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Installations by Susanna Inglada
The exhibition The Man Who Discovered Escher: Samuel Jessurun de Mesquita does not only feature graphic art by M.C. Escher and De Mesquita, it also features artworks by Spanish artist Susanna Inglada (1983). Inglada's large-scale, theatrical installations made with wood and paper aim to confront the viewer with the emotions imbued in the artwork. Her work carries political meaning and touches upon themes such as societal powerstructures, corruption and gender inequality. The artist gives voice to these topics through her characters' expressive facial features and depictions of tangled, struggling limbs.
This exhibition features a selection of Inglada's artworks that focus on hands. For the three artists whose work is presented – M.C. Escher, Samuel Jessurun de Mesquita and Susanna Inglada – hands are an essential tool for creating. All three understand the skill required to master the arts of drawing and printing, and all three use their hands during the labour-intensive process of creating woodcuts, linocuts or lithographs. Inglada's hands represent a coming together, or unification of forces and strengths; a connection that is reflected in the relationship between De Mesquita as teacher and Escher as pupil. Inglada is also adept at portraying hands in a way that exudes emotion. Her powerful works are loaded with emotional meaning around the feeling of loss and liberation, which she conveys to the viewer without any words at all. This gives the audience the freedom to interpret the artworks in their own way. Being placed in the room among artworks by Escher and De Mesquita, a unique and fascinating dialogue between the artists is incited | eng | ab0e18ec-5153-4873-a3b0-67586764b9d5 | https://www.escherinhetpaleis.nl/nieuws-en/installations-by-susanna-inglada/?lang=en |
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Content
Welcome
1m 24s
Introduction
8m 55s
Death Records
14m 09s
Time Line
6m 25s
Mineral Lease
10m 13s
Announcements / prizes
1m 19s
Questions / answers
4m 06s
About this webinar
His tombstone says he died in 1928 his name is on a deed in 1932, did a dead man sign a deed? When given conflicting evidence how do you resolve the issue at hand? This lecture will look at the five-point formula of the Genealogical Proof Standard (GPS) and how it helps resolve conflicting evidence with a fascinating case study.
About the speaker
About the speaker
A fifth-generation Texan and professional forensic genealogist since 1990, Kelvin is a frequent speaker to genealogical societies and family associations throughout the United States. As a graduate of Texas Tech University with a history major, Ke
Related Webinars3 Ways to Advance Your Research with CorrelationDNA and the GPS solves a mystery: Hamiltons in Colonial New EnglandProving Identity and Kinship Using the GPS: Finding a Freedman's FamilyGPS: Finding Your Way Through Tough Research ProblemsLogic and deduction: Part of the Genealogical Proof StandardGenealogical Proof for the Novice Genealogist | eng | e6841760-98ae-4da4-bb24-e711ae2ad2dc | https://familytreewebinars.com/webinar/can-a-dead-man-sign-a-deed/ |
Fileless Malware Attacks Evade Detection Technologies
Fileless malware attacks are so stealthy they're almost impossible to detect with standard cybersecurity tools. They don't use executable files, or operate on the disc or operating system where cybersecurity solutions scan. They rely on malicious code instead of installed software. They target where cybersecurity detection and response tools can't effectively scan—device memory at runtime. And they enable threat actors to enter and persist throughout networks without raising the alarm. | eng | 00f5ead2-9349-4f15-a10a-371eae2b690b | https://ciberdefensa.cat/archivos/2800 |
Hyperarticulation of Corrections in Multilingual Dialogue Systems
Ivan Kraljevski, Diane Hirschfeld
This present paper aims at answering the question whether there are
distinctive cross-linguistic differences associated with hyperarticulated
speech in correction dialogue acts. The objective is to assess the
effort for adaptation of a multilingual dialogue system in 9 different
languages, regarding the recovery strategies, particularly corrections.
If the presence of hyperarticulation significantly differs across languages,
it will have a significant impact on the dialogue design and recovery
strategies. | eng | ea07c530-8a5d-4677-880b-8a023936d62f | https://www.isca-speech.org/archive/interspeech_2017/kraljevski17_interspeech.html |
1
A social movement is underway in downtown Detroit. Each month, 100 or so individuals pay $5 for admission to a loft, where they eat a dinner of organic soup (and other foods) prepared by volunteers. Diners share ideas and connections, hear presentations from artists who are working on projects aimed at improving the city, and then vote on which project will receive proceeds from the evening's dinner. Detroit SOUP organizers call the gathering "a democratic experiment in micro-funding," but it's much more than that: It's an example of the power of co-creativity, and it represents the way forward for organizations that want to remain relevant and reach consumers in an authentic way.
In recent years, crowdsourcing has become a trendy tactic for soliciting input and engaging consumers, but in reality this approach is nothing more than an open call for submissions. As an ever-expanding number of products, messages, and mediums clamor for the attention of an increasingly distrustful and time-deficient American consumer, crowdsourcing has become about as strategic as throwing a handful of spaghetti against the wall to see what sticks. Of course, in select cases--such as voting on the next Threadless design--crowdsourcing is appropriate. But increasingly, it's a quick answer to a problem that deserves a more open-ended solution, or an excuse to outsource expertise to an unqualified or too-large crowd (a la the Doritos ad snafu).
Yesterday, businesses succeeded through industrial or technological expertise, with little need to converse with consumers. Today--thanks to fast and accessible technology for everything from photo editing to event planning--we're all creative types, and there is no such thing as a one-way conversation. Welcome to The Age of Co-Creativity.
Marketers are beginning to understand that it's no longer viable to work in a vacuum, and that seeking consumer input by casting a wide net into an anonymous pool won't suffice. And even empowering consumers to express themselves via their connection to a brand ignores the fact that today's consumers are already connected to each other through shared passions, desires, and common interests in collaboration and doing more with less.
Real co-creativity occurs when organizations reach out purposefully to a specific community in order to create an ongoing conversation that fosters feelings of impact, belonging, and brand loyalty that don't just come from Facebook likes. This is where Detroit SOUP gets it right: the crowd, while varied, is collectively interested in local issues, art, innovation, and urban improvement.
Sounds simple enough, right? Well, not really. The gap between theory and practice remains wide and the reality is that, even for the most well-intentioned marketers, co-creativity is tough work that involves significant resources, time, and energy. The difference between doing it wrong and taking the time to get it right is the difference between enhancing your approach and cheapening your brand. Or, to use examples: the difference between Motrin Moms and Walmart Moms.
So, how do we make sure engagement efforts fall into the co-creativity camp instead of the crowdsourcing one? Here are four tips gleaned from BBMG's time in the trenches: | eng | f086470c-4479-4b8e-aa2a-9e190a5d25f7 | http://www.positivedetroit.net/2011/08/fast-company-what-detroit-supper-club.html |
Fasoracetam, also known by its scientific name (5R)-5-(piperidine-1-carbonyl) pyrrolidin-2-one (which probably doesn't roll of the tongue as well), is a powerful new nootropic that falls within the subclass of nootropics known as racetams. If you are familiar with nootropics, then you likely know that all racetams are derivatives of piracetam, the original nootropic. Many of these derivatives are more powerful and affect cognition in different ways than piracetam. Fasoracetam is a good example of a piracetam derivative that is stronger than piracetam.
Product Image:
Application:
Pramiracetam as a pyrrolidones cerebral metabolism improving drug,is a kind of CNS drugs that can help improve memory, anti-forgetful , it is developed by the United States Parke-Davis pharmaceutical companies, with a strong improvement in brain function, enhancing memory, the ability to promote brain alertness, and clinical trials have proved that its activity is 6-13 times of piracetam , 3-4 times of oxiracetam, 1.25 times of aniracetam, and it is toxicity low and well tolerated, it can be used for long-term medication to improve symptoms, and delay Alzheimer-type dementia. | eng | a52efbe2-553e-450c-a1cd-a6be4eacb5f5 | https://www.peptide-powder.com/sale-14390659-pramiracetam-nutrition-food-dietary-supplement-cas-68497-62-1.html |
Tag: patient
#healingcancersummit | eng | fece273b-96ec-4e51-9f3f-987e20489af5 | https://www.gratitudeseeds.com/tag/patient/ |
Faith Activities & Religious Information Bureau (RIB)
Faith & Works
As Knights, we belong to an order which is first, Catholic. If we're to participate and lead in the New Evangelization, inviting the "nones" to join the Church, we must inform ourselves and others what the Bible and the Magisterium teach about the Faith; welcome our neighbors to our liturgies; and support our schools, our priests, and our bishops; including through the Religious Information Bureau (RIB) program. "Even so faith, if it hath not works, is dead, being alone" (James 2:17). Thus mindful, our Faith programs support our efforts to build and support the Church.
Religious Information Bureau (RIB)
Dino Durando, RIB Chairman
Eric Bruns, RIB Secretary / Treasurer
Welcome Grand Knights, Ladies Auxiliary Presidents, and District Deputies to the Religious Information Bureau RIB State Program! Our hope is that our program will assist Councils in sharing our Catholic faith with our neighbors, whether church families or not.
Religious Information Bureau in the Past
The Religious Information Bureau, RIB, was developed in the 1940s by the Missouri State Council to help non-Catholics learn about the beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church. This was especially important in a time in which anti-Catholic bias was present in both religious and secular media. The Missouri State Council partnered with the Vincentian Priests and Brothers in Perryville, who started the Catholic Home Study Service that provided the free courses. Many of the materials were developed by the late Fr. Oscar Lukefahr, CM, a former State Chaplain for Missouri. Non-Catholics might take the home study courses available through the Catholic Home Study in order to learn about Catholicism prior to joining the church. The Missouri State Program was so successful that the Supreme Office developed the Catholic Information Service in 1953. That program is still very active today and can be a great resource for all the materials you can use to evangelize today. While the Vincentian partnership was immensely fruitful, and with the changing times, the Vincentians ended our partnership in November 2018 to invest more energy in preaching parish missions.
Religious Information Bureau Today
At the 118th Missouri State Convention in 2019, a new Religious Information Bureau program was announced. The new program consists of grants provided to each of our four Diocese's to enhance their evangelistic efforts. Each Diocese provided their programs to the Columbian Charities grant committee for acceptance and funding. The new opportunities for the Dioceses to bring enhanced faith programs to their parishioners has been overwhelmingly well received. These programs will reach the four corners of Missouri with 21st century online technology at the forefront. Each of the Diocesan programs have given the Missouri Knights of Columbus acknowledgement of sponsorship and financial assistance. We are fortunate to currently have the Director of the Office of the Domestic Church and Discipleship, Diocese of Kansas City-St. Joseph, Dino Durando, helping guide this program. See below for a synopsis of each Diocesan Program.
Our Goal – $285,000
With the new program aligned to the four Dioceses in our State, we have had great financial support the first year that the program changed. We need everyone's help even more than ever so we don't let our Church down. We are continuing to ask each Council to assign a quota of $7.50 per member. Each member of the Ladies Auxiliary is asked to give $3.75. Fourth Degree Assemblies are asked to support this program with what they can. With 100% participation from the roughly 42,600 Knights in Missouri, we could raise $319,500, not to mention the additional from all of the Ladies Auxiliaries as well. Regular appeal letters will still be mailed so any Knights family that wants to give more than its quota of $7.50 can generously contribute.
Online Donations
Continuing is the facility to donate online to the Religious Information Bureau. The link is Be sure to note the "/rib" at the end of the giving site URL, which ensures that a contribution is designated to support the RIB. You have the opportunity to make a one-time donation or a monthly donation. On the giving page, donors must enter a Council number in the "Message" section for Councils to receive the credit.
2021-2022 Diocesan Programs
Below is a synopsis of each Diocesan program. You can see that your donations to RIB are being used effectively. Remember, that without these additional funds, your Churches in Missouri would not be able to provide these valuable programs!
The Dioceses of Jefferson City, Springfield-Cape Girardeau, and Kansas City-St. Joseph used the Online Learning Platform "Franciscan at Home" offered by the Catechetical Institute as a powerful and effective solution to form leaders and the lay faithful in parishes. The Diocese of Springfield-Cape Girardeau also used funds to engage the Parish Success Group, providing professional leadership coaching for parishes. The Diocese of Jefferson City also used funds to support the Our Parish Coaching Cohort initiative. The Diocese of Kansas City-St. Joseph is providing a Study Guidebook for Keeping the Lord's Day, based on a pastoral letter from Bishop Johnston encouraging the faithful to rediscover the value of Sundays for worship, rest, and time with family. The Archdiocese of St. Louis is using the Virtual Learning Community for Faith Formation as an online initiative for adult religious education and faith formation, and also partnered with Catholic Brain for free access to online resources to engage students and involve parents in faith formation.
How Councils and Members Can Help Achieve our $285,000 Goal
Include the RIB donation with your Council's or Auxiliary's dues notic This is the easiest way for Councils to meet their quota.
Hold a parish/community fundraiser and donate the proceeds to the RIB.
Promote making a gift to the RIB as part of a member's personal estate planni
Earn an annual $50 credit for your Council by displaying a RIB Board at a public event. The application for the credit is below and on the State Council webs If you need pamphlets for your RIB board, you can obtain them on the Supreme Council website under Catholic Information Services. More information about CIS on page P12.
Encourage your Parish to use one of the programs that each of the Dioceses are offering. Each of the programs gives information that they are supported financially by the Knights of Columbus. This can also help Councils in recruiting new families.
Send out the online donation information to your Council members and your Parish. This is an easier way to either have your members donate $7.50 or to respond to our appeal letter, at Be sure to have your members include your Council number in the Message section on the giving page. See screen shots earlier.
Awards for the Fraternal Year 2022-2023
Special Recognition: All Councils achieving at least 100% of their goal by March 31, 2023 will be inducted into the Circle of Honor society for the current year and will receive a Commemorative Certificate of Recognition. The Council's name will be inscribed with all the other Councils attaining this award and will be on display at the State Convention. Grand Knights whose Councils have attained 125% of their quota will be honored with the RIB Apostolate Cross Pin.
Council Awards: Each Council achieving 100% of their quota will receive a silver plate. Councils achieving 125% or more of their quota will receive a gold plate. Councils achieving 125% of quota will also be honored with the RIB Apostolate Cross pin.
Ladies Auxiliaries: Same criteria as the above Council Awards except the President will receive the Ladies RIB Apostolate Cross for achieving 125% of their quota.
District Deputies: In appreciation of their efforts, the Apostolate Cross pin will be awarded to the District Deputies whose districts attain at least 100% of their cumulative quota.
Missouri Religious Vocation Fund
Joe Stoverink, Chairman
The Missouri Religious Vocation Fund was established to aid the Dioceses of Kansas City-St. Joseph, Jefferson City, & Springfield-Cape Girardeau and Archdiocese of St. Louis in promoting future vocations. The dioceses are working to inform students of the vocations in grade schools, high schools, and colleges. Our goal this year is to raise $20,000 for vocations in Missouri. To be successful and assist this program, we are asking for each Council, Assembly, and Auxiliary to consider contributions and donate 50¢ per member to help us meet our goal and provide support to the dioceses.
A suggestion to help us meet this goal would be to use the $100 reimbursement that you get back from the Supreme RSVP program and donate it to the Missouri Religious Vocation program. Contact Jerry Herbert at [email protected] to determine how to remit checks. or donate online at
There is an additional way to support the Missouri Religious Vocation program: it is by getting a personalized Missouri Knights of Columbus vehicle license plate. Arrange a $25 (one-year) or a $50 (two-year) donation to Columbian Charities, by contacting Jerry Herbert at [email protected] to determine how to remit checks. Joe Stoverink will return to donors an Emblem Use Authorization Statement that applicants must take to the license bureau.
Diocesan Chairmen
Robert Vornberg, Archdiocese of St. Louis Chris Bradfield, Diocese of Kansas City-St. Joseph James Eberhard, Diocese of Springfield-Cape Girardeau Pat Kennedy, Diocese of Jefferson City
The diocesan chairmen are the liaisons between the Knights of Columbus and the dioceses of Missouri. They are responsible for the all programs in the diocese done in conjunction with the Knights, including helping Councils and Auxiliaries identify seminarians to sponsor. Chairmen will communicate with the District Deputies and Grand Knights concerning activities and opportunities within their areas, and keep in touch with the dioceses on individual council activities. If we are to build up the Catholic Church, good communications with our Bishops are extremely vital for our success.
Refund Support Vocations Program (RSVP)
Keep the faith alive by supporting our seminarians and postulants. As the strong right arm of the church, Knights of Columbus are committed to providing moral, financial and spiritual support to our future priests and religious at all stages of their formation. A featured program, RSVP counts for two credits toward the Columbian Award. Knights of Columbus stand in solidarity with our priest and religious. Through this program, council and parish families will raise funds to support seminarians in their areas. For every $500 donated to an individual seminarian or religious aspirant, Supreme Council will refund $100 back to the council, up to a maximum of $400 refund per council per fraternal year.
Form 2863 must be used to apply for reimbursement, and receive featured program credit. Copy your diocesan chairman as well. A good way to use your reimbursement from Supreme is to donate this reimbursement to the Missouri Religious Vocations Fund, which, as a reminder, is a completely different program.
Msgr. Joseph Mancuso Catholic Education Grant Program
Fr. Joseph Weber, Jr., Chairman
Providing a strong Catholic education for our youth has always been a priority of the Missouri State Knights of Columbus. Beginning in 1984, Msgr. Joseph Mancuso spearheaded a drive to establish a $1,000,000 Trust Fund to support and fund Catholic education programs around the state. Since 1990 interest earned from this fund has provided over $700,000 in grants to Catholic schools and parish-based religious programs. During the 2021-2022 fraternal year this program was able to provide grants totaling $50,000 to 74 education programs throughout the four dioceses in Missouri.
Catholic schools, which include pre-schools, parochial schools and high schools along with K-12 religious education programs can apply for either a $500 or $1000 grant. Application forms are available on the state council website under the forms section and are due no later then March 1st – no late forms will be accepted. While electronic submissions are highly preferred, if you have issues with the online form please contact Fr. Weber. Please follow the criteria precisely.
Grant Criteria when submitting your application:
Deals with a specifically Catholic dimension of education which is in conformity with the Magisterium of the Catholic Church.
Would affect a high percentage of the potential number of students enrolled or other persons involved.
Shows promise of continuing after the initial funding is expended.
Does not merely replace what is an expected service but offers an improved dimension (supplements basic programs, does not supplant, or initiates a needed program).
Could be replicated in other Catholic educational settings.
Show clearly the basis of need for this project.
Show clearly the inability of the local setting to meet this need.
Would be implemented by personnel with appropriate background and expertise.
Is accompanied by a budget which meets requirements and includes no request for overhead expenses unless it is a new project.
Offers matching effort (not necessarily financial) on the local level to the extent possible.
Father Michael J. McGivney Guild
Edward M. Cirar, Jr., Chairman
On October 31, 2020, Joseph Cardinal Tobin, Archbishop of Newark, presided over Holy Mass to beatify our founder, Father Michael J. McGivney. The Catechism of the Catholic Church tells us in paragraph 2683 of the importance of those who have gone before us into the Kingdom of God in that "Their intercession is their most exalted service to God's plan. We can and should ask them to intercede for us and for the whole world." While we pray for him to be raised to the dignity of the altar, we must not neglect his role as our intercessor to God. We encourage you to continue to ask for our founder's intercession daily.
Continue to promote the Father McGivney Guild through this beatification process and keep informed by receiving quarterly newsletters from the Father Michael J. McGivney Guild. Membership in the guild is free and open to not only Knights of Columbus members but anyone who is interested in our founder's history. For more information, you can go to the Guild's website at Please encouraged your Council, Assembly, and Auxiliary members to join the Guild. A printable form of the sign-up sheet is on a following page for your convenience.
Religious Appreciation & Pilgrimages
When Jesus walked this earth, he told his disciples "What so ever you do for the least of my brothers, you are doing it for me." Our Order is established on that principle of Charity.
With our clergy appreciation programs throughout the year every Council, Assembly, and Auxiliary have an opportunity to show our clergy and religious just how much they are appreciated. We are blessed for each of their sacrifices made to follow Christ and devote their lives to serving our Mother Church and the needs of others. Please take time to show them by honoring them at your parish with the church community or taking them out to diner some evening.
For centuries Catholics have undertaken pilgrimages as journeys of devotion. In 2010, Pope Benedict XVI said "To go on pilgrimage is not simply to visit a place to admire its treasures or nature, art or history… To go on pilgrimage really means to step out of ourselves in order to encounter God." The State Council will continue to offer pilgrimages to help the Councils, Assemblies, and Auxiliaries further their faith and relationships with God. Councils can attend religious retreats and days of reflection organized by other groups. However, if they are attending a reflection and not planning it themselves, council attendance should be significant with at least 10 percent of the council or a minimum of 10 members participating.
Again, this fraternal year we are planning to have a pilgrimage in each diocese. More information will be published on these pilgrimages as the fraternal year gets underway.
Faith Enrichment
As Knights families, we are all called to serve God our Father, Lord Jesus Christ, Holy Mother Church and our parish communities. Included under the heading of faith enrichment, in cooperation with our pastors, Councils might:
Meet with your Pastor and align the council's agenda with his plans and needs.
Discuss goals and planned activities for the council's fraternal year that will support the Parish.
Ask for pastoral guidance to ensure the council remains on a sound spiritual footing.
Ask what your council can do to help support his pastoral work and then LISTEN!
Implement programs that teach and promote the sustaining gift of God's sacraments.
Implement programs that teach and promote our common priesthood.
Promote a positive image of our priests in the parish, in the home, and in the community
Faith in Action Supreme Programs
Eucharistic Revival and Holy Hour
With the launch in June 2022 of the three-year National Eucharistic Revival this month, all families are urged to deepen their devotion to Jesus Christ in the holy Eucharist through prayer, faithful attendance at Mass and adoration. The Supreme Council has also developed eucharistic procession training materials in consultation with the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, and the Supreme Knight has asked Knights to "stand ready" to help their bishops and pastors with revival efforts. Councils that have encouraged eucharistic devotion in their brother Knights have seen it energize their charitable work. Look for videos supporting the Eucharistic Revival and ideas for supporting a Eucharistic procession at kofc.org.
Building the Domestic Church – Kiosk & Catholic Information Service
Help strengthen the domestic church (our families) by providing exceptional religious education materials to all Catholics. Building the Domestic Church Kiosks contain engaging, faith-based literature and are available for councils to distribute to members, parishioners, and the general public. By organizing activities in your parishes, councils will educate and evangelize using the rich resources found in the Catholic Information Service (CIS) Building the Domestic Church series of booklets. For $150, councils will receive a Building the Domestic Church Kiosk (#BDC-K) and the first set of 225 booklets of the most popular CIS resources, aimed at helping Catholics to live out the Church's vision for our families.
