anti-IL-5 receptor mAb or the recombinant human IL-1 receptor antagonist. In addition, mRNA and protein expression of IL-5 and IL-1beta were assayed under control and anti-CD3-stimulated conditions.", "Relative to inactive T cells, incubation of ASM tissues with anti-CD3-activated T cells induced proasthmatic-like changes in agonist-mediated ASM responsiveness. This T cell-induced perturbation in ASM responsiveness was ablated by pretreating the tissues with either an anti-IL-5 receptor mAb or IL-1 receptor antagonist. Moreover, exposure of ASM cells to anti-CD3-activated T cells elicited an initial increased mRNA expression and release of IL-5, followed by an enhanced expression and release of IL-1beta, and the induced release of these cytokines was prevented in ASM cells that were pretreated with an anti-IL-5 receptor mAb." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Animals", "Autocrine Communication", "Cells, Cultured", "Humans", "In Vitro Techniques", "Interleukin-1", "Interleukin-5", "Intracellular Membranes", "Lymphocyte Activation", "Male", "Muscle, Smooth", "Rabbits", "T-Lymphocytes", "Trachea" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine whether expression of aromatase P450 mRNA in eutopic endometrium is predictive of the presence of pelvic endometriosis.", "A prospective, multicenter, observational study.", "Four tertiary centers for reproductive medicine.", "Sixty subjects of reproductive age undergoing laparoscopy for subfertility exploration, pain assessment, or sterilization.", "Endometrial biopsy at time of laparoscopy.", "The expression of aromatase P450 mRNA in endometrial specimens was determined by single-tube reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA was amplified in parallel to exclude amplification failure.", "The RT-PCR amplification was successful in 56 of the 60 biopsies (93%). Pelvic endometriosis was diagnosed in 34 patients (61%) and was strongly associated with aromatase P450 mRNA expression in eutopic endometrium. As a diagnostic marker for endometriosis, aromatase P450 mRNA expression yielded a sensitivity of 82%, a specificity of 59%, a positive predictive value of 76%, and a negative predictive value of 67%. If additional uterine pathology was taken in account, the sensitivity increased to 84%, the specificity to 72%, the positive predictive value to 87%, but the negative predictive value remained unchanged (67%)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aromatase", "Biomarkers", "Biopsy", "Endometriosis", "Endometrium", "False Negative Reactions", "Female", "Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases", "Humans", "Laparoscopy", "Middle Aged", "Prospective Studies", "RNA, Messenger", "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Sensitivity and Specificity" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 is a proatherogenic factor that is responsible for approximately 60% of plaque macrophages in mouse models of atherosclerosis. We investigated whether lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), enriched in oxidized low density lipoprotein, can modulate the expression of MCP-1 in arterial wall cells.", "LPC induced a 3-fold increase in MCP-1 mRNA in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Nuclear runon analysis showed that this increase was attributable to increased MCP-1 gene transcription. There was a 2-fold increase in MCP-1 protein in the conditioned media of cells treated with LPC. LPC-associated increases of MCP-1 mRNA and protein were similar to those produced by platelet-derived growth factor-BB, a known inducer of MCP-1. Analyses of the MCP-1 promoter in transiently transfected VSMCs indicated an LPC-responsive element(s) between base pairs -146 and -261 (relative to transcription initiation). Further studies suggested that LPC-induced MCP-1 expression partially involves mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase, a tyrosine kinase(s), and (to a lesser extent) protein kinase C but not the activation of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Cell Nucleus", "Chemokine CCL2", "Culture Media, Conditioned", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Gene Expression Regulation", "Lysophosphatidylcholines", "Mitochondria", "Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases", "Muscle, Smooth, Vascular", "Promoter Regions, Genetic", "Protein-Tyrosine Kinases", "RNA, Messenger", "Rats", "Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor", "Response Elements", "Time Factors", "Transcription, Genetic" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) cultured on polymerized type I collagen fibrils are arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, and their phenotypic markers and pattern of expressed genes are markedly altered. In this study, we examined polymerized collagen regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 and its involvement in SMC migration.", "We demonstrate that secretion and cell surface accumulation of PAI-1 are suppressed in SMCs cultured on polymerized collagen compared with SMCs cultured on monomer collagen. SMCs replated on vitronectin after culture on monomer collagen result in PAI-1 accumulation at focal adhesions and colocalization with alpha(v)beta3 integrins. In contrast, polymerized collagen inhibits PAI-1 accumulation at focal adhesions when the SMCs are replated on vitronectin. Furthermore, for SMCs cultured on polymerized collagen, platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated migration on vitronectin is enhanced by PAI-1, with its function counteracted by urinary plasminogen activator. Finally, exogenous addition of PAI-1 appears to partly restore platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated alpha(v)beta3-dependent SMC migration that is specifically suppressed by polymerized collagen." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Cell Movement", "Cells, Cultured", "Collagen Type I", "Fibrillar Collagens", "Humans", "Membrane Proteins", "Muscle, Smooth, Vascular", "Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1", "Platelet-Derived Growth Factor", "Polymers", "Receptors, Cell Surface", "Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator", "Receptors, Vitronectin", "Umbilical Arteries", "Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator", "Vitronectin" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Patients who undergo major surgery for cancer are at high risk of postoperative infection. Postoperative immunosuppression may be due to dysregulation of cytokine production. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between changes in serum proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine concentrations and postoperative septic complications after major surgery.", "Serial blood samples were collected from 30 consecutive patients for determination of serum cytokine levels. Healthy volunteers were used as the control group.", "Eleven patients developed no complications (group 1), 14 developed sepsis or severe sepsis (group 2), and five developed septic shock (group 3). On day 1 the patients in groups 2 and 3 had significantly higher levels of interleukin (IL) 6 than those in group 1. IL-6 levels remained high until day 5. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF), IL-1, interferon (IFN) gamma and IL-12 levels were not affected by surgical trauma or by the occurrence of septic complications. After operation the circulating IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) concentration was increased in all groups, but patients in group 3 had significantly higher levels of IL-1ra than those in group 1. IL-1ra levels correlated with IL-6 levels. The pattern of IL-10 levels was similar to that of IL-1ra levels." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Cytokines", "Female", "Humans", "Interleukin-10", "Interleukin-6", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Neoplasms", "Postoperative Period", "Prospective Studies", "Receptors, Interleukin-1", "Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome", "Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The value of peritoneal lavage for intra-abdominal contamination and infection has never been proven scientifically. In contrast, the stimulation of host defence mechanisms with cytokines such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has appeared promising in recent clinical trials.", "Clinic modelling randomized trials (CMRTs), which model the complexity of the clinical reality, were used in rats in which peritoneal contamination and infection (PCI) was produced with human stool bacteria. The following groups were compared: trial 1, intraoperative peritoneal lavage with saline versus taurolin (18 rats per group); trial 2, no lavage versus saline lavage versus saline lavage plus subcutaneous administration of G-CSF (18 rats per group); trial 3, lavage with saline versus no lavage (30 rats per group). The primary endpoint was mortality at 120 h. Secondary endpoints were the phagocytic activity of granulocytes, and systemic and peritoneal cytokine levels.", "In trial 1 lavage with taurolin was not superior to that with saline (five of 18 versus eight of 18 animals survived; P = 0.32). In trial 2, six of 18 animals having no lavage and three of 18 receiving saline lavage survived. The combination of lavage and G-CSF increased the number of animals surviving to 11 of 18 (P < 0.05). Lavage combined with G-CSF stimulated granulocyte phagocytic activity (P < 0.01) and reduced the levels of interleukin (IL) 6 (P < 0.01) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (P < 0.05) in peritoneal fluid, as well as plasma levels of IL-6 (P < 0.05) and IL-10 (P < 0.01). In trial 3, survival was not significantly different in animals having lavage (14 of 30) and no lavage (19 of 30) (P = 0.14)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Abdomen", "Animals", "Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor", "Male", "Peritoneal Lavage", "Random Allocation", "Rats", "Rats, Wistar", "Sodium Chloride", "Surgical Wound Infection", "Survival Analysis", "Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome", "Taurine", "Thiadiazines", "Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine whether variant alleles of the mannose-binding lectin (MBL) gene causing low serum concentrations of MBL and/or polymorphisms of HLA-DRB1 are associated with increased susceptibility to polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and giant cell arteritis (GCA) or particular clinical phenotypes of PMR/GCA.", "MBL and HLA-DRB1 alleles were determined by polymerase chain reaction in 102 Danish patients with PMR (n = 37) or GCA (n = 65). Two hundred fifty and 193 healthy individuals served as controls for MBL and HLA genotyping, respectively.", "The prevalence of MBL variant alleles in controls, patients with PMR only, and patients with GCA was 37, 32, and 53% (p = 0.01), respectively. HLA-DRB1*04 was found in 47% of patients with PMR only and in 54% of patients with GCA, which differed significantly from the 35% found in controls (p = 0.01). HLA-DR4 alleles were not associated with any clinical phenotypes of PMR/GCA, whereas MBL variant alleles were associated with cranial arteritis, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and low B-hemoglobin." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Alleles", "DNA", "Female", "Genetic Markers", "Genetic Predisposition to Disease", "Genotype", "Giant Cell Arteritis", "HLA-DR4 Antigen", "Humans", "Male", "Mannose-Binding Lectin", "Middle Aged", "Point Mutation", "Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Polymorphism, Genetic", "Polymyalgia Rheumatica" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The 116 amino acid prohormone procalcitonin and some of its component peptides (collectively termed calcitonin precursors) are important markers and mediators of sepsis. In this study, we sought to evaluate the effect of immunoneutralization of calcitonin precursors on metabolic and physiologic variables of sepsis in a porcine model.", "A prospective, controlled animal study.", "A university research laboratory.", "30-kg Yorkshire pigs.", "Sepsis was induced in 15 pigs by intraperitoneal instillation of a suspension of cecal content (1 g/kg animal body weight) and a toxinogenic Escherichia coli solution (2 x 10(11) colony-forming units). During induction of sepsis, seven pigs received an intravenous infusion of purified rabbit antiserum, reactive to the aminoterminal portion of porcine prohormone procalcitonin. Another eight control pigs received an intravenous infusion of purified nonreactive rabbit antiserum. For all 15 animals, physiologic data (urine output, core temperature, arterial pressure, heart rate, cardiac index, and stroke volume index) and metabolic data (serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, arterial lactate, and pH) were collected or recorded hourly until death at 15 hrs.", "In this large-animal model of rapidly lethal peritonitis, serum calcitonin precursors were significantly elevated. Amino-prohormone procalcitonin-reactive antiserum administration resulted in a significant improvement or a beneficial trend in a majority of the measured physiologic and metabolic derangements induced by sepsis. Specifically, arterial pressure, cardiac index, stroke volume index, pH, and creatinine were all significantly improved, while urine output and serum lactate had beneficial trends. Treated animals also experienced a statistically significant increase of short-term survival." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Antibodies", "Calcitonin", "Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide", "Cardiac Output", "Escherichia coli Infections", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Immune Sera", "Kidney", "Lactic Acid", "Prospective Studies", "Protein Precursors", "Rabbits", "Sepsis", "Swine" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Acute renal failure (ARF) is not a rare occurrence in severe burns and is an important complication leading to an increase in mortality. The severity of the burn is largely determined by the burn size, and severe burns are likely to cause enough loss of extracellular fluid and albumin from plasma volume to produce shock and hypoalbuminemia.", "We hypothesized that initial serum albumin level may be useful as an indicator of prognosis and severity of injury in burned patients.", "The clinical characteristics of 147 adult patients with second- and third-degree burns covering 30% or more of their body surface area were analyzed retrospectively. Logistic regression was used to estimate the relative risks of ARF and mortality associated with the larger burn size and the lower serum albumin level at admission.", "Mean burned body surface was 60.0 +/- 21.8% (range 30-100%). Twenty-eight (19.0%) out of 147 patients experienced ARF, defined as a serum creatinine > or = 2 mg/dl, during the admission. The patients with ARF had larger burn size (79.5 +/- 15.4 vs. 55.3 +/- 20.5%, p < 0.0001) and lower serum albumin concentration at admission (1.92 +/- 0.66 vs. 2.48 +/- 0.82 g/dl, p < 0.0005) compared with those without ARF. All patients with ARF expired, whereas 29.4% (35/119) of the patients without ARF died. The burn size > or = 65% was associated with a risk of ARF that was 9.9 times and with a risk of death that was 14.2 times as high as that for the burn size <65%. The initial serum albumin level <2.5 g/dl was associated with a risk of death that was 2.7 times as high as that for the initial serum albumin level > or = 2.5 g/dl." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acute Kidney Injury", "Adult", "Burns", "Female", "Humans", "Logistic Models", "Male", "Prognosis", "Retrospective Studies", "Serum Albumin" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The herbal medicine Sairei-to is efficacious in renal diseases where mesangial proliferation is a key event. We examined whether Sairei-to inhibits proliferation of cultured rat mesangial cells and investigated its mechanism of action.", "The effect of Sairei-to on [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation stimulated by serum was assessed. Cell cycle was analyzed by flowcytometry. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity was determined by immunecomplex kinase assay. Tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins, and phosphorylation of ERK and Raf-1 were analyzed by immunoblot. Cyclic AMP was measured by radioimmunoassay.", "Incubation of mesangial cells for 18 h with water-soluble but not insoluble fraction of Sairei-to inhibited serum-stimulated [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation. In subsequent experiments, water-soluble fraction, at a dose required for a half-maximal response (2 mg/ml), was used. Sairei-to inhibited S-phase entry stimulated by serum. Serum-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of p44 and p42 ERK was inhibited by Sairei-to, but that of other cellular proteins was not affected. Suppression of serum-stimulated ERK activation by Sairei-to was confirmed by immunecomplex kinase assay. Activation of Raf-1, an upstream activator of ERK, was also attenuated by Sairei-to. Incubation of cells with Sairei-to significantly increased the generation of cAMP." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Blood Proteins", "Cell Division", "Cells, Cultured", "Cyclic AMP", "Drugs, Chinese Herbal", "Glomerular Mesangium", "MAP Kinase Signaling System", "Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases", "Phosphorylation", "Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf", "Rats", "S Phase", "Thymidine", "Tritium", "Tyrosine" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Amplification of the proto-oncogene c-myc has been identified as one of the most common genetic alterations in prostate cancer, thus making it an attractive therapeutic target. However, certain prostate cancer cells are unresponsive to c-Myc inhibition. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that effective growth inhibition in the refractory cancer cells can be achieved by blocking c-myc along with a growth factor using a novel phosphorodiamidate morpholino antisense oligomer-based approach. Human chorionic gonadotropin, a growth factor implicated in neoplasm, causes activation of c-myc through a G-protein-coupled pathway of signal transduction.", "In this study, the effect of inhibition of beta-hCG and c-myc singly or in combination was evaluated in DU145 (RB -/-, p53-/-, androgen-independent) and LNCaP (Rb+/+, p53 +/+, androgen-sensitive) human prostate cancer cell lines and in a DU145 subcutaneous xenograft murine model.", "Antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers directed against beta-hCG and c-myc caused a specific decrease of the target protein levels. Unlike LNCaP cells, DU145 cell growth was refractory to c-Myc inhibition. Unresponsiveness to c-myc inhibition in DU145 cells was overcome by targeting both beta-hCG and c-myc genes, resulting in potentiation of the antiproliferative effect seen with inhibition of beta-hCG alone." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Biological Availability", "Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human", "Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic", "Humans", "Male", "Mice", "Mice, Nude", "Morpholines", "Oligonucleotides, Antisense", "Phosphorus Compounds", "Prostatic Neoplasms", "Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc", "Random Allocation", "Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms", "Tumor Cells, Cultured" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER) is an important mediator of cAMP antiproliferative activity that acts as a putative tumor suppressor gene product. ICER is a transcriptional repressor that negatively regulates cAMP-mediated gene expression. Here, we report the effect of ectopically increasing the expression of ICER on in vitro and in vivo proliferation of the highly metastatic and androgen-insensitive AT6.3 rat prostate cells.", "The proliferative potential of stable AT6.3 cell clones expressing ICER was studied by cell counts, thymidine incorporation, flow cytometry, colony formation in soft agar, and growth in immunodeficient nude mice.", "cAMP inhibits the growth of AT6.3 cells. ICER mRNA and protein levels were markedly induced by cAMP in AT6.3 cells. Forced expression of ICER in AT6.3 cells did not affect cell growth, thymidine incorporation, or the cell cycle. However, these ICER-bearing AT6.3 cells were rendered unable to grow in soft agar or to form tumors in nude mice." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate", "Animals", "Biological Assay", "Blotting, Western", "Cell Cycle", "Cell Division", "Cyclic AMP", "Cyclic AMP Response Element Modulator", "DNA, Neoplasm", "DNA-Binding Proteins", "Flow Cytometry", "Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic", "Male", "Mice", "Mice, Nude", "Prostatic Neoplasms", "Rats", "Repressor Proteins", "Thymidine", "Tumor Cells, Cultured", "Tumor Suppressor Proteins" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "A limited number of reports have demonstrated abnormalities involving the glutamate and gamma amino butyric acid systems in blood and platelets of subjects with autism. To further investigate these studies, brain levels of rate limiting enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase, which is responsible for normal conversion of glutamate to gamma amino butyric acid in the brain, were investigated.", "Postmortem cerebellar and parietal cortices of age (mean +/- SD for controls 23 +/- 4.2, autistic 25.2 +/- 5.2 cerebellum; controls 23.5 +/- 4.8, autistic 21.6 +/- 3.8 parietal cortex), gender and postmortem interval-matched autistic and control subjects (n = 8 control, n = 5 autism, cerebellum; n = 4 control, n = 5 autism, parietal cortex) were subjected to SDS-PAGE and western blotting. Brain levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase proteins of 65 and 67 kDa and beta-actin were determined.", "Glutamic acid decarboxylase protein of 65 kDa was reduced by 48% and 50% in parietal and cerebellar (p <.02) areas of autistic brains versus controls respectively. By the same token, glutamic acid decarboxylase protein of 67 kDa was reduced by 61% and 51% in parietal (p <.03) and cerebellar areas of autistic brains versus controls respectively. Brain levels of beta-actin were essentially similar in both groups." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Autistic Disorder", "Blotting, Western", "Cerebellar Cortex", "Female", "Glutamate Decarboxylase", "Humans", "Male", "Molecular Weight", "Parietal Lobe", "gamma-Aminobutyric Acid" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is historically a focus of concern in research on impulsive and aggressive behavior. Recent studies in a single kindred with a point mutation in the MAO-A gene, together with phenotypic evaluations of MAO-A knockout mice, have sharpened this interest. The goal of this study was to investigate the behavioral consequences of MAO inhibition during brain development and to determine the extent to which specific effects could be attributed to MAO- A versus MAO-B.", "MAO-A and B inhibitors were administered, separately or in combination, during gestation and lactation. Behavioral evaluations included neurologic testing, delay of rewarded response, and the resident-intruder aggression paradigm, conducted before and after an acute pharmacologic challenge.", "Total prenatal MAO inhibition produced a pervasive increase in aggressive behavior, whereas MAO-B inhibited mice demonstrated a similar pattern of lower intensity. Aggression was elevated in MAO-A inhibited mice only after acute pharmacologic challenge, suggesting prenatal sensitization." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aggression", "Animals", "Animals, Newborn", "Behavior, Animal", "Brain", "Female", "Lactation", "Mice", "Monoamine Oxidase", "Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors", "Pregnancy", "Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Although hypercholesterolemia is a well-defined risk factor for morbidity and mortality in coronary artery disease, the relationship between cholesterol and heart failure (HF) has rarely been investigated.", "Cholesterol and lipoproteins were measured in 1,134 patients with advanced HF who presented to a single center for HF management and transplant evaluation. Patients were stratified into five groups based on quintiles of total cholesterol (TC) level, and differences in patient characteristics and survival were evaluated.", "Patients with low TC had significantly lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), sodium, albumin, left ventricular ejection fraction, and cardiac output. The TC quintiles were similar in terms of HF etiology, hypertension, diabetes, and lipid-lowering therapy at time of referral. TC, LDL, HDL, and TG each predicted survival (P < or = .01) on univariate analysis, with improved survival at higher levels. After adjustment for risk factors using a Cox proportional hazards model, relative risks were 2.071, 1.369, 1.391, 1.006 for the first, second, third, and fourth TC quintiles, with quintile 5 as reference." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors", "Biomarkers", "Body Mass Index", "Cholesterol", "Cohort Studies", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Heart Failure", "Humans", "Hypolipidemic Agents", "Lipoproteins", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Multivariate Analysis", "Predictive Value of Tests", "ROC Curve", "Stroke Volume", "Survival Analysis", "Triglycerides" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Damage to the gastrointestinal mucosa results in the acute up-regulation of the trefoil factor family peptides TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3. They possess protective, healing, and tumour suppressive functions. Little is known about the regulation of TFF gene expression. The promoters of all three TFF genes contain binding sites (E box) for upstream stimulating factor (USF) and Myc/Max/Mad network proteins.", "To determine the nature and function of transcription factors that bind to these E boxes and to understand their role for TFF gene expression.", "TFF promoter activities were determined by reporter gene assays. DNA binding was monitored by electromobility shift assays and by chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses. Expression of endogenous TFF was determined by multiplex RT-PCR.", "It was observed that the TFF2 promoter is specifically and efficiently activated by USF transcription factors but not by c-Myc. USF displayed comparable binding to a high affinity Myc/Max binding site compared with the three TFF E boxes, while c-Myc exhibited lower affinity to the TFF E boxes. In contrast, pronounced binding differences were observed in cells with a strong preference for USF to interact specifically with the TFF2 E box, while Myc was not above background. Exogenous expression of USF was sufficient to activate the chromosomal TFF2 and to a lesser extent, the TFF1 gene." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Binding Sites", "DNA-Binding Proteins", "Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay", "Gastrointestinal Neoplasms", "Gene Expression Regulation", "Growth Substances", "Humans", "Mucins", "Muscle Proteins", "Neuropeptides", "Peptides", "Precipitin Tests", "Promoter Regions, Genetic", "Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc", "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Transcription Factors", "Transcriptional Activation", "Trefoil Factor-2", "Trefoil Factor-3", "Tumor Cells, Cultured", "Upstream Stimulatory Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "One of the key components of inflammation is changes in vascular structure and function. This suggests that the microcirculation may be a key target of Helicobacter pylori released factors. It has previously been shown in vivo that pooled H pylori extracts from duodenal ulcer/gastritis patients induce platelet aggregation but no leucocyte activation within rat gastric mucosal microcirculation (GMMC). However, infection with strains associated with ulcer disease as compared with gastritis may exert greater effects on the microcirculation. This study used fluorescent in vivo microscopy to determine the acute effects of extracts of genotypically different H pylori strains on the GMMC.", "Three H pylori extracts, with different cagA and VacA toxigenic status, were individually administered to the gastric mucosa of anaesthetised Wistar rats. The mucosal surface was visualised via an incision made in the exteriorised stomach. Fluoroscein isothiocyanate conjugated to bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) or acridine orange was used to quantify macromolecular leak (MML) and leucocyte/platelet activity respectively for 120 minutes. Changes in capillary and post-capillary venule (PCV) diameters were also monitored.", "The cagA(+) VacA toxigenic strain 60190 induced significant and sustained MML by five minutes (p<0.01). Transient and less leakage was observed with its isogenic VacA(-) mutant and other non-toxigenic strains regardless of cagA status. Significant increases in leucocyte adhesion (p<0.05), platelet aggregation (p<0.05), and PCV vasoconstriction (p<0.05) were only observed with the cag A(+) and toxigenic strain." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Capillaries", "Capillary Leak Syndrome", "Gastric Mucosa", "Helicobacter pylori", "Image Processing, Computer-Assisted", "In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence", "Lymphocyte Activation", "Male", "Platelet Activation", "Rats", "Rats, Wistar", "Statistics, Nonparametric", "Venules" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To asses whether clinically severe insulin resistance and poor metabolic control in patients with type 11 diabetes are associated with aberrant expression or function of the p21ras pathway.", "We examined the expression and function of the p21ras pathway in resting and activated PBMC from 10 insulin treated patients with type II diabetes characterized by high insulin requirements and poor metabolic control (IR group) and 10 age and sex matched well controlled patients treated by diet alone or oral hypoglycemic medications (WC group).", "Levels of p21ras and its regulatory elements: p21rasGAP and hSOS1, were comparable in the two groups. The induced activities of p21ras and its associated down-stream regulatory enzyme MAP-kinase following TPA stimulation were also comparable in the IR and WC patients." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Cell Division", "Cells, Cultured", "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Enzyme Activation", "Humans", "Hypoglycemic Agents", "Insulin", "Insulin Resistance", "Middle Aged", "Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases", "Neutrophils", "Protein Kinase C", "Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)", "Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To evaluate the accuracy of the OMRON-MIT inflationary oscillometric device for blood pressure measurement in pregnancy and pre-eclampsia.", "Prospective observational study, using validation methods recommended by the British Hypertension Society (BHS) and the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI).", "Antenatal clinics and ward, Guy's Hospital, London.", "Normotensive pregnant women and those diagnosed with pre-eclampsia according to the definition of the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy.", "Validation according to BHS protocol.", "Proportion of readings within 5, 10 and 15 mmHg (absolute differences) between the automated device and two trained, blinded observers, according to the BHS and AAMI criteria.", "The OMRON-MIT achieved an overall BHS grade B for systolic and grade A for diastolic blood pressure measurement in both pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. The mean (SD) differences between the standard and the test device were -5 (7) mmHg for systolic and 2 (6) mmHg for diastolic blood pressure in pregnancy and -4 (6) mmHg for systolic and 2 (7) mmHg for diastolic blood pressure in pre-eclampsia. This device therefore fulfils the AAMI criteria." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Blood Pressure", "Blood Pressure Determination", "Blood Pressure Monitors", "Female", "Humans", "Hypertension", "Oscillometry", "Pre-Eclampsia", "Pregnancy", "Prospective Studies", "Sensitivity and Specificity" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To evaluate the ovarian response cycles of IVF-ET in patients who previously underwent laparoscopic cystectomy for endometriomas.", "Retrospective study with prospective selection of participants and controls.", "Instituto de Ginecología y Fertilidad Buenos Aires, Argentina.", "Thirty-nine patients underwent an operation for ovarian endometriomas by atraumatic removal of the pseudocapsule with minimal bipolar cauterization of small bleeders and an IVF-ET cycle (group A) and 39 control patients of similar age underwent an IVF-ET cycle for tubal factor infertility (group B).", "Laparoscopic endometrioma cystectomy, IVF-ET cycle.", "E(2) levels, number of gonadotropin ampoules, follicles, oocytes retrieved, number and quality of embryos transferred, and clinical pregnancy rate.", "There were no differences in all the parameters studied (E(2) levels, number of follicles, oocytes retrieved, number and quality of embryos transferred, and clinical pregnancy rate) except for the number of gonadotropin ampoules needed for ovarian hyperstimulation, which was significantly higher in group A than in group B." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Embryo Transfer", "Endometriosis", "Estradiol", "Female", "Fertilization in Vitro", "Humans", "Infertility, Female", "Laparoscopy", "Leuprolide", "Ovarian Diseases", "Ovary", "Ovulation Induction", "Pregnancy", "Retrospective Studies" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We focused on the phenotype of non-mineralizing MG 63 and mineralizing TE 85 human osteosarcoma cells and investigated the role of bFGF in modulating their differentiative responses. Basic FGF expression and bFGF effects on osteocalcin, runt-related transcription factor-2 (RUNX2), matrix molecular production and bFGF receptors, were evaluated.", "Osteocalcin and RUNX2 gene expression were studied by RT-PCR analysis. We evaluated cell proliferation by DNA content and performed differentiation studies on glycosaminoglican (GAG), collagen and proteoglican (PG) synthesis by using radiolabelled precursors and Northern blotting. BFGF receptors were quantified by bFGF receptor binding assay.", "Osteocalcin is expressed in MG63 and TE65. RUNX2 RNA is differentially spliced in the two cell lines. BFGF elicits the effects of differentially splicing RUNX2. Proliferation, GAG synthesis, bFGF and proteoglycan mRNA expression, high and low affinity bFGF receptors, were more marked in MG 63 and differently affected by bFGF. Procollagen expression and alkaline phosphatase activity were significantly reduced. BFGF increased TE 85 cell proliferation and reduced TE 85 procollagen and osteocalcin production." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Alkaline Phosphatase", "Autocrine Communication", "Bone Neoplasms", "Cell Differentiation", "Cell Division", "Cell Line", "Collagen Type I", "Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit", "Extracellular Matrix", "Fibroblast Growth Factor 2", "Gene Expression Regulation", "Glycosaminoglycans", "Humans", "Neoplasm Proteins", "Osteocalcin", "Osteosarcoma", "Phenotype", "Protein Binding", "Proteoglycans", "RNA, Messenger", "Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor", "Transcription Factors", "Tumor Cells, Cultured" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Acute pancreatitis (AP) is associated with increased cytokine production, which can ultimately produce deleterious local and systemic effects. The transcription factor NF-kappaB is activated by degradation of its inhibitory factor, IkappaB, and can stimulate various cytokines. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the inhibition of NF-kappaB binding activity with a novel peptide that binds to the NF-kappaB essential modifier binding domain (NBD) could attenuate the severity of AP.", "AP was induced in Swiss Webster mice by hourly injections of the cholecystokinin analogue cerulein (50 microg/kg). Mice were injected with either the wild-type or control (mutated) NBD peptide at the time of the first cerulein injection; they were then sacrificed over a time course, and pancreata and lungs were harvested for histologic analysis and scoring. Myeloperoxidase activity was measured to assess neutrophil sequestration as an indicator of inflammation. NF-kappaB binding activity and steady-state levels of IkappaB and NF-kappaB subunits were determined by gel shift and Western blot, respectively.", "AP resulted in increased NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity and decreased steady-state levels of IkappaB. Treatment with NBD peptide decreased inflammation in the pancreas, decreased hemorrhage in the lungs, and decreased myeloperoxidase activity in both pancreas and lung." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acute Disease", "Animals", "Ceruletide", "Cholecystokinin", "DNA", "Female", "I-kappa B Proteins", "Mice", "NF-kappa B", "Pancreas", "Pancreatitis", "Peptides", "Peroxidase", "Protein Binding" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Residual paralysis following the use of neuromuscular blocking drugs remains a clinical problem. As part of departmental quality assurance, we examined the degree of postoperative residual curarization (PORC) following atracurium.", "Forty patients undergoing general anaesthesia involving atracurium were studied. Quantitative neuromuscular monitoring (mechanomyography, Myograph 2000, Biometer, Denmark) was performed by assessing the response to supramaximal train-of-four (TOF) stimulation of the ulnar nerve. Anaesthesia was provided by non-participating clinicians who were blinded to the study data. A TOF ratio </=0.7 at extubation was classified as PORC.", "At antagonism of neuromuscular block, 70% (28/40) of patients had a TOF ratio </=0.7, and 65% (26/40) of patients had a TOF ratio </=0.7 at extubation. Peripheral nerve stimulator use was associated with a longer interval from antagonism of block to extubation (P=0.01), but was not associated with differences in atracurium dosage or a reduction in PORC at extubation. Patients with TOF ratio </=0.7 at extubation had surgery of shorter duration [59 (SEM 6) vs 103 (9) min, P<0.001], greater doses of atracurium relative to the duration of surgery [6 (1) vs 11 (1) micro g kg(-1) min(-1), P<0.005], and shorter intervals from administration of last dose of atracurium to antagonism of neuromuscular block [29 (2) vs 53 (9) min, P<0.005] and from antagonism to extubation [6 (1) vs 15 (4) min, P<0.01]. Duration of surgical procedure was the sole multivariate predictor of PORC [odds ratio 0.94 (95% confidence intervals 0.91-0.98), P<0.01]." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Atracurium", "Confidence Intervals", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Nerve Block", "Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents", "Odds Ratio", "Paralysis", "Peripheral Nerves", "Physical Stimulation", "Postoperative Complications", "Time Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The hallmark of osteoarthritis (OA) is the loss of articular cartilage. This loss arises from an imbalance between cartilage synthesis and cartilage degradation over a variable period of time. The aims of this study were to investigate the rates of these processes in patients with knee OA using two new molecular markers and to investigate whether the combined use of these markers could predict the progression of joint damage evaluated by both radiography and arthroscopy of the joints during a period of 1 year.", "Seventy-five patients with medial knee OA (51 women, 24 men; mean +/- SD age 63 +/- 8 years, mean +/- SD disease duration 4.8 +/- 5.2 years) were studied prospectively. At baseline, we measured serum levels of N-propeptide of type IIA procollagen (PIIANP) and urinary excretion of C-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of type II collagen (CTX-II) as markers of type II collagen synthesis and degradation, respectively. Joint space width (JSW) on radiography and medial chondropathy at arthroscopy (assessed using a 100-mm visual analog scale [VAS]) were measured in all patients at baseline and in 52 patients at 1 year. Progression of joint destruction was defined as a decrease of > or =0.5 mm in JSW on radiography and as increased chondropathy (an increase in the VAS score of >8.0 units) between the baseline and 1-year evaluations.", "At baseline, compared with 58 healthy age- and sex-matched controls, patients with knee OA had decreased serum levels of PIIANP (20 ng/ml versus 29 ng/ml; P < 0.001) and increased urinary excretion of CTX-II (618 ng/mmole creatinine [Cr] versus 367 ng/mmole Cr; P < 0.001). The highest discrimination between OA patients and controls was obtained by combining PIIANP and CTX-II in an uncoupling index (Z score CTX-II - Z score PIIANP), which yielded a mean Z score of 2.9 (P < 0.0001). Increased baseline values in the uncoupling index were associated with greater progression of joint damage evaluated either by changes in JSW (r = -0.46, P = 0.0016) or by VAS score (r = 0.36, P = 0.014). Patients with both low levels of PIIANP (less than or equal to the mean - 1 SD in controls) and high levels of CTX-II (greater than or equal to the mean + 1 SD in controls) had an 8-fold more rapid progression of joint damage than other patients (P = 0.012 and P < 0.0001 as assessed by radiography and arthroscopy, respectively) and had relative risks of progression of 2.9 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.80-11.1) and 9.3 (95% CI 2.2-39) by radiography and arthroscopy, respectively." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Biomarkers", "Calcium-Binding Proteins", "Cartilage, Articular", "Collagen", "Collagen Type II", "Disease Progression", "Female", "Humans", "Knee Joint", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Osteoarthritis, Knee", "Peptide Fragments", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Procollagen" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) lose body cell mass (BCM) by unknown mechanisms. Since the loss of BCM in normal aging individuals parallels the characteristic age-related decline in growth hormone (GH) secretion, this study was carried out to determine whether further decreased GH secretion plays a role in the pathogenesis of this loss of BCM in RA patients, termed \"rheumatoid cachexia.\"", "GH secretory kinetics were determined by deconvolution analysis in 16 patients with RA and 17 healthy controls matched for age (mean +/- SD 45.4 +/- 13.2 years and 47.1 +/- 14.6 years, respectively), sex, race, and body mass index. Blood samples were obtained every 20 minutes for 24 hours. Body composition was ascertained using total-body potassium (TBK) as a measure of BCM and dual x-ray absorptiometry to determine fat mass.", "BCM was reduced in patients with RA compared with healthy controls (mean +/- SD gm TBK 79.5 +/- 9.5 versus 94.9 +/- 11.9; P < 0.0005), but there was no difference in fat mass. GH kinetic parameters in patients with RA did not differ from those in controls." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Arthritis, Rheumatoid", "Cachexia", "Female", "Human Growth Hormone", "Humans", "Interleukin-1", "Interleukin-6", "Leukocytes, Mononuclear", "Middle Aged", "Potassium", "Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Awareness of the risks of artificial tanning influences tanning behavior among college students.", "To correlate the prevalence of tanning lamp use, the perceived benefits and risks associated with UV exposure, and knowledge about skin cancer among university students.", "A survey was designed and administered to college students seeking \"walk-in\" care at a university student health center from September 7, 1999, through September 30, 1999.", "A large midwestern public university student health center.", "Undergraduate and graduate students attending the student health center for any medical condition.", "None.", "Completion of the survey.", "Of the surveyed students, 47% had used a tanning lamp during the preceding 12 months. Female students were more common users than male students. Of the students surveyed, 39% reported never having used tanning lamps. More than 90% of users of tanning lamps were aware that premature aging and skin cancer were possible complications of tanning lamp use." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Attitude to Health", "Awareness", "Data Collection", "Female", "Health Behavior", "Humans", "Incidence", "Logistic Models", "Male", "Odds Ratio", "Probability", "Risk Assessment", "Sex Distribution", "Skin Neoplasms", "Students", "Sunburn", "Surveys and Questionnaires", "Ultraviolet Rays", "Ultraviolet Therapy", "Universities" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) infection has been recently described in liver transplants. HHV-6 may infect the transplant and cause graft dysfunction. Some association between HHV-6 and rejection has also been recorded. We have now investigated the possible involvement of HHV-6 in the intragraft immunological processes, adhesion molecules induction and lymphocyte activation.", "HHV-6 was detected in liver biopsies of 19 patients transplanted in the period from 1996 to 2000. Patients with other infections or rejection were excluded from the study. Finally, 19 biopsies of eight allografts with pure HHV-6 infection were available. Adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, ELAM-1) and their ligands (LFA-1, VLA-4, sLeX) and lymphoid activation markers (MHC class II, IL-2R) were demonstrated in liver biopsies by immunohistochemistry. Five biopsies from patients with normal graft function and without rejection or infection were used as controls for immune staining, and ten biopsies with acute rejection but without infection were used as positive controls.", "Biopsy histology demonstrated mild to moderate lymphocyte infiltration associated with HHV-6 infection. HHV-6 significantly (P < or = 0.05) increased the vascular expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, and the number of graft infiltrating lymphocytes positive for LFA-1, VLA-4 and class II antigens. A total of 3/8 grafts developed chronic rejection." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Cell Adhesion", "E-Selectin", "Female", "Graft Rejection", "Herpesvirus 6, Human", "Humans", "Immunohistochemistry", "Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1", "Liver Failure", "Liver Transplantation", "Lymphocytes", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Roseolovirus Infections", "Transplantation, Homologous", "Treatment Outcome", "Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To investigate whether myocardial beta-adrenoceptor (beta-AR) downregulation precedes and predicts left ventricular (LV) dilation after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), we measured beta-AR density within four weeks of AMI and correlated it with serial measurements of LV volumes.", "Patients who develop heart failure following AMI have an increased sympathetic drive to the heart within the first four weeks after infarction.", "We prospectively studied 61 patients in whom AMI was the first presentation of coronary artery disease (CAD) and with no signs of heart failure. The LV volumes were measured one, three, and six months after AMI by echocardiography. Beta-AR density was measured using positron emission tomography with S-[(11)C]CGP 12177. Seventeen matched healthy volunteers served as controls.", "Whole heart beta-AR density was lower in patients than in controls (6.25 +/- 0.98 pmol/g vs. 8.32 +/- 2.14 pmol/g, p < 0.0001). In patients, beta-AR density was inversely correlated with end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes six months after AMI. Patients whose LV was dilated at six months had a lower beta-AR density in noninfarcted myocardium than patients without dilation (6.15 pmol/g vs. 6.98 pmol/g, p = 0.008). In addition, beta-AR density in noninfarcted myocardium was higher when the infarct-related artery was patent (6.87 +/- 1.14 pmol/g vs. 5.76 +/- 0.86 pmol/g occluded, p < 0.01)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Case-Control Studies", "Catecholamines", "Disease Progression", "Down-Regulation", "Echocardiography", "Female", "Heart Failure", "Humans", "Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Myocardial Infarction", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Prospective Studies", "Receptors, Adrenergic, beta", "Severity of Illness Index", "Stroke Volume", "Time Factors", "Tomography, Emission-Computed", "Treatment Outcome", "Ventricular Function, Left", "Ventricular Remodeling" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Chlamydia pneumoniae infection has been associated with atherosclerosis by sero-epidemiological, histopathological and interventional studies, and animal experiments. We hypothesized that if chlamydial infection is causative of atherosclerosis, the occurrence of antibodies against C. pneumoniae should be associated with coronary vasomotor dysfunction - an early sign of atherosclerosis.", "To study the association between C. pneumoniae infection and coronary vasomotor function in young men without signs of ischemic heart disease.", "Serum IgG and IgA antibody concentrations against C. pneumoniae were determined in 125 clinically healthy subjects undergoing positron emission tomography (PET) studies. Myocardial blood flow was measured at rest and during pharmacologically induced hyperemia using [15O]H2O Coronary flow reserve was calculated as the ratio of hyperemic blood flow to resting blood flow.", "No association was found between serum C. pneumoniae antibody concentrations and myocardial blood flow parameters. In contrast, more conventional risk factors for coronary artery disease, such as total cholesterol and apolipoprotein B, were inversely associated with hyperemic flow and flow reserve." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Antibodies, Bacterial", "Biomarkers", "Chlamydophila Infections", "Chlamydophila pneumoniae", "Coronary Artery Disease", "Coronary Circulation", "Humans", "Immunoglobulin A", "Immunoglobulin G", "Male", "Risk Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Most infections occur during childhood, but the health effects of childhood infection are poorly understood. We investigated whether growth decreases in the 2 months after acute seroconversion.", "We performed a nested case-control study among children 6 months to 12 years of age in a community on the outskirts of Lima, Peru. Health interviews were completed daily. Anthropometric measurements were taken monthly. Sera were collected every 4 months and tested for immunoglobulin G. Two-month height and weight gains of seroconverters were compared with gains of sex, age, and size-matched seronegative controls.", "In the 2 months after infection, 26 seroconverters gained a median of 24% less weight than 26 matched controls (interquartile range, 63% less to 21% more). In multivariate analysis, infection attenuated weight gain only among children aged 2 years or older. This decrease was not explained by increased diarrhea." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acute Disease", "Age Factors", "Antibodies, Bacterial", "Case-Control Studies", "Child", "Child, Preschool", "Cohort Studies", "Diarrhea", "Female", "Growth", "Helicobacter Infections", "Helicobacter pylori", "Humans", "Immunoglobulin G", "Infant", "Male", "Weight Gain" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Increasing as well as decreasing trends in stroke incidence have been described.", "To examine time trends associated with the incidence of stroke and transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs) within an ongoing registration network.", "Analysis of data from a network of sentinel practices.", "Sentinel practice population (approximately 1.4% of the total Belgian population.", "Attack incidence rates of both stroke and TIA were studied at four one-year registration periods between 1984 and 1999.", "The number of events identified as stroke was 1097 (513 in males and 584 in females). The percentage of first-ever stroke was 69%, 64%, and 70% in 1989, 1998, and 1999 respectively. The number of events identified as TIAs was 382 (165 in males and 217 in females). The percentage of first-ever TIA was 65%, 69%, and 75% in 1989, 1998, and 1999 respectively. Yearly age-standardised attack rates of stroke significantly decreased during the registration period from 2.86 per 1000 in 1984, to 1.62 per 1000 in 1999 (chi2 for trend, P = 0.04) in males and from 2.97 per 1000 to 1.96 per 1000 (P = 0.007) for females. The decrease was restricted to subjects aged over 60 years. For TIA, a significant decrease (P = 0.014) was identified in females, but not in males (P = 0.61). Crude attack rates of stroke also significantly decreased, with an overall decrease between 1984 and 1999 of 37% in males and 26% in females. No such trend was found for TIA (P = 0. 63 for males and P = 0.35 for females)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Belgium", "Female", "Humans", "Incidence", "Ischemic Attack, Transient", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Sentinel Surveillance", "Stroke" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We examined the effect of alendronate on bone following orchidectomy-induced osteoporosis.", "Eighty male rats were used. Group I (C) served as the untreated control. In group II (ALN), alendronate was administered subcutaneously (18 microg/kg). In group III (ORC), rats were castrated only. In group IV (ORC+ALN), administration of alendronate (18 microg/kg) was started immediately after castration, and in group V (ORC + ALN-21) medication was started 21 days after castration. Alendronate was given twice a week for eight weeks in the treatment groups. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the proximal femur, ultimate bending forces of femoral diaphyses, ash weights of femurs (AWcc) and the calcium content (Ca) of femoral ash were determined. Histomorphometric analysis was performed on trabecular bone of proximal tibiae.", "BMD of the proximal femur was significantly decreased by orchidectomy compared with C and ALN. However, no statistical difference was observed between alendronate-treated groups (ORC + ALN and ORC + ALN-21) and the ORC group. Histologically, alendronate reduced the trabecular bone turnover. Ultimate bending force increased significantly in the ORC+ALN-21 group compared with group C, and had a good correlation with the cortical width of tibia (r = 0.53, p < 0.001). Ash weight per bone volume (AWcc) was lowest in the ORC group, whilst alendronate maintained AWcc after orchidectomy." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Alendronate", "Animals", "Biomechanical Phenomena", "Bone Density", "Bone Remodeling", "Diaphyses", "Femur", "Male", "Orchiectomy", "Osteoporosis", "Rats", "Rats, Wistar" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We have proposed that an increased interaction between monocyte/macrophages and blood vessel endothelium predisposes subjects to strokes. The effect of chronic monocyte activation on the development of cerebral infarcts was thus studied in rats after provocation of a modified local Swartzman reaction, in brain vasculature.", "Two weeks after an IV bolus of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), we studied spontaneous superoxide production, integrin expression, endothelial adhesion of monocytes and the neurological symptoms, brain histology, and cytokine immunoreactivity after a provocative dose of LPS (30-300 microg/rat i.c.v.).", "Monocyte migration into the brain was stimulated by BCG priming. The incidence of paralysis and death in response to LPS was markedly increased in BCG-primed rats. Histological evaluation of the brains of neurologically impaired and moribund animals revealed intravascular thrombosis and pale and hemorrhagic infarcts. Infiltrates of leukocytes expressing immunoreactive IL-1:, IL-6, and TNF-alpha were found around blood vessels, cerebral ventricles, and meninges, and were accompanied by a profound microglial expression of IL1P, endothelial expression of IL-6, and expression of TNF-alpha and TNF-R 1 in glia and neurons of cortex and hippocampus. Treatment (2 x 100 microg/10 ,I, i.c.v.) with recombinant human (rh-)TNF 55kDa receptor completely prevented, and treatment with rh-IL- I receptor antagonist significantly decreased the incidence of paralysis and death in response to BCG + LPS. The improvement of neurological symptoms was accompanied by reduced histological damage and supppression of IL-1P/ expression in the brain tissue." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adjuvants, Immunologic", "Animals", "BCG Vaccine", "Brain", "Brain Injuries", "Cell Adhesion", "Cell Movement", "Cerebral Cortex", "Cytokines", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Hippocampus", "Humans", "Immunohistochemistry", "Male", "Monocytes", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Recombinant Proteins", "Superoxides", "Thrombosis" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To identify the molecular basis of a demyelinating Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1 (CMT1) with presumed autosomal recessive inheritance.", "CMT1, an inherited motor and sensory neuropathy with low nerve conduction velocities, is caused by dominantly inherited mutations in the genes of the peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22), myelin protein zero (MPZ/P(0)), and early growth response 2 transcription factor (EGR2/Krox-20).", "Two young sisters born of clinically and electrophysiologically healthy parents had a severe CMT1 neuropathy of presumed autosomal recessive inheritance. The older sister underwent a nerve biopsy. The authors analyzed PMP22, MPZ/P(0), and EGR2/Krox-20 by automated direct nucleotide sequencing. For rapid mutation detection, they determined the restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms for TaqI in the fluorescein-labeled target DNA sequence amplified by PCR.", "Nerve biopsy disclosed a demyelinating and remyelinating neuropathy with onion bulb formations. Both sisters had a novel heterozygous G308-->A transition of MPZ/P(0) without any mutation of PMP22 or EGR2/Krox-20. The G308-->A transition was a nonconservative mutation that changed a glycine into a glutamate at the amino acid residue 74 in the extracellular domain of the mature MPZ/P(0). None of 50 healthy controls had the mutation. The healthy mother had a low amount of the mutation in blood (congruent with 20%) as well as in skin, buccal epithelium, and hairs (30%). Because the healthy mother carried clones of somatic mutant cells and had transmitted the G308-->A transition to the affected daughters, she also harbored germline mutant cells." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Amino Acid Substitution", "Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease", "Child", "Female", "Genes, Recessive", "Germ-Line Mutation", "Humans", "Male", "Mosaicism", "Myelin P0 Protein", "Pedigree", "Reference Values", "Sural Nerve" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Hydrochloric acid aspiration increases pulmonary microvascular permeability. The authors tested the hypothesis that partial liquid ventilation has a beneficial effect on filtration coefficients in acute acid-induced lung injury.", "Isolated blood-perfused rabbit lungs were assigned randomly to one of four groups. Group 1 (n = 6) served as a control group without edema. In group 2 (n = 6), group 3 (n = 6), and group 4 (n = 6), pulmonary edema was induced by intratracheal instillation of hydrochloric acid (0.1 N, 2 ml/kg body weight). Filtration coefficients were determined 30 min after this injury (by measuring loss of perfusate after increase of left atrial pressure). Group 2 lungs were gas ventilated, and group 3 lungs received partial liquid ventilation (15 ml perfluorocarbon/kg body weight). In group 4 lungs, the authors studied the immediate effects of bronchial perfluorocarbon instillation on ongoing filtration.", "Intratracheal instillation of hydrochloric acid markedly increased filtration coefficients when compared with non-injured control lungs (2.3 +/- 0.7 vs. 0.31 +/- 0.08 ml.min(-1). mmHg(-1).100 g(-1) wet lung weight, P < 0.01). Partial liquid ventilation reduced filtration coefficients of the injured lungs (to 0.9 +/- 0.3 ml.min(-1).mmHg(-1).100 g(-1) wet lung weight, P = 0.022). Neither pulmonary artery nor capillary pressures (determined by simultaneous occlusion of inflow and outflow of the pulmonary circulation) were changed by hydrochloric acid instillation or by partial liquid ventilation. During ongoing filtration, bronchial perfluorocarbon instillation (5 ml/kg body weight) immediately reduced the amount of filtered fluid by approximately 50% (P = 0.027)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Blood Pressure", "Capillary Permeability", "Female", "Filtration", "Fluorocarbons", "Hydrochloric Acid", "In Vitro Techniques", "Liquid Ventilation", "Lung", "Male", "Pulmonary Edema", "Rabbits" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "This study evaluated whether prostacyclin is a necessary mediator of inflammation in graded bacteremia or is sufficient alone in pathophysiologic concentrations to cause the pulmonary derangement of bacteremic shock.", "Experimental.", "Laboratory.", "Twenty-three anesthetized adult swine. INTERVENSIONS: Swine were studied in four groups for 4 hrs: a) an anesthesia control group (n = 6); b) a septic control group (n = 6), in which 1010/mL Aeromonas hydrophila was infused intravenously at 0.2 mL.kg-1.hr-1 and increased to 4.0 mL.kg-1.hr-1 over 3 hrs; c) a prostacyclin infusion group (n = 6), which received prostacyclin infusion to match septic control plasma concentrationsclm without bacteremia; and d) an antiprostacyclin antibody group (n = 5), which received continuous Aeromonas hydrophila infusion plus antiprostacyclin antibody infusion.", "Pulmonary hemodynamics, arterial blood gases, and plasma concentrations of arachidonate metabolites were measured hourly over a 4-hr period. In the septic control group and antiprostacyclin antibody group, elevated pulmonary vascular resistance index and pulmonary artery pressure with decreased Pao2, as well as lower pH, were documented after 1 and 3 hrs of graded bacteremia compared with the anesthesia control group and prostacyclin infusion group (p <.05). Thromboxane B2 concentration increased significantly in all groups during septic shock. In the antiprostacyclin antibody group, leukotriene B4 increased immediately after starting antiprostacyclin antibody infusion and reached significance at 3 hrs compared with the septic control group (p <.05). The prostacyclin infusion group had consistently lower concentrations of leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4 than all other groups." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha", "Analysis of Variance", "Animals", "Antihypertensive Agents", "Bacteremia", "Epoprostenol", "Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections", "Hemodynamics", "Hypertension, Pulmonary", "Leukotriene B4", "Lung Diseases", "Matched-Pair Analysis", "Pulmonary Gas Exchange", "Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult", "SRS-A", "Shock, Septic", "Swine", "Thromboxane B2" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To examine the influence of antenatally administered magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and ritodrine on cerebral blood flow and systemic hemodynamics in preterm infants.", "Prospective, observational study.", "Neonatal intensive care unit of a university central hospital.", "Fifty-five preterm infants age <33 wks of gestation.", "Serial Doppler examinations of the brain circulation, heart rate, systemic blood pressure, and echocardiographic assessment of ductus arteriosus shunting were performed during the first week of life in infants exposed antenatally to maternal MgSO4 (n = 19) or ritodrine treatment (n = 17), and in 19 nonexposed preterm controls.", "Cerebral blood flow velocity measurements were obtained from the anterior cerebral artery and internal carotid artery. Perfusion pressure and indices of resistance and blood flow in both vessels were subsequently derived. Maternal MgSO4 had no effect on neonatal cerebral blood flow velocity or resistance, but was associated with decreased (p <.05) perfusion pressure and blood flow in the anterior cerebral artery and internal carotid artery during the first day of life. Systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure were also lower (p <.05) during the whole study period in the MgSO4-exposed infants when compared with the controls. Maternal ritodrine treatment, on the other hand, had no consistent effects on either neonatal cerebral or systemic hemodynamics." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Analysis of Variance", "Case-Control Studies", "Cerebral Hemorrhage", "Cerebrovascular Circulation", "Female", "Finland", "Hemodynamics", "Humans", "Infant, Newborn", "Infant, Premature", "Magnesium Sulfate", "Male", "Pre-Eclampsia", "Pregnancy", "Prospective Studies", "Ritodrine", "Statistics, Nonparametric", "Tocolytic Agents", "Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Choline is an essential nutrient in methylation, acetylcholine and phospholipid biosynthesis, and in cell signaling. The demand by an embryo or fetus for choline may place a pregnant woman and, subsequently, the developing conceptus at risk for choline deficiency.", "To determine whether a disruption in choline uptake and metabolism results in developmental abnormalities, early somite staged mouse embryos were exposed in vitro to either an inhibitor of choline uptake and metabolism, 2-dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE), or an inhibitor of phosphatidylcholine synthesis, 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine (ET-18-OCH(3)). Cell death following inhibitor exposure was investigated with LysoTracker Red and histology.", "Embryos exposed to 250-750 microM DMAE for 26 hr developed craniofacial hypoplasia and open neural tube defects in the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain regions. Embryos exposed to 125-275 microM ET-18-OCH(3) exhibited similar defects or expansion of the brain vesicles. ET-18-OCH(3)-affected embryos also had a distended neural tube at the posterior neuropore. Embryonic growth was reduced in embryos treated with either DMAE (375, 500, and 750 microM) or ET-18-OCH(3) (200 and 275 microM). Whole mount staining with LysoTracker Red and histological sections showed increased areas of cell death in embryos treated with 275 microM ET-18-OCH(3) for 6 hr, but there was no evidence of cell death in DMAE-exposed embryos." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Abnormalities, Drug-Induced", "Animals", "Anti-Dyskinesia Agents", "Choline", "Deanol", "Embryo, Mammalian", "Embryonic and Fetal Development", "Female", "Male", "Mice", "Neural Tube Defects", "Organ Culture Techniques", "Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors", "Phospholipid Ethers", "Pregnancy" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) are believed to play a pathogenetic role in necrotizing small-vessel vasculitis. While the involvement of neutrophils in this disease has been extensively studied in vitro, we undertook to analyze thoroughly the contribution of monocytes to tissue destruction in systemic vasculitis.", "Monocytes obtained from normal human individuals were stimulated by ANCA isolated from patients with active vasculitis. The formation of oxygen radicals was measured by a fluorometric assay using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate.", "ANCA induced monocytes to produce oxygen radicals, resulting in a mean 43% increase (range 21-84%) in oxygen radical formation compared with normal IgG. The formation of reactive oxygen species was time and concentration dependent and was also induced by ANCA F(ab')2 fragments. Normal nonspecific IgG or their corresponding F(ab')2 fragments induced no release or very little release of oxygen radicals. Preincubation of monocytes with the Fcy receptor type II-blocking monoclonal antibody IV.3 before addition of ANCA greatly reduced formation of oxygen radicals. Using ligand affinity chromatography with proteinase 3 (PR3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), ANCA were further purified by depletion of patient IgG. The stimulation of monocytes with these pure PR3- and MPO-ANCA confirmed that cellular activation was specifically induced by ANCA." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic", "Antibody Specificity", "Humans", "Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments", "In Vitro Techniques", "Leukocyte Common Antigens", "Lipopolysaccharide Receptors", "Monocytes", "Reactive Oxygen Species", "Receptors, IgG", "Vasculitis" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We and others have reported the presence of Chlamydia and other bacterial species in joint specimens from patients with reactive arthritis (ReA). The present study was conducted to investigate whether bacteria other than those specified by diagnostic criteria for ReA could be identified in synovial fluid (SF) or tissue from patients with various arthritides, and whether the presence of such organisms corresponds to particular clinical characteristics in any patient set or subset.", "DNA in synovial biopsy samples and SF obtained from 237 patients with various arthritides, including ReA, rheumatoid arthritis, and undifferentiated oligoarthritis, was assayed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using \"panbacterial\" primers; we chose only samples known to be PCR negative for Chlamydia, Borrelia, and Mycoplasma species. PCR products were cloned, and cloned amplicons from each sample were sequenced; DNA sequences were compared against all others in GenBank for identification of bacterial species involved.", "Ten percent of patient samples were PCR positive in panbacterial screening assays. Bacterial species identified belonged to the genera Neisseria, Acinetobacter, Moraxella, Salmonella, Pseudomonas, and others. Thirty-five percent of PCR-positive patients showed the presence of DNA from more than a single bacterial species in synovium; overall, however, we could identify no clear relationship between specific single or multiple bacterial species in the synovium and any general clinical characteristics of any individual or group of patients." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acinetobacter", "Adult", "Aged", "Arthritis, Psoriatic", "Arthritis, Reactive", "Arthritis, Rheumatoid", "Biopsy", "Child", "Cloning, Molecular", "DNA, Bacterial", "Female", "Gram-Negative Aerobic Rods and Cocci", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Moraxella", "Neisseria", "Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Pseudomonas", "Salmonella", "Synovial Membrane" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The purpose of this research is the investigation of the possible cause(s) of the dark-cell death phenomenon induced by 1,10-phenanthroline (Oph), a porphyrin biosynthesis modulator.", "We have previously shown that porphyrin biosynthesis modulators, such as Oph, which is also an iron-chelating agent, enhance protoporphyrin IX (Proto) accumulation in mammalian neoplastic cells treated with delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). As a result of the enhanced Proto accumulation, a significant increase in photodynamic damage was observed under illumination. Also tetrapyrrole and heme-biosynthesis modulators have been shown to cause death in treated insect larvae in darkness, a phenomenon referred to as dark-cell death. Dark-cell death was also observed in Oph + ALA-treated transformed mammalian cells.", "Neoplastic cells were treated with ALA, Oph, and ALA + Oph, and the following cell properties were investigated: growth arrest, membrane permeability, cell survival, nucleosomal cleavage, and cell cycle alterations.", "It was observed that Oph but not ALA induced growth arrest, in a T-cell leukemia line (MLA 144) as assessed by reduction in DNA synthesis. Exogenous Proto and isomers of Oph lacking the iron-chelating property of Oph also caused a dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation in MLA 144 cells. Although the plasma membrane of Oph-treated cells remained intact following 3 h of dark-incubation, the cells exhibited DNA internucleosomal cleavage, characteristic of cells undergoing apoptosis. Cell cycle analysis using the DNA intercalating dye propidium iodide (PI) coupled to flow cytometry, indicated that 81 +/- 5.6% of Oph-treated MLA 144 cells were apoptotic, with the majority of the cells arrested in the early S phase. On the other hand, treatment with either ALA or Proto did not alter the cell cycle. Also, using a double-labeling protocol with Hoechst 33342, and PI, and analysis by flow cytometry, Oph-treated cells were found to be 82% apoptotic after 3 h of dark-incubation. Apoptosis was reduced by 75% (p < 0.05) by the cytoplasmic protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aminolevulinic Acid", "Animals", "Apoptosis", "Cell Cycle", "Cell Division", "Cell Membrane Permeability", "Cell Survival", "DNA", "Darkness", "Flow Cytometry", "Hylobates", "Iron Chelating Agents", "Leukemia", "Light", "Lymphoma", "Matched-Pair Analysis", "Nucleosomes", "Phenanthrolines", "Photosensitizing Agents", "Protoporphyrins", "Receptors, GABA-A", "Tumor Cells, Cultured" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The putative theory is that the clinical syndrome of unstable angina is caused by rupture of the atherosclerotic plaque with superimposed thrombus formation. It is characterized by angiographically complex coronary lesions in the majority of patients.", "This study aimed at assessing the correlation between C-reactive protein (CRP) and the complexity of culprit coronary lesions in unstable angina.", "We identified culprit lesion complexity in 96 patients with unstable angina and normal creatine kinase (CK) and CK-MB mass. Serum concentrations of CRP (N < 5.0 mg/l) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT; N < 0.1 ng/ml) were measured on admission.", "There was a trend toward a higher grade of anatomical complexity of the culprit lesion in patients with elevated CRP (p = 0.007) and cTnT levels (p = 0.027). Patients who had intermediate- or high-grade lesion severity had a higher level of CRP (8.5 +/- 5.7 mg/l) and cTnT (0.118 +/- 0.205 ng/ml) on admission than those who had normal or low-grade lesions (5.7 +/- 4.0 mg/l, 0.017 +/- 0.021 ng/ml, respectively); Mann-Whitney U, p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively. Furthermore, the likelihood of having intermediate- or high-grade complexity of the culprit lesion was higher when CRP levels were elevated in all patients (p = 0.007, odds ratio [OR] = 4.286; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.492-12.310) and in those with normal cTnT levels (p = 0.025, OR = 3.876; 95% CI 1.185-12.678). Also, higher CRP levels strongly correlated with the need for revascularization interventions (p < 0.0005)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Angina, Unstable", "Biomarkers", "C-Reactive Protein", "Coronary Angiography", "Coronary Vessels", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Troponin T" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Cross-sectional studies suggest that the decline in insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1) levels with age may contribute to age-associated bone loss. However, prospective data on the relation between circulating IGF-I and bone loss in old age have not yet been reported.", "A longitudinal study (follow-up time 3.3 years) of the change of bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine and femoral neck in relation to serum IGF-I.", "A population-based sample of 173 elderly men and 107 postmenopausal women without medical conditions or medication known to significantly affect BMD or serum IGF-I levels.", "BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral neck at baseline and after a mean follow-up-time of 3.3 years, serum-IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and biologically available testosterone (BAT).", "In women, there was a graded negative relationship between quartiles of serum IGF-I and bone loss at the proximal femur (P = 0.04), which persisted after adjustment for potential covariables of bone loss and serum IGF-I. In subgroup analysis the association between serum IGF-I and change in BMD was only apparent in women more than 10 years past menopause (r = + 0,38, P = 0.01). No association between serum IGF-I levels and changes in BMD was observed in men. IGF-I levels were not associated with changes in spinal BMD." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Bone Density", "Female", "Femur Neck", "Humans", "Insulin-Like Growth Factor I", "Longitudinal Studies", "Lumbar Vertebrae", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal", "Sex Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Premature atherosclerosis is a clinical feature in untreated acromegaly. Increased postprandial lipoprotein remnant levels are associated with premature atherosclerosis. In most studies, remnants have been measured indirectly using retinyl esters (RE) as a chylomicron core label. Remnants can also be directly quantified by immunoseparation using monoclonal antibodies to apolipoprotein (apo) AI and apo B100 to remove nonremnant lipoproteins. Cholesterol is quantified in the remaining apo E-rich remnant fraction (RLP-C).", "The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of postprandial lipaemia in patients with acromegaly to further define abnormalities leading to increased susceptibility for atherosclerosis.", "In a case-control study, the plasma postprandial lipoprotein remnant fraction (RLP-C and RE) were analysed in six patients with active acromegaly [two females, four males; aged 53 +/- 9 years; body mass index (BMI), 29 +/- 4 kg/m2] and in six normolipidaemic control subjects (matched for age, gender, BMI and apo E genotype). They underwent an oral vitamin A fat loading test.", "Baseline plasma triglycerides (TG) were not significantly different in patients (1.75 +/- 0.71 mM) and controls (1.15 +/- 0.46 mM). Lipoprotein lipase activity was significantly lower in patients than in controls (108 +/- 21 vs. 141 +/- 19 U/l, respectively; P < 0.05). Baseline plasma apo E levels were higher in patients (60.8 +/- 7.9 mg/l) than in controls (48.3 +/- 5.9 mg/l; P < 0.05). No differences were found in the area under the postprandial TG curve (AUC-TG), the incremental AUC-TG (DeltaAUC-TG) and AUC-RE in the Sf < 1000 remnant fraction. However, fasting plasma RLP-C concentrations, isolated by immunoseparation, were increased in patients with active acromegaly (0.41 +/- 0.13 mM) compared to control subjects (0.20 +/- 0.07 mM; P < 0.05). Incremental postprandial RLP-C response (corrected for fasting values) was also significantly elevated in patients (2.14 +/- 1.19 mM/h/l) compared to controls (0.86 +/- 0.34 mM/h/l; P < 0.05). In both groups, the maximal RLP-C concentration was reached between 2 and 4 h." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acromegaly", "Adult", "Apolipoproteins", "Arteriosclerosis", "Case-Control Studies", "Cholesterol", "Dietary Fats", "Disease Susceptibility", "Fasting", "Female", "Humans", "Lipoproteins", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Postprandial Period", "Triglycerides" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "An in vitro system of motoneurons was established from mice carrying a transgene for a human superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) with a gly93ala mutation that has been linked to familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS). These cultures were characterized and used to compare the effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) on motoneurons expressing the mutant gene with those on normal motoneurons.", "Recombinant human GDNF (100 ng/ml) significantly promoted the survival of a subpopulation of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunoreactive motoneurons that were also immunoreactive for the homeoprotein islet-1 in cultures from both wild type and mutant SOD-1 mice. However, GDNF did not increase the total number of ChAT-immunoreactive neurons in cultures from either wild type or transgenic mice. A distinct subpopulation of islet-1-immunoreactive motoneurons characterized by a soma 3 1/2 times larger and a ten-fold increase in neurite length was observed exclusively in GDNF-treated cultures. In cultures from mutant SOD-1 mice, there were 3 1/2 times as many motoneurons of this subpopulation as in wild type cultures at 6 days in vitro. In addition, this subpopulation of neurons survived for 10 days in vitro, the longest time point studied, in culture from mutant SOD-1 mice, but not in cultures from wild type mice. This subpopulation was also present at 6 days in vitro in cultures from mutant SOD-1 mice that received GDNF at 3 days in vitro instead of at the time of plating, suggesting that GDNF promotes the differentiation of these neurons." ], "labels": [ "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis", "Animals", "Cell Survival", "Cells, Cultured", "Disease Models, Animal", "Female", "Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor", "Male", "Mice", "Mice, Transgenic", "Motor Neurons", "Nerve Growth Factors", "Nerve Tissue Proteins", "Neuroprotective Agents", "Point Mutation", "Pregnancy", "Spinal Cord", "Superoxide Dismutase", "Superoxide Dismutase-1" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "In several countries cereals are now enriched with folic acid to reduce the risk of neural tube defects. Human studies suggest that folic acid interferes with zinc absorption. This raises concerns about the zinc status of high-risk groups such as infants, pregnant women, and older persons.", "We sought to determine the effect of added folic acid on zinc absorption from white bread with high and low zinc contents.", "Zinc absorption was measured in 15 healthy women (22-33 y), each of whom consumed 4 single meals spaced 2 wk apart in a randomized crossover design. The servings of bread (100 g) differed in zinc and folic acid contents as follows: A, 1.2 mg Zn and 17 microg folic acid; B, 1.2 mg Zn and 144 microg folic acid; C, 3.0 mg Zn and 17 microg folic acid; and D, 2.9 mg Zn and 144 microg folic acid. Meals were extrinsically labeled with 65Zn and absorption was estimated from whole-body retention measurements. Folate status was assessed by measuring plasma and erythrocyte folate and plasma homocysteine concentrations.", "Mean (+/-SD) zinc absorption did not differ significantly in relation to the folate content of the breads at either the low zinc content (38.8 +/- 13.5% and 40.6 +/- 16.5% for A and B, respectively; P = 0.74) or the high zinc content (26.7 +/- 9.3% and 22.7 +/- 6.6% for C and D, respectively; P = 0.16). There was no significant correlation between folate status and zinc absorption (r < 0.3, P > 0.1)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Bread", "Cross-Over Studies", "Female", "Folic Acid", "Food, Fortified", "Homocysteine", "Humans", "Intestinal Absorption", "Neural Tube Defects", "Zinc", "Zinc Isotopes" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a clonally derived, skin-invasive malignancy of CD4(+) T lymphocytes with the phenotype of mature helper T cells. Advancing stages of CTCL are associated with depressed cell-mediated immunity, increased production of T helper type 2 cytokines and decreased levels of T helper type 1 cytokines.", "Our purpose was to evaluate the cytokine secretion pattern and cell-mediated cytotoxicity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with Sézary syndrome in relation to the presence of the malignant clone.", "Serial polymerase chain reaction for the T-cell receptor-beta or T-cell receptor-gamma gene rearrangement was used to determine the presence of the malignant clone. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to determine the levels of interleukin 4 and interferon gamma produced by the peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the patients with Sézary syndrome.", "We demonstrate 3 cases of Sézary syndrome with typically suppressed cell-mediated cytotoxicity, elevated production of interleukin 4, and depressed production of interferon gamma by their peripheral blood mononuclear cells before institution of therapy with biologic response modifier therapy. In all 3 cases after clinical and molecular remission, we observed striking immunologic changes, including an increase in levels of natural killer cell activity and interferon gamma production and decreased production of interleukin 4." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Antineoplastic Agents", "Cytotoxicity, Immunologic", "Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte", "Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta", "Genes, T-Cell Receptor gamma", "Humans", "Immunologic Factors", "Interferon alpha-2", "Interferon-alpha", "Interferon-gamma", "Interleukin-4", "Killer Cells, Natural", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Photopheresis", "Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Recombinant Proteins", "Sezary Syndrome", "Skin Neoplasms", "T-Lymphocyte Subsets", "Th1 Cells" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine the risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in African Americans aged 18 to 45 years. African Americans are at a higher risk for ICH than Whites, particularly in the younger age groups. However, few data are available regarding the factors that contribute to the high risk of ICH among younger African Americans.", "A case-control study.", "A university-affiliated public hospital.", "One hundred and twenty-two African-American patients admitted with non-traumatic ICH to Grady Memorial Hospital (Atlanta, Ga.) and 366 age- and sex matched African-American controls selected from a nationally representative sample of the civilian, non-institutionalized US population.", "Association between ICH and various demographic and clinical factors determined by stepwise logistic regression.", "Cocaine use (OR 6.1, 95% CI 3.3-11.8), hypertension (OR 5.2, 95% CI 3.2-8.7) and alcohol use (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.3) were independently associated with increased risk for ICH." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "African Americans", "Case-Control Studies", "Cocaine-Related Disorders", "Female", "Humans", "Intracranial Hemorrhage, Hypertensive", "Logistic Models", "Male", "Retrospective Studies", "Risk Factors", "United States" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their receptors are essential regulators of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in both embryos and adults. One of the factors with a still unknown physiological function is VEGF-B, which is expressed in many tissues, including the heart.", "Mice carrying a targeted deletion in the VEGF-B gene were developed. In VEGF-B(-/-) animals, no gross abnormalities were observed in organs that normally show high expression of VEGF-B, such as the heart, muscle, and kidney. Analysis of heart function by ECG showed that adult VEGF-B(-/-) mice have an atrial conduction abnormality characterized by a prolonged PQ interval. VEGF- or basic fibroblast growth factor-induced corneal angiogenesis was similar in normal and VEGF-B(-/-) mice." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Blood Cell Count", "Electrocardiography", "Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac", "Endothelial Growth Factors", "Eye", "Female", "Fertility", "Fetal Viability", "Fibroblast Growth Factor 2", "Gene Expression", "Gene Targeting", "Heart Atria", "Heart Conduction System", "Homozygote", "Lymphokines", "Male", "Mice", "Mice, Knockout", "Neovascularization, Physiologic", "Organ Size", "Phenotype", "RNA, Messenger", "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A", "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor B", "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The roles of angiotensin II (Ang II) in the regulation of heart function under normal and pathological conditions have been well documented. Although 2 types of Ang II receptor (AT(1) and AT(2)) are found in various proportions, most studies have focused on AT(1)-coupled events. In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that signaling by AT(2) is important to the development of left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis by Ang II infusion in mice lacking the AT(2) gene (Agtr2-/Y).", "Male Agtr2-/Y and age-matched wild-type (WT) mice were treated long-term with Ang II, infused at a rate of 4.2 ng. kg(-1). min(-1) for 3 weeks. Ang II elevated systolic blood pressure to comparable levels in Agtr2-/Y and WT mice. WT mice developed prominent concentric cardiac hypertrophy, prominent fibrosis, and impaired diastolic relaxation after Ang II infusion. In contrast, there was no cardiac hypertrophy in Agtr2-/Y mice. Agtr2-/Y mice, however, did not show signs of heart failure or impairment of ventricular relaxation and only negligible fibrosis after Ang II infusion. The absence of fibrosis may be a clue to the absence of impairment in ventricular relaxation and account for the normal left ventricular systolic and diastolic performances in Agtr2-/Y mice." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Angiotensin II", "Animals", "Chronic Disease", "Collagen", "Diastole", "Disease Models, Animal", "Echocardiography", "Echocardiography, Doppler", "Endomyocardial Fibrosis", "Fibronectins", "Hypertension", "Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular", "Male", "Mice", "Mice, Inbred C57BL", "Mice, Knockout", "Myocardium", "RNA, Messenger", "Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1", "Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2", "Receptors, Angiotensin", "Systole", "Transforming Growth Factor beta", "Transforming Growth Factor beta1" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Activation of the heart renin-angiotensin system (RAS) under pathophysiological conditions has been correlated with the development of ischemic injury. The binding of angiotensin II to its receptors triggers induction of several, perhaps multifunctional, intracellular signaling pathways, notable among them the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway. In this study, we investigated whether the JAK/STAT signaling is involved in the ischemia/reperfusion injury in adult rat myocardium.", "We report here that 2 components of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, namely STAT 5A and STAT 6, are selectively activated in the rat heart subjected to ischemia/reperfusion. The activated STATs bind to a conserved nucleotide sequence (St domain) in the promoter of the angiotensinogen (ANG) gene and consequently upregulate the level of ANG mRNA. Treatment of the hearts with losartan (4.5 micromol/L), an AT(1) blocker, or with tyrphostin AG490 (5 micromol/L), an inhibitor of JAK 2 phosphorylation, results in loss of the STAT/ANG promoter binding activity and an upregulated level of ANG mRNA. Hearts treated with the JAK 2 inhibitor tyrphostin AG490 showed a reduction in myocardial infarct size and in number of cardiomyocytes undergoing apoptosis. The treated hearts also showed a recovery in functional hemodynamics of the myocardium." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Angiotensinogen", "Animals", "DNA-Binding Proteins", "Enzyme Inhibitors", "In Vitro Techniques", "Janus Kinase 2", "Male", "Milk Proteins", "Myocardial Infarction", "Myocardial Ischemia", "Myocardial Reperfusion Injury", "Myocardium", "Phosphorylation", "Promoter Regions, Genetic", "Protein-Tyrosine Kinases", "Proto-Oncogene Proteins", "RNA, Messenger", "Rats", "STAT5 Transcription Factor", "STAT6 Transcription Factor", "Signal Transduction", "Trans-Activators", "Tyrphostins", "Up-Regulation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To evaluate, in extremely premature infants, the relationship between growth restriction and early total thyroxine levels, and to determine how maternal, prenatal, perinatal and neonatal variables influence the relationship.", "719 infants born at four medical centers in Massachusetts, New York and New Jersey between 1991 and 1993 were studied. Entry criteria included: gestational age 23--30 weeks, birth weight 500--1500 g, and a serum thyroxine level obtained in the first week of life. Infants born to mothers with a history of thyroid disease were excluded. Birth weight and total thyroxine level are expressed as z-scores (standard deviation units) to adjust for their relationship to gestational age.", "In linear regression analysis, there was a 0.18 decrease in the total thyroxine z-score for each 1.0 (1 standard deviation unit) decrease in birth weight z-score (p=0.0001). Adjustment for multiple potential maternal, prenatal, perinatal and neonatal confounders failed to identify a factor or factors that could account for the observed association." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Birth Weight", "Female", "Fetal Growth Retardation", "Gestational Age", "Humans", "Infant, Newborn", "Infant, Premature", "Infant, Very Low Birth Weight", "Linear Models", "Neonatal Screening", "Thyroxine" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To evaluate the influence of confounding and sampling bias on the relationship between fetal growth restriction in a very-low-birthweight-defined cohort (VLBW, < or =1500 g) and bilateral spastic cerebral palsy (BSCP) at early school-age.", "Three hundred twenty-four of 407 long-term survivors of a regional cohort of VLBW newborns were followed until age 6 years. We categorized as small for gestational age (SGA) all infants whose birthweight Z-score was below -2 relative to published reference values. Uni- and multivariable logistic regression models were fit to estimate the risk of BSCP associated with SGA in the total sample, in subsamples defined by gestational age, and in a gestational age-matched case-control sample.", "In the total sample, no child below 28 weeks was SGA, and no child above 32 weeks had an appropriate birthweight for gestational age (AGA). The prevalence of BSCP was 14% in AGA and 2% in SGA infants. In both uni- and multivariable logistic regression analyses of the total sample, SGA was associated with a prominently reduced risk of BSCP (odds ratios range from 0.1 to 0.2, all 95% confidence limits exclude 1.0). However, analyses performed in samples defined by different gestational age cutoffs (24--31 weeks, 28--31 weeks) and in a sample using three gestational age-matched controls per BSCP-case did not show a protection by growth restriction (odds ratios range from 0.8 to 2.2, all 95% confidence limits include 1.0)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Cerebral Palsy", "Fetal Growth Retardation", "Follow-Up Studies", "Germany", "Gestational Age", "Humans", "Infant, Newborn", "Infant, Very Low Birth Weight", "Muscle Spasticity", "Odds Ratio", "Risk Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of melatonin on spontaneous and oxytocin-induced contractility of pregnant and non-pregnant rat myometrium in vitro.", "Myometrial strips were removed from virgin or late pregnant (21 days gestation) Wistar rats following decapitation and placed in an organ bath containing Krebs' solution at 37 degrees C and pH 7.4, constantly bubbled with 95% oxygen-5% carbon dioxide and isometric contractions were recorded. Effects of cumulative concentrations of melatonin (0.1 to 10 microM) on spontaneous and oxytocin-induced contractions were studied. Possible involvement of Ca(2+)-activated K (+) channels in inhibitory actions of melatonin was investigated by using apamin (100 nM).", "Melatonin inhibited spontaneous and oxytocin-induced contractions of myometrium from both virgin and late pregnant rats in a dose-dependent manner. After inhibition of oxytocin-induced contractions by melatonin, application of prostaglandin F (2alpha) (1 microM) but not high KCl (30 mM) containing solution initiated contractile activity. Inhibitory response induced by melatonin (13 microM) was not affected by apamin (100 nM)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Apamin", "Calcium", "Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors", "Dinoprost", "Female", "In Vitro Techniques", "Indomethacin", "Melatonin", "Oxytocin", "Potassium Channels", "Potassium Chloride", "Pregnancy", "Rats", "Rats, Wistar", "Solutions", "Uterine Contraction" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The purpose of this study was to determine whether the level of serum total testosterone (TT) was different in cases of Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type (DAT) than in controls.", "We included 83 referred DAT cases and 103 cognitively screened volunteers (aged 75+/-9 years) from the Oxford Project To Investigate Memory and Ageing.", "Information was obtained about potential confounds in the relation of DAT with testosterone, including age, gender, education, body mass index, smoking, (ab)use of alcohol, diabetes mellitus, endocrine therapy, and having undergone hysterectomy. TT was measured in non-fasting serum obtained between 10 and 12 a.m. using a competitive enzyme immunoassay.", "Men with DAT (n=39) had lower levels (p =0.005) of total serum testosterone (TT=14+/-5 nmol/L) than controls (n=41, TT=18+/-6 nmol/L). Lower TT was more likely in men with DAT, independent of potential confounds (Odds Ratio=0.78, 95% C.I.=0.68 to 0.91). In women there was no difference in TT levels between cases (n=44) and controls (n=62).", "Our results suggested that low TT may be a co-morbid feature of DAT in men. However, low TT levels could also exacerbate the disease." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Aging", "Alzheimer Disease", "Case-Control Studies", "Cross-Sectional Studies", "Female", "Humans", "Linear Models", "Male", "Memory", "Middle Aged", "Reference Values", "Testosterone" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the mitotic-exit network (MEN) functions in anaphase to promote the release of the Cdc14p phosphatase from the nucleolus. This release causes mitotic exit via inactivation of the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk). Cdc14p-like proteins are highly conserved; however, it is unclear if these proteins regulate mitotic exit as in S. cerevisiae. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe a signaling pathway homologous to the MEN and termed the septation initiation network (SIN) is required not for mitotic exit, but for initiation of cytokinesis and for a cytokinesis checkpoint that inhibits further cell cycle progression until cytokinesis is complete.", "We have identified the S. pombe Cdc14p homolog, Clp1p, and show that it is not required for mitotic exit but rather functions together with the SIN in coordinating cytokinesis with the nuclear-division cycle. As cells enter mitosis, Clp1p relocalizes from the nucleolus to the spindle and site of cell division. Clp1p exit from the nucleolus does not depend on the SIN, but the SIN is required for keeping Clp1p out of the nucleolus until completion of cytokinesis. Clp1p, in turn, may promote the activation of the SIN by antagonizing Cdk activity until cytokinesis is complete and thus ensuring that cytokinesis is completed prior to the initiation of the next cell cycle. In addition to its roles in anaphase, Clp1p regulates the G2/M transition since cells deleted for clp1 enter mitosis precociously and cells overexpressing Clp1p delay mitotic entry. Unlike Cdc14p, Clp1p appears to antagonize Cdk activity by preventing dephosphorylation of Cdc2p on tyrosine." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Cell Cycle Proteins", "Cell Division", "Cell Line", "Fungal Proteins", "Genes, Reporter", "Microscopy, Fluorescence", "Nuclear Proteins", "Phosphoprotein Phosphatases", "Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases", "Protein-Tyrosine Kinases", "Recombinant Fusion Proteins", "Saccharomyces cerevisiae", "Schizosaccharomyces", "Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Cranial neural-crest (CNC) cells originate from the lateral edge of the anterior neuroepithelium and migrate to form parts of the peripheral nervous system, muscles, cartilage, and bones of the face. Neural crest-cell migration involves the loss of adhesion from the surrounding neuroepithelium and a corresponding increase in cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) present in migratory pathways. While proteolytic activity is likely to contribute to the regulation of neural crest-cell adhesion and migration, the role of a neural crest-specific protease in these processes has yet to be demonstrated. We previously showed that CNC cells express ADAM 13, a cell surface metalloprotease/disintegrin. Proteins of this family are known to act in cell-cell adhesion and as sheddases. ADAMs have also been proposed to degrade the ECM, but this has not yet been shown in a physiological context.", "Using a tissue transplantation technique, we show that Xenopus CNC cells overexpressing wild-type ADAM 13 migrate along the same hyoid, branchial, and mandibular pathways used by normal CNC cells. In contrast, CNC cell grafts that express protease-defective ADAM 13 fail to migrate along the hyoid and branchial pathways. In addition, ectopic expression of wild-type ADAM 13 results in a gain-of-function phenotype in embryos, namely the abnormal positioning of trunk neural-crest cells. We further show that explanted embryonic tissues expressing wild-type, but not protease-defective, ADAM 13 display decreased cell-matrix adhesion. Purified ADAM 13 can cleave fibronectin, and tissue culture cells that express wild-type, but not protease-defective, ADAM 13 can remodel a fibronectin substrate." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "ADAM Proteins", "Animals", "Cell Movement", "Cells, Cultured", "Central Nervous System", "Fibronectins", "Fluorescent Dyes", "Immunoblotting", "In Situ Hybridization", "Membrane Proteins", "Microinjections", "Models, Molecular", "Morphogenesis", "Neural Crest", "Phenotype", "Tissue Transplantation", "Xenopus Proteins", "Xenopus laevis" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To study the association of climacteric vasomotor symptoms and nocturnal breathing abnormalities in a sample of healthy postmenopausal women.", "Out of 71 postmenopausal women who took part in a large sleep study, 65 women were included into the present study. Sleep was monitored with polysomnography and nocturnal breathing with a static-charge sensitive bed and a pulse oximeter. Climacteric vasomotor symptoms were scored daily for 14 days and levels of oestradiol and FSH were measured in the serum.", "Altogether 21 (32.3%) women had some degree of breathing abnormalities during the study night. The occurrence of clinically significant sleep apnoea was low (1.5%) and of moderate type (OP-2). In contrast, increased respiratory resistance pattern, typical for partial upper airway obstruction, was frequent (16.9%). Seventy-eight per cent of the women had arterial oxyhaemoglobin desaturation events, but only in 4.6% of the women these events occurred more than 5 times/h of time in bed. Older women had more simple periodic breathing (P-1) and lower mean arterial oxyhaemoglobin saturation (SaO(2)). Body mass index (BMI) correlated with the apnoea frequency (OP-2) and inversely with the mean SaO(2). The severity of climacteric vasomotor symptoms or serum oestradiol concentration did not correlate with nocturnal breathing abnormalities." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Age Factors", "Aged", "Body Mass Index", "Estradiol", "Female", "Follicle Stimulating Hormone", "Hot Flashes", "Humans", "Middle Aged", "Oxyhemoglobins", "Postmenopause", "Sleep Apnea Syndromes" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To examine the influence of physical activity on body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (W) and body mass changes (DeltaBMI) in middle-aged men, with special regard to moderate-intensity activities.", "Longitudinal study of adults who participated in the PRIME Study.", "A cohort of 8865 men aged 50-59 y, free of coronary heart disease.", "BMI and W at baseline, body mass changes over a 5 y period. Detailed baseline assessment of net energy expenditure due to physical activity (PAE) in the preceding year, according to category of activity, by means of the MOSPA Questionnaire. PAE was expressed in weekly metabolic equivalent scores (MET h/week).", "After adjustment for confounders, the multiple regression analyses indicated that BMI, W and DeltaBMI were inversely associated with PAE spent in getting to work (P<10(-5), <10(-5) and 0.04, respectively) and practice of high-intensity (>or=6 MET) recreational activities (<0.01, <10(-5) and <0.01). Men who regularly spent more than 10 MET h/week in walking or cycling to work had a mean BMI, W and DeltaBMI respectively 0.3 kg/m(2), 1 cm and 0.06 kg/m(2) lower than those who did not expend energy in getting to work. In the subgroup of subjects who did not perform high-intensity activities, the level of recreational PAE was inversely associated with BMI and W but not with subsequent weight-gain." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Activities of Daily Living", "Adipose Tissue", "Bicycling", "Body Constitution", "Body Mass Index", "Cohort Studies", "Humans", "Leisure Activities", "Life Style", "Longitudinal Studies", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Regression Analysis", "Socioeconomic Factors", "Surveys and Questionnaires", "Walking", "Weight Gain" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Neurons in the area postrema/nucleus of the solitary tract (AP/NTS) region mediate amylin's anorectic effect elicited by a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of a low dose (5 microg/kg). Here, we tested if a sustained elevation in amylin levels which was achieved by chronic amylin infusion reduces food intake by acting in the AP/NTS region or, possibly, at other brain sites. Further, we tested the role of the AP/NTS region in mediating the anorectic effects of high doses of amylin and its receptor agonist salmon calcitonin (sCT) after an acute single injection.", "Amylin (2 microg/kg/h) was chronically infused i.p. by osmotic minipumps in AP/NTS-lesioned (AP-X) or sham-lesioned (SHAM) rats. For the acute experiments, amylin or sCT was injected i.p. at doses of 0.5 (only sCT), 5 or 50 microg/kg. Food intake was measured by a computerized system. Body weight was assessed by manually weighing the rats.", "Amylin significantly reduced cumulative food intake for about 7 days in SHAM but not in AP-X rats. Amylin's effect in SHAM rats was mainly due to a reduction of the size of nocturnal meals (eg average meal size during the first four dark phases; SHAM, NaCl 4.1+/-0.6 vs amylin 2.6+/-0.4 g; n=6, P<0.05; AP-X, 2.6+/-0.3 vs 3.7+/-0.3) while light phase food intake was unaffected. Body weight gain over the whole 14 day infusion period was reduced by amylin in SHAM (NaCl 61+/-6 vs amylin 46+/-4 g; P<0.05) but not in AP-X rats (54+/-4 vs 62+/-4). After single injection, the anorectic effect of high doses of amylin and sCT (50 microg/kg) was attenuated, but not abolished, in AP-X rats." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Afferent Pathways", "Amyloid", "Animals", "Anorexia", "Calcitonin", "Eating", "Infusions, Parenteral", "Islet Amyloid Polypeptide", "Male", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Solitary Nucleus" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "p21 and p27 protein expression were examined in a comparatively large series of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal and compared with clinical and histopathological data (tumour stage, nodal status and differentiation).", "We analysed the expression of p21 and p27 protein in 94 anal carcinomas by immunohistochemistry. Nuclear p21 and p27 staining were detected in 71% (67/94) and 75% (71/94) of the cases, respectively. There was no significant association between p27 staining and tumour stage, nodal status or overall survival. We observed that negative p21 immunoreactivity was significantly associated with poorly differentiated anal carcinomas. Furthermore, a shorter overall survival for patients with no p21 protein expression was seen." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Anus Neoplasms", "Biomarkers, Tumor", "Blotting, Western", "Carcinoma, Squamous Cell", "Cell Cycle Proteins", "Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21", "Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27", "Cyclins", "Female", "Humans", "Immunohistochemistry", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Neoplasm Staging", "Survival Analysis", "Tumor Cells, Cultured", "Tumor Suppressor Proteins" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Early detection of cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) permits individual risk stratification. Spontaneous heart rate variability (HRV) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) are suggested to be superior to classic autonomic testing in that they detect CAN earlier, with greater reliability, and do not require the patient's undue attention.", "To test that hypothesis, we studied 53 diabetic patients (mean age, 55 years) and 38 age-matched healthy control subjects (HC). Subjects underwent deep breathing, Valsalva maneuver, and orthostatic testing. Each abnormal test was counted as 1 point. A change in systolic blood pressure during standing of more than 10 mm Hg was graded with a single point; a decrease of more than 20 mm Hg received 2 points. A total score of zero was regarded as no CAN (noCAN), a score > or =4 as severe CAN (sCAN), and scores of 1 to 3 as mild CAN (mCAN). Spontaneous BRS was determined using the sequence technique. HRV was calculated as coefficient of variation (CV), high frequency power (HF) and low frequency power (LF).", "Mean group values for HRV and BRS were: CV = 3.9+/-1.3; 4.0+/-1.3; 2.4+/-1.1; and 1.2+/-0.4; BRS = 8+/-3; 8+/-5; 5+/-2; and 2+/-2 msec/mm Hg for HC n = 38, noCAN n = 15, mCAN n = 26, and sCAN n = 12, respectively. BRS was similar in HC and patients with noCAN. In sCAN, BRS detected only 10 of 12 patients. HRV and BRS did not improve reclassification based on discriminant analysis." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Baroreflex", "Blood Pressure", "Case-Control Studies", "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2", "Discriminant Analysis", "Female", "Heart Diseases", "Heart Rate", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Supine Position" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and is a predictor of ischemic heart disease.", "We investigated the effects of overweight/obesity and lifestyle (smoking and alcohol intake) on plasma PAI-1 levels in 203 healthy men (age 44.5+/-8.1) who visited our department for health check. Information on alcohol intake and smoking habit was obtained by a questionnaire.", "Plasma PAI-1 was significantly correlated to plasma leptin, body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, plasma levels of triglyceride, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Plasma PAI-1 was also increased significantly in smokers and in heavy drinkers. Plasma PAI-1 levels increased in an additive manner by the combination of risk factors (BMI > or =25 kg/m2, smoking, and heavy alcohol consumption). Nonobese, nonsmoking, nondrinkers showed the lowest plasma PAI-1 levels, whereas overweight/obese, smoking, heavy drinkers showed the highest levels (11.2+/-2.2 ng/mL versus. 34.0+/-4.3 ng/mL, P < 0.0001)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Alcohol Drinking", "Body Mass Index", "Humans", "Leptin", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Obesity", "Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1", "Reference Values", "Regression Analysis", "Smoking" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To examine the role of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) in the pathogenesis of hypertension and insulin resistance in chronic hyperinsulinemic rats.", "Sustained hyperinsulinemia was achieved by insulin infusion (21.5 pmol/kg per min) via subcutaneous osmotic minipump for 6 weeks. NO synthase inhibitor, Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 5 mg/kg per day) was given orally after 4 weeks of vehicle or insulin infusion. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured under conscious state by an electrosphygmomanometer before and after drug treatments.", "Insulin infusion alone significantly increased SBP from 134 +/- 3 to 156 +/- 2 mmHg by week 4 and further to 158 +/- 3 mmHg by week 6 of insulin infusion. The insulin-infused rats had markedly decreased insulin sensitivity, as reflected by an elevated steady-state plasma glucose level estimated by the insulin suppression test. There were no significant differences in plasma glucose and triglyceride levels between rats with and without insulin infusion. When hypertension had been established in rats receiving insulin infusion for 4 weeks, superimposed L-NAME on insulin infusion for additional 2 weeks further increased SBP by 18 +/- 2 mmHg (from 157 +/- 2 to 175 +/- 2 mmHg). Plasma levels of NO metabolites (NOx) significantly decreased from 13.7 +/- 1.1 micromol/l during the control period to 6.1 +/- 0.6 micromol/l after 4 weeks of insulin infusion and further reduced to 4.1 +/- 0.5 micromol/l after combined infusion of L-NAME and insulin. L-NAME treatment alone for 2 weeks in control rats significantly increased SBP by 33 +/- 2 mmHg (from 133 +/- 2 to 166 +/- 2 mmHg) and plasma insulin levels, as a consequence of insulin resistance. Despite marked increases in blood pressure due to infusion of insulin alone or in combination with L-NAME, the sodium balance, urinary sodium and water excretions, water intake and body weight gain of insulin/L-NAME-treated rats were not significantly different from rats without insulin infusion." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Blood Pressure", "Drug Synergism", "Enzyme Inhibitors", "Hyperinsulinism", "Hypertension", "Insulin", "Insulin Resistance", "Male", "NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester", "Natriuresis", "Nitric Oxide", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Renal Artery" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We sought to evaluate the effects of chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure on bone loss and markers of skeletal turnover in a prospective longitudinal study of young women with breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy.", "Forty-nine premenopausal women with stage I/II breast cancers receiving adjuvant chemotherapy were evaluated within 4 weeks of starting chemotherapy (baseline), and 6 and 12 months after starting chemotherapy with dual-energy absorptiometry and markers of skeletal turnover osteocalcin and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase. Chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure was defined as a negative pregnancy test, greater than 3 months of amenorrhea, and a follicle-stimulating hormone > or = 30 MIU/mL at the 12-month evaluation.", "Among the 35 women who were defined as having ovarian failure, highly significant bone loss was observed in the lumbar spine by 6 months and increased further at 12 months. The median percentage decrease of bone mineral density in the spine from 0 to 6 months and 6 to 12 months was -4.0 (range, -10.4 to +1.0; P =.0001) and -3.7 (range, -10.1 to 9.2; P =.0001), respectively. In contrast, there were no significant decreases in bone mineral density in the 14 patients who retained ovarian function. Serum osteocalcin and bone specific alkaline phosphatase, markers of skeletal turnover, increased significantly in the women who developed ovarian failure." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Alkaline Phosphatase", "Amenorrhea", "Antineoplastic Agents", "Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols", "Bone Density", "Bone Resorption", "Breast Neoplasms", "Chemotherapy, Adjuvant", "Female", "Follicle Stimulating Hormone", "Humans", "Longitudinal Studies", "Middle Aged", "Osteocalcin", "Premenopause" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Telomerase, the enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of telomeres, is illegitimately activated in the majority of cancers, including that of the prostate, where it may greatly extend the life span of malignant cells. The inhibition of telomerase by molecular intervention has been shown to lead eventually to cell death in several tumor or in vitro immortalized cell lines and in 1 case prevent tumor growth in vivo. Therefore, we tested whether a similar strategy may be used to limit the tumorigenic potential of late stage prostate cancer cells.", "PC-3, LNCaP and DU-145 human prostate cancer cells were infected with a retrovirus encoding a dominant-negative version of the catalytic subunit of telomerase (DN-hTERT). Subclones or polyclonal populations were assayed for DN-hTERT expression, telomerase activity, telomere length, cell life span and in most cases tumorigenicity in nude mice.", "DN-hTERT expression levels directly correlated with cell life span and tumorigenic growth. PC-3 cells expressing high levels of DN-hTERT died rapidly and failed to form tumors in nude mice, whereas cells expressing the lowest levels proliferated the longest and generated tumors that later spontaneously regressed. Similarly the inhibition of telomerase activity in LNCaP cells was greater than in DU-145 cells and correspondingly LNCaP cells had a shorter life span." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Cell Death", "Humans", "Male", "Mice", "Mice, Inbred BALB C", "Mice, Nude", "Neoplasm Transplantation", "Prostatic Neoplasms", "Telomerase", "Tumor Cells, Cultured" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine the relationship between exogenous testosterone administration and cognitive abilities in a population of healthy older men.", "Serum levels of total and bioavailable testosterone gradually decrease with age in men and are associated with reductions in muscle mass, osteoporosis, decreased sexual activity, and changes in cognition.", "Twenty-five healthy, community-dwelling volunteers, aged 50 to 80 years, completed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Participants received weekly intramuscular injections of either 100 mg testosterone enanthate or placebo (saline) for 6 weeks. Cognitive evaluations were conducted at baseline, week 3, and week 6 of treatment by use of a battery of neuropsychologic tests.", "Circulating total testosterone was raised an average of 130% from baseline at week 3 and 116% at week 6 in the treatment group. Because of aromatization of testosterone, estradiol increased an average of 77% at week 3 and 73% at week 6 in the treatment group. Significant improvements in cognition were observed for spatial memory (recall of a walking route), spatial ability (block construction), and verbal memory (recall of a short story) in older men treated with testosterone compared with baseline and the placebo group, although improvements were not evident for all measures." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Cognition", "Double-Blind Method", "Humans", "Injections, Intramuscular", "Language", "Male", "Memory", "Middle Aged", "Neuropsychological Tests", "Reference Values", "Space Perception", "Testosterone" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The purpose of this study was to determine whether peripheral arterial disease (PAD) subjects have impaired balance and a higher prevalence of falls than non-PAD controls and to determine whether balance and falls are related to the severity of PAD and functional status.", "A total of 367 PAD subjects (aged 68 +/- 1 years; mean +/- SEM) and 458 non-PAD controls (aged 67 +/- 1 years) were recruited. Unipedal stance time, history of ambulatory stumbling and unsteadiness, and history of falling were recorded. Additionally, subjects were characterized on age, ankle/brachial index (ABI), anthropometry, measured and self-reported ambulatory function, and monitored daily physical activity.", "Unipedal stance time was 28% shorter ( p <.001) in the PAD subjects than in the non-PAD controls (15.9 +/- 0.9 vs 22.1 +/- 1.0). History of ambulatory stumbling and unsteadiness was 86% more prevalent ( p <.001) in the PAD group (150/367 = 41%) than in the controls (101/458 = 22%), and history of falling was 73% more prevalent ( p <.001) in the PAD subjects (95/367 = 26%) than in the controls (69/458 = 15%). Within the PAD group, 6-minute walk distance, self-reported ambulatory function, and daily physical activity were significantly related to the balance and falling measures ( p <.05), whereas ABI was unrelated ( p >.05)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Accidental Falls", "Aged", "Female", "Humans", "Intermittent Claudication", "Male", "Postural Balance" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To compare central, peripheral, and ocular effects of exogenously given vasopressin on intraocular pressure (IOP) and to identify the related receptor mechanisms of action in rabbits.", "Young adult New Zealand albino rabbits were entrained under a daily 12-hour light and 12-hour dark cycle. In the early light period, bolus injections of vasopressin or desmopressin (a specific V(2) receptor agonist) were given either to the central nervous system (CNS) through an implanted cannula to the 3(rd) ventricle or to the systemic circulation via the ear vein in conscious rabbits. Changes in IOP and pupil size were monitored for up to 6 hours and dose-response curves were generated. Effects of centrally and peripherally given vasopressin on IOP were further examined following pretreatments with a selective V(1) receptor antagonist administered into the 3(rd) ventricle and into the ear vein, respectively. In order to clarify whether or not exogenously given vasopressin can alter IOP by mechanisms inside the eye, vasopressin was injected into the anterior chamber or the vitreous chamber unilaterally in conscious rabbits. Changes in IOP and pupil size were monitored. After an anterior chamber or intravitreal injection of the V(1) receptor antagonist, changes in IOP and pupil size due to an intravenous injection of vasopressin were determined to study the involvement of the related receptor mechanism.", "A dose-dependent elevation of IOP appeared after injections of vasopressin into the 3(rd) ventricle. There was no pupillary change. This IOP elevation was blocked by the pretreatment with the V(1) receptor antagonist. Following intravenous injections of vasopressin, significant reductions of IOP and pupil size occurred. These reductions were blocked by the pretreatment with the V(1) receptor antagonist. Intracerebroventricular or intravenous injection of desmopressin had no effect on IOP or pupil size. Injection of vasopressin into the anterior chamber or the vitreous chamber caused significant reductions of IOP and pupil size. Pretreatment with the V(1) receptor antagonist into the anterior chamber or the vitreous chamber prevented the reductions of IOP and pupil size following an intravenous injection of vasopressin." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists", "Brain", "Deamino Arginine Vasopressin", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Injections, Intravenous", "Injections, Intraventricular", "Intraocular Pressure", "Pupil", "Rabbits", "Receptors, Vasopressin", "Vasopressins" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The effects of immunosuppressive drugs on transplant tolerance have not been extensively studied, although their effect on rejection is well established.", "We examined the effects of a short course of treatment with the immunosuppressive drug methylprednisolone (MP) on the survival of PVG liver allografts in Dark Agouti (DA) recipients that accepted the livers and in Lewis recipients that rejected the livers. Infiltration of liver allografts was examined by immunohistochemical staining of liver sections, and apoptosis was measured by terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling.", "A 5-day course of MP (days 0 to 4) led to rejection of four of six livers (mean survival time [MST] 99 days) in DA recipients compared with long-term survival (MST >100 days) in untreated animals. Delayed administration of MP (days 3 to 7) exacerbated rejection in DA recipients, and all eight animals rejected the graft (MST 68.5 days). Treatment of Lewis recipients with MP did not significantly prolong survival when administered from days 0 to 4 (MST 13 days), although delay of administration improved the outcome. Treatment from days 3 to 7 resulted in an MST of 21 days, whereas treatment from days 7 to 11 resulted in an MST of 41.5 days. MP treatment from day 3 to day 7 reduced T cells and interleukin 2 receptor-expressing cells but increased the numbers of apoptotic cells infiltrating both DA and Lewis strain allografts." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Apoptosis", "Cell Movement", "Drug Administration Schedule", "Graft Rejection", "Graft Survival", "Immunohistochemistry", "Immunosuppressive Agents", "Leukocytes", "Liver", "Liver Transplantation", "Male", "Methylprednisolone", "Rats", "Rats, Inbred Lew", "Rats, Inbred Strains", "Spleen", "Tissue Donors", "Transplantation Tolerance", "Transplantation, Homologous" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) is associated with a higher risk of thrombosis. Crohn's disease (CD) is associated with hypercoagulability of undefined etiology. We investigated tHcy in patients with CD and its relationship with vitamin status, disease activity, location, duration, and history of terminal ileum (TI) resection.", "We examined fasting plasma tHcy, folate, serum vitamin B12 levels, and sedimentation rate in consecutive adult patients with CD. Harvey-Bradshaw index of CD activity and history of TI resection and thromboembolism were recorded.", "Median plasma tHcy was 10.2 micromol/L in 125 patients with CD. Men (n = 60) had higher plasma tHcy than women (n = 65) (11.2 vs. 9.1 micromol/L; p = 0.004). Patients with a history of TI resection showed lower serum B12 levels (293 vs. 503 pg/mL; p < 0.001) and higher plasma tHcy levels (11.0 vs. 9.35 micromol/L; p = 0.027) than patients without such history. Multivariate analysis showed history of TI resection, serum B12, and creatinine levels to be significant predictors of elevated plasma tHcy. Fourteen patients with CD with a history of thrombosis had an elevated median plasma tHcy of 11.6 micromol/L." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Blood Sedimentation", "Creatinine", "Crohn Disease", "Female", "Folic Acid", "Follow-Up Studies", "Homocysteine", "Humans", "Ileum", "Male", "Thrombophilia", "Vitamin B 12" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The more people retrieve childhood memories, the less favourably they evaluate their own memory. It has been argued that this might play a role in self-reports of amnesia. However, a limitation of previous studies addressing this phenomenon is that participants' judgments about their memory were based on a single item.", "Students were randomly assigned to either of two conditions. In one condition, they were asked to retrieve nine negative childhood events, whereas in the other condition, participants were required to recall three events.", "After recall, students completed measures on memory accessibility and 'repression'.", "Students who retrieved nine events rated their memories as less accessible, but also reported less repression than did students who retrieved three events." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Female", "Humans", "Judgment", "Life Change Events", "Memory", "Random Allocation", "Surveys and Questionnaires", "Verbal Behavior" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The classic laryngeal mask airway (LMA) has a soft, silicone tube and the intubating laryngeal mask airway (ILM) has a rigid, silicone-coated steel tube. We compare postoperative pharyngolaryngeal morbidity in patients randomised to receive either device.", "Sixty-five female patients (ASA physical status class I or II, aged 18-80 yr) undergoing balanced regional anesthesia for gynecological laparotomy expected to last one to two hours were randomly assigned for airway management with the LMA or ILM. Intracuff pressure was maintained at 60 cm H20. Postoperative pharyngolaryngeal morbidity (sore throat, difficulty swallowing, sore mouth, sore neck/jaw, hoarseness) was assessed at two, 24 and 48 hr by blinded investigators.", "The number of insertion attempts and duration of anesthesia was similar between groups. Sore throat was more common for the ILM at two hours (44 vs 15%, P=0.01), 24 hr (59 vs 21%, P=0.008) and 48 hr (34 vs 3%, P=0.005). Sore mouth was more common for the ILM at two hours (16 vs 0%, P=0.02) and 24 hr (12 vs 0%, P=0.04), but not at 48 hr (6 vs 3%). Difficulty swallowing was more common for the ILM at two hours (25 vs 0%, P=0.04), but not at 24 hr (31 vs 3%) and 48 hr (12 vs 9%). There were no differences in the incidence of sore jaw/neck (ILM, 3-12%; LMA, 0-3%) and hoarseness (ILM, 12-31%; LMA, 16-18%). There was no correlation between postoperative pharyngolaryngeal morbidity and duration of anesthesia." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Aged", "Female", "Gynecologic Surgical Procedures", "Humans", "Intubation, Intratracheal", "Laparotomy", "Laryngeal Masks", "Larynx", "Middle Aged", "Pharyngitis", "Pharynx" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Milk fat may contribute to atherogenesis in humans.", "We sought to offset the atherogenic potential of milk fat by adding polyunsaturated fat and vitamin E to milk.", "We measured plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and tocopherol and LDL oxidation in normolipemic adults. In experiment 1 (n = 48), we compared delivery of 100 mg all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/d in capsules, skim milk, and 1%-fat milks containing soybean oil, milk fat, or both (1:1). In experiment 2 (n = 24), we compared delivery of natural (RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate) and synthetic (all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate) vitamin E in milk with delivery of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate in orange juice (200 mg/d in each group). In experiment 3 (n = 7), we compared delivery of 30 mg all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/d in milks with and without added vitamins A and D.", "Enrichment of milk fat with soybean oil did not alter plasma lipoproteins. Microdispersion of vitamin E in milks increased the molar ratio of plasma tocopherol to cholesterol by >2-fold compared with the molar ratio after consuming vitamin E capsules, whereas the molar ratios were comparable after ingestion of orange juice and capsules. Synthetic and natural vitamin E performed comparably. The enhanced plasma vitamin E:cholesterol attributed to milk increased protection of LDL against oxidation. Vitamins A and D did not affect vitamin E delivery by milk." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Analysis of Variance", "Animals", "Cattle", "Cholesterol, HDL", "Coronary Disease", "Dietary Fats", "Dietary Supplements", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Female", "Food, Fortified", "Humans", "Intestinal Absorption", "Lipoproteins", "Lipoproteins, LDL", "Male", "Milk", "Oxidation-Reduction", "Soybean Oil", "Vitamin E" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "In India, most people adhere to a vegetarian diet, which may lead to cobalamin deficiency.", "The objective was to examine indicators of cobalamin status in Asian Indians.", "The study population included 204 men and women aged 27-55 y from Pune, Maharashtra, India, categorized into 4 groups: patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes, patients with CVD but no diabetes, patients with diabetes but no CVD, and healthy subjects. Data on medical history, lifestyle, and diet were obtained by interviews and questionnaires. Blood samples were collected for measurement of serum or plasma total cobalamin, holotranscobalamin (holoTC), methylmalonic acid (MMA), and total homocysteine (tHcy) and hemetologic indexes.", "MMA, tHcy, total cobalamin, and holoTC did not differ significantly among the 4 groups; therefore, the data were pooled. Total cobalamin showed a strong inverse correlation with tHcy (r = -0.59) and MMA (r = -0.54). Forty-seven percent of the subjects had cobalamin deficiency (total cobalamin <150 pmol/L), 73% had low holoTC (<35 pmol/L), 77% had hyperhomocysteinemia (tHcy >15 micromol/L), and 73% had elevated serum MMA (>0.26 micromol/L). These indicators of impaired cobalamin status were observed in both vegetarians and nonvegetarians. Folate deficiency was rare and only 2.5% of the subjects were homozygous for the MTHFR 677C-->T polymorphism." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Biomarkers", "Cardiovascular Diseases", "Diabetes Mellitus", "Diet, Vegetarian", "Female", "Folic Acid", "Homocysteine", "Humans", "Hyperhomocysteinemia", "India", "Male", "Methylmalonic Acid", "Middle Aged", "Prevalence", "Surveys and Questionnaires", "Vitamin B 12", "Vitamin B 12 Deficiency" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Neuroblastoma tumorigenesis may involve the differential inactivation of multiple tumor suppressor genes. Recent data have suggested that a neuroblastoma suppressor gene may be located on the long arm of chromosome 11 (11q).", "We therefore analyzed 295 primary neuroblastomas from a representative group of patients for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 25 polymorphic markers spanning 11q.", "LOH was observed in 129 primary neuroblastomas (44%), and a common region of LOH mapped to 11q14-23. No correlation was found between 11q LOH and adverse prognostic variables, but a strong inverse relationship between 11q LOH and MYCN amplification (P < 0.001) was observed. There was no difference in overall survival when patients were stratified by 11q LOH status. However, 11q LOH was associated with a decreased overall survival probability when patients whose tumors had a single copy of MYCN were analyzed separately (P = 0.008)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Alleles", "Child", "Child, Preschool", "Chromosome Mapping", "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1", "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11", "Female", "Gene Deletion", "Genes, myc", "Genotype", "Humans", "Infant", "Life Tables", "Loss of Heterozygosity", "Male", "Neuroblastoma", "Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Prognosis", "Proportional Hazards Models", "Survival Analysis" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We previously reported that human neuroblastoma cell lines and primary neuroblastoma tumors expressed a variable amount of mRNA for type 2 somatostatin (sst2) receptor gene. We also found that high level of sst2 expression were positively related to patient survival.", "We studied retrospectively 49 primary neuroblastomas. To detect and measure sst2 mRNA expression we developed a quantitative RT-PCR based on competitive PCR. When possible the number of MYCN copies was also measured with competitive PCR. RESULTS;. We found that the lowest level of sst2 mRNA was detected in advanced stages of neuroblastomas (stage IV) when compared with the other stages (P< 0.005). Patients with high levels of sst2 expression (>7 x 10(7) molecules/microg RNA) had a cumulative survival better than those with low sst2 expression (P < 0.0005). This predictive independent value of sst2 (P= 0.005) is retained after stratification for N-myc amplification. Finally we verified that the ex vivo sst2 gene expression in tumor samples was positively related (P < 0.01) to the in vivo semiquantitative determination of sst2 protein, assessed by 111In-pentetreotide imaging." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS" ], "meshes": [ "Biomarkers, Tumor", "Child, Preschool", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Gene Amplification", "Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic", "Genes, myc", "Humans", "Indium Radioisotopes", "Infant", "Infant, Newborn", "Life Tables", "Male", "Neoplasm Proteins", "Neuroblastoma", "RNA, Messenger", "RNA, Neoplasm", "Radiopharmaceuticals", "Receptors, Somatostatin", "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Somatostatin", "Survival Analysis", "Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Patients who had a biliary-enteric anastomosis often have elevated liver function tests. The aim of this study was to investigate whether elevated liver function tests are associated with recurrent episodes of cholangitis.", "Thirty-two patients, who received a biliary-enteric anatomosis for benign biliary disease were evaluated. Follow-up consisted of the patient's history, physical examination, determination of liver function tests, ultrasonography and hepatobiliary scintigraphy using 99mTc-HIDA.", "Median duration of follow-up was 45 months (range: 1-192) and liver function tests were elevated in 22 patients (69%) at some time during follow-up. Dilated intrahepatic ducts were found in 3 of 30 patients (10%), all of whom had elevated liver function tests at follow-up. Delayed passage from the liver was observed using scintigraphy in 10 (31%) of the patients. Seven patients (22%) experienced one episode of cholangitis and none experienced more than one episode. Multivariate analysis showed that male sex was an independent risk factor for elevated liver function tests (odds ratio: 10.9; P < 0.05). For cholangitis, no risk factors could be identified." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic", "Cholangitis", "Choledochostomy", "Cholestasis, Extrahepatic", "Female", "Humans", "Liver Function Tests", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Postoperative Complications", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Recurrence" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Mitochondrial processing peptidase (MPP) is a metalloendopeptidase that cleaves the N-terminal signal sequences of nuclear-encoded proteins targeted for transport from the cytosol to the mitochondria. Mitochondrial signal sequences vary in length and sequence, but each is cleaved at a single specific site by MPP. The cleavage sites typically contain an arginine at position -2 (in the N-terminal portion) from the scissile peptide bond in addition to other distal basic residues, and an aromatic residue at position +1. Mitochondrial import machinery recognizes amphiphilic helical conformations in signal sequences. However, it is unclear how MPP specifically recognizes diverse presequence substrates.", "The crystal structures of recombinant yeast MPP and a cleavage-deficient mutant of MPP complexed with synthetic signal peptides have been determined. MPP is a heterodimer; its alpha and beta subunits are homologous to the core II and core I proteins, respectively, of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex. Crystal structures of two different synthetic substrate peptides cocrystallized with the mutant MPP each show the peptide bound in an extended conformation at the active site. Recognition sites for the arginine at position -2 and the +1 aromatic residue are observed." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Amino Acid Sequence", "Binding Sites", "Crystallography, X-Ray", "Electron Transport Complex III", "Electron Transport Complex IV", "Malate Dehydrogenase", "Membrane Proteins", "Metalloendopeptidases", "Models, Molecular", "Molecular Sequence Data", "Mutation", "Peptides", "Protein Conformation", "Protein Sorting Signals", "Recombinant Proteins", "Signal Transduction" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Coagulation factor VIIa (FVIIa) contains a Trypsin-like serine protease domain and initiates the cascade of proteolytic events leading to Thrombin activation and blood clot formation. Vascular injury allows formation of the complex between circulating FVIIa and its cell surface bound obligate cofactor, Tissue Factor (TF). Circulating FVIIa is nominally activated but retains zymogen-like character and requires TF in order to complete the zymogen-to-enzyme transition. The manner in which TF exerts this effect is unclear. The structure of TF/FVIIa is known. Knowledge of the zymogen structure is helpful for understanding the activation transition in this system.", "The 2 A resolution crystal structure of a zymogen form of FVII comprising the EGF2 and protease domains is revealed in a complex with the exosite binding inhibitory peptide A-183 and a vacant active site. The activation domain, which includes the N terminus, differs in ways beyond those that are expected for zymogens in the Trypsin family. There are large differences in the TF binding region. An unprecedented 3 residue shift in registration between beta strands B2 and A2 in the C-terminal beta barrel and hydrogen bonds involving Glu154 provide new insight into conformational changes accompanying zymogen activation, TF binding, and enzymatic competence." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aspartic Acid", "Binding Sites", "Catalytic Domain", "Crystallography, X-Ray", "Enzyme Precursors", "Factor VII", "Glutamic Acid", "Isoleucine", "Models, Molecular", "Protein Conformation", "Recombinant Proteins", "Thromboplastin" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Telomerase is a specific enzyme that appears to have a key role in cellular senescence and the progression of neoplastic tissue. High telomerase activity has been found in several cancers, but not in most normal and benign tissue. Little is known about the influence of telomerase on the abnormal growth associated with hyperparathyroidism.", "To analyse telomerase activity in parathyroid tissue obtained from 29 patients undergoing surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism.", "Tissue for telomerase activity measurements was collected from six hyperplastic, 20 adenomatous and 22 normal parathyroid glands.", "The highly sensitive PCR-based telomeric repeat amplification protocol, TRAP, combined with ELISA, was used to detect telomerase activity in tissue extracts containing 3.0 microg protein.", "Telomerase was not activated in any of the analysed tissue by 3 microg protein. Reassay of 12 samples containing 6.0 microg protein verified these negative TRAP results." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adenoma", "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Enzyme Activation", "Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay", "Female", "Humans", "Hyperparathyroidism", "Hyperplasia", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Parathyroid Glands", "Parathyroid Neoplasms", "Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Telomerase" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine whether retrovirally expressed Dlx5, a homeobox-containing transcription factor, can induce a 2.3 kb rat COL1A1 promoter-reporter construct, which is transduced into osteoblastic cells by the use of a retrovirus vector.", "A self-inactivating retrovirus vector containing the rat COL1A1 driving green fluorescent protein (GFP) was transduced into chick calvarial periosteal cells. These cells were then infected with a replication-competent retroviral vector expressing Dlx5, or a control vector. The cells were cultured in the presence of ascorbic acid and beta-glycerol-phosphate, which promotes osteoblastic differentiation. Expression of the COL1A1 promoter was assessed by detecting GFP with fluorescence microscopy.", "GFP was detected only in cells infected with the Dlx5 expressing retrovirus. The GFP positive cells were observed in regions of the culture that had undergone osteoblastic differentiation, as detected by cell morphology and the presence of a mineralized matrix." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [] }