Into The Breach
Deepen member spirituality and formation to combat the crisis of religious faith in our world. Into The Breach is a call to battle for Catholic men which urges them to embrace masculine virtues in a world at crisis. Councils can institute men's study groups to read the Apostolic Exhortation Into the breach and use copies of the Into the Breach Booklet and Study Guide as a resource.
Rosary Program
Build faithful families and communities through rosary prayer. The Knights of Columbus Rosary Program encourages councils to promote devotion to the rosary in our families and parishes by scheduling regular rosary prayer services. Kits with rosary rings, rosary prayer guides, and leader books are available for councils to order. This program encourages devotion to Mary, the patroness of our Order, and emphasizes the importance of prayer in community and as a family.
Sacramental Gifts
Support families during the most important events in the life of the domestic church: the sacraments. Councils will play an integral role in these momentous faith events and the lives of our families and parish community through prayer and the presentation of symbolic gifts. As children and adults members become more integrated into the life of the church and their parish, they should know that members of the Knights of Columbus will always be present in a tangible and meaningful way, regardless of who else is there for them.
Spiritual Reflection
Create annual opportunities for prayer and reflection together as a fraternity. Under the guidance of our chaplains, councils can attend a retreat or day of reflection together or organize their own event for the families of the parish. | eng | d0fbefad-5501-4e4b-84f7-300f6c5d96b6 | https://mokofc.adamerica.org/programs/faith/ |
The Prevalence of Anxiety and Stress in Today's Society In today's fast-paced world, stress and anxiety have become prevalent issues. Whether it's the pressure of work, financial worries, or personal relationships, these factors can significantly increase stress levels. Chronic stress can lead to a host of health problems, including heart disease, diabetes, and mentalIntroduction Hook: The prevalence of anxiety in today's society In today's fast-paced world, stress and anxiety have become common companions for many individuals. The pressures of work, relationships, and societal expectations can often lead to feelings of overwhelm and anxiety. Such anxiety can manifest in various forms, including social anxiety, anxiety disorders, and anxiety depression. | eng | b149e001-4d28-4f2a-a14f-847be882570d | https://mindfulharmonyoasis.com/category/relaxation-techniques/ |
Image Quotes
"It is always in my mind still that I can crush anybody. That's not an issue. But I think that is the same for most athletes. If you don't believe you can win tournaments anymore, then you can't do it can walk around screaming, 'I have 17 Grand Slams. I have the record here or there.' When you can play for history and you do it, that's what is so really cool, is that you can then be compared to other greats or you've passed another great, even though it doesn't mean you're better than him. But it's just like that moment you've gone into the unknown where nobody else has ever been before | eng | 649e2ced-d1bc-42bd-ba06-ef08d614b47c | https://www.wordsaregod.com/quotes/19759/roger-federer-inspirational-quote.html |
Vitamin Shots Near Me
Are you feeling tired, run down, or just not quite yourself lately? Have you considered the benefits of vitamin shots? These powerful injections deliver a potent dose of vitamins and nutrients directly into your bloodstream, providing quick and effective relief from all sorts of ailments. But where can you find vitamin shots near you? In this blog post, we'll explore everything you need to know about vitamin shots, including their benefits, frequency of use, cost and potential side effects. So sit back and get ready to discover how these little injections can make a big difference in your health!
What are Vitamin Shots?
Vitamin shots are injections that deliver a concentrated dose of vitamins and nutrients directly into your bloodstream. They're often used as a quick and effective way to address vitamin deficiencies or other health concerns, such as fatigue, stress, or poor immune function.
These injections typically contain high doses of B-vitamins, which are essential for energy production and nerve function. Other common ingredients include Vitamin C, magnesium, calcium, and amino acids like glutamine or taurine.
One of the primary benefits of vitamin shots is their fast-acting nature — because they bypass the digestive system entirely, the nutrients can be absorbed much more quickly than if you were to take them orally.
But while vitamin shots can be highly effective for certain conditions, they're not right for everyone. People with certain medical conditions (such as kidney disease) may need to avoid certain types of injections altogether. It's always important to speak with your healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.
What are the benefits of Vitamin Shots?
Vitamin shots are a quick and easy way to boost your body's nutrient intake. These injections can provide numerous benefits for your overall health and well-being.
Firstly, vitamin shots can help improve your immune system by providing essential vitamins like Vitamin C which helps fight off colds and flu. It also aids in reducing the severity and duration of these illnesses.
Secondly, vitamin shots can increase energy levels by delivering B-complex vitamins directly into the bloodstream. This provides an immediate energy boost that lasts throughout the day without any caffeine or sugar crashes.
Thirdly, vitamin shots can aid in weight loss efforts as they contain amino acids that promote fat burning while preserving lean muscle mass. They also help reduce cravings for unhealthy foods by stabilizing blood sugar levels.
Vitamin shots have been shown to improve skin health as they contain nutrients such as biotin which promotes healthy hair, skin, and nails.
Incorporating regular vitamin shot treatments into your wellness routine can provide a range of benefits for both physical and mental health.
How often should I get a Vitamin Shot?
When it comes to how often you should get a vitamin shot, there is no one-size-fits-all answer. The frequency with which you should receive vitamin shots depends on your individual needs, lifestyle and health goals.
For those who have a chronic condition, such as anemia or Crohn's disease, or are dealing with high levels of stress or fatigue, more frequent vitamin shots may be necessary. Similarly, athletes and active individuals may benefit from receiving injections more frequently in order to support muscle recovery and energy levels.
On the other hand, if you are simply looking for an occasional boost to your immune system or energy levels, getting a vitamin shot once every few months may suffice.
It's important to consult with a healthcare professional before deciding on the frequency of your vitamin shots. They can help determine what type of vitamins and nutrients your body needs most and advise on the best schedule for administering them.
Where can I find Vitamin Shots near me?
If you're interested in getting a Vitamin Shot, you might be wondering where to find one near you. The good news is that these injections have become increasingly popular in recent years, meaning there are likely several options available.
One place to start your search is at local wellness centers or spas. Many of these establishments offer Vitamin Shots as part of their menu of services. You can often browse their websites or call ahead to see what kinds of shots are available and how much they cost.
Another option is to check with your doctor's office or clinic. Some healthcare providers now offer injectable vitamins for patients who may be deficient in certain nutrients. This can be a convenient way to get the shot while also ensuring that it's being administered by a medical professional.
Don't forget about online retailers and delivery services. Many companies now sell Vitamin Shots online and will ship them directly to your door. This can be especially helpful if you live in an area without many local options for this type of service.
While it's understandable to want to save money on healthcare expenses like these, it's important not to sacrifice quality for price. Choosing a reputable provider with experience administering vitamin shots can ensure safety and efficacy.
Ultimately, when considering the cost of vitamin shots near you, weigh the benefits against any potential financial drawbacks and determine what works best for your budget and wellness goals.
Are there any side effects of Vitamin Shots?
Vitamin shots are generally safe to use, however, as with any supplement or injection, there may be side effects. The occurrence of these side effects varies from person to person and depends on the type of vitamin shot being taken.
Some of the most common side effects include pain or discomfort at the injection site, swelling, redness and itching. These symptoms usually subside within a few hours after administration. It is important not to scratch around the area where you received your shot as this could lead to an infection.
Other possible side effects include dizziness, nausea or vomiting. If these symptoms persist for longer than 24 hours or are severe enough to cause concern then it's best to consult with your healthcare provider immediately.
Those who have underlying medical conditions such as allergies should take caution when receiving vitamin shots. Allergic reactions can occur even if they've never experienced them before so it's always wise to inform your healthcare provider about any known allergies before taking a shot.
While there may be some minor side-effects associated with Vitamin Shots Near Me injections in some cases; they're generally considered safe and beneficial for people looking for a quick boost in their nutritional levels!
Conclusion
Vitamin shots are a great way to boost your health and improve your overall well-being. They can provide many benefits such as increased energy levels, improved immunity, and enhanced skin appearance.
If you're looking for vitamin shots near you, there are several options available including pharmacies, wellness centers, and medical spas. Prices may vary depending on the location and type of injection you choose.
It's important to speak with a healthcare professional before getting any type of injection to ensure it's safe for you. While most people experience no side effects from vitamin shots, it's always best to err on the side of caution.
If you're looking for an easy and effective way to improve your health and feel better in your own skin, consider trying out a vitamin shot today! | eng | d3fdc3e9-0789-4df8-ab7b-879366700f03 | https://konten123.com/vitamin-shots-near-me/ |
nephrologists, transplant specialists, nurses and other clinicians who treat and manage patients
who might require kidney transplant.
The goal of this activity is to evaluate geographic disparities in kidney transplant.
Upon completion of this activity, participants will:
Assess disparities in kidney transplantation in the US based on patient race/ethnicity
Evaluate how geographic disparities in kidney transplantation may persist in the USThere have been clear disparities in the distribution of kidney transplants for decades, and it is sad but not surprising
that race and ethnicity have played a role in these disparities. Black and Hispanic patients have historically been less likely
than White patients to receive a kidney transplant, but how much does the higher burden of comorbid illness among Black and
Hispanic patients contribute to this difference? A previous study by Ku and colleagues, published in the July 2020 issue of
Transplantation, evaluated this issue.[1]
Study data were drawn from patients registered between 2005 and 2014 in the US Renal Data System, which collects information
on patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Researchers included 986,019 patients who initiated dialysis. Almost 65,000
renal transplants occurred during a mean of 2.3 years of follow-up.
In this cohort, the rate of medical barriers to transplantation was actually lower among Black and Hispanic patients compared
with among non-Hispanic White patients. However, access to transplant in the first year of dialysis was 65% and 43% lower
for Black and Hispanic patients vs for non-Hispanic White patients. These disparities had resolved by year 4 of follow-up.
There was a disparity favoring non-Hispanic White patients for kidney transplant in the planned analysis of all adults with
a low rate of risk factors for transplant. Moreover, the disparity against Black and Hispanic patients was more persistent.
In this subgroup analysis, non-Hispanic White patients remained more likely than Black and Hispanic patients to receive a
kidney transplant through years 4 or 5 of follow-up.
Previous efforts have attempted to reduce disparities in access to kidney transplant, including both racial and geographic
disparities. The current analysis focuses on the potential effects of efforts in 2019 by the Organ Procurement and Transplantation
Network (OPTN) to reduce geographic variability in access to kidney transplant.
Study Synopsis and Perspective
The introduction of the new kidney allocation policy in the US initiated by the OPTN may not benefit all states equally when
the regional burden of ESKD is taken into account, a new cross-sectional, population-based economic evaluation suggests.
The analysis shows that the probability of a patient with ESKD receiving a deceased donor kidney transplant varied 3-fold
across the United States in 2017, with the lowest probability being in West Virginia, at 6.4%, and the highest likelihood
being in the District of Columbia, at 18.7%.
"The rationale for the [OPTN] allocation changes was that the calculated waiting time for a deceased donor kidney transplant
differed by more than 5 years, depending on the geographic location of the transplant center for a patient on the wait list,"
lead author Derek DuBay, MD, from the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, and colleagues observe.
"Our analysis demonstrates that states with the lowest transplant rates normalized for ESKD burden will not benefit from the
changes by the OPTN, and several are projected to experience significant decreases in kidney organ allocation volume," they
add.
The new OPTN policy was approved in late 2019 and became effective March 15, 2021. The updated policy on matching kidney and pancreas transplant candidates with organs from deceased donors replaces distribution based on donation service area (DSA) and OPTN region. The new policy means that kidneys and pancreases will be first offered to candidates listed at transplant hospitals within 250 nautical miles of the donor hospital. Offers not accepted for any of these candidates will then be made for candidates beyond the 250-nautical-mile distance.
Merged Data Set
For their study, Dr DuBay and colleagues used a merged data set from the US Renal Disease System plus data from the Scientific
Registry of Transplant Recipients.
The population included patients with ESKD as well as those who had undergone kidney transplantation during 2017. A total
of 122,659 new patients with ESKD were included in the analysis, 35,447 of whom were added to the kidney transplant waitlist
during that year.
"Marked differences were found in ESKD incidence across the US; the highest rates are in the District of Columbia, the Southeast,
West Virginia, and New Jersey," Dr DuBay and colleagues point out. The lowest incidence rates of ESKD were found in the Mountain
West states, Minnesota, and some New England states.
Similarly, the likelihood of a new patient with ESKD being added to the transplant waitlist varied significantly across the
United States. Patients most likely to be waitlisted were in Wyoming, Colorado, Minnesota, and several New England states.
In contrast, the lowest probabilities of a new patient with ESKD being waitlisted were in Hawaii, Oregon, Nevada, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Ohio River Valley states.
Most important, there were "stark differences" in the probability of a new patient with ESKD actually receiving a living or
deceased donor transplant across the United States, with again a greater than 3-fold difference in the probability of patients
receiving any type of donor transplant, with those in Hawaii, at 9.16%, being the least likely, and those in Utah being the
most likely, at 31.16%.
Not a Level Playing Field
As the authors explain, the modeling method used by the OPTN to determine deceased donor allocation is based on DSAs, the
nonprofit agencies that coordinate deceased donation.
"Based on kidney transplant frequency...one might expect with the new OPTN allocation system that Hawaii, West Virginia, Arkansas,
Mississippi, and Nevada should receive the largest increase in deceased donor kidneys," the authors note.
This turns out not to be the case, however, because DSAs from New York, Georgia, and Illinois are more likely to have the
biggest increase in deceased donor allocation, they observe.
With the exception of Georgia, "these states with increased kidney allocation have transplant rates above the mean (of 50
states plus the District of Columbia)."
OPTN modeling also suggests that DSAs from Nevada, Ohio, and North Carolina are at the most risk of experiencing the largest decrease in deceased donor allocations, yet these same states have transplant rates below the mean of 50 states plus the District of Columbia.
In fact, New York City is expected to have the largest increase in deceased donor kidneys, at 124%, versus the state of Nevada, which is expected to see a 74% decrease in deceased donor kidneys based on the new OPTN modeling changes.
"We strongly believe the best method to assess for organ allocation equity and geographic disparities is to estimate the proportion
of patients with ESKD who receive a transplant," the authors argue.
"Regrettably, ESKD burden is completely ignored in the changes approved by the OPTN to the kidney allocation system in late
2019.... Until the playing field is level, it is important for the OPTN to not create policies that potentially worsen disparities
in access to transplant," they emphasize.
Pandemic Offered Opportunity for a Real-Life, Successful Experiment
Commenting on the findings, Kenneth Andreoni, MD, from the University of Florida, Gainesville, pointed out that the "real
goal" of any national organ allocation policy should be to increase the availability of deceased donor transplants for all
eligible candidates.
Paradoxically, this might be one of the few "silver linings" to emerge from the COVID-19 pandemic.
"After the declaration of a national public health emergency on March 13, 2020, the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients
stated that they would not follow up recipient outcome after this date," Dr Andreoni explained.
Freedom from this standard "punitive" regulation through program-specific reports was likely responsible for 2020 being a
record year for transplant volume, he pointed out, despite having fewer living donor transplants, the pandemic burden on transplantation
hospitals, and the risk for potential transplant recipients becoming infected with COVID-19. "The COVID-19 pandemic has allowed
the real-life experiment to take place," Dr Andreoni observed.
"Removal of the threat of the program-specific reports has allowed the transplantation community to offer more lifesaving
transplants to US recipients, despite the unprecedented healthcare stresses in 2020," he underscored.
Study Highlights
Study data were drawn from the national US Renal Disease System and Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. The latter
registry reports on wait times for all transplant recipients.
Researchers followed reports of incident ESKD by state and estimated the likelihood of receiving a kidney transplant during
2017. They focused specifically on transplants from deceased donors.
122,659 patients with ESKD were included in the assessment. The mean age of patients was 62.8 years, and 58.2% were men. The
estimated national incidence of ESKD was 377 cases per million population.
35,447 patients were placed on kidney transplant wait lists in 2017, and 19,694 kidney transplants were performed; 13,956
transplants were from deceased donors.
15,365 patients died or were removed from the kidney transplant list in 2017.
Rates of ESKD were highly variable from state to state. The highest prevalence of ESKD was encountered in the District of
Columbia, broadly in the Southeast United States; West Virginia; and New Jersey. The lowest rates of ESKD were found in the
Mountain West; Minnesota; and New England.
The probability of being added to the kidney transplant list was highest in Colorado, Wyoming, and New England. The lowest
probabilities were found in Hawaii, Oregon, Nevada, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana, and several Ohio River Valley states.
The probability of receiving a kidney transplant was highest in Minnesota, other Midwestern states, Mountain West states,
Alaska, and some New England states. The lowest rates of kidney transplant were found in Nevada, West Virginia, and the Southeast.
The median time on the wait list for transplant varied from 2.6 years in Nebraska to 7.2 years in Wyoming.
Based on the new donor kidney allocation system espoused by the OPTN, the states predicted to have the largest increases in
donor allocation are New York, Georgia, and Illinois. But the transplant rates in New York and Illinois are already well above
the mean.
Based on the new donor kidney allocation system espoused by the OPTN, the states predicted to have the largest decreases in
donor allocation are Nevada, North Carolina, and Ohio. The transplant rates in these states are already below the mean (for
example, Nevada ranks 47th for state transplant rates).
The researchers focus on artificial elevation of Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients wait times for transplant as
a key factor in the higher geographic disparities in their model.
Clinical Implications
This previous study found that kidney transplant was delayed in the first year of dialysis for Black and Hispanic patients
compared with for non-Hispanic White patients. By year 4, these disparities had resolved, but they did persist in the subgroup
of adults who had few risk factors for complications after transplant.
The current study suggests that policies adopted by the OPTN in 2019 may actually worsen geographic disparities in kidney
transplant.
Implications for the healthcare team: The healthcare team should understand the local, state, and federal dynamics of organ
procurement and kidney transplant to best advocate for their patients | eng | e2dbf13a-5eb4-4352-a9a4-4911e2153311 | https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/954611 |
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How humans may populate the universe in the billions of years ahead
I'm old enough to have viewed the grainy TV images of the first Moon landings by Apollo 11 in 1969. I can never look at the Moon without recalling Neil Armstrong's 'One small step for a man; one giant leap for mankind'. It seems even more heroic in retrospect, considering how they depended on primitive computing and untested equipment.
20 July 1969 (NASA/AFP via Getty Images)
Once the race to the Moon was won, there was no motivation for continuing with the space race and the gargantuan costs involved.
How humans may populate the universe in the billions of years ahead | eng | 0bd68ea7-44bd-4148-b200-be3f0674b482 | https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/how-humans-may-populate-the-universe-in-the-billions-of-years-ahead/ |
Dog Behaviour Tips & Tricks
When a person brings home a puppy from the pet store or from a rescue shelter, there are a handful of individuals that he/she will look to for help as he/she begins to take care of his/her new pet. Veterinarians are the ones dog owners approach in case of health problems, while dog trainers are handy when the time comes for the puppy to be trained in proper behavior. For those who don't have money to spend on dog training and behavioral sessions, they can always read self-help books concerning dog behavior tips and tricks that they can easily teach their pet.
The first behavior owners can notice in their dog is its incessant barking. Those who dream of having their puppy or dog stop barking permanently are deluded; barking is a dog's way of speaking, and having its vocal cords cut is plain cruel. Besides, a barking dog is a good alarm in case a robber gets inside the house or something amiss happens around the house. However, long bouts of barking can be annoying not just for the family, but also for the neighbors. There are a few tips a dog owner should know to prevent this from happening.
First, before berating the puppy for barking, the owner must first establish a concrete reason why it barks in the first place. Is it because the children are making too much noise? Is there a cat nearby? Or does it bark because nobody has been paying any attention to it? If it's because of the latter, then owners can solve this by playing with the dog more often and even taking it on long walks. Dogs usually bark for long periods of time because they feel bored, neglected, and perhaps even unloved. By showing the dog that it's not unloved can help improve the situation.
Another behavior one can observe in dogs – especially puppies – is chewing. A puppy can chew at Mom's shoes, at Dad's socks, and even Sister's favorite book. Dog owners can stop the puppy from chewing at something important (like Dad's notes for an important business meeting) by keeping these out of reach. Puppy-proofing one's house can certainly go a long way, and dog owners can now focus on training their puppy to stop chewing.
The main reason why puppies chew is because like human babies, they tend to explore their new world by putting things into its mouth. Puppies also have this desire to chew continuously until they turn 6 months old, and most dogs even chew things when they grow older. Owners should teach the puppy the things it cannot chew. Whenever they see the puppy chewing on someone's shoe, they should interrupt the puppy with a loud noise and then hand it a chew toy (one can buy these at the local pet store) and then praise it when the puppy drops the shoe and reaches for the chew toy instead.
Another method to teach good dog behavior in terms of chewing is by giving them its own chew toys. Some owners give their puppies knotted old socks and secondhand toys. Unlike humans, puppies wouldn't know the differences between an old sock and a new one.
These are just some of the dog behaviors one can observe while a puppy is growing up. Other behaviors include nipping, biting, urinating or defecating (pooping) everywhere, and even displaying aggressive behavior. Proper dog training is a must in order for dog owners – and the dog – to have a happy and content life. | eng | 58e5b2a0-0716-4652-be05-2d38cc729956 | http://mydogobedience101.com/dog-behaviour-tips-tricks/ |
a Second Language Acquisition (SLA) study conducted in virtual worlds that could help teachers in terms of knowledge about acquisition processes, in which technology is integration between formal and non formal education. The research comprises of two studies strongly focused on the development of Italian oral language proficiency. It was held within Second Life® (SL™)1 in order to explore the affordances of public spaces to enhance Intercultural Communicative Competence (ICC)2 and to stimulate the oral production through learner's engagement. Since 2007, a new pilot project, Café Italia, was developed by Carmela Dell'Aria (aka Misy Ferraris) in Second Life®. Starting from theory and research (SLA and Linguistics) the project leads to effective language learning practice. As matter of fact, the research moves to analyze learners' needs, to give a focus for instruction, to adapt technology to their needs through experimentation, and to evaluate the results.
Introduction
There has been a significant increase in the popularity of virtual worlds, and their significance as mediums for enabling personal learning environment (PLE)3 is never more evident. Virtual worlds (VWs) are a type of online community that takes the form of a computer-based simulated environment through which users can interact with one another, using objects and creating content (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010). Virtual Worlds include those such as Second Life®, a 3D online virtual community which allows you to:
develop your own online community by using Second Life Groups... Use groups to hook up with people who share your interests, or use them to build a web presence for your new Second Life business. Group members can easily keep in touch with each other, develop their virtual land together, and set dates to meet up (Second Life's blog).
In Second Life® (see Figure 1) users can act and interact via a digital representation, an avatar, which is described as:
Figure 1.
Characters in Second Life (2010)
a digital persona that you can create and customize. It's you — only in 3D. You can create an avatar that resembles your real life or create an alternate identity. The only limit is your imagination (Second Life's blog).
Everyone can arrange a personal learning environment to manage and plan different educational resources, using and interacting with them in a personal way. In consideration of the emerging social behavior, the design of online educational environments is overcoming the limits of the traditional virtual learning environment and the difficulties of the PLE, in order to focus the attention on the concept of a "person in place." This is based on the centrality of the person, who lives educational experiences in a place full of social relationships and technologically advanced, and where people can find an appropriate support to the development of their experiences. The frame of the virtual learning place (VLP) should include all elements that support the interaction, the social learning and the link with real life. Their fulfillment should be considered a practical example of technological progress, pedagogical experimentation, and a new educational strategy practicable at any level. For this reason our action research counts the design and realization of a pilot project, Café Italia, with small groups of academic students. It aims to offer alternative tools for language teaching and new practices in accordance with different approaches and methodologies such as SLA, multiple intelligences, constructivism, neuroscience, multi-competence, process drama, and prosody approach. Working simultaneously on both the teacher training (teaching process and teacher's skills profile) and learning process, we want to take in consideration the problems with language teaching and learning. According to SLA, the project offers an experiential contribution to the management of students' motivation and involvement by the affordances of virtual worlds (VWs). The project has as goals to:
•
Make the foreign learner more active and motivate.
•
Make the teachers aware of the VWs' affordances and limits.
•
Make the Italian students be trained to a rational use of methodologies offered by neuro/socio linguistics, multimedia didactics and SLA.
•
Make the teachers build customized and integrated glottodidactic paths.
Within Café Italia project4 and in order to design effective networked interactive tasks, a syllabus was designed. It developed authentic social interaction and intercultural awareness, which play a larger role than in classroom language education. Following the literature on communicative language tasks a template was used for task development and evaluation within this project. The paper describes the impact of drama based activities (intonation, building meaning, developing a character, learning vocabulary and improvisation) on students' pragmatics learning, motivation and confidence level, suggesting practical techniques for lessons. In terms of target language Italian was taught and practiced through oral activities from word pronunciation to sentence intonation.
Key Terms in this Chapter
Role-Play: A technique used in face-to-face and online teaching. Learners take the role profiles of specific characters in a supportive environment, learning through action.
Foreign Language (FL): The target language that a student learn with a rarely opportunity for exposure to it outside of the classroom.
Prosodic Approach: An approach based on learning the patterns of stress and intonation in a language.
Virtual Worlds: An online community that takes the form of a computer-based simulated environment through which users can interact with one another, use and create objects.
Second Life® (SLTM): An online virtual world developed by Linden Lab, where users can interact with each other through avatars. Second Life® is a trademark of Linden Research, Inc. This presentation is not affiliated with or sponsored by Linden Research. Read more on | eng | efd7743d-7766-489d-98ec-bde32b73df24 | https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/integrating-real-virtual-world-academic/72096 |
From Classic to Custom: A Journey Through RuneScape Private Servers
Sun, Jul 25, 2021
RuneScape, the iconic MMORPG that has captured the hearts of millions of players worldwide, has not only created a vibrant gaming community but has also inspired a parallel world of private servers. These private servers, created and managed by passionate fans, offer players a unique and customizable RuneScape experience beyond the official game. In this article, we'll take a journey through the realm of RuneScape private servers, exploring their evolution from classic recreations to custom creations and the allure they hold for players seeking new adventures.
The Appeal of Private Servers
RuneScape private servers provide an alternative gaming experience for players who crave something different from the official version of the game. They offer a level of customization, community interaction, and gameplay variations that may not be available in the original RuneScape. These private servers allow players to relive nostalgic moments, explore custom content, and engage with a passionate community of like-minded individuals.
Classic Recreation Servers
One of the earliest forms of private servers focused on recreating the classic versions of RuneScape. These servers aimed to capture the essence of the game as it existed during specific eras, such as the highly popular 2007 version known as Old School RuneScape (OSRS). These servers often attract players seeking a nostalgia trip, where they can relive the early days of their RuneScape journey, complete with the same graphics, mechanics, and gameplay mechanics.
Customization and Innovation
As private servers evolved, many server owners and developers began to explore the possibilities of creating custom content and unique gameplay experiences. These servers introduced new quests, areas, items, and gameplay mechanics that expanded the boundaries of what was possible in RuneScape. Players were now able to embark on entirely new adventures, explore uncharted territories, and engage in novel gameplay systems not found in the official game.
Community Engagement
One of the key aspects of private servers is the strong sense of community they foster. Players come together to share their experiences, provide feedback, and contribute to the growth of the server. Private servers often have dedicated forums, Discord channels, and active in-game chat systems where players can interact, form alliances, and participate in community events. This level of engagement creates a unique social experience that is cherished by many players.
Challenges and Rewards
Private servers can present unique challenges for both players and server owners. Players may encounter bugs, balancing issues, or even malicious activity on certain servers. It is essential to exercise caution and choose reputable servers with active moderation and a dedicated development team. Additionally, server owners must navigate the complexities of hosting, maintaining, and updating their servers to ensure a smooth and enjoyable experience for their player base.
Discovering the Realm of Private Servers
If you're interested in exploring RuneScape private servers, there are several avenues to embark on this journey. Online forums, community websites, and server listing platforms provide resources to help you discover and connect with different servers. Take the time to research and read reviews to find a server that aligns with your preferences, whether you're looking for classic recreation, custom content, PvP-focused gameplay, or a specific era of RuneScape.
RuneScape private servers offer players a realm of possibilities, from reliving nostalgic moments to embarking on unique adventures. They provide an avenue for creativity, customization, and community engagement beyond what the official game can offer. Whether you're seeking a nostalgic journey or craving new challenges, RuneScape private servers are a treasure trove of experiences waiting to be discovered.
Embark on your journey through the world of RuneScape private servers and uncover the hidden gems that await you. Immerse yourself in a realm of customization, innovation, and camaraderie as you explore the vast landscapes and engage in exciting adventures that private servers have to offer. Let the allure of RuneScape private servers ignite your passion for adventure once again. | eng | efbc6e1c-9160-417d-abb6-559f9401e47c | https://gslist.net/from-classic-to-custom-a-journey-through-runescape-private-servers/ |
The Basics and Types of Divorce Law
In order to navigate the intricacies of family law, it's essential to understand one of its main components: divorce law. This field of law deals with the termination of a marriage and the legal issues that arise from it.
What is Divorce Law?
Divorce law is the area of legal practice that focuses on the processes involved in ending a marriage contract between two people. It encompasses a wide range of issues, including but not limited to the grounds for divorce, division of marital assets, child custody and support, alimony, and the legal process to be followed.
While every marriage is unique, the laws governing their dissolution are established by each state to ensure fairness and equity. Divorce law is designed to help you navigate this challenging process, protect your rights, and reach a resolution that respects your interests and those of your family.
The Role of Divorce Law in Family Law
Divorce law is a substantial part of family law, which encompasses a broader set of legal issues related to families, such as marriage, adoption, and child welfare. Within the scope of family law, divorce law plays a vital role as it governs the procedures and regulations that couples must adhere to when they decide to end their marriage.
Whether you are a family lawyer or someone going through a divorce, understanding the nuances of divorce law will help you navigate the process with greater ease and confidence. It allows you to protect your rights, fulfill your obligations, and work towards a resolution that respects the best interests of everyone involved.
Basics of Divorce Law
Understanding the basics of divorce law is essential whether you're a practicing lawyer, considering specializing in family law, or going through a divorce yourself. This section will cover the grounds for divorce and the legal process involved.
Grounds for Divorce
The grounds for divorce are the reasons why one spouse wants to end the marriage. Under divorce law, these grounds can vary depending upon the state and the type of divorce being pursued.
The most common grounds include:
Irreconcilable Differences: This is a common ground for a no-fault divorce, where neither party is blamed for the breakdown of the marriage.
Separation: In some states, living apart for a certain period can be grounds for divorce.
Adultery: This is a common ground for an at-fault divorce, where one spouse's actions are blamed for the breakdown of the marriage.
Abuse: This includes physical, emotional, or financial abuse.
Abandonment or Desertion: If a spouse has left the other for a certain period without agreement and without reason, it may be a ground for divorce.
Addiction: This can include drug, alcohol, or gambling addictions.
It's crucial to work with a knowledgeable legal representative to understand the implications of each ground for divorce, as the chosen ground can significantly impact the divorce proceedings and outcomes.
Legal Process of Divorce
The legal process of divorce can be complex and emotionally challenging. Here's a general overview of what to expect:
Filing a Petition: The first step in the divorce process is for one spouse (the petitioner) to file a divorce petition in the state court.
Service of Process: The petitioner must provide the other spouse (the respondent) with a copy of the petition, often by a process server.
Response: The respondent has a certain period to respond to the petition.
Negotiation: If the divorce is uncontested or there's agreement on all issues, the divorce can proceed through legal paperwork. If not, there will need to be a negotiation process, possibly involving attorneys, mediators, or a court proceeding.
Trial: If a settlement can't be reached, the divorce case goes to trial.
Order of Dissolution: Once the court is satisfied with the agreements or court decision, it issues an order of dissolution, which officially ends the marriage.
Each step in the divorce process can have significant legal and emotional implications for both parties involved, making it crucial to seek professional legal advice before proceeding. Understanding the basics of divorce law can help you navigate this challenging process with confidence and clarity. Also, keep in your mind what can be used against you in a divorce.
Types of Divorce Under Divorce Law
In the domain of divorce law, there are various types of divorce that you can consider based on your specific circumstances. Here are eight common types of divorce:
No-Fault Divorce
In a no-fault divorce, neither party is required to prove that the other is responsible for the dissolution of the marriage. This type of divorce is often less adversarial as it doesn't involve placing blame on either spouse. Instead, reasons such as "irreconcilable differences" or "incompatibility" are sufficient. More about no-fault divorce can be found here.
Fault-Based Divorce
Contrary to no-fault divorce, a fault-based divorce occurs when one spouse is held responsible for the end of the marriage. Grounds for fault-based divorce may include adultery, abuse, or abandonment. This type of divorce can be more complex and contentious. You can find more details on fault-based divorce here.
Summary Divorce
Also known as a simple divorce, a summary divorce is a streamlined process available to couples who meet certain criteria, such as having no children or substantial assets. This type of divorce can be quicker and less costly than other types. More information on summary divorce can be found here.
Uncontested Divorce
In an uncontested divorce, both parties agree on all issues, including property division, child custody, and spousal support. This agreement simplifies the divorce process, often making it quicker and less expensive. More details about uncontested divorce can be found here.
Default Divorce
A default divorce occurs when one spouse does not respond to the divorce petition within the allotted time. In this scenario, the court may grant a divorce by default, often awarding the filing spouse with the terms they requested. Check out our recent post on what happens if you divorce a disabled spouse?
Mediated Divorce
Mediated divorce involves a neutral third party who helps the divorcing couple negotiate an agreement. This can be a less adversarial and more collaborative process. For more information on mediated divorce, click here.
Collaborative Divorce
In a collaborative divorce, each spouse hires their own attorney, and all parties work together to resolve issues and reach a settlement. This process promotes cooperation and can reduce conflict. Read more about collaborative divorce here.
Contested Divorce
A contested divorce is typically the most complex type of divorce, as the spouses cannot agree on one or more key issues. This type of divorce often involves court hearings and can be both time-consuming and expensive. More about contested divorce can be found here.
Understanding the different types of divorce under divorce law can help you navigate this often complex and emotional process. Whether you're a legal practitioner or someone going through a divorce, knowing these options can help you make the best decisions for your situation.
Key Aspects of Divorce Law
When navigating through the complexities of divorce law, there are certain key aspects that you need to pay close attention to. These include the division of assets, child custody and visitation rights, and alimony and child support.
Division of Assets
One of the most critical parts of the divorce process is the division of assets. This involves determining who gets what after the dissolution of the marriage. The laws governing this aspect can vary from state to state. Some states follow the community property rule, which typically means all assets acquired during the marriage are equally divided. Other states use equitable distribution, where assets are divided fairly, but not necessarily equally.
It's important to note that the division of assets isn't just about physical property. It also includes financial assets like bank accounts, retirement funds, and debts. It can be a complex process, and often requires the expertise of a legal professional. Check out our recent post on who pays the attorney fees in a divorce?
Child Custody and Visitation Rights
If you have children, determining child custody and visitation rights is a critical part of the divorce process. Custody pertains to who gets legal and physical responsibility for the children. Legal custody involves the right to make decisions about the child's upbringing, education, and healthcare. Physical custody determines with whom the child will live.
Visitation rights, on the other hand, allow the noncustodial parent to spend time with their children. This is typically outlined in a visitation schedule as part of the divorce agreement. The court's primary concern is always the best interest of the child, and they will consider various factors to ensure this.
Alimony and Child Support
Alimony and child support are financial obligations that one spouse might need to provide to the other after a divorce.
Alimony, also known as spousal support, is a financial provision given to a spouse who may be unable to meet their needs independently. Factors such as the length of the marriage, the standard of living during the marriage, and each spouse's earning capacity can affect the amount and duration of alimony payments.
Child support, on the other hand, is a financial obligation paid to the custodial parent to assist with the costs of raising a child. This typically includes expenses related to education, health care, and other basic needs. Child support is determined by specific guidelines and formulas that vary by state.
Navigating Divorce Law
Navigating through divorce law can be a complex and challenging process. It requires understanding various legal aspects, making informed decisions, and handling emotional stress. In this section, we will explore the significance of legal representation, the importance of understanding your rights and obligations, and the emotional aspect of divorce law.
Legal Representation in Divorce
In a divorce, having the right legal representation is crucial. A knowledgeable divorce lawyer can guide you through the legal process, explain your rights and obligations, and advocate for your best interests. Whether you're dealing with a contested divorce, an at-fault divorce, a summary divorce, or any other type, an experienced lawyer can provide the necessary legal advice and representation.
Your lawyer can assist with all aspects of the divorce proceedings, from the initial filing to negotiation, settlement, or trial. They can help you understand the legal complexities of your situation, present your case effectively, and negotiate on your behalf to arrive at a fair outcome.
Importance of Understanding Your Rights and Obligations
Understanding your rights and obligations under divorce law is paramount. Every state has different laws regarding divorce, and these laws can significantly impact your financial situation, living arrangements, and relationships with your children. Knowing your rights can help you make informed decisions about important matters like asset division, child custody, and alimony.
Additionally, it's crucial to understand your obligations. This includes adhering to court orders, providing accurate financial disclosure, and fulfilling any agreed-upon or court-ordered financial responsibilities. Non-compliance can lead to legal repercussions and negatively affect the outcome of your divorce.
The Emotional Aspect of Divorce Law
Divorce is not just a legal process; it's also an emotional journey. The end of a marriage can bring about a range of emotions, including sadness, anger, fear, and relief. It's important to acknowledge these feelings and seek support when needed. This could be in the form of counseling, support groups, or confiding in trusted friends and family.
Understanding the emotional aspect of divorce can also help in the decision-making process. For instance, choosing between a no-fault divorce and an uncontested divorce may depend on your emotional readiness to negotiate with your spouse. Similarly, you might opt for a collaborative divorce or a mediated divorce if you believe that it will result in less emotional distress.
In conclusion, navigating divorce law involves understanding the legal landscape, being aware of your rights and obligations, and managing the emotional impact. With the right support and resources, you can navigate this difficult time with confidence and resilience | eng | 7f5f22ef-9e12-432f-b8ff-a1bd98029b8c | https://themagiclawyer.com/divorce-law/ |
Sniffing around for answers to autism
Posted: 3 July 2015
Some time in the last ten years, it seems that autism has made its way into the public mind. A bit like 'bipolar', it is now not uncommon to meet people (that is, children) who suffer from the condition.
According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC) in America, one in every 68 children is now born with autism, compared to a rate of around one in 2,000 in the 1980s.
Some experts will tell you it's all about better diagnosis. Others will tell you it's a consequence of children's greater (and increasing) exposure to toxic chemicals.
One such proponent is Dr Stephanie Seneff, PhD and Senior Research Scientist at MIT. She predicts that, if we carry on as we are, we can expect half of all children to have autism by 2025. Which is why the following research, reported recently, may come in very handy.
Noam Sobel and Liron Rozekrantz from the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel showed that children with autism can be reliably diagnosed using a simple 'sniff test'.
They presented 18 children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and 18 'normal' children, with pleasant and unpleasant odours and measured their olfactory responses. Children without ASD recoiled from an unpleasant odour within 305 milliseconds, whereas children with ASD did not react. The difference in response was enough to correctly classify children with autism 81% of the time.
The authors concluded that such a test might turn out to be very useful in the clinical setting, and also raised the question 'is olfactory impairment possibly at the heart of social impairment?'
While their work is interesting, it seems that such a question ultimately distracts from the elephant in the room. Should we not be doing more to understand why the incidence of autism is skyrocketing, rather than becoming ever-more proficient at perfecting its diagnosis?
According to Dr Seneff, who has published over 170 scholarly peer-reviewed articles and has studied the link between environmental chemicals and neurological disorders for three decades, symptoms of glyphosate toxicity closely resemble those of autism. At a recent conference, she presented data (some of which in the chart above) which shows an oddly consistent correlation between the use of glyphosate pesticides and rising rates of autism. (Glyphosate pesticides are specifically formulated for genetically modified food crops.)
There is also mounting evidence that increased rates of vaccination are playing a significant role in the autism epidemic, with additives such as mercury, aluminium and formaldehyde being routinely administered by this means to children in the first year of life.
Does anyone else smell a rat in the growing number of cases of autism? Your insights, experience and observations welcomed. | eng | 3159c7c8-7e09-492a-bf72-a0423892d9d5 | https://www.96harleystreet.co.uk/sniffing-around-for-answers-to-autism/ |
EMP
There are a number of science fiction novels, stories, and TV series in the last couple decades that use EMP (electromagnetic pulse) as the basis for destroying civilization and bringing on the apocalypse.
Granted, science fiction allows for suspension of disbelief for one scientific principle. Well, at least one. Sometimes, they get away with more than one. But, getting something correct–or at least close to what is known about something–is important.
EMP is not completely understood, even today. For exhaustive details, check this link: The Space Review. After many years of testing and analysis, we have three levels of pulse from an EMP event, E1, E2, and E3. Not all testing events to evaluate EMP ended in results that are meaningful or complete.
However, some have shown some disturbing results. For example, the Test 184 by the Soviet Union in the early 1960s, with a 300 kiloton device detonated at 290 kilometers (180 miles) knocked out a 600 mile radius power grid in Kazakhstan. It was the E3 portion of the pulse that connected to the long, underground, transmission line causing several fires. There is little evidence of damage from the E1 and E2 portions of the pulse, but there were no integrated circuits (ICs) then, and the electronics and systems at the time would be unaffected by those.
Orbital
Now, 290 kilometers is actually quite a ways outside our atmosphere. Putting a device that far into space to cause and EMP over somewhere is somewhat counter productive, since many of the effects of the blast and EMP would be scattered and deflected. Aside from the ethics of the Soviet Union using Kazakhstan and its people in a test of a nuclear device, there was a reason behind it. Kazakhstan has latitude and magnet field orientation similar to the continental US.
Hmmmmm.
In any case, it would take about four or five similar devices exploding at that altitude–since they only affect a surface area of about 1200 miles in diameter–to completely cover the continental US and disable power distribution and generation. Whether the E1 and E2 portions of the pulse would have any impact on ICs at that distance depends on atmospheric conditions, the magnetic field, and other interference around those ICs.
The problem with this is that there are few, if any, 300 kt devices left. Today, most are megaton level nuclear warheads on systems designed to deliver the devices to specific land targets. The resulting EMP from land detonation would be limited to the area of the target. Air bursts of a few miles above a specific target would increase the area affected by the EMP but it is still limited. Granted, the power grid can carry the E3 beyond the impact zone and damage generation facilities.
Small
As mentioned in the linked article, a crude, small, single kiloton device detonated at an altitude of about 40 kilometers (24 miles) can have a more effective EMP impact. Granted, a much smaller "horizon," but more effective.
The article goes into much more detail, and the excerpts from the EMP Commission reports are illuminating. Also, the footnotes lead to more detail as well as history.
So, with this information, can you build a chilling, thrilling, and accurate science fiction story, novel, or script? | eng | e9cc5d71-6fd6-4589-bad5-68fdb41c6cc8 | https://guypace.com/emp/ |
360 Degree Evaluation
"Parts of the 360 were hard to hear but so valuable to my development as a CEO"
W.W. – CEO
Value
360 Degree Evaluation : How your leadership experienced by others
Our goal is to help organizational leaders solicit accurate, actionable feedback from across the organization. Successful 360 evaluations can be a game changer for leaders. Its lonely at the top and by using 360 degree evaluations you can develop insight you never thought possible.
Identify you leadership assets and liabilites
Target leadership skills and competencies
Anonymous, digital, economical and effective
360 degree feedback
Executives can benefit greatly from 360 degree evaluation, a process where they receive candid feedback from employees, peers, and others. This anonymous feedback can push them to improve and expand their skills, especially when they've hit a plateau. Jeff Nally, an HR expert, emphasizes that this approach should help leaders step out of their comfort zones, making it a valuable tool for assessing new leaders as well.
However, it's crucial to avoid misusing 360-degree feedback as a performance management tool to target ineffective managers. Instead, it should focus on development. To ensure leaders don't become defensive, anonymity can be maintained for direct reports while higher-ups provide feedback openly. The process should be framed positively from the outset, with leaders setting specific goals and tailored survey questions, such as what they should start, stop, or continue doing.
Companies like Cox Communications and Boston Scientific leverage 360-degree coaching to improve leadership skills. It helps newly promoted managers integrate better with their teams and adapt their leadership styles based on employee feedback. Acknowledging and thanking participants for their feedback fosters a commitment to growth, and external coaches or self-administered assessments can further aid in development. Overall, the comprehensive nature of 360-degree coaching can bring teams closer together and facilitate professional development, making it increasingly relevant in the context of remote work and limited face-to-face interactions. | eng | 9bed471d-750a-4762-9d8c-ef5d922e1546 | https://human-capitalllc.com/360-degree-evaluation/ |
A Brief Overview of Salok Mahalla 9
The concluding composition in Guru Granth Sahib comprising of 57 stanzas, is Salok Mahalla 9 by Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji. It embodies the soul's journey from
Janam akarath keen
which means that the life has been wasted,
to achieving the climax of:
"Raam naam ur mai gahio
Meaning: I have enshrined the Lord's Naam within my heart.