{ "contexts": [ "To assess the incremental costs and cost effectiveness of implementing a home based muscle strengthening and balance retraining programme that reduced falls and injuries in older women.", "An economic evaluation carried out within a randomised controlled trial with two years of follow up. Participants were individually prescribed an exercise programme (exercise group, n=116) or received usual care and social visits (control group, n=117).", "17 general practices in Dunedin, New Zealand.", "Women aged 80 years and older living in the community and invited by their general practitioner to take part.", "Number of falls and injuries related to falls, costs of implementing the intervention, healthcare service costs resulting from falls and total healthcare service costs during the trial. Cost effectiveness was measured as the incremental cost of implementing the exercise programme per fall event prevented.", "27% of total hospital costs during the trial were related to falls. However, there were no significant differences in health service costs between the two groups. Implementing the exercise programme for one and two years respectively cost $314 and $265 (1995 New Zealand dollars) per fall prevented, and $457 and $426 per fall resulting in a moderate or serious injury prevented." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Accidental Falls", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Community Health Services", "Cost-Benefit Analysis", "Exercise Therapy", "Female", "Health Care Costs", "Hospitalization", "Humans", "New Zealand", "Outcome Assessment (Health Care)" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Creatine has a neuroprotective effect in mutant superoxide dismutase (G93A) transgenic mice, an animal model of motor neuron disease (MND). Treatment with creatine monohydrate enhances muscle strength in patients with neuromuscular disorders. The purpose of our study was to determine whether administration of creatine monohydrate can attenuate progressive disease in wobbler mice.", "After an initial diagnosis of disease at the age of 3-4 weeks, creatine monohydrate (5 or 50 mg/kg, po) or vehicle was given to wobbler mice daily for 4 weeks in a blinded fashion. We compared symptomatic and neuropathological assessments among the three groups.", "Creatine levels in biceps muscles were increased by approximately 20% following administration of higher-dose creatine monohydrate. In comparison with vehicle, treatment with higher doses of creatine monohydrate potentiated grip strength, attenuated forelimb contracture and increased the weight of biceps muscles. Mice treated with higher doses of creatine monohydrate showed retarded denervation muscle atrophy in the biceps muscles and reduced degeneration of the spinal motor neurons. Thus, oral administration of creatine monohydrate delayed the progression of disease in wobbler mice." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Administration, Oral", "Animals", "Cell Count", "Creatine", "Disease Models, Animal", "Disease Progression", "Forelimb", "Hand Strength", "Mice", "Mice, Neurologic Mutants", "Motor Neuron Disease", "Motor Neurons", "Muscle, Skeletal", "Organ Size", "Spinal Cord" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The aim of this study was to investigate endothelial function and common carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in healthy young men with mild-to-moderate hypertriglyceridemia. Plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, was measured to further elucidate the mechanisms involved.", "Hypertriglyceridemia is a risk factor for coronary heart disease although the mechanisms behind the increased risk remain to be defined. Acute elevation of plasma triglycerides induced by an intravenous fat load is associated with impaired endothelial function. The results of studies examining acute effects induced by a high-fat meal or effects of chronic hypertriglyceridemia on endothelial function are more inconsistent.", "Flow-mediated vasodilation and nitroglycerin-induced vasodilation of the brachial artery and common carotid IMT were measured noninvasively by ultrasound technique in 15 hypertriglyceridemic (HTG) subjects and 15 matched controls, mean age 34 years. Plasma concentrations of ADMA were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "Flow-mediated vasodilation was decreased in the HTG group (p < 0.0001), whereas nitroglycerin-induced vasodilation and carotid IMT did not differ significantly. Asymmetric dimethylarginine concentrations were higher in the HTG group (p < 0.05)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Arginine", "Brachial Artery", "Carotid Artery, Common", "Endothelium, Vascular", "Humans", "Hypertriglyceridemia", "Male", "Nitric Oxide Synthase", "Ultrasonography, Interventional", "Vasodilation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "This study explored the association between the initiation of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and early cardiac events (<1 year) in women with a recent myocardial infarction (MI).", "Observational studies have linked postmenopausal hormone use with a reduced risk of death from heart disease. However, a recent randomized trial of HRT found no long-term benefit, primarily due to an increase in cardiac events in the first year.", "The Coumadin Aspirin Reinfarction Study (CARS) database contains information on HRT use and menopausal status for women with a recent MI. We classified the 1,857 postmenopausal women in CARS as prior/current HRT users if they took HRT before enrollment, new users if they began HRT during the study period or never users. We assessed the incidence of cardiac events (death, MI, unstable angina [UA]) during follow-up.", "In our cohort, 28% (n = 524) used HRT at some point. Of these, 21% (n = 111) began HRT after their MI. New users had a higher incidence of death/MI/UA (41% vs. 28%, p = 0.001) during follow-up than never users, largely due to a higher incidence of UA (39% vs. 20%, p = 0.001). After adjustment, new users still had a significantly higher risk of death/MI/UA than never users during follow-up (relative risk [RR] = 1.44 [1.05-1.99]). Prior/current users had no excess risk of the composite end point after adjustment. Users of estrogen/progestin had a lower incidence of death/MI/UA during follow-up than users of estrogen only (RR = 0.56 [0.37-0.85])." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Angina, Unstable", "Estrogen Replacement Therapy", "Female", "Humans", "Middle Aged", "Myocardial Infarction", "Recurrence" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Despite the rapid spread of laparoscopic gastric surgery in Japan, no one has yet evaluated the costs for this new technique. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the hospital charges for laparoscopic-assisted gastrectomy with those for conventional open gastrectomy.", "The study included 48 consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic-assisted Billroth I gastrectomy and 43 who had a conventional open Billroth I gastrectomy for cure of early gastric cancer between May 1994 and April 2000. Hospital charges covered all costs incurred during the hospital stay; they were divided into charges for consultation, prescription, injection, nursing care, operating theater, laboratory, radiology, ward and meal, and others.", "The patients who underwent laparoscopic gastrectomy were similar to those who had open gastrectomy in terms of symptoms, concurrent illness, operation time, proximal resection margin, number of harvested lymph nodes, and stage of the disease. Hospital stay after laparoscopic gastrectomy was shorter than that after open gastrectomy (16.1 vs 20.5 days, p < 0.01). Charges for nursing care, charges for ward and meal, and total hospital charges were less in the laparoscopic group than in the open group ( yen5800 vs yen8010, p < 0.01; yen461 x 10(3) vs yen512 x 10(3), p < 0.05; yen1336 x 10(3) vs yen1411 x 10(3), p = 0.072). When we compared laparoscopic gastrectomies performed during 1994-96 with those done during 1997-2000, we found a decrease in charges for ward and meal and total hospital charges ( yen498 x 10(3) vs yen421 x 10(3), p < 0.01; yen1390 x 10(3) vs yen1277 x 103, p < 0.01)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Cost-Benefit Analysis", "Disposable Equipment", "Female", "Gastrectomy", "Hospital Costs", "Humans", "Japan", "Laparoscopy", "Length of Stay", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Nursing Service, Hospital", "Stomach Neoplasms", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The balance between proteolysis and protease inhibition in the formation and breakdown processes of the extracellular matrix plays a major role in tumor cell invasion. An understanding of this relationship gave rise to the therapeutic concept of lowering tumor cell invasion by inhibiting protease activity. Phosphoramidon is an unspecific proteinase inhibitor. This experimental study investigated the effect of intraperitoneal phosphoramidon administration on tumor growth in a laparoscopic rat model.", "In the first phase of the study, we investigated the influence of phosphoramidon on tumor cell invasion in a collagen matrix gel chamber in vitro. In a second experiment, a suspension of colon carcinoma cells (CC531) was introduced into the peritoneal cavity of male WAG rats. Prior to laparoscopy (at 6 mmHg for 20 min), the animals were randomized to two groups. At the start of laparoscopy, the test substance was applied intraperitoneally (group 1: controls, 1 ml 0.9% NaCl; group 2: 250 mg phosphoramidon in 1 ml 0.9% NaCl). Three weeks after the injection of tumor cells, the animals were autopsied and the tumor mass determined.", "In comparison with the control group (tumor weight 7.42 +/- 1.01 g), intraperitoneal tumor growth in the experimental group was significantly (p < 0.001) reduced by the application of phosphoramidon (tumor weight, 3.22 +/- 1.06 g). Phosphoramidon also significantly (p < 0.05) reduced tumor cell invasion through the matrix gel." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Colonic Neoplasms", "Glycopeptides", "Injections, Intraperitoneal", "Laparoscopy", "Male", "Neoplasm Invasiveness", "Neoplasm Seeding", "Protease Inhibitors", "Rats", "Tumor Cells, Cultured" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The PTEN gene, a candidate tumor suppressor, is localized to chromosome 10q23 and shares extensive homology with cytoskeletal proteins auxilin and tensin. A high frequency of mutations at the PTEN locus has been described in a variety of neoplasms including breast cancer. However, the role of PTEN alternations and its association with outcome variables in breast neoplasia is not well established.", "Formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues from 151 women (mean age 62 years, range 26-98) with primary diagnosis of invasive breast cancer were evaluated for PTEN protein expression by automated immunohistochemical methods. Slides were scored semi-quantitatively based on staining intensity and distribution, and results were compared with clinical pathologic parameters. The mean follow-up was 56 months (range 1-169).", "Seventy-three (48%) of 151 breast tumors had loss of PTEN protein expression. On univariate analysis, loss of PTEN expression (P =.034), stage (P <.0001), node positive (P <.0001), and tumor grade (P =.002) were associated with disease-related death. Loss of PTEN expression also predicted lymph node metastasis (P <.0001), and correlated with loss of estrogen receptor staining (P =.040). Loss of PTEN did not correlate with stage, tumor grade, disease recurrence, or loss of progesterone receptor [although a trend was seen (P =.092). On multivariate analysis, stage (P <.0001), lymph node metastasis (P <.0001), and tumor grade (P =.002) correlated with survival." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Breast Neoplasms", "Female", "Humans", "Immunohistochemistry", "Middle Aged", "PTEN Phosphohydrolase", "Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases", "Prognosis", "Survival Analysis", "Tumor Suppressor Proteins" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To compare the incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) with treadmill exercise testing (TT) derived measurement of peak oxygen consumption (peak VO(2)) in patients undergoing assessment for cardiac transplantation.", "Prospective comparison. All investigations occurred during a single period of admission for transplant assessment.", "Single UK cardiothoracic transplantation unit.", "25 patients recruited (21 men). Mean age was 53 years.", "Patients underwent two TT of peak VO(2) using the modified Naughton protocol and three (one practice) ISWT. Investigations were performed on consecutive days.", "Main outcome measures were repeatability of TT and ISWT assessments; relation between peak VO(2) and distance walked in the ISWT; and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to establish a distance walked in the ISWT that predicted which patients would have a peak VO(2) greater than 14 ml/min/kg.", "Both the ISWT and the TT were highly reproducible. Following the first practice walk, mean (SD) ISWT distances were 400.0 (146) m (ISWT2) and 401.3 (129) m (ISWT3), r = 0.90, p < 0.0001. Mean peak VO(2) by TT was 15.2 (4.4) ml/kg/min (TT1) and 15.0 (4.4) ml/kg/min (TT2), r = 0.83, p < 0.0001. The results revealed a strong correlation between distance covered in the ISWT and peak VO(2) obtained during TT (r = 0.73, p = 0.0001). ROC analysis showed that a distance walked of 450 m allowed the selection of patients with a peak VO(2) of over 14 ml/min/kg." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Exercise Test", "Female", "Heart Diseases", "Heart Transplantation", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Oxygen Consumption", "Patient Selection", "Prospective Studies", "Reproducibility of Results", "Sensitivity and Specificity", "Walking" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Tissue culture techniques enable in vitro expansion of keratinocytes that can be used to treat burns and chronic wounds. These keratinocytes are commonly grafted onto the wounds as differentiated sheets of mature epithelium. Less is however known about the effects of transplanting the cells as suspensions. This study evaluated epidermal regeneration in fluid-treated skin wounds treated with suspensions of cultured and noncultured autologous keratinocytes.", "Eighty-seven full-thickness excisional skin wounds were created on the back of 6 pigs and then transplanted with either cultured or noncultured autologous keratinocytes. The wounds were enclosed with liquid-tight chambers containing saline to provide a hydrated and standardized environment.", "Keratinocyte transplantation resulted in several cell colonies within the granulation tissue of the wound. These colonies progressively coalesced and contributed to a new epithelium. The origin of the transplanted keratinocytes was confirmed by histochemical staining of wounds transplanted with transfected keratinocytes expressing beta-galactosidase. Transplantation of 0.125 x 10(6), 0.5 x 10(6), and 2.0 x 10(6) cultured keratinocytes, and 0.5 x 10(6) and 5.0 x 10(6) noncultured keratinocytes, increased reepithelialization dose dependently over saline-treated controls. The epithelial barrier function recovered faster in transplanted wounds as demonstrated by less protein leakage over the wound surface on Days 7-10 as compared to control wounds. Wound reepithelialization and the number of keratinocyte colonies observed in granulation tissue were significantly less in wounds transplanted with noncultured keratinocytes compared to wounds seeded with cultured keratinocytes." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Cells, Cultured", "Epidermis", "Female", "Keratinocytes", "Swine", "Transplantation, Autologous", "Wound Healing" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has been postulated to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of SAH and subsequent cerebral vasospasm. The inhibitory effect of CuZn-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) on the induction of iNOS after SAH was examined by using transgenic mice overexpressing CuZn-SOD.", "SOD-transgenic mice and nontransgenic littermates were subjected to SAH by endovascular perforation of the left anterior cerebral artery. The iNOS mRNA expression after SAH was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and the distribution of iNOS-positive cells was immunohistochemically examined. The nuclear expression of activated nuclear factor-kappaB, a major transcription factor of iNOS gene, was also immunohistochemically examined.", "In nontransgenic mice, SAH-induced iNOS protein and mRNA expressions in the arteries of basal cistern as well as in the cerebral cortex were demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. SAH-induced iNOS protein and mRNA expressions in those tissues were much reduced in SOD-transgenic mice compared with nontransgenic mice. Moreover, the nuclear expression of the activated form of nuclear factor-kappaB was immunohistochemically detected in the cerebral cortices of nontransgenic mice but not in those of SOD-transgenic mice." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Cerebral Arteries", "Mice", "Mice, Transgenic", "NF-kappa B", "Nitric Oxide Synthase", "Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II", "RNA, Messenger", "Subarachnoid Hemorrhage", "Superoxide Dismutase", "Transcription, Genetic", "Vasospasm, Intracranial" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Patients respond to serious illness in different ways. We wished to determine whether different attitudes toward illness are associated with survival after stroke.", "Three hundred seventy-two stroke patients were identified and medically assessed as part of a randomized trial to evaluate a stroke family care worker. They had all survived 6 months from randomization. A research psychologist visited each patient and administered the Mental Adjustment to Stroke Scale (a self-rated attitude scale based on the Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale). Disability and dependence (Barthel Index, modified Rankin Scale) and mood (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, General Health Questionnaire 30) were also assessed. Patients were followed up in 1998 (3 to 5 years after the initial stroke) to establish their survival. We modeled the relationship between Mental Adjustment to Stroke scores and survival, adjusting for other factors associated with stroke survival.", "Eighty-two patients (22%) died within 3 years. After adjustment for other significant factors, fatalism and helplessness/hopelessness were both associated with decreased survival (P=0.03 and 0.04, respectively), but fighting spirit, anxious preoccupation, and denial/avoidance were not. Mood was not associated with survival." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Attitude to Health", "Female", "Forecasting", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Proportional Hazards Models", "Stroke", "Survival Analysis", "Survivors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "RCAS1 is a recently discovered antigen molecule expressed on the membrane of cancer cells, and it acts as a ligand for a putative receptor present on immune cells such as T, B and NK cells. It has been suggested that RCAS1 expression is related to the escape of tumors from immune surveillance. In this study, the relation between RCAS1 expression and various clinicopathologic variables, including patient prognosis, was investigated in lung carcinoma through immunohistochemical analysis.", "One hundred two surgically resected nonsmall cell lung carcinoma cases were examined histopathologically by means of the monoclonal antibody 22-1-1, which is specific for RCAS1. The correlation between RCAS1 expression and the clinicopathologic features of patients was evaluated. Moreover, the correlation between RCAS1 expression and the survival of patients was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method log-rank test, and multivariate analysis was performed by using the Cox proportional hazard model.", "The samples of 48 of the 102 lung carcinoma patients (47.1%) were positive for RCAS1. There were significant correlations between RCAS1 expression and either pathologic staging (P = 0.0003) or tumor differentiation (P = 0.0308). The survival time for the RCAS1-positive group was significantly shorter than that for RCAS1-negative group (P < 0.0001). Moreover, multivariate analysis for overall survival revealed that RCAS1 expression was a significantly independent prognostic factor in nonsmall cell lung carcinoma patients." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Antibodies, Monoclonal", "Antigens, Neoplasm", "Antigens, Surface", "Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung", "Cohort Studies", "Female", "Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic", "Humans", "Immunohistochemistry", "Lung Neoplasms", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Prognosis", "Survival Analysis" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine why the reading addition increases after the age of 55 to 60 years when accommodation is zero.", "Distance and near visual acuities, arm length, habitual near working distance, reading addition, and pupil diameter were measured in 44 subjects aged >60 years (mean, 72.9 +/- 5.7). Reading addition values were attained using three techniques: least-plus addition using both N-notation text and MN-READ text and the cross-cylinder technique.", "The mean dioptric working distance was 2.75 +/- 0.40 D. The reading addition found using N-notation text (+2.21 +/- 0.38 D) was significantly lower than that measured using MN-READ text (+2.48 +/- 0.49 D) or the cross-cylinder method (+2.53 +/- 0.44 D). The reading addition was positively correlated with the dioptric working distance (r = 0.47, p < 0.01), and decreasing habitual working distance was associated with poorer visual acuity (r = -0.42, p < 0.01)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Accommodation, Ocular", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Aging", "Depth Perception", "Humans", "Middle Aged", "Occupations", "Presbyopia", "Pupil", "Reading", "Visual Acuity" ] }