The result was:
"Sankat mithai daras tuhaaro hoi
Meaning: Eradicated all suffering and glorious vision of God was obtained.
Let us have an overview of this transformative journey through Guru Ji's own words. The numbers in the parentheses are the stanza numbers of the saloks. Guru Ji starts with how we all are engaged in sensual pleasures, while the noose of death is ever tightening.
In the first stanza Guru Ji declares that the life was given to live in the remembrance, but it has been wasted in vain, without singing praises of God. Guru Ji wants us to adore our source (of life) just as fish adores (its life source) water (1). Guru Ji wants us to detach ourselves from vice, as that will lead us to be caught in the noose of Yama (2). Already the youth period is over and old age has overtaken the body, death is approaching (3). Despite this factual reality the realization on inevitability is not downing, and meditation has not taken hold (4). What are the reasons? Guru Ji answers that the mind is preoccupied with wealth, wife, and possessions, which will not accompany us (after death) (5).
Next, Guru Ji talks about the Redeemer- hope of the fallen as well as the dispeller of all fears (6). He abides within us, has given us human body and wealth (7), possessions, beautiful house, and other material comforts, still the mind does not remember Him (8). Guru Ji says through remembrance you could have attained salvation (9). But the span of remaining life is getting constantly dwindling (10). Remembrance is the destroyer of all fears and eradicates evil-mindedness (20).
Guru Ji reminds that the body is made of five elements, which upon death shall merge back into same source from where they originated (11). Guru Ji shares that the unique aspect of the human body is that God dwells within it, so He asks us to remember Him to cross the fearful worldly ocean (12). Describing the person who is one with God, Guru Ji describes the qualities of that person as:
Not affected by pleasure or pain (13)
Not affected by greed, attachment, or pride (13)
Not affected by praise or slander (14)
Treats gold and iron as same (14)
Is not affected by joys or sorrows (15)
Treats friends and foes alike (15)
Frightens none nor fears anyone (16)
Is free from vices and has adopted attitude of detachment in life (17)
Has freed self from grip of Mammon (Maya) and is detached from all entanglements (18)
Has given up his ego, realizing that the real doer is God (19)
Has renounced his possessiveness, greed, attachment, egotism, and he will himself swim across and help many others to swim across (22)
Such a person possessing these qualities has attained salvation while alive (19). Guru Ji shares that the path to salvation is built on Naam. The benefit of Naam is that it is destroyer of all fears and eradicates evil mindedness (20). The Naam is to be recited with tongue and the seeker should listen to the sounds with his own ears (21). Guru Ji says the whole world is just a dream sequence, not real, and only reality in it is God (23) and rest is Maya (perishable and illusion of reality) with an expiry date. By knowing that life is a dream and then realizing that nothing can be taken with you eradicate pride from within (41). Guru Ji describes the Maya as:
Maya is like bubbles in water forming and dissipating continuously (25).
Mortals blinded by Maya don't remember God even for a moment, consequently they get caught in the noose of death (26, 30, 31).
The precious human life should have been yoked to God (in remembrance) to achieve eternal bliss (27).
However, running wild in the chase of Maya, life becomes futile (28).
Remembrance of God should have transformed life, by transforming the seeker to an image of God (29).
In celebrations you will find many willing partners joining in, but in adversity you will find yourself without a friend. Guru Ji says meditate on One God alone, who helps in the end (32).
Despite wandering cluelessly through numerous life cycles, the fear of death did not depart. But meditation of God could have made you fearless (33).
Despite your rigorous efforts, the pride has not been dispelled, so seek the blessings of God to achieve it (34).
Without remembrance, all three stages of life – childhood, youth, and old age are wasted (35).
Entangled in greed the needed has not been done in life, now what use are the regrets (36).
Mind absorbed in Maya is like a carved statue on the wall which cannot be erased (37).
Mind absorbed in Maya had false hopes/expectations, but something else transpired. He plotted to cheat others but find self with noose around his neck (38).
Made all efforts of chasing pleasures and avoiding sorrows, but whatever is ordained by God has come to pass (39).
The entire mankind is beggar and only One giver, so meditate on Him to get all your wishes fulfilled (40).
Pride in body is false as that can perish in any given instant, instead sing praises of God thereby conquer the world (42).
The mind steeply absorbed in God becomes liberated, becoming just like God (filled with virtues) with no difference (43). Guru Ji says consider those engaged in other pursuits besides remembrance of God as dogs and swine (44). But Guru Ji notices a positive trait of loyalty to their masters in dogs and asks us to develop similar loyalty with oneness of mind and heart (45). Guru Ji says rituals as doing pilgrimage, fasting or charity will not get you closer to the goal, instead they will fill you with pride. These rituals are futile, like the bath of the elephant (46). The prime of life has been dissipated in futile pursuits, with old age taking hold, complete with head trembling, gait staggering, poor eyesight, yet the elixir of life has not been tasted (47). Don't hold hope in others, as none can help; instead cultivate God's devotion (ardent love) which is everlasting (48). Guru Ji next discusses the impermanent nature of the world with these revelations:
The world is impermanent, like a wall of sand constantly eroding only to disappear (49).
Siting prominent historical figures Guru Ji shares impermanence nature of world where Rama passed away, even Ravana despite support of his huge family could not escape death (50).
Guru Ji advises us not to get alarmed by the impermanence nature of the world, by reminding that nothing is everlasting here (51).
Guru Ji adds that everything created is destined to die, it is just a matter of time – today or tomorrow, so setting aside other entanglements, just sing praises of God (52).
With strength depleted, bondages imposed there is no sign of relief. Guru Ji says seek the refuge with God, and pray for help, as He helped the mythological elephant (53).
(The result is) Strength is revived, bondages are removed, all measures (for relief) become available. Nanak, everything is in Your hands, You are my succor (54).
All friends, and companions have deserted, no one is remains to help. In such a predicament God alone is my support (55).
Naam remains, saints remain, and the Guru who is one with God remain forever. (Yet) hardly anyone in this world recites Guru's Mantra (Naam) (56).
I have enshrined Naam in my heart, nothing is equal to it in this world. Its meditation eradicates all troubles and sufferings, and glorious vision of God is experienced (57).
We have taken a brief overview of 57 Saloks by Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji which form the epilogue of Guru Granth Sahib. There is a strong belief that these were written by Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji in Delhi before his martyrdom. The main themes that Guru Ji has shared with us are that life in this world is fragile and its sure culmination is in death. There is no mortal who can be a support in this world, so seek only true support of Naam of God. Guru says experience the merger with God while alive, ending the greatest fear of death and becoming free of cycles of rebirths. | eng | 7f2fce88-79c4-4358-9c6c-053e56b18b7d | https://www.boloji.com/articles/52744/a-brief-overview-of-salok-mahalla-9 |
Discovery of a highly efficient catalyst eases way to hydrogen economy
Date:
September 14, 2015
Source:
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Summary:
Hydrogen could be the ideal fuel: Whether used to make electricity in a fuel cell or burned to make heat, the only byproduct is water; there is no climate-altering carbon dioxide. Like gasoline, hydrogen could also be used to store energy. Scientists now report a hydrogen-making catalyst containing phosphorus and sulfur -- both common elements -- and cobalt, a metal that is 1,000 times cheaper than platinum.
Hydrogen could be the ideal fuel: Whether used to make electricity in a fuel cell or burned to make heat, the only byproduct is water; there is no climate-altering carbon dioxide.
Like gasoline, hydrogen could also be used to store energy.
Hydrogen is usually produced by separating water with electrical power. And although the water supply is essentially limitless, a major roadblock to a future "hydrogen economy" is the need for platinum or other expensive noble metals in the water-splitting devices.
Noble metals resist oxidation and include many of the precious metals, such as platinum, palladium, iridium and gold.
"In the hydrogen evolution reaction, the whole game is coming up with inexpensive alternatives to platinum and the other noble metals," says Song Jin, a professor of chemistry at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
In the online edition of Nature Materials that appears today, Jin's research team reports a hydrogen-making catalyst containing phosphorus and sulfur -- both common elements -- and cobalt, a metal that is 1,000 times cheaper than platinum.
Catalysts reduce the energy needed to start a chemical reaction. The new catalyst is almost as efficient as platinum and likely shows the highest catalytic performance among the non-noble metal catalysts reported so far, Jin reports.
The advance emerges from a long line of research in Jin's lab that has focused on the use of iron pyrite (fool's gold) and other inexpensive, abundant materials for energy transformation. Jin and his students Miguel Cabán-Acevedo and Michael Stone discovered the new high-performance catalyst by replacing iron to make cobalt pyrite, and then added phosphorus.
Although electricity is the usual energy source for splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen, "there is a lot of interest in using sunlight to split water directly," Jin says.
The new catalyst can also work with the energy from sunlight, Jin says. "We have demonstrated a proof-of-concept device for using this cobalt catalyst and solar energy to drive hydrogen generation, which also has the best reported efficiency for systems that rely only on inexpensive catalysts and materials to convert directly from sunlight to hydrogen."
Many researchers are looking to find a cheaper replacement for platinum, Jin says. "Because this new catalyst is so much better and so close to the performance of platinum, we immediately asked WARF (the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation) to file a provisional patent, which they did in just two weeks."
Many questions remain about a catalyst that has only been tested in the lab, Jin says. "One needs to consider the cost of the catalyst compared to the whole system. There's always a tradeoff: If you want to build the best electrolyzer, you still want to use platinum. If you are able to sacrifice a bit of performance and are more concerned about the cost and scalability, you may use this new cobalt catalyst."
Strategies to replace a significant portion of fossil fuels with renewable solar energy must be carried out on a huge scale if they are to affect the climate crisis, Jin says. "If you want to make a dent in the global warming problem, you have to think big. Whether we imagine making hydrogen from electricity, or directly from sunlight, we need square miles of devices to evolve that much hydrogen. And there might not be enough platinum to do that."
University of Wisconsin-Madison. "Discovery of a highly efficient catalyst eases way to hydrogen economy." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 14 September 2015. <
University of Wisconsin-Madison. (2015, September 14). Discovery of a highly efficient catalyst eases way to hydrogen economy. ScienceDaily. Retrieved December 5, 2023 from
University of Wisconsin-Madison. "Discovery of a highly efficient catalyst eases way to hydrogen economy." ScienceDaily. (accessed December 5, 2023).
Apr. 21, 2020 — Recently, researchers developed a new electrode material for an electrochemical cell that can efficiently convert excess electricity and water into hydrogen. When demand for electricity increases, ...
Dec. 18, 2019 — Understanding why platinum is such a good catalyst for producing hydrogen from water could lead to new and cheaper catalysts -- and could ultimately make more hydrogen available for fossil-free fuels | eng | f11db375-0d43-4723-a45a-7d5875d6890d | https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150914152626.htm |
Find a Grave - Tamma Durfee Miner Curtis
Birth: Mar. 6, 1813
Lenox
Madison County
New York, USA
Death: Jan. 30, 1885
Provo
Utah County
Utah, USA
Born March 6, 1813, in Lennox, Madison County, New York, Tamma Durfee Miner Curtis Curtis, was the daughter of Edmund Durfee and Magdalena (Lana) Pickle. At the age of nine, the family moved to Amboy, Oswego County, New York, where her father built a home on a small farm and worked at his trade as a carpenter and millwright. Eventually the family moved to Ruggles, Huron County, Ohio, where the family heard Solomon Hancock preach about the Angel Moroni appearing to Joseph Smith in a vision. Following her marriage to Albert Miner on August 9, 1831, she joined the Mormon Church (The Church of Jesus-Christ of Latter-day Saints). The family followed the Saints to Kirtland, Ohio and Farr West, Missouri where, as Tamma wrote in her autobiography, we "were plundered, smitten and driven from our homes, our lives were threatened and were ill-treated on every side by our enemies – enemies to the truths of heaven. They would come one to five hundred right to our houses and nobody around but women and little children, take our men prisoners without any cause whatsoever only because they were Mormons and believed in the truths of the Gospel. They wanted to know if we had any guns or pistols or ammunition or butcher knives and all such things. No one can describe the feelings of the Saints and what they passed through. No tongue can express the depredation – only those that experienced it and were eye witnesses when they came to our houses in this kind of way." Forced to leave Missouri, the family moved to Lima, Illinois and later to Nauvoo, where persecution continued. Her father, Durfee, Edmund, Sr, was killed instantly in November 1845 by a mob that had burned his home the previous September in "Father Morley's Settlement." Forcing the Saints to leave Nauvoo in 1846, the Miners moved to Iowaville where Albert worked at hauling and running a ferryboat. On January 3, 1848, Albert Miner, who was Joseph Smith's bodyguard in Kirtland, Ohio, died. He was born in the state of New York, Jefferson County, 31 March 1809, the son of Asael Miner and Sylvia Monson. Being anxious to go to Council Bluffs and keep up with the Church, Tamma and her five boys and two girls moved there. After staying about two years, on June 10, 1850, they started with one hundred wagons crossing the plains with ox-cart teams. Landing on the first of September in Salt Lake City and without any home or anyone to even hunt them, they were indeed very lonesome. Enos Curtis, whom she had known in Lima, married Tamma on October 20, 1850. Living on the Jordan River the first winter, the family moved to Springville, Utah the following spring. There they began to farm, raise wheat and stock and paid their tithing. On June 1, 1856 Enos passed away. On 7 April 1857, Tamma married Enos's son, John White Curtis. She had five boys and four girls by Albert Miner, four girls by Enos Curtis, and one girl by John White Curtis. At the age of 71 years, 10 months, 24 days, Tamma Durfee Miner Curtis, died on January 30, 1885 leaving 9 children, 77 grandchildren, and 17 great grandchildren.
Children with Albert Miner:
1. Polly Miner
2. Orson Miner
3. Moroni Miner
4. Silva Miner
5. Mormon Miner
6. Matilda Minner
7. Alma Lindsay Miner
8. Don Carlos Smith Minner
9. Melissa Miner
Children with Enos Curtis:
1. Carissa Curtis
2. Belinda Curtis
3. Adelia Curtis (twin)
4. Amelia Curtis (twin)
Child with John White Curtis:
1. Mariette Curtis (bio by: John Warnke (inactive))
Family links:
Parents:
Edmund Durfee (1788 - 1845)
Magdalena
Pickle
Durfee (1788 - 1850)
Spouses:
Enos Curtis (1783 - 1856)
John White Curtis (1820 - 1902)
Albert Miner (1809 - 1848)*
Albert Miner (1809 - 1848)*
Children:
Polly
Miner
Carter (1832 - 1896)*
Orson Miner (1833 - 1851)*
Moroni Miner (1835 - 1935)*
Silva Miner (1836 - 1838)*
Mormon Miner (1837 - 1918)*
Matilda
Miner
Curtis (1840 - 1909)*
Melissa Miner (1846 - 1846)*
Clarissa
Curtis
Cook (1851 - 1915)*
Siblings:
Martha
Durfee
Stevens (1811 - 1874)*
Tamma
Durfee
Miner-Curtis-Curtis (1813 - 1885)
Edmond James Durfee (1815 - 1861)*
Dolly
Durfee
Garner (1816 - 1885)*
John Durfee (1818 - 1850)*
Delana
Durfee
Dudley Ford (1820 - 1896)*
William Short Durfee (1822 - 1845)*
Ephraim Durfee (1824 - 1825)*
Jabez Durfee (1828 - 1883)*
Mary Ette
Durfee
Carter (1830 - 1885)*
Nephi Durfee (1835 - 1880Springville City Cemetery
Springville
Utah County
Utah, USA
Plot: Blk. 27 Lot 2 Pos. 1
Maintained by: htigerlily89
Originally Created by: John Warnke (inactive)
Record added: Feb 02, 2000
Find A Grave Memorial# 62167 | eng | 145431f1-43f2-41bc-9710-9591cec37c45 | https://genealogy.minchin.ca/sources/s272 |
In a remarkable endeavor to uplift the lives of women residing in urban informal settlements and rural areas of Kenya, the Association of Women in Agriculture Kenya (AWAK) made a significant stride by actively participating in a momentous meeting. This gathering aimed to address the trade barriers that women encounter in both local and international trade. Hosted by Trade Mark Kenya, Feed The Future, Self Help Africa, Kenya Export Promotion and Brand Agency, the meeting served as a platform for key stakeholders to collaborate and devise strategies to empower women in the agricultural sector.
The valuable insights gained from this crucial meeting will be disseminated among our women members, encouraging them to expand their businesses locally while setting their sights on international markets. With the assistance of partnering organizations, AWAK strives to equip women with the necessary knowledge to identify factors that can enhance the performance of their agricultural economic activities. These factors include financing opportunities, good management practices, as well as various local and international certifications such as HACCP, KEBS, KS 1758, and others that hinder expansion.
By actively engaging in discussions, the participants at the meeting comprised a diverse group of individuals, including government dignitaries from Kenyan organizations like KEPHIS, KEBS, and KEBROBA. Successful local women entrepreneurs and exporters from various companies, along with officials from the host organizations, united in their efforts to brainstorm innovative ways of enhancing the business prospects of youth and women.
The collaboration among these stakeholders highlights a collective commitment to fostering an inclusive and empowering environment for women in the agricultural industry. By breaking down the barriers that hinder their progress, AWAK, along with their partners, is ensuring that women are well-prepared to overcome challenges in sourcing factors that contribute to the growth and success of their agricultural ventures.
With a renewed focus on financing options, good management practices, and both local and international certifications, AWAK aims to bolster the resilience and competitiveness of women-owned agricultural businesses. By bridging the knowledge gap and providing guidance on factors of production, the association envisions a future where women entrepreneurs can flourish and contribute significantly to Kenya's agricultural sector.
As AWAK continues its mission to empower women in agriculture, it reaffirms its commitment to gather knowledge and collaborate with stakeholders from various sectors. By creating a platform for open dialogue and knowledge exchange, AWAK endeavors to propel women towards sustainable economic independence, transforming their lives, and fostering a prosperous future for generations to come.
In conclusion, AWAK's participation in this vital meeting signifies a crucial step towards breaking trade barriers and promoting the economic empowerment of women in Kenyan agriculture. With the unwavering support of partnering organizations and stakeholders, AWAK strives to equip women with the necessary tools and knowledge to overcome challenges, expand their businesses, and tap into the vast potential of both local and international markets. Together, they pave the way for a future where women thrive as leaders, entrepreneurs, and catalysts of change in the agricultural landscape of Kenya. | eng | e3326210-159b-4728-b82a-3b1827faadcd | https://www.awak-kenya.org/?p=13120 |
Liquor & Wine Tips
So, you've got a bottle of whiskey tucked away, waiting for that special occasion or just a leisurely evening sip. But have you ever wondered how to tell if whiskey has gone bad? Whiskey is all about savoring those nuanced flavors and aromas, so it's crucial to know when your cherished bottle might have turned south.
Why do wine glasses have stems? This seemingly simple question holds the key to a world of tradition, aesthetics, and functionality that has been cherished by wine enthusiasts for centuries. The stem of a wine glass is not merely a decorative element; it serves a crucial role in enhancing the wine-drinking experience.
Why did my vodka freeze? It's a question that might leave you scratching your head when you open your freezer to find your favorite bottle of vodka transformed into a solid block of ice. After all, vodka is renowned for its ability to remain liquid even at sub-zero temperatures.
Why are wine glasses so big? The size of wine glasses is a topic that has intrigued wine enthusiasts and curious minds alike. Wine, often celebrated for its nuanced flavors and aromas, seems to be served in an array of glass sizes, from petite and delicate to generously oversized.
Let's dive into the intriguing world of the Duck Fart shot. So, what is in a Duck Fart shot? This distinctive cocktail is known for its layered composition, creating a harmonious blend of flavors that might surprise you.
What Time Do They Stop Selling Alcohol In Florida? If you're planning a night out or just looking to pick up some drinks in the Sunshine State, it's crucial to be aware of the alcohol sale regulations. The state of Florida has its own set of rules when it comes to the sale of alcoholic beverages, including specific hours during which alcohol can be sold.
What is a Brass Monkey drink? If you're curious about this unique cocktail, you're in for a delightful exploration of mixology. The term "Brass Monkey" may conjure up images of cold metal primates, but in the world of beverages, it's something quite different and far more enjoyable.
What is a Gibson drink? If you've ever found yourself perusing a cocktail menu or chatting with a bartender, you might have come across this intriguing question. The world of cocktails is brimming with classics and contemporary creations, but the Gibson stands out as a unique and often enigmatic choice.
Have you ever wondered, "What is a Greyhound drink?" Well, if you're looking to quench your curiosity as well as your thirst, you're in for a treat. The Greyhound is a classic cocktail that's been pleasing palates for years.
When the chilly embrace of winter settles in and the frosty winds howl outside, there's nothing quite like a Hot Toddy to warm your spirits and chase away the cold. But what is a Hot Toddy drink? This comforting and time-honored beverage is not just a simple cocktail; it's a soothing elixir that combines the warmth of whiskey or another spirit with the soothing qualities of hot water, honey, and spices.
Have you ever wondered, 'What is a Hurricane drink?' Well, if you've ever wandered down the lively streets of New Orleans or joined in the festivities of a spirited Mardi Gras celebration, chances are you've come across this intriguing and flavorful concoction.
In the world of beverages, there exists a fascinating elixir known as the kava drink. This intriguing concoction, often consumed for its unique properties and cultural significance, has been a staple in the South Pacific for centuries | eng | b9a433fe-08e4-4eec-886e-faa645e35fff | https://liquorwineplace.com/liquor-wine-tips/ |
STOP FOOD WASTE — ONE DECISION AT A TIME
In an effort to combat food waste, PRC is launching an initiative funded by the Posner Foundation of Pittsburgh to empower individuals to EAT WELL, SAVE MONEY and WASTE LESS by implementing easy, practical, and strategic methods for preventing and reducing food wasteSimple strategies such as planning meals, freezing food before it spoils, eating leftovers, donating excess catered meals and making shopping lists can result in a significant reduction of the amount of food tossed each year.
"Our motto for this educational campaign is simply "We can stop food waste one decision at a time" because although it's a huge global problem, we each can take action every day to stem the tide," according to PRC Deputy Director Sarah Alessio Shea. "Many small actions can add up to make one big impact. People can eat well, save money and waste less, and our campaign provides a wealth of resources and guidance to point them in the right direction."
PRC's "Stop Food Waste" content via website and social media provides hands-on strategy for meal planning, food donations and storage. Special topics include ideas for enjoying the "inedible" parts of fruits and vegetables – such as peels and rinds – and adapting principles to thrive in a college dorm setting.
"The first step is to begin noticing how you currently handle food, from what you purchase to what you toss, and then to develop a strategy to address a few large areas for improvement," says Shea. "You'll be surprised how easily a little planning, a few new tools and a fresh outlook can set you on the path to reducing the volume of food you waste. PRC is eager to show you how." | eng | d771da7d-d529-4304-b2bd-b1579ba4089e | https://prc.org/blog/stop-food-waste-one-decision-time/ |
REVIEW | Bluey The VideogameNow, I'm not going to hide this, but I was really excited about this game. I'm a massive Bluey fan! The other shows the kids like to watch, like Peppa Pig, Blaze and the Monster machines, and Paw Patrol are things I can tolerate in the background, but I won't actually watch entire episodes. Bluey is in a whole different ballpark and has humour aimed at parents too, with subtle winks at how tough parenting can be and how all kids are basically the same.
I was interested in seeing if this double layer of mixed target audiences was also present in the game, so let's find out!
ℹ️ Reviewed on Xbox Series X | Review code provided by Outright Games, this review is the personal opinion of the writer.Got unanswered questions about this game? Get in touch on X!
Developer
Artax Games
Publisher
Outright Games
A piggyback ride, anyone?
Things I liked!
It's Blue through and through | The team really nailed the way the show feels. From the loveable and catchy music down to the way the stories are told with one of the 4 main characters (Bluey, Bingo, Mom or Dad) voicing the title of the episode in a short cut-away and the subtle humour aimed at parents. The most obvious one in this game is when the uncle gives the kids a new and loud toy and the parents eye each other because they had just gotten rid of the first one. You can watch that episode in action [HERE]. Fé: "I always love it when my dad says 'this is soooo recognisable' because Bluey and Bingo act a lot like us."
Original voice actors | I can't talk for the international voices, because we always watch the show in Dutch, but the voice actors in the game are the same ones as on TV and they totally nailed the roles again. Also going to make a statement here and say that the Dutch voice actors absolutely put their all into the characters, also in the TV show. I've watched all of them multiple times, and they might have even outdone the original Australian cast. Fé: "It's true! It's the same voices from the TV!" Lio: "Yes. It's like playing the show yourself!"
Minigames are playable with up to 4 players | Throughout the game, you'll unlock 4 different minigames that you can play against the rest. Keeping a balloon up, the floor is lava, chattermax (who can hold a toy the longest) and xylophone (freezing each other in place). They are fun and I appreciate that they can be played in multiple locations, but the novelty wears off fast and I don't see myself coming back to these. But the kids love them! Fé: "I didn't like playing with dad, he never lets us win!" Lio: "Yeah, with keepy uppy, he just kept bouncing the balloon all by himself and we never had a chance."
Collect all the stickers!
Neither good nor bad
Collecting | You can collect stickers and items for your scrapbook, and as you can guess, there are some achievements tied to this. But it's annoying how collecting a sticker always results in the same voice line being spoken. Also, a tip for people who have no clue how to get the bottom ones: you have to water the plants! Find a sprinkler, fill it with water, and then go and find the different plants across the 4 playable zones. There was no mention of this in the game, so you can thank me later with your 1000G. Fé: "It was annoying how dad always wanted to collect everything in the level. Me and Lio just wanted to continue to the next story bit." Lio: "Yeah, he always does this with the kids games. We don't care about acheevuhmints!" Fé: "He always starts thinking it'll be fun with us collecting them for him, but then when he sees we'll miss some collectables, he has to butt in and he takes our controller away!"
Simple Gameplay | It's a simple collecting game with just running around, a little bit of light platforming and interacting with objects. Beating the game is very easy, but some collectable items are more tricky. Like having to drag a trampoline across a few screens to reach an item on an umbrella. Even Lio (5) understood early on what he had to do, so it's great for kids of all ages. Fé: "It's funny how Lio being able to play something is a measure of how easy a game is, hahahaha!" Lio: "Hey! That's not nice!"
Hot! Hot! Hot lava!
Things I disliked!
Bugs& camera issues in multiplayer | Sadly, the game isn't without technical hiccups, especially when playing with multiple people. It's a shared camera, no split-screen like in Paw Patrol World, which means that it picks someone to be the "leader" and centres the camera around them. The other players will be pulled away like magnets when they stray too far off. This caused some issues like characters getting stuck behind objects and only a soft reboot to the title screen and back seemed to help. It also caused MANY frustrations between my two kids, with them yelling at each other. Fé: "It's all because Lio doesn't listen and do what I tell him to!" Lio: "I can't play games as well, and I don't know what I need to do." Fé: "If you keep running off, I can't do what the game asks us to!"
Animations | The character animations are mostly OK and true to the show, but there are some things that feel really off. Like when they blow up a balloon and you can clearly tell how the balloon is a separate object just slapped on top of the rest. It looks similar to playing a browser/flash game in 2010. Lio: "I don't mind!" Fé: "Me neither, it looks just like the TV show to me. and it was super fun to run around the house!"
Very short | I went for the 100% completion on a new save file when the kids went to bed and got the 1000G in less than 2 hours. Keep in mind that younger kids will take longer to understand what's expected of them, but at the same time they won't bother to collect every single sticker, so the overall runtime isn't that much longer for them. Fé:"I don't mind. It feels like an episode in the game was about as long as an episode of the show on TV." Me: Yes, but I can't help but feel like there should have been a 5th episode in the game to wrap things up. It seemed like filling the sticker book was leading up to that unlocking, but it wasn't the case.
If you prefer to watch Bluey The Videogame in action, we've got you covered!
How long did I play the review before publishing? 2h15 How long to beat the story? Less than 2 hours How many Achievements did I earn before publishing? 1000/1000G How long to achieve 1000G | ~2 hours You'll love this game if you like these | PAW Patrol World, Peppa Pig World Adventures,
Conclusion
Two little thumbs up ⭐| Bluey The Videogame faithfully captures the show's charm, offering a delightful interactive episode experience. While young gamers will relish every moment, the fun ends a little too quickly. Lio & Fé give it two thumbs (or paws) up!
Note: I always feel weird scoring these as an adult. I look at the flaws, longevity and performance, but kids don't care about all of that. I used to ask them to score, but they either give something a 0 or a 10/10, so I've just asked them to put a thumb up, down, or sideways and I quickly got two thumbs up | eng | bd8d2fff-2482-4e55-88bf-38f551743872 | https://www.lifeisxbox.eu/review-bluey-the-videogame/ |
British Land Forces in the Falklands War
Uniforms and Equipment
Few people in Britain had heard much about the Falkland Islands before the Argentine invasion of 1982. Since then they have rarely been out of the headlines, and the story of the recapture of the islands by British forces is one that has been told many times. Yet, surprisingly, there are still some elements of that memorable conflict that remain largely unknown – not least among which is the uniforms and equipment that were used.
In this highly-illustrated publication, soldier-historian Mark Magreehan has assembled an unrivalled collection of original items of uniforms and equipment used by the British troops who operated and served in that memorable war deep in the South Atlantic. Among the units covered, are 40 and 42 Commando, the 2nd and 3rd battalions of the Parachute Regiment and the Scots Guards. Headgear, footwear, rucksacks, packs, helmets, combat and working gear, smocks, Arctic issue reversable waterproofs, windproof clothing and insignia, are all included, both for officers and other ranks, and even some items from the secretive SAS.
Accompanied by a varied selection of color and monochrome photographs taken of the men, by the men, during the fighting and the aftermath of battle, enriched with numerous personal accounts by the veterans, this book provides the reader with an unprecedented, exceptionally detailed view of what the troops wore, carried and fought with in the fighting to recapture the Falklands Islands.
MARK MAGREEHAN was born on 13 June 1975, at the British Military Hospital, Munster in Germany. A serving member of the Parachute Regiment from 2000, he has undertaken duties in an operational capacity in Macedonia, Northern Ireland, Afghanistan and Iraq. He has a strong family link with the British Army with consistent service by his great grandfather, grandfather and father. He has delivered several presentations on military actions and conducted several battlefield studies for the British Army. Alongside contributing to the Airborne Forces Museum, British Army Remembrance videos and articles for Soldier magazine. Alongside of all of this he is a father to four children and is supported by his long-suffering partner, Sarah | eng | 623488c5-ffe2-4165-80a0-03360cbeeb5f | https://www.penandswordbooks.com/9781399083577/british-land-forces-in-the-falklands-war/ |
The most common form of spinal deformity is idiopathic scoliosis, a spinal curvature in the coronal plane occurring in normal healthy patients. No known etiology exists except a familial predisposition. There is no evidence of an underlying neurologic or muscular disorder and there are no congenital vertebral anomalies. The Scoliosis Research Society classifies idiopathic scoliosis based on the age when the curvature develops. There are three categories:
1. Infantile idiopathic scoliosis- presents from birth to 3 years of age (2-3% of patients)
2. Juvenile idiopathic scoliosis- presents between 4 and 10 years of age (10-15%)
3. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis- presents after 10 years of age.(the most common type- 85%)
The indications for surgical treatment of idiopathic scoliosis are based on the patient's curve magnitude and its progression, skeletal maturity, balance in the coronal and sagittal planes, and, sometimes the psychological impact of the spinal curvature and rib deformities, and the knowledge of the natural history of scoliosis. There are four important questions: (1)What are the possible health consequences of untreated scoliosis? (2)How does scoliosis develop? (3)Which curve is going to progress? (4)What is the place for brace and operative treatment for scoliosis?
Natural History
Numerous studies have shown that curves less than 30o cause few problems for adult patients.(1,6,26,33,37,39,48,49) Adult patients with curves under 30o are mainly pain free, their pulmonary functions are within normal limits and they have minimal if any cosmetic and/or psychological disfiguring.
Infantile Idiopathic Scoliosis: Fifty five to sixty per cent of scoliosis occurs in boys and almost 90% are left thoracic curves that develop before the age of two years. (16,25,43) They are associated with plagiocephaly. Infantile idiopathic scoliosis is divided in a resolving and progressive type. Almost 90% of these curves spontaneously correct or stabilize. If not treated progressive type curves show relentless progression up to 70 o or more by the age of 10 years. (16,17,43)
Juvenile Idiopathic Scoliosis: These curves predominate in boys in the age group under 6,and in girls after 6 years of age. Curve patterns vary with age. The left thoracic curve pattern is more common in younger children, while double thoracic and right thoracic curves are equally seen in older children. Other causes for scoliosis must be considered in each case of juvenile scoliosis (tumors, congenital anomalies, etc). One third of the cases of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis are nonprogressive; the other two thirds progress at various rates. Curves first detected under the age 6 years and over 30o usually progress to over 60o-70o. The earlier curves present, the higher the risk for progression.
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: These curves generally appear in late childhood(age 8-10 years) then progress during the adolescent growth spurt. Curve progression has been proven to be related to curve pattern, curve magnitude, the age of the patient at presentation, skeletal maturity (Risser sign), and menarchal status according to Bunnell. 3 Peak body height velocity has recently been shown by Little DG and associates to be a very sensitive predictor as well. (24)
The patient's age is an important factor in predicting curve progression. If a curve is diagnosed before 10 years of age, the risk of progression of 5o or more is 88%; if diagnosed between 12 and 15 years 56%; and 29% if diagnosed after age 15.3
Magnitude of the curve at the time of diagnosis is an another important factor influencing the curve progression . Most studies showed that curves less than 30o at maturity tend not to progress during adult life regardless of the curve pattern.(2,26,39) Of the total 123 skeletally immature patients who were followed up until skeletal maturity in Bunnell's study, the average age at the time of the first visit was 13.6 years(range 10.5-15.6 years)and the average curvature at the time of diagnosis was 33o(10o-49o). Follow-up showed that 70% of curves less than 20o at the time of diagnosis progressed more than 5 o and 44% of these more than 10o. Curvatures of 20o-30o progressed more than 5o in 52% of patients and more than 10o in 30%. Curvatures of 30o-40o progressed more than 5o in 67% and 10o or more in 48%. Curvatures of 40 o-50o at the time of diagnosis progressed more than 5o, and 62%of these progressed more than 10o.
Skeletal maturity is one of the important factors affecting curve progression. Although questioned by some, the Risser sign is still reliable and easiest parameter to follow and document (already seen on the long PA radiographs of the spine). According to Bunnell, patients who were Risser 0 at the time of diagnosis had a 68% risk of curve progression of 10o or more. This risk was decreased to 52% in those whose Risser sign was 1 or 2, and to 18% for those whose Risser sign was 3 or 4. The risk of curve progression is higher if the scoliosis develops before menarche. Fifty three percent of the patients whose curves developed before menarche progressed 10o or more, while only 11% of those which were diagnosed after menarche.
Gender seems to influence the natural history of scoliosis in growing children. With respect to gender, several studies indicated that curve progression secondary to growth usually stops at Risser 4 in females and at Risser 5 in males with idopathic scoliosis. (2,3,44) While this is true, the other factors which influence curve progression such as curve magnitude, sagittal plane alignment and the tilt angle (for TL-curve) are more important for patient management.
Little DG et al 24 found the peak height velocity (generated from standing-height measurements within a minimum six-month interval) to be more accurate than the other maturity indicators (chronological age, menarchal status and Risser sign) in prediction of progression of scoliosis in girls. Result of the study showed that most of the curves progressed maximally at the patient's peak height velocity. Of the total 120 patients whose curves were between 25 oand 45 o and were treated by bracing, 90%of them ceased growing by 3.6 years after the peak height velocity. Curvatures progressed for 68% of the patients whose curves were 30 o or more at the peak height velocity. Most of these curves (83%of the patients) progressed to 45 o or more while only 4% of those whose curves were 30 degrees or less at the peak height velocity progressed.
Adult Scoliosis: Adult scoliosis is either an adolescent idiopathic curve found after skeletal maturity or a de novo curve(one that develops after age 45). Studies on the prognosis in patients with idiopathic scoliosis, up to 50 years follow up, showed a two fold increase in the mortality rate. Sixty percent of the deaths were due to cardiopulmonary disease.37 The mortality appeared to be highest after the age of 45 years. The life style of patients with scoliosis also changes. Many women with obvious scoliotic deformity stay single.37
A forty year follow-up study of 102 patients with idiopathic scoliosis show that, regardless of curve attern, curves less than 30 degrees at patient's maturity tend not to progress, while 68% of those over 30 degrees do progress. 48 Lumbar curves in which the fifth lumbar vertebra was not well seated and the apical rotation was greater than 33% commonly progress in adult life. There was significant curve progression and translational shift of the vertebrae at the lower end of the curve. The highest risk of progression was found in patients with thoracic curves between 50o and 75o at skeletal maturity. No statistically significant difference in the incidence of back pain was found in 219 patients with idiopathic scoliosis versus a control group of 100 age and sex-matched individuals without spinal deformity followed up over an average period of 39 years.49 However, at 51 years follow-up, the scoliosis patients had a significantly larger percentage of chronic middle and low back pain and current back pain of greater intensity and duration than the control group (33% versus 15%; p=0.01).47
Reduction of vital capacity is directly related to the severity of thoracic curves.49 Thoracic curves over 80o resulted in loss of vital capacity up to 75% of the predicted normal values. Patients with double thoracic and lumbar curves had fewer pulmonary symptoms than those with single thoracic curves. 49
Weinstein recently reported a more-than-50 year review of untreated scoliosis patients. At 50 years follow-up, the patients curve magnitude averaged 85o for the single thoracic curves, 90o for the thoracolumbar curves, 49o for the single lumbar curves and 77o for the double major curves. Forty-three percent were single thoracic curves, 14% were thoracolumbar, 28% were single lumbar curves and 15% were double major curve. This report made it clear that idiopathic scoliosis does progress after skeletal maturity and that the progression risk is primarily related to the curve magnitude at the end of skeletal growth. The incidence of degenerative disease of the spine increased dramatically over the study period, from only 2% at maturity, to 75% after an average 51 years follow-up. However, no evidence of a relationship between back pain and osteoarthritis could be established. No significant difference between a control and the study group regarding functioning and presence of back pain were found. Although more scoliosis patients reported more chronic back pain and current back pain of greater intensity and duration than controls, their ability to work and perform daily activities was similar to their unaffected peers. Back pain had no larger impact on work and activities for scoliosis patients than it did for controls. Despite back pain, this group of untreated patients continued to be productive and functioned at a high level.47 There were no significant difference in marital status or number of children between the scoliosis patients and the control group.
Patient assessment The best test to assess developing scoliosis is the Adam's forward bending test. The earliest clinical sign of a developing scoliosis is a rotational prominence ("rib hump") with or without accompanying loss of thoracic kyphosis. This prominence can be quantified using a scoliometer (a difference of 5o-7o more triggers a referral for medical evaluation). Asymmetry in the shoulder level, neckline or waist-line can be noticed too. Some cases the "rib hump" can be accompanied by compensatory "lumbar hump". In neglected cases a particularly large and angular rib hump, called a "razorback", can develop. Clinically, the spinal balance in the coronal plane is evaluated by dropping a plumb line from the occiput and measuring the distance between the gluteal cleft and the midline.
Figure 1 : Clinical measurement of balance in the coronal plane
It is necessary to perform a complete neurologic examination (especially abdominal reflexes) and look for any associated conditions such as Marfan's syndrome, syringomyelia, or neurofibromatosis.
Curve flexibility is evaluated by side bending in the standing and prone position.
Sagittal plane alignment is assessed while the patient is standing. Spinal flexibility in the sagittal plane is clinically assessed also.
Radiographic Evaluation Evaluation of the Erect Spine Standing PA and lateral radiographs are taken on a 36-inch (90 cm) long cassette from 72 inches(180 cm) distances from the x-ray tube. Antero-posterior exposures must be avoided since they increase the risk of radiation and may induce breast cancer.(31,35) A three- to sevenfold reduction in cumulative radiation doses to the thyroid gland and the female breast occurs when the AP radiograph was replaced by the PA view radiograph. This yields a three- to fourfold reduction in the lifetime risk of breast cancer and a halving of the lifetime risk of thyroid cancer.22 There is also an indication that number of radiographs can influence development of breast cancer in females. (22,31) The incidence of breast cancer was 1.69 times higher in comparison with the general population if up to 20 radiographs were taken during the adolescent years. (31) The location of the end and apical vertebrae, the magnitude of the curve as measured by the Cobb method and pattern of the curves, and the tilt angle of the most inferior end vertebra (The angle formed by the line pararells to the endplate of lower end vertebrae and the intercristal line) are determined in the coronal and sagittal planes. In the coronal plane, a plumb line dropped from the center of C7 should bisect the sacrum. In the sagittal plane, a plumb line dropped from the center of C7 should intersect the posterior aspect of the sacrum or fall behind it.15
Spine Flexibility Assessment Radiographic evaluation of curve flexibility must be done since they help predicting the ability of a spinal curvature to be straightened, particularly from the posterior approach. This can be assessed by either lateral bending, stretching (traction) or fulcrum bending.(5,46) Lateral bending radiographs are taken with a patient in the supine position. We find stretch or traction radiographs the most useful. For these radiographs, a patient is lying supine on the X-ray table. The examiner gently supports a patient's head and neck or shoulders, while an assistant pulls distally on both legs.
It is important to explain the procedure to the patient before the exam so he/she can relax and allow maximal traction to be applied. The exam should be stopped if the patient would feel uncomfortable or neurological signs encountered. Preoperative traction or bending radiographs provide an estimation of curve correction from a posterior approach.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation
Several studies have shown neural axis abnormalities on MRI in scoliosis patients with no neurologic complaints or abnormality on physical examination.(10,12,23,29,42,50,51) The most common abnormalities found were syringomyelia and Arnold-Chiari malformation. The highest incidence was found in children less than 11 years of age. (12,23,42,51)
A retrospective study of MRI of patients with idiopathic scoliosis found intraspinal abnormalities in 14.7%-15.4% of the patients between one and twenty-eight years.42 Neural axis abnormalities were found by MRI in 47% of infantile and juvenile scoliosis patients, and in 15.4% of the adolescent scoliosis.51 In patients under 4 years of age the prevalence of neural axis abnormalities was around 50%(12,23,51), while in patients under age 11 years it ranged from 20%(12,23) to 26%.10 This incidence was up to 40%23 and 62.5% 42 when the patient's age was less than 11 years old and he or she had a left thoracic curve.
In prospective preoperative MRI studies of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis who underwent surgery for their scoliosis, the prevalence of spinal or spinal canal abnormality ranged from 2.8%50 to 4.4%29 Neither of these studies was able to identify any clinical features which could reliably discriminate the patients with or without abnormalities on MRI.
We agree with suggestions of many authors (12,23) for a routine MRI of the whole spine in the patients with idiopathic scoliosis who are younger than 11 years old, due to the high incidence of intraspinal abnormalities found in these patients. Scoliosis patients with stiff curves on lateral bending with lower extremity atrophy or neurologic abnormality, or back pain requiring narcotic medication should also receive MRI evaluation, regardless of their age.
Indications for Surgical Treatment
The goals of surgical correction and stabilization of a spinal curvature are to improve the patient's spinal balance, prevent curve progression and pain, and to correct the development of a potentially functionally and psychologically crippling deformity.
Based on our experience, surgery is needed for a patient with idiopathic scoliosis when the curve progresses beyond 45o by the Cobb angle, the tilt angle (the angle between the most tilted lumbar vertebral body and the horizontal line across the top of the pelvis if there is no pelvic obliquity) increases beyond 20o, or when spinal decompensation extends beyond 3 cm. Factors also influencing the decision are the age at the onset of the curvature, the curve progression over time, the size and rigidity of the curve, the age of the patient and the symptoms produced by the curve.
Infantile Idiopathic Scoliosis
As mentioned earlier, the majority of the curves in these patients are of the non-progressive resolving type. As long as those curves improve or remain mild, they can be observed. Thus, active management is only indicated for the curves that progress. The initial management is always non-operative. Serial casting or bracing treatment are started as soon as curve progression is noticed in order to prevent further deterioration. Several types of braces can be used. A child is observed with occasional radiography of the whole spine for possible relapses until maturity. Surgical stabilization is considered in patients whose curves cannot be controlled with bracing.(> 40o)
Instrumentation without fusion is indicated for children less than 6-8 years of age. One of the options is performing end fusions that are later used as anchors for hooks to distract and correct a curved segment of the spine in-between.(20,30) The spine is exposed only in the area of the end fusions and the rod is inserted under the muscle fascia or subcutaneously. The rod is lengthened every 6 months and replaced every 12 to 18 months. With this technique, additional spinal growth can be obtained and fusion delayed until most trunk growth is completed. The largest long term review of this technique showed a disappointing average growth of only 3 cm of the unfused spine segments over the mean treatment period of 3 years.(20) In this study, only 10 of 73 patients were idiopathic scoliosis (9-congenital scoliosis, 31-neuromuscular scoliosis and 23-miscellaneous type). For all 67 patients, a total of 402 procedures (6.1 procedures per patient) were performed from initial instrumentation to definitive fusion.
Anterior and posterior hemiepiphysiodesis can be performed in some patients who have larger and more rigid curves.
Juvenile Idiopathic Scoliosis
In general, in juvenile scoliosis, curves under 25o are observed. Curves presenting under age 6 years are treated similarly to those of the infantile type: serial casting, and bracing. Curves over 25o or curves with documented progression should be treated. Nonoperative treatment with the Milwaukee brace is the treatment of choice. If curves progress beyond 50o, surgery is indicated. Selection of fusion levels is generally the same as for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The crankshaft phenomenon (post-operative spinal deformity caused by continuous growth of the vertebral bodies under a solid posterior fusion mass) is a concern if posterior fusion is required for children below 9 or 10 years. In children who are Risser 0 and Tanner 1, who still have open triradiate cartilages of the acetabulae, an anterior growth arrest procedures at the apical vertebrae may be indicated before posterior instrumentation is performed to prevent crankshafting.(40,41) The need for this may be avoided by using large diameter posterior rod and getting full correction of the curve by posterior instrumentation.4
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
The goals of surgical treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis are: to correct the curve to the maximum degree that the spinal cord safely accommodates, to stabilize the deformity, and to re-balance the spine in both the coronal and sagittal planes. These goals should be achieved while instrumenting and fusing as few segments as possible. Generally, curves over 50o are treated surgically. Curves between 40o and 50o without progression are treated on individual basis. The existence of striking thoracic lordosis may suggest the need for operative treatment of progressive curves slightly below 40o since thoracic curves with striking thoracic lordosis are notably resistant to bracing.
Adult Idiopathic Scoliosis
The indications for surgery in adult scoliosis usually include pain due to foraminal or spinal canal stenosis, and the progression of deformity with loss of body height and contour. Muscle fatigue is usually the first symptom created by a progressing adult curve. The discomfort is usually present on the convex side of the curve and is exacerbated with exertion. When complaints are located in the concavity of a curve, the origin of pain most likely is from foraminal narrowing by a disc or a facet joint. Osteophytes from narrow discs, facet hypertrophy and foraminal stenosis create nerve root symptoms from root compression. In degenerative scoliosis, osteophytes and infolded ligamentum flavum produce spinal canal stenosis, causing neurogenic claudication as well. . The presence of a curve is not necessarily associated with the presence of symptoms. A source of pain outside the scoliotic curve must be excluded.
Principles of Operative Planning
Selecting fusion levels is relatively simple with a single-curve pattern. However, if a double-curve pattern is present, it is important to consider selective fusion, in which only the primary curve is instrumented and fused. If surgery is indicated, it is necessary to determine the fusion levels, the type of spinal instrumentation and the surgical approach. For moderate (40o to 70o) and flexible curves (more than 50% correction on a stretch or bending radiograph), a single stage anterior or posterior spinal instrumentation and fusion can be performed. The treatment of larger or stiffer curves may require staged reconstruction including anterior diskectomy or corpectomy of one or more levels in the first, and posterior instrumentation and fusion in the second stage. Usually a single staged anterior instrumentation and fusion is not successful in double major curves.
Selection of Fusion Levels
Different principles of selecting fusion levels were developed over time. The type of instrumentation used definitely determines stability of a construct, influences the selection of fusion levels, curve correction and retention of correction. The selection of appropriate fusion levels has changed with the development of newer, more versatile instrumentation systems. Harrington recommended instrumenting and fusing from one level above to two levels below the measured curve if the lower end vertebra was in the stable zone. Restoring spinal compensation following instrumentation requires balancing the fusion mass over the S1 articular processes. Moe advocated fusing from the neutrally rotated vertebra above to the neutrally rotated vertebra below, using the technique described by Nash and Moe in assessing vertebral rotation.36 He pioneered the concept of carefully studying curve flexibility by using side bending radiographs to define and consider fusion of only the structural curve, allowing the compensatory curve to correct itself spontaneously. This concept avoids long fusion. An experimental study showed that shorter fusions are less stressful on adjacent vertebral levels.34
The ideal goals for scoliosis correction is to have the curved spine become straight, if possible, with a balanced sagittal plane(Fig.6), the tilt angle less than 10o, and fusion done in as few segments of spine as possible to maintain a flexible spine. The fusion should be done only in the diseased segments of the spine, which allows the flexible compensatory curves to correct spontaneously later on. After surgery, the patients should have no disabling back pain or implant related complications.
Figure 6: Normal sagittal balance is measured by C7 (or Odontoid process) plumb line. This line should pass through the L5/S1 disc or behind.
Sagittal plane imbalance (lumbar hypolordosis and thoracic hypokyphosis) must also be corrected over short segments. If the lumbar spine is fused in a position of relative kyphosis, the distal segments are forced into hyperextention to keep the patient in a sagittal plane balance. This position may be tolerated by adolescent patients but, as aging occurs, this "flatback deformity" can cause disc degeneration. As the discs degenerate, maintaining painless sagittal balance becomes increasingly difficult for a patient.
Historical Devices and Procedures Posterior Spinal Instrumentation
Harrington Instrumentation: This system was developed in the 1950s by Dr. Paul Harrington of Houston, Texas.14 It used to be the most widely used type of spinal instrumentation. Originally applied to spinal deformities resulting from poliomyelitis, since the 1960s it has been used for all spinal deformities. The basic Harrington instrumentation consists of a 1/8 inch(3.2 mm) stainless steel distraction rods, 1/8 inch(3.2 mm) flexible compression rod, and a wide array of numbered hooks. The instrumentation relied on the distraction and/or compression forces to correct a deformity. Due to limited number of sublaminar hooks (at the ends of a rod only), the Harrington rods were not as securely fixed to the posterior elements as some other systems. Postoperative casting or bracing was needed to prevent hooks or rod displacement. The results of Harrington instrumentation and fusion in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis showed the pseudarthrosis rate at about 1% to 2% and reported curve correction varied from 40% to 50%. Rib hump correction varied, too. Although it can be still used for King type 3 curves, Harrington instrumentation is more of a historical value.
Luque Instrumentation: Developed in the 1970s by Dr. Eduardo Luque, the implants consist of smooth, 1/4-inch(6.4 mm) and 3/16-inch(4.8 mm) L-shaped rods and 16- or 18-gauge sublaminar wire loops. Two L-shaped rods are contoured to preserve thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis and the sublaminar wires are tightened around the rods. This system is now rarely used for idiopathic scoliosis but is still commonly used for treatment of neuromuscular scoliosis. In previously reported series using the Luque technique, the radiographic correction was 45% to 60%, with little rotational correction.(28,45) However, Luque's concepts of segmental fixation had a substantial influence on development of subsequent posterior instrumentation systems since it was the first which allowed true "segmental" correction and improved stability of the construct.
Development of the Drummond "buttons" (a small metal plates with an 18 gauge wire placed through them) allowed using this system when posterior vertebral elements (laminae) are missing (spina bifida, postlaminectomy conditions, etc).
Harrington Rod with Sublaminar Wires. This combination of implants increased the stability of the construct and allowed better curve correction. A modification of this system is Wisconsin instrumentation (spinous process wiring) which has a square-ended Harrington distraction rod and a C-shaped 3/16-inch(4.8 mm) Luque rod. Reported radiographic correction was 39% to 50%, with only minimal rotation correction.14
Multi-Segmental Hook/Pedicle Screw Rod Systems. Since 1984, the most common instrumentation in treatment of thoracolumbar scoliosis has been multisegmental hook and pedicle screw based systems for posterior spinal fusion. After Cotrel and Dubouset introduced the first such instrumentation7, several other systems have been developed trying to reduce profile and improve strength of fixation (Texas Scottish Rite Hospital, Isola, and Moss-Miami systems, etc). The goal was a triplanar correction of scoliosis using multisegmental hooks or pedicle screws posteriorly. These implant systems allowed multiple points of attachment to the spine and therefore provided better correction in the sagittal and coronal planes. Correction of rotational deformity occurred within a range which could be predicted preoperatively.
The limitations of posterior segmental rod-and-hook-screw systems are cost, profile and occasional iatrogenic spinal decompensation – a very serious complication. In addition, they always create long segment patterns of instrumentation.
Anterior Spinal Instrumentation
Currently, an anterior approach is fundamentally changing the way for all scoliotic patients with a single curve will be surgically treated. Any single curve (thoracic, thoracolumbar or lumbar) can be instrumented and fused over about half the levels in the major curve, anticipating 75%-90% coronal plane correction with restoration of physiologic sagittal plane balance.(8,9,11,13,18,19)
Dwyer Instrumentation. The titanium implants include staples placed laterally on the vertebral body, screws that stabilize the staples to the vertebral body (one screw for each vertebral body), and a flexible cable that passes through the screw heads to connect the vertebrae together. The Dwyer system provided limited stability based on the compressive effect of the tensioned cable. The flexible cable resisted only tension forces, and the flexible nature of the cable often led to cable or screw failure with subsequent pseudarthrosis. Although curve correction was better than with posterior implants (60%-80% with 20% of an associated rotational correction), several complications were reported including a high pseudarthrosis rate in the thoracic spine, and a "flat back" if an excessive straightened of the lumbar lordosis is made. (8,9)
Zielke Instrumentation. The substitution of a cable by a semi-flexible threaded rod and nuts gave not only better correction of scoliosis (60% to 90% improvement in scoliosis, and 40% to 50% correction of the rotational deformity), but improved the stability and endurance of the instrumented area.52 Possible complications were localized kyphosis over the instrumented segments resulting from the disc removal and spinal shortening, and rod breakage (8% to 23%), mainly in obese patients and if a sharp bend in the rod is present post-operatively due to poor alignment. However, several authors (21,27,32) cited that the kyphogenic nature of Zielke instrumentation was not always a problem. Nowadays, this instrumentation is rarely used because of these problems.
Two dual-rod systems
Several posterior instrumentations have been used for single rod anterior spinal correction and instrumentation. Stability is improved by using a solid rod, in comparison with a cable or threaded rod. Single rod anterior constructs do not provide as much stability as do dual rod systems, especially in rotation and extention.38 Two dual-rod systems were developed recently: the Kaneda Anterior Scoliosis System (KASS) in 1996, and the Halm-Zielke instrumentation (HZI) in 1997.
The Halm-Zielke instrumentation (HZI) is composed of a lid-plate, which is fixed at the lateral aspect of the vertebral body with two screws, a sunken screw anteriorly and a Ventral Derotation Spondylesis(VDS) screw posteriorly. The longitudinal components consist of a threaded VDS rod and a solid, fluted rod. The solid rod allows internal derotation and relordosation. The fluted design of the rod provides rotational stability. The results in the patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis whose preoperative curves ranged from 36o to 77o, showed the correction of the frontal plane at an averaged of 77.5% postoperatively, and 72.2% at latest follow-up without implant-related complications.13 All patients were without any additional external immobilization after surgery.
The Kaneda Anterior Scoliosis System(KASS). The KASS system has some key advantages over the others; better and triplanar correction of a curve, including better derotation. KASS consists of two 3/16 inch (4.8 mm) rods, lateral vertebral plates with tetra-spikes, and two vertebral screws for each vertebra. The clinical results of 25 thoracolumbar and lumbar scoliosis treated with KASS, with the average follow-up of 3 years, showed the average major curve correction of 83%; apical vertebral rotation of 86%, the tilt angle improved by 97%, and improvement of the sagittal plane from 7o of thoracic kyphosis to 9o of lordosis18 This excellent correction of the frontal and sagittal plane alignment was also reported for thoracic scoliosis19 without significant loss of correction, implant failures or pseudarthrosis.
Forty-six patients with single curve idiopathic scoliosis have been treated by the senior author since 1996. The technique consists of an open anterior approach using rib head resection and total
diskectomy over the apical levels of the curve. Dual rod and screw instrumentation over the apical levels allowed full correction of any single curve over 3-6 vertebral levels (2-5 discs). The average preoperative curve measured 53o (38o –75o), and the average patient age was 14.5 years(9-20). Follow-up period has been up to 4 years in 46 cases. The primary curve correction averaged 75% and the sagittal plane alignment has been restored toward normal in all cases. The Tilt angle has been corrected to less than 10o in all cases fused below L3. The average coronal decompensation was corrected from 20 mm preoperatively to 10 mm postoperatively. There have been no significant systemic or neurologic complications, broken implants or nonunion, and there has been no loss of correction. For most patients, the levels instrumented have included only half of the vertebral levels which would have been operated with a posterior technique.
Fig.8: Radiographic demonstration of the sagittal plane alignment restoration in the same patient in Fig.7. The sagittal plane balance has been restored in addition to the coronal plane correction.
In our experience, to achieve such correction, resection of the rib heads and all the intervertebral disc of the segments in the fusion area must be performed. In addition to the rib head resection on the convex side, complete resection of all of the annulus of the instrumented levels is the key to obtain most of the deformity correction.
Our correction, maintenance of correction and complication results are as good as Dr.Kaneda's landmark results.11 However, our cases are operated over several fewer levels. The KASS system and procedure produces excellent correction of the tilt angle and superior frontal and sagittal plane correction, instrumenting only about half of the fusion levels that would be instrumented from the posterior approach. This represents a significant advance in the surgical treatment of mild to moderately severe (50o – 90o) idiopathic scoliosis. | eng | 09c9af4c-3edc-4537-9c0f-de0d282b2c88 | http://www.thaispinecenter.com/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C/current-surgical-treatment-of-idiopathic-scoliosis/ |
The Man Who Wasn't There
Storyline
Did you know
Joel Coen and Ethan Coen came up with the story while working on The Hudsucker Proxy (1994). While filming the scene in the barbershop, the Coens saw a prop poster of 1940s haircuts and began developing a story about the barber who cut the hair in the poster.
Birdy Abundas says that Ludwig van Beethoven "was deaf when he wrote this. [...] He never actually heard it", referring to his Piano Sonata No. 8 in C Minor, Op. 13, "Pathetique". When Beethoven composed this specific Sonata in 1798, he wasn't deaf. He already had some auditory troubles but he became totally deaf later, around 1815. During the very beginning of the 19th century he was still able to play public concerts and to hear the pieces he was composing.
Reidenschneider: They got this guy, in Germany. Fritz Something-or-other. Or is it? Maybe it's Werner. Anyway, he's got this theory, you wanna test something, you know, scientifically - how the planets go round the sun, what sunspots are made of, why the water comes out of the tap - well, you gotta look at it. But sometimes you look at it, your looking changes it. Ya can't know the reality of what happened, or what would've happened if you hadn't-a stuck in your own goddamn schnozz. So there is no "what happened"? Not in any sense that we can grasp, with our puny minds. Because our minds... our minds get in the way. Looking at something changes it. They call it the "Uncertainty Principle". Sure, it sounds screwy, but even Einstein says the guy's on to something.
Though original intended to be released in black and white, the movie was originally shot in color. Some countries released the movie in color (e.g. Japan) for marketing reasons. Both versions are released on home media.
It is beautifully and refreshingly unpretentious. It is acted and filmed with grace and delicacy. This is the kind if movie we hope to find while sitting through most of the glitz and superficiality that gets made. Without question worth eight bucks, and two hours of your evening. Score another one for the Coen brothers. | eng | da717722-6897-49d5-9af5-c21c9989ad75 | https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0243133/?ref_=nm_knf_i_4 |
Post-Nuclear Pulp Wasteland Barbecue
The ancients, who had built their civilization to a peak, shrugged and pushed themselves off of it. The world was scoured in radioactive fire, and the end of humanity came.
Except, the ancients weren't very good at their jobs. Even the part where they killed themselves and took the world with them failed to take.
Members of their own species---and members of others---endured the horrific winter that followed, as well as the creeping desertification, the wild changes to plant and animal life, and the long, slow process of waiting for radiation levels to disperse.
But that was all a thousand years ago, as best as anyone has reckoned. It is now the year 1007, and you are a person that lives in the wastes.
The wastes are unpleasant country---a mix of artifacts from the ancients and deserts left by their folly---but life clings to them like a boil. And where there is life, there is eventually friendship, meal-sharing, and community.
You live in one such community, and you are a part of their Grill Squad.
I'm not sure how good it is for real recipe generation (some of the example ingredients are things like "geode watermelon" and "psychospheric mushrooms") but it's definitely intended to be a mildly more heartwarming take on post-apocalypticism. | eng | a531d724-bb18-4128-9fff-4a551a4f8cc3 | https://kumada1.itch.io/post-nuclear-pulp-wasteland-barbecue |
Indoor yard sale? really?
I recently saw a sign that read, "indoor yard sale". Ok. What is an indoor yard sale anyway? Does that mean there is grass growing inside their house? Does it mean they picked up their yard and brought it in? I howled when I read it. There are lots of signs like that and they always make be laugh.
Sure,I know what they meant. But wouldn't "Inside sale", or "Sale inside" been more accurate?
I couldn't bring myself to check it out as I didn't want to say something and hurt the "seller's" feelings. Gave me a good chuckle, though | eng | 0e68d07c-6d8e-40c0-b2e9-23facdf3b63f | https://goodthoughtsgoodlives.com/indoor-yard-sale-really/ |
What is a Digital Experience Platform (DXP)?
I'll discuss the fundamentals of the Digital Experience Platform (DXP). It is what? Why is it crucial? What's all the fuss about? How should the Drupal community adjust for it? I'll also go through a few business issues and how DXPs can fix them. A comparison of a few DXP solutions is then conducted in order to provide everyone in attendance a thorough overview and give them the knowledge they need to research and implement contemporary solutions on their own. | eng | b16d1f90-60f2-4567-8887-a7ff1f7f1cda | http://drupalcamp.pl/pl/wyklady/what-digital-experience-platform-dxp |
Well, there is some sneakiness going on now…words being dropped into the lessons that haven't been formally introduced. Tricksy, you are In Gwers 23 it is "am" - okay, we've seen amdana i, amdano fe and amdani (hi), but not just "am" as in "am rhywbeth". Fine, I can roll with that. But near the end of Gwers 23, I'm pretty sure I hear "Nagw, dw i ddim ar fin meddwl am ddim byd." So is there a rule that words soften after "am"? I know, I know, we aren't supposed to say the word "rule" and worry about grammar, but if you are going to ask me to say stuff, I want to say it right!
In Gwers 24 (oh, this one is giving me fits, it's going to take a bunch of repetitions before I can say any of this before Cat), "os" for "if" gets dropped in without introduction. Okay, no problem. But there is one sentence I don't understand. "He will be allowed to finish the cheese if she is allowed to drink the milk." (A bit odd; somehow makes me think of ruses to get one's children to eat food they don't want, but whatever ). I am hearing "Bydd e'n cael cwpla'r caws os yw hi'n cael yfed y llaeth." I thought it should be "os mae hi'n…"
And one more question, not related to these particular lessons. ISorry, this post has become rather long with three questions. Diolch yn fawr for your help!
In Gwers 23 it is "am" - okay, we've seen amdana i, amdano fe and amdani (hi), but not just "am" as in "am rhywbeth".
"Am" is introduced in Lesson 6.1 with "am hynny" (about that). You're right that it's not been formally introduced on its own, but there have been examples of its meaning when it crops up with, or part of other words (such as "amdani"). It is also introduced Lesson 21 with "am byth" (forever) and "am tro" (for a turn, or "for a walk" in the sentence "mynd â chi am dro"), and in Challenge 3 of the new course as "am fis" (for a month) and "am biti mis" (for about a month) if you're following that too (note that "am" means both 'about and 'for' in this context). And you're right, "am" usually softens the next word.
"Os" however, isn't formally introduced until Lesson 7 of course 2. However, come course 3, the words will start appearing without introduction (not all of them mind, but some). What you will find is that yes, you will get stumped when you hear it the first time, but your brain remembers it when you hear it the second time. And you'll find you learn more words than you realise because the time to introduce and/or explain them is reduced, so there's more practice material. The course guide for course 3 lists all these words whether they're formally introduced or not, which is a help (after you've first tackled the lesson, of course!).
"mae" is normally used if making a statement, like 'She is allowed to drink the milk' would be "Mae hi'n cael yfed y llaeth". In this sentence, the word "os" is used, so it becomes a suggestion (I think I'm explaining this well - if not then hopefully someone will explain it better!). "Yw hi'n cael yfed y llaeth" can also be represented as a question if you put a question mark on the end of the sentence (as introduced in lessons 9 and 10).
AnnaC:
IThat is correct. "Rhoi" means 'to give' or 'to put', but in these lessons so far, 'to give' is the meaning practiced.
@louis Thanks, Louis! I'm glad to know I heard correctly and I should soft mutate after am. And I should have known it was "rhoi'r"!
@faithless78 Thanks so much for your very detailed reply! (You're Gavin, right? You've been so helpful to me, I feel like I should know your name…) Isn't it funny - you are right about all those other "am" phrases we've learned! I guess I have them all in my head as single units - "am hynny", "am byth", etc. and I don't think of them as "am" + another word. (I haven't done the new course yet, but I plan to run through that after I finish Course 1 plus vocab, before I start Course 2). And since I haven't separately learned the words that are after "am" in those phrases, I wouldn't know if there were mutations in them. I guess I need to pay more attention to each word on its own
Learning more words in less time i s good, and I'm not complaining about lack of formal introduction (just noticing)…but I am glad to know that all the words will be in the course guide for Course 3, because that will be very helpful.
What you said about "os" making what follows into a suggestion, and thus the question word "yw" gets used instead of "mae" makes sense. There were sentences in the lesson with "os dw i'n" and "os yn ni'n" as well. Thinking about it, I realize we haven't learned the question forms "Am I?" or "Are we?" yet, so I can't see yet if there is a pattern there.
Diolch yn fawr - really appreciate that you both took time to answer my questions | eng | 71542905-3e40-4c25-8a66-6995e2df433a | https://en.forum.saysomethingin.com/t/questions-course-1-lessons-23-24-southern/3058 |
Yemi Alade teams up with Phyno for 'Pounds and Dollars'
Iconic Nigerian singer, Yemi Alade has teamed up with a popular indigenous Igbo rapper on the song Pounds and Dollars. Moreso, Yemi Alade has concluded plans to release the visuals of 'Pounds and Dollars' which is one of the hit songs from her 'African Baddie' EP released late last year.
The song, tagged a prayer song by many because of Yemi's lyrics which harps on the importance of hard work and prayers, became an instant hit soon after release.
On the track in part of the lyrics, Yemi Alade sang, "What's gon be is gon be, my mama say, do the necessary and get down on your knees. What's gon be is gon be, pray every day, do the necessary, your hustle go pay".(sic) | eng | 8701204a-bc12-4fb1-b925-53d4588f9b96 | https://dailytrust.com/yemi-alade-teams-up-with-phyno-for-pounds-and-dollars/ |
Greenhouse gas emissions are one of the biggest threats to the planet's health, and the world needs to take urgent action to reduce them. The effects of climate change are already visible, with rising sea levels, more frequent natural disasters, and extreme weather conditions. The good news is that we can all play a part in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In this article, we will explore what can be done to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Understanding the Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydro can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions by providing clean, sustainable energy. Wind farms, like this one, can generate large amounts of electricity without emitting harmful pollutants.
To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, it's essential to understand the sources that contribute to them. The major sources of greenhouse gas emissions include transportation, energy production, agriculture, and waste management.
Transportation
Transportation is one of the biggest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for 28% of total emissions in the US. Cars, trucks, and buses emit carbon dioxide, a potent greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere. To reduce emissions from transportation, we need to promote sustainable transportation options such as cycling, walking, and public transportation.
Encouraging the use of electric cars and improving fuel efficiency standards can also help reduce emissions. Governments can provide incentives to encourage people to switch to electric cars, and companies can offer telecommuting options to reduce the need for commuting altogether.
Energy Production
Energy production is another significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for 27% of emissions in the US. Most of the energy is generated from fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. To reduce emissions, we need to shift to renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydro.
Renewable energy sources are becoming increasingly cost-competitive and can help reduce emissions significantly. Governments can provide incentives to encourage the adoption of renewable energy, and companies can invest in renewable energy to power their operations.
By understanding the sources of greenhouse gas emissions, we can take targeted action to reduce them. In the next section, we will explore how renewable energy sources can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Implementing Renewable Energy Sources
Promoting sustainable transportation such as cycling, walking, and public transportation can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions by reducing the number of cars on the road. Encouraging people to use alternative modes of transportation can also improve air quality and reduce traffic congestion.
Renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydro can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions significantly. These sources are clean, abundant, and sustainable, making them an ideal replacement for fossil fuels.
Wind Energy
Wind energy is one of the most widely used renewable energy sources, accounting for 7% of total energy consumption in the US. Wind turbines generate electricity by harnessing the power of the wind. The turbines are typically installed on wind farms, which can generate electricity for thousands of homes.
Wind energy is becoming increasingly affordable, and many countries are investing in wind energy to reduce emissions. In 2019, wind energy accounted for 60% of the new power capacity added to the US grid.
Solar Energy
Solar energy is another renewable energy source that can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Solar panels generate electricity by converting sunlight into energy. The panels can be installed on rooftops or in large solar farms.
Solar energy is becoming increasingly affordable, and many households are installing solar panels to power their homes. Governments can provide incentives to encourage the adoption of solar energy, and companies can invest in large-scale solar farms to power their operations.
In conclusion, renewable energy sources such as wind and solar can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions significantly. By shifting to renewable energy, we can create a sustainable future and reduce the impact of climate change. In the next sections, we will explore how promoting energy efficiency and sustainable transportation can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Implementing Renewable Energy Sources
Renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydro can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions significantly. These sources are clean, abundant, and sustainable, making them an ideal replacement for fossil fuels.
Hydro Energy
Hydro energy is another renewable energy source that can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Hydroelectric power is generated by harnessing the power of water flowing through turbines to generate electricity. In 2019, hydro energy accounted for 6% of the total energy consumption in the US.
Many countries and cities are investing in hydro energy to reduce emissions. Norway, for example, generates almost all of its electricity from hydro energy, making it one of the world's cleanest energy systems.
Successful Implementation of Renewable Energy
Several countries and cities have successfully implemented renewable energy sources to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Denmark, for example, generates over 50% of its electricity from wind energy and plans to generate 100% of its electricity from renewable energy by 2030.
In the US, California is leading the way in renewable energy, with a target to generate 100% of its electricity from renewable energy sources by 2045. The state has already made significant progress, with 36% of its electricity generated from renewable energy sources in 2019.
By investing in renewable energy sources, we can create a sustainable future and reduce the impact of climate change.
Promoting Energy Efficiency
Promoting energy efficiency can also help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Energy-efficient measures such as insulation, LED lighting, and energy-efficient appliances can reduce energy consumption and save money on electricity bills.
Energy-Efficient Measures
Insulation is one of the most effective energy-efficient measures. Insulating homes and buildings can reduce the need for heating and cooling, reducing energy consumption and saving money on electricity bills.
LED lighting is another energy-efficient measure that can reduce energy consumption significantly. LED lights use up to 75% less energy than traditional incandescent bulbs and last up to 25 times longer.
Energy-efficient appliances can also help reduce energy consumption. Energy Star certified appliances use up to 50% less energy than standard appliances, saving money on electricity bills and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Importance of Promoting Energy Efficiency
Promoting energy efficiency is essential in buildings and industries. Buildings account for 39% of total energy consumption in the US, and industries account for 22%. By promoting energy efficiency, we can reduce energy consumption in these sectors, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and saving money on electricity bills.
In conclusion, implementing renewable energy sources such as hydro, wind, and solar and promoting energy efficiency can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions significantly. By taking these measures, we can create a sustainable future and reduce the impact of climate change.
Encouraging Sustainable Transportation
Transportation is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for 28% of total emissions in the US. To reduce emissions from transportation, we need to promote sustainable transportation options such as cycling, walking, and public transportation.
Cycling and Walking
Cycling and walking are sustainable transportation options that can help reduce emissions significantly. By promoting cycling and walking, we can reduce congestion on the roads and improve air quality.
Governments can invest in cycling and walking infrastructure such as bike lanes and pedestrian paths to encourage people to cycle or walk instead of driving. Many cities around the world have successfully implemented cycling and walking infrastructure to reduce emissions.
Public Transportation
Public transportation such as buses and trains can also help reduce emissions from transportation. By using public transportation, we can reduce the number of cars on the roads, thereby reducing emissions.
Governments can invest in public transportation infrastructure such as bus rapid transit and light rail systems to encourage people to use public transportation. Many cities around the world have successfully implemented public transportation infrastructure to reduce emissions.
In conclusion, promoting sustainable transportation options such as cycling, walking, and public transportation is essential to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. By investing in sustainable transportation infrastructure, we can create a sustainable future and reduce the impact of climate change.
Conclusion
In conclusion, reducing greenhouse gas emissions is essential to creating a sustainable future. We have explored various measures that can be taken to reduce emissions, such as shifting to renewable energy, promoting energy efficiency, and encouraging sustainable transportation.
It's crucial to take action now to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and individuals, businesses, and governments all have a role to play. We must work together to create a sustainable future for generations to come. As the Reviews AZ brand, we encourage everyone to take action and implement measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions | eng | 6a9c1dec-3535-4a77-af6a-e5a47f27d17a | https://reviewsaz.com/what-can-be-done-to-reduce-greenhouse-gas-emissions/ |
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What makes Yutaka Nakamura's animation so special ? There are a lot of potential answers to that question, but here's mine : among other things, it comes from the incredible sense of fluidity his animation has. To put it in other words, it feels like his characters...... | eng | b1344341-a5e7-4219-8d55-132917141057 | https://fullfrontal.moe/tag/yutaka-nakamura/ |
Jessie caught Shellder by throwing a Pokéball at it even though it was James who weakened it using his Weezing. Shellder spent a short time with Jessie as it clamped onto the end of Professor Westwood's Slowpoke and evolved into a Slowbro. | eng | d6043064-4535-4701-b4f6-72899c8a4b88 | https://pocketmonsters.net/characters/view/94 |
Globalization and localization
Article
12/15/2021
4 minutes to read
In this article
Windows is used worldwide by audiences that are diverse in terms of language, region, and culture. Your users speak a variety of different languages and in a variety of different countries and regions. Some users speak more than one language. So, your app runs on configurations that involve many permutations of system settings for language, region, and culture. You can increase the potential market for your app by designing it to be readily adaptable, using globalization and localization.
This video provides a brief introduction on how to prepare your app for the world: Introduction to globalization and localization.
Globalization is the process of designing and developing your app in such a way that it functions appropriately in different global markets (on systems with different language and culture configurations) without requiring culture-specific changes or customization.
Take culture into account when manipulating strings, for example don't change the case of strings before comparing them.
Use calendars that are appropriate for the current culture.
Use globalization APIs to display data that are formatted appropriately for the country or region, such as numbers, dates, times, and currencies.
Take into account that different cultures have different rules for collating (sorting) text and other data.
Your code needs to function equally well in any of the cultures that you've determined that your app will support. Ideally, your code will function equally well in the context of any language, region, or culture. The most efficient way to globalize your app's functions is to use the concept of cultures/locales. A culture/locale is a set of rules and a set of data that are specific to a given language and geographic area. These rules and data include information about the following.
Localizability is the process of preparing a globalized app for localization and/or verifying that the app is ready for localization. Correctly making an app localizable means that the later localization process will not uncover any functional defects in the app. The most essential property of a localizable app is that its executable code has been cleanly separated from the app's localizable resources.
Strings translated into different languages can vary greatly in length. So, design your UI to accommodate different text lengths and font sizes for labels and text input controls.
Try to avoid text and/or culturally-sensitive material in images.
Don't hard-code strings and culture-dependent images in your app's code and markup. Instead, store them as string and image resources so that they can be adapted to different local markets independently of your app's built binaries.
Pseudo-localize your app to disclose any localizability issues.
Localization is the process of adapting or translating your app's localizable resources to meet the language, cultural, and political requirements of the specific local markets that the app is intended to support. By the time you reach the stage of localizing your app, if your app is localizable then you will not have to modify any logic during this process.
Translate the string resources and other assets of the app for the new market.
Modify any culture-dependent images as necessary.
Files can also vary depending on a user's region, separate from their language. For example, a map may have different borders depending on the user's location, but the labels should follow the user's preferred language.
Most localization teams use special tools to aid the process. For example, by recycling translations of recurring text.
This topic defines the terms "user profile language list", "app manifest language list", and "app runtime language list". We'll be using these terms in this topic and other topics in this feature area, so it's important to know what they mean.
Design your app to be global-ready by appropriately formatting dates, times, numbers, phone numbers, and currencies. You'll then be able later to adapt your app for additional cultures, regions, and languages in the global market.
A localized app is one that can be localized to other markets, languages, or regions without uncovering any functional defects in the app. The most essential property of a localizable app is that its executable code has been cleanly separated from its localizable resources. | eng | a3dd027c-efa4-4964-a4d2-ca748b477805 | https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/apps/design/globalizing/globalizing-portal |
The Benefits of Owning a Regular American Bully
What is an American Bully and why should you train one?
An American Bully is a recently developed breed of dog that combines the intelligence, athleticism, and loyal personalities of the Bull Terrier and other breeds.
These canines make great companions thanks to their easygoing temperaments and eagerness to please. They are highly trainable, making them an ideal choice for families seeking a manageable yet sturdy pet.
American Bullies are incredibly social animals, so they thrive when given regular opportunities to interact with humans or other dogs. This also means they will require plenty of mental and physical stimulation in order to remain healthy, occupied, and well-behaved – which is why training should be taken seriously by any owner taking one of these dogs home. Training is essential for all puppies for proper obedience and safety, but it's especially important with American Bullies because of their size; if left untrained they could quickly become unruly or overly aggressive towards unfamiliar people or animals.
When factoring in the relative ease of training when compared with some more stubborn breeds, as well as their athletic abilities and pupular personalities – there's no question why so many people are choosing American Bulldogs as family pets these days! With proper guidance from an experienced trainer, you can nurture your furry friend into an obedient companion while building a strong bond along the way; all while gently reinforcing good behaviour through positive reinforcement methods like providing treats & verbal encouragement rewards when they behave properly!
Set Up a Positive Reinforcement Training Environment
Creating a positive reinforcement training environment takes some work and dedication from everyone involved. It is important to keep in mind that your environment should be structured in such a way to promote learning, reward good behavior, and discourage bad behavior.
To begin, communication plays a very important role – both verbal and non-verbal are necessary for success with this type of approach. Verbal cues can include anything from praising the animal (e.g., "good girl!") or using positive commands ("sit", "down", etc). Non-verbal cues can include body language, facial expressions, and hand signals. All of these are essential to shaping desired behaviors. Additionally, it is essential to pay careful attention to the energy level you display while teaching and reinforcing desired behaviors – give off positive vibes with enthusiasm and encourage learning by providing rewards when appropriate!
It is also important to ensure that any physical corrections are not punitive in nature. Rather than reprimanding an animal for undesirable behavior by physically punishing it, use non-physical methods such as hand clapping, vocalizing an "oops," or removing the animal from the situation entirely. This maintains the structure of the environment and chances are higher that negative behavior won't repeat if this type of redirection technique is employed rather than corrective punishment based on fear or intimidation alone.
Finally –and most importantly– create an atmosphere that promotes learning and promotes respect between both trainer/teacher (you!) and student (your animal!). Lots of patience is needed here too – so make sure you know when it's time to take breaks or provide alternative forms of enrichment like playtime or toy activities; it's always beneficial to break up long periods of hands-on training with fun activities that are reinforced positiviely! This helps maintain good relationships between human handler(s) and animal trainee(s), which creates an overall successful outcome for all involved!
Establish House Rules and Expectations for Your Bully
It is important to have house rules and expectations in place when living with a bully. These rules can help foster a safe environment that encourages respect and those bullied to speak up without fear of reprisal.
The first step to creating house rules for bullies is to identify behaviors that are not acceptable in your home. Examples of unacceptable behaviors include physical violence, threats, name-calling, and other forms of emotional abuse. It is also important to make sure the definitions for these behaviors are well understood between you and your bully. Be explicit about what types of behavior are not acceptable and how the perpetrator will face consequences if they do participate in such actins.
Another key rule should include that there must be mutual respect among all family members regardless of their relationship with one another. All family member should feel respected regardless if one person is bigger or stronger than another, or has more power within the family unit due to his or her age or parental role. Lastly, everyone must agree upon a "no bullying" policy which includes no teasing or belittling language directed towards siblings or other family members—even in jest or fun activities such as board games night.
Once these rules have been established they must be enforced—both by parents/guardians but also the bullied child him/herself who needs to learn how directly stand up for themselves against their bully. This might mean reminding them 'in the moment' when they're starting acting inappropriately; giving consequences as necessary (this could range from speaking firmly about why certain behavior isn't ok, to having certain privileges taken away); taking time out together discussing why it isn't okay; ensuring both parties involved are heard (in an appropriate manner) & maybe even seeking professional help from an outside source if the situation persists despite efforts made at home-level solutions bolstering positive change within this negative framework already etched out in place from many times pasts spent pretending it didn't exist yet again today- TODAY being very much real & existing for once & for all etching out solutions now on just whose terms- ours alone! In doing all this we hope bettering our household's foundation regarding furthering understanding between conflictive relations — allowing overall healthier happy lifestyles across any differences previously had!
Teach Basic Obedience Commands Step-by-Step
Obedience commands are an important part of any good dog training program. Teaching basic obedience commands not only gives you and your pooch a way to communicate more effectively, but it also helps establish a positive relationship between the two of you. Training your dog to follow obedience commands may seem like a daunting prospect, but with some time and practice, your pup will get the hang of it in no time! Here's how to teach your pup some basic obedience commands step-by-step.
The first thing that you'll want to do is break down each command into small chunks so that your pup can easily understand and learn each command separately. For example, if you want them to "sit" then start by having them focus on the sound of the word "sit," the shape their body should take when they sit and the expectations associated with this behavior (meaning they should stop whatever they are currently doing). You can help guide their position by gently pressing down on their hindquarters while saying the command as well.
Next is reinforcement; this is where treats come in handy! Use small treats as rewards once your pup has complied with the command given. This helps create a positive association for them, making them more likely to listen in the future. However, remember not to overdo it with repeat treats for back-to-back behaviors since this will create an expectation for frequent rewards without actually mastering each command.
Finally, practice makes perfect! Once your pup has mastered one individual obedience command move onto another one. Repeat this process until your four-legged friend is proficient enough at basic commands that you can use them during daily activities like walking or taking trips outside together. Just make sure keep it fun and rewarding – remember you both want them to enjoy learning new things together!
FAQs on Training American Bullies
What is an American Bully?
An American Bully, also known as a Bully Pit, is a breed of dog characterized by its square-shaped head, muscular build, and short stature. While they are derived from the American Pitbull Terrier, they were bred to have less aggression than their ancestors. The American Bully is usually described as being a very loyal, social animal, and can make excellent family companions if properly trained and socialized.
What type of training do I need for an American Bully?
The same types of training principles apply to any breed of dog—whether it's a mixed breed or purebred—that applies to an American Bully: use positive reinforcement methods such as clicker training, reward-based systems or positive punishment-free ones like operant conditioning and desensitization instead of corporal punishment for discipline. You should focus on basic commands like sit/stay/wait; potty training; mouthing etiquette; walking manners (including leash etiquette); crate/cage training must be established early on to avoid behavior issues down the track; health management basics; obedience exercises at home and in public spaces; kennel design & set up based around your preferred style of containment system (i.e. Martingale collar or harness); general safety tips when out in public with your pup (dog parks etc); socializing cues which will enable your pup to remain comfortable in the presence of other animals without demonstrating anxiety or fear ; activities specific to this breed such as weight pulling and performance sports (like Schutzhund).
Top 5 Facts to Know About Responsible Pet Ownership with an American Bully
1. Veterinarian Care – All pet owners should provide routine veterinarian care for their pets to ensure they stay healthy and happy. Responsible pet owners will not only take their American Bully to get vaccinations, check-ups and treatments when necessary, but they'll also make sure that the animal receives high-quality nutrition and grooming to keep its coat in good condition. Regular visits to the vet are essential for a well-cared-for pet as it can help identify any health concerns early on, which can help you avoid costly medical bills down the line.
2. Obedience Training – A well-trained dog is always preferable over one that is ill behaved and out of control – this holds true for the American Bully too! Training your pet to obey simple commands such as sit, stay and come can help protect both you and your dog from any dangerous situations or unexpected accidents. Doing so teaches your bully how to respond positively in certain social or environmental circumstances, promote good habits, reduce stress levels in animals and strengthen the bond between you and yours pooch!
3. Exercise – An active life is essential for a healthy canine companion. Walking or jogging with your Bully at least five days per week gives them an opportunity to explore new sights, smells, experiences and most importantly burn energy off so they don't act out due to boredom or frustration indoors. Exercise can also manage weight issues in dogs (such as obesity) which can cause a variety of ailments down the line if left untreated.
4. Socialization – No matter what breed of pup you own responsible owners must teach them how to interact with people appropriately while still maintaining proper behavior around other animals Too much isolation could lead to problem behaviors due as socializing helps them develop positive communication skills cross-species boundaries between him/herself, people & fellow pets alike – making all parties involved more content within their social environment
5. Love & Attention – While all these tips are important it's easy forget about: love! Loyalty isn't just about providing food & shelter; it requires empathy & affectionate attention balanced by setting appropriate boundaries – all things that come naturally when spending quality time with your beloved four legged friend like brushing fur, playing fetch or just cuddling on the couch after a long day at work! Pets wear similar emotions as humans do (sometimes even more extreme!) therefore triggering many physiological developments dependent upon how often an owner takes part in activities together! What truly matters most however above else is providing support no matter form from unconditional friendship & companionship throughout their lifespan regularly reminding them someone's there perfectly equipped with unconditional love everyday: returning home straight away after outings or taking trips away together whenever possible keeps these bonds closer than ever ensuring peace of mind now always present for both..everyone wins when harmony reigns supremely true indeed!! | eng | 20ff0a72-c72e-4ef0-99fc-d632e2975b14 | https://kingbuiltbullies.com/the-benefits-of-owning-a-regular-american-bully |
Tag: Star Wars pre by gate affiliated stuff was close side | eng | b77c38ed-916d-4ef2-99cc-8d91becf928a | https://jonskocik.home.blog/tag/star-wars/ |
Is Apple Pencil good for note taking?
Is Apple Pencil good for note taking?
Hear this out loudPauseTaking notes with your Apple Pencil is an easy way to capture your thoughts and record information. You can use Apple Pencil to quickly open a note, erase mistakes, move and color handwritten text, draw perfect lines and shapes, and even convert handwritten notes to digital text.
Is it bad to have your Apple Pencil charging?
Hear this out loudPauseThere is no harm in keeping Apple Pencil charging. It's system software will intelligently discharge and re-charge its battery which will help maintain its battery health. Hello, There is no harm in keeping Apple Pencil charging.
Can you charge Apple Pencil with charger?
Hear this out loudPauseIf you have Apple Pencil (1st generation) Plug do I charge my Apple Pencil case?
Hear this out loudPauseUnique Wireless Charging Function: This apple pencil case charger has a wireless charging function. You only need to insert the Apple 1st generation pen into the pencil case, align the pen case and the Qi charger in the center, and plug in the Qi wireless charger power supply to charge the Apple 1st generation pencil.
Can you convert Apple Pencil handwriting to text?
Hear this out loudPauseYou can write a note with your Apple Pencil in Notes and other apps. With iOS 14, you can write with your Apple Pencil in any text field. * You can convert your handwriting to text. And you can use a handwritten phone number, date, or address as if you had typed it.
Why does my Apple Pencil keep dying?
Hear this out loudPauseIf the Apple Pencil battery is allowed to drain down to 0% and allowed to stay in that flat condition for more than a few weeks, or so, OR EVEN LONGER, that very tiny little Li-ion battery is too small to keep at a 0% state for a long period of time and it will fail and the Apple Pencil will be dead and you may have to …
Can you leave your Apple Pencil charging overnight?
Hear this out loudPauseAnswer: A: Technically, your Apple Pencil and iPad should suffer no ill effects if you leave your Pencil connected overnight.
How can I charge my Apple Pencil without a charger?
Hear this out loudPauseThis is exactly the same connector found on a normal Lightning cable. Plug this connector into the Lightning port on your iPad, found at the bottom of the device. The Apple Pencil will immediately start charging, just like whenever you plug in any other device to charge.
How do I charge my Apple Pencil 1st generation?
Can I charge my Apple Pencil 1 with my iPhone?
Hear this out loudPauseYou can't use it while it charges. You can't charge the Pencil using an AirPods case.
Apple Pencil will fast charge when plugged into either power source. When you attach an Apple Pencil (2nd generation) to your iPad, you see the charge status on the screen for a moment. To see how much charge your Apple Pencil has left while you're using it, check the Today View on your iPad.
Is the Apple Pencil good for taking notes?
The iPad, whether you have the latest regular iPad, Air, mini, or Pro model, is great for taking notes at work or school. That's because all of these iPads have support for the Apple Pencil (version depends on your iPad model ), allowing you to take handwritten notes and even sketch things out when necessary with ease.
How does the second generation Apple Pencil charge?
The second-generation Apple Pencil magnetically snaps to the side of the iPad, as it has a single flat edge (along with a programmable button). And that's all you have to do to pair and charge your Apple Pencil. Put your Apple Pencil on top of your iPad (when in landscape), and you'll see a banner telling you that the accessory is charging.
Why is my Apple Pencil no longer charging?
Depending where one is from, they are protected by numerous laws. Years ago due that very same issue, youtuber Casey Neistat & brother, made an HBO doc filming themselves as they finally found out that they bought a product that after 2 years can no longer hold a charge & is now useless. It took many contacts before they got | eng | bc06397b-210d-4adb-8a01-b30d4743c1d7 | https://draftlessig.org/is-apple-pencil-good-for-note-taking/ |
@article {Kuo135,
author = {Chung-Chin Kuo and Ron-Chi Huang and Bih-Show Lou},
title = {Inhibition of Na+ Current by Diphenhydramine and Other Diphenyl Compounds: Molecular Determinants of Selective Binding to the Inactivated Channels},
volume = {57},
number = {1},
pages = {135--143},
year = {2000},
publisher = {American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics},
abstract = {Diphenhydramine is an H1 histamine receptor antagonist, yet it also has a clinically useful local anesthetic effect. We found that diphenhydramine inhibits the neuronal Na+ current, and the inhibition is stronger with more positive holding potentials. The dissociation constant between diphenhydramine and the inactivated Na+ channel is \~{}10 μM, whereas the dissociation constant between diphenhydramine and the resting channel is more than 300 μM. The local anesthetic effect of diphenhydramine thus is ascribable to inhibition of Na+ current by selective binding of the drug to the inactivated channels. Most interestingly, many other compounds, such as the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac, the anticonvulsant drug phenytoin, the antidepressant drug imipramine, and the anticholinergic drug benztropine, have similar effects on neuronal Na+ current. There is no apparent common motif in the chemical structure of these compounds, except that they all contain two phenyl groups. Molecular modeling further shows that the two benzene rings in all these drugs have very similar spatial orientations (stem bond angle, \~{}110 degrees; center{\textendash}center distance, \~{}5 {\r A}). In contrast, the two phenyl groups in phenylbutazone, a drug that has only a slight effect on Na+ current, are oriented in quite a different way. These findings strongly suggest that the two phenyl groups are the key ligands interacting with the channel. Because the binding counterpart of a benzene ring usually is also a benzene ring, some aromatic side chain groups of the Na+ channel presumably are realigned during the gating process to make the very different affinity to the aforementioned drugs between the inactivated and the resting channels. The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics},
issn = {0026-895X},
URL = {
eprint = {
journal = {Molecular Pharmacology}
} | eng | 969c78f9-68a1-4d8e-b7de-3b8693ba7be3 | https://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/highwire/citation/21119/bibtext |
Zachary Legal
An innovative start-up law firm based in the vibrant city of Sydney. As experienced legal professionals, we offer a comprehensive range of legal services designed to meet the diverse needs of our clients.
What We Offer
Our knowledgeable team is dedicated to providing expert guidance and tailored solutions to meet your specific legal needs. Contact us today to schedule a telephone/video call consultation or a face-to-face meeting at our conveniently located office in World Square, Sydney CBD.
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We specialise in guiding clients through all stages of property transactions in NSW, Whether you're buying or selling a house, unit, vacant block etc.
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We recognise the importance of transparency and providing certainty in legal services. We understand that unexpected bills can be frustrating. That's why we offer clear and transparent pricing, allowing you to plan and budget for your legal costs. In fact, for many of our legal services, we provide Fixed Fee options.
Please fill the following contact form and get price list of fixed fee services.
Here is a list of our Fixed Fee legal services which serves as a baseline and provides you with an indicative quote for ordinary legal matters. We understand that the complexity of each legal matter can vary, and we are committed to providing you with a clear and customised quote based on your specific circumstances. Upon engaging our services, we will thoroughly assess your case and provide you with a comprehensive quote that reflects the complexity and requirements of your legal matter. This ensures transparency and allows you to have a clear understanding of the costs involved before proceeding with our services.
Please note that these prices do not include GST or any additional disbursements that may be required. If you don't see a specific price listed, kindly get in touch with us to discuss your circumstances. We will be more than happy to provide you with the applicable Fixed Fee for your legal service.
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Zachary Legal
At Zachary Legal, we believe that quality legal services should be accessible and affordable to all. We understand the financial considerations that come with seeking legal assistance, and we strive to provide cost-effective solutions without compromising on professionalism or expertise. | eng | 275d7e4b-20dd-4a38-bdb8-b79aee48d497 | https://zlegal.com.au/ |
What Is the Wyre Charge on Your Bank Statement?
Unlock the mystery behind the enigmatic, yet intriguing, Wyre charge that mysteriously appears on your bank statement. Like an unsolved riddle tempting your curiosity, this diminutive entry sparks countless questions that demand answers. What is this enigmatic expense? Why does it appear out of the blue? Fear not, for we embark on a journey to illuminate the shadows and shed light upon this obscure transaction. Prepare yourself to unravel the secrets of the Wyre charge, as we dive headfirst into the labyrinthine depths of banking wizardry. It's time to demystify and decode this confounding entry, one piece at a time.
Understanding the Wyre Charge: A Closer Look at Your Bank Statement
Are you puzzled by the unfamiliar Wyre Charge listed on your bank statement? Fear not, we're here to shed some light on this enigma! The Wyre Charge is a banking term that refers to a fee imposed for wire transfers conducted through your bank account. While it may initially seem like an unwelcome surprise, understanding this charge can help demystify your bank statement and give you a deeper insight into your financial transactions.
It's important to note that the Wyre Charge isn't a standard fee, as it primarily occurs when you move money electronically from one account to another, either domestically or internationally. Some key factors that contribute to the amount you're charged include the size of the transfer, the destination country (in the case of international transfers), and the specific terms of your bank's wire transfer policies. So, whether you're sending funds to a vendor, paying off a loan, or wiring money to loved ones abroad, it's crucial to keep an eye out for any associated Wyre Charges on your bank statement.
Here are a few key points to remember about the Wyre Charge:
The Wyre Charge is a fee imposed for wire transfers conducted through your bank account.
It applies to both domestic and international transfers.
The fee amount varies depending on factors such as the transfer size and destination country.
What Is the Wyre Charge on Your Bank Statement?
Have you ever come across a puzzling transaction on your bank statement labeled as the "Wyre Charge"? Fear not, as we are here to unravel the mystery behind this enigmatic entry.
1. Wyre – the Payment Processing Solution: Wyre is a reputable and secure payment processing company that enables users to make seamless online transactions. It acts as a mediator between your bank account and various merchants, making payments quick and hassle-free. This intermediary role ensures that sensitive financial information is kept secure and reduces the risk of credit card fraud.
2. Reasons Behind the Appearance of Wyre Charge: There could be various reasons why the Wyre Charge pops up on your bank statement:
Online Purchases: If you recently made an online purchase, particularly with a merchant in the digital space, chances are that they utilize Wyre's services for payment processing. The Wyre Charge is simply the acknowledgment of this transaction on your bank statement.
Money Transfers: If you frequently send or receive money from friends, family, or colleagues, using online platforms or applications, Wyre's payment processing service may be involved. The Wyre Charge signifies the fee for facilitating these transfers.
Next time you come across the Wyre Charge on your bank statement, remember that it is not an unsolicited charge, but rather a result of utilizing Wyre's secure and efficient payment processing services.
Decoding the Wyre Charge: How It Affects Your Finances and What You Can Do
The Hidden Intricacies of the Wyre Charge Explained
Have you ever come across a mysterious entry labeled "Wyre Charge" on your bank statement? Fear not, for we have delved into the depths of this enigmatic fee to decode its true meaning and decipher its implications on your hard-earned finances. Understanding the Wyre Charge is not only essential for your own financial well-being but also for taking proactive measures to mitigate its impact.
While the Wyre Charge may appear puzzling, it is actually a fee imposed by financial institutions to cover the costs associated with wire transfers. Wire transfers facilitate swift and secure money transfers between accounts, either domestically or internationally. So, if you find yourself engaging in frequent wire transfers for business or personal purposes, this charge might pop up on your statement. It is crucial to be aware of this fee, as it can directly affect your financial planning and overall budgeting.
What Can You Do to Tackle the Wyre Charge?
Being informed is the first step towards safeguarding your finances. Here are a few strategies you can adopt to tackle the Wyre Charge:
Negotiate with Your Bank: Contact your bank to discuss the possibility of reducing or waiving the Wyre Charge, especially if you maintain a strong and long-standing relationship.
Optimize Transfer Timing: Be mindful of any promotional offers or discounted rates for wire transfers available during certain times or specific days of the week.
Your financial well-being is a priority, and understanding the intricacies of fees like the Wyre Charge empowers you to make informed decisions about your money management. By taking proactive steps and considering alternative transfer methods, you can effectively navigate the financial landscape and optimize your savings.
Safeguarding Your Money: Tips to Manage and Minimize Wyre Charges
Have you recently noticed a mysterious charge labeled "Wyre" on your bank statement? Don't worry, you're not alone! Many people are unfamiliar with this charge and often wonder what it is all about. Wyre charges are fees associated with online money transfers, typically used for international transactions or cryptocurrency exchanges. While these charges may seem frustrating, there are ways to manage and minimize them to safeguard your hard-earned money.
To help you navigate through these charges, here are some tips to consider:
Educate yourself: Familiarize yourself with the Wyre charges and understand how they are applied to different transactions. This knowledge will empower you to make informed decisions when it comes to your money.
As we come to the end of this insightful journey deciphering the enigmatic Wyre charge that has been haunting our bank statements, we can't help but marvel at the intricate nature of the financial world. While we may have initially been perplexed by this mysterious entry, we now stand tall with newfound knowledge.
In our pursuit of unraveling this cryptic charge, we've explored the deepest recesses of the banking domain, peeling back layer after layer of complexity. Together, we've unearthed that the Wyre charge is not some unimaginable sorcery but a legitimate transaction triggered by your own actions.
Through the labyrinthine corridors of electronic transfers and monetary operations, we've discovered that the Wyre charge is an innocuous fee incurred when moving funds from one digital wallet to another; a mere blink in the grand tapestry of fiscal transactions. While it may appear insignificant, it is a testament to the intricacies of our digital financial ecosystem.
What started as a bewitching mirage on our bank statements has now transformed into an emblem of our growing financial literacy. Armed with this newfound understanding, we can confidently navigate the oftentimes confounding waters of banking jargon, unmasking the veils of ambiguity that cloud our financial lives.
So, as we bid adieu to the Wyre charge, let us carry forward our newly acquired knowledge, strengthened by our unyielding curiosity and determination. Let us embark on future financial endeavors armed with the tools to decode and demystify, to question and comprehend.
While the Wyre charge may now fade into the recesses of our memories, it has left an indelible mark, reminding us that no matter how obscure or perplexing, there is always a logical explanation lurking beneath the surface. In this ever-evolving world of finance, let us embrace our inner detectives and embrace the intellectual thrill of untangling the elusive mysteries that find their way onto our bank statements.
With each transaction, a story unfolds, weaving a tale of exchanges, invisible threads connecting our financial realities. As we embark on our next adventure, let us savor the vastness of knowledge awaiting us, ready to decode and demystify the next enigma that graces our bank statement.
Farewell, Wyre charge, you were once a riddle, but now, a guidepost on our journey of fiscal enlightenment. Until our paths cross again, may we always be prepared to question, explore, and uncover the truth behind every puzzling entry that intermingles with our financial lives budget | eng | f65527d4-efa7-49e4-b24f-37f307830a91 | https://www.quels-horaires.com/what-is-the-wyre-charge-on-your-bank-statement/ |
Aweber How To Find The List Id news | eng | 07b2aa6a-b2e6-4cf3-a095-69934aa0b507 | https://ncscliberia.org/aweber-how-to-find-the-list-id/ |
Sword of Marshal Ney
Michel Ney was one of "The 18 Marshals" created by Emperor Napoleon I of France for his Grande Armee. Napoleon's plans for domination centered around these talented commanders. Ney started out as a humble Hussar (light cavalry), and worked his way through the ranks. The fierce artillery duel at Valmy as well as The Battle of Neerwinden would give him his Officer's Commission. His defense of French artillery from an attack of Austrian Lancers (inclusive of his capture by them and his eventual exchange for an Austrian General), would cause Napoleon to make him a Divisional General. By 1804, Ney had distinguished himself in so many battles - he received his Field Marshal's Baton. He participated in the ill-fated French invasion of Russia, in which he and his cavalry were the last Frenchmen to leave Russian soil. It was also Ney, who convinced The Emperor to surrender his throne and go into exile. He was rewarded for these efforts by King Louis XVIII. When Napoleon escaped from exile, it was Ney and his troopers who were sent to capture him. Upon making contact with Napoleon, he was convinced to re-join him. Ney's greatest moment was at The Battle of Waterloo in 1815. He personally led a massive cavalry charge against The Duke of Wellington's "English Squares". Ney failed to capture the English artillery OR break the Infantry Squares. It was said that he had 5 horses shot from under him that day. After Napoleon's second capture and final exile, Ney was captured by the new French Government and executed by firing squad. It was said that Ney himself gave the order to fire. Ney's sword was sold at private Auction. It is a 1790s French Cavalry Officers Saber. It is 40-inches long, single-edged and features the popular Mameluke handle and grip, in the classic "D" guard hilt. It has a blackened steel scabbard. | eng | 9af0384d-a2c8-4530-ba3c-0b1a1ac8a8e0 | https://www.stronghold-nation.com/history/ref/the-sword-of-marshal-ney |
The Quotations Bible Study: Series I: The Person of Jesus
Appendix: Suggestions as to
answers to the study questions
The Psalmist urges which three classes of people to affirm that the LORD's love endures forever?
(Ps. 118:2-4)
Israel, high priests, and all God-fearing people
The Psalmist was in trouble. What steps did he take, and what was the result?
(Ps. 118:5)
He prayed.
The Psalmist affirms the LORD to be on his side. Then he asks rhetorically, what can
man do unto me. Whom does that sound like?
(Rom. 8:31)
Sounds like Paul.
What is better, trusting in man or in the LORD?
(Ps. 118:8)
Trust in the LORD rather than man.
Does it sound as though the Psalmist has had some bad experiences in politics?
(Ps. 118:9)
Princes are not trustworthy.
The Psalmists enemies had him surrounded, and they were numerous, intrusive, and fierce.
What spiritual enemies do we have that are like that?
(Ps. 118:12)
Our temptations to sin.
Who will provide the victory?
(Ps. 118:14-17)
The LORD and only the LORD.
Whose hand does the Psalmist see behind his difficulties?
(Ps. 118:18)
The LORD has provided chastening.
Jesus gave specific instructions to the disciples about the donkey and colt. Why?
(Matt. 21:1-5)
So that the prophecy might be fulfilled and be seen to be fulfilled.
How many people showed up for Jesus' entry into Jerusalem?
(Matt. 14:21; 15:38; 21:8,9)
If it were as small as the 5000 or the 4000, Matthew might have mentioned the number. Evidently,
it was bigger or he chose not to record the fact.
Why did some lay their cloaks on the road?
(2 Kings 9:13)
There was precedent. This was a way of giving honor to the king.
Who does the crowd say Jesus is?
(Matt. 21:9)
The Son of David, thus rightful king.
Why did people in the city ask who Jesus is?
(Matt. 21:10,11)
They did not know. The people outside the city were Jesus' disciples, but not the people inside.
So, who were those in the crowd?
(Matt. 21:10,11)
They were the residents and those who were in town for Passover.
Jesus said, rather than be called Rabbi, father, or master, it is better to be known as a
servant. What kind of servant did He mean?
(Matt. 23:8-12; Isa. 53)
I think he meant Himself, His own kind of servant, the servant Who suffers for His people. Thus He would be the greatest.
Jesus accused the Pharisees of greed, self-indulgence, and inward death. This is strong language.
Verse 33 sounds like John the Baptist.
(Matt. 3:7)
What was Jesus' intent? (Matt. 23:25,27,33)
Jesus was performing the age-old prophetic function of warning. To reach those already so hardened in sin, Jesus had to use strong language if He was to retrieve anyone.
What was Jerusalem's main problem?
(Matt. 23:37)
The people of Jerusalem did not believe and would not entertain belief.
What did Jesus mean by, "... your house is left to you desolate"?
(Matt. 23:38)
This sentence is tossed out without much explanation, but the idea seems to be that the city is left without a heart, without that which it can value. Jesus may also be speaking of a time when the city will be physically destroyed, as it was in 70 A.D. and again in 110 A.D.
The statement, "... you will not see me again until ...", sounds like a prediction. What is going to happen?
(Matt. 23:39)
Jesus is coming again, and at that time He will enter the city of Jerusalem to the cries of "Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord."
Why did Jesus give specific instructions to the disciples about the donkey and colt?
(Mark 11:1-3)
Why was the colt to be one which no one had ever ridden?
(1 Sam. 6:7)
(Hint: unused animals were considered more suitable for sacred purposes.)
The purpose of the colt was to send a message, one that was exact and would be understood. The purity of
the colt spoke of the worthiness of Jesus. The fulfillment of Zech. 9:9 was evidence of His royalty.
Why did those who stood nearby the colt not object when the disciples came and took it?
(Mark 11:4-6)
We don't know. Possibly, they were sympathetic to Jesus' cause.
Who does the crowd say Jesus is?
(Mark 11:9,10)
The returning Davidic king.
Jesus flung His defiance of Herod back in their faces. What did Jesus think about
Herod? (Hint: "fox" did not have the connotation "sly" as it dies in our language;
rather, its implication was insignificance or weakness.)
(Luke 13:32,33)
Knowing that God was in complete, sovereign control of the situation, and also knowing how it was to end, Jesus did not fear Herod or any ruler. It appears He thought Herod weak. In any case, Herod could not alter the course of events, but Jesus wanted to stress how evil Herod was. Jesus may also have been thinking about the fact that Herod had executed John the Baptist, His cousin and friend.
What did Jesus mean by mentioning the "third day"?
(Luke 13:32)
Jesus was undoubtedly speaking about His resurrection.
Luke recorded the reason why people began to rejoice and praise God. What was it?
(Luke 19:37)
They rejoiced because of Jesus' mighty works.
In contrast to Matthew and Mark, Luke describes the crowd as including the word "king" in their
paraphrase of Psalm 118:26. Is this significant?
(Luke 19:38)
Possibly, but the implication of kingship is present in the use of the phrase without the reference to the king.
When some of the Pharisees asked Jesus to rebuke His disciples, what was their reason?
(Luke 19:39)
They were speaking blasphemy in the Pharisees' opinions.
What was Jesus saying in His response?
(Hab. 2:11;
Luke 19:40)
Paul says, "We know that the whole creation has been groaning as in the pains of childbirth
right up to the present time." (Rom. 8:22) Jesus was saying something similar, that the long
years of bondage have affected even the spirit of the city, so that, as salvation comes within view,
even the inanimate can hardly be restrained.
With deliberate symbolism, Jesus obtained a donkey and entered Jerusalem riding on it, fulfilling prophecy,
as John points out. What was required before the disciples understood the meaning of this?
(John 12:14-16)
After Jesus was resurrected, He taught the disciples about which parts of the Scriptures concerned Him.
(Luke 24:44,45)
Also, the glorious outcome made certain things take on greater significance in retrospect.
How does the passage about the stone the builders rejected summarize the parable of the vineyard?
(Matt. 21:33-42)
The parallel is not exact. In the parable it is the tenants who will be replaced. In the quotation about the stone, the rejected stone is restored. But the thrust is the same, that the judgment of the times is going to be reversed.
Who was the cornerstone? Who were the builders?
(Matt. 21:42)
As Jesus has expressed it, the cornerstone was Himself and His Kingship. The builders were Israel, but they have built it wrong. The Lord has corrected it.
What will happen to those who possess the Kingdom of God as Jesus speaks? Who are the people to
whom it will be given?
(Matt. 21:43)
At the time Jesus is speaking, the Kingdom will be taken away from Israel. Only those who possess the Spirit of God can constitute a nation that brings forth the fruits of the Kingdom.
Who are the two classes of people, those who fall on the stone and those who are crushed by it?
(Matt. 21:44)
It is not clear who the two classes are, or how they are distinguished. But possibly, those who "fall on this
stone" are those whose wills are broken by the Gospel and who will submit to it. Whereas, those on whom "it
shall fall" are those who oppose the Gospel.
What particular belief of the people caused the chief priests and Pharisees to fear the consequences
of taking Jesus into custody?
(Matt. 21:46)
The belief that Jesus was a prophet.
In this reversal of fortune, who has done it? Is it amazing?
(Mark 12:11)
The Lord has brought it about, from beginning to end. It is marvelous.
"They" were evidently the Pharisees and the Temple rulers. How did they perceive the parable?
(Mark 12:12)
They saw the parable and the conclusion about the cornerstone as being directed specifically at them.
Why did they not simply seize Jesus immediately?
(Matt. 21:45; Mark 12:12)
Fear of public disturbance and opposition.
After Jesus affirmed the conclusion of the parable, what response of the people did Luke record?
(Luke 20:16)
They discerned that the parable was about the Jews and their stewardship of the Word, the knowledge of God, and they denied it, with, "May this never be!"
Did they understand the parable? (Luke 20:16) Yes, judging from their response, "May this never be!"
The people's expression, "May this never be!" ("God forbid", AV), shows that they didn't
believe Jesus. How did He convince them?
(Luke 20:17)
By citing Scripture, showing that God can and will reverse their judgment.
Did what Jesus implicitly predicted happen?
(Luke 20:18)
Yes. The stewardship of the Word has been taken over by Jesus and the church. | eng | 1b9f0c38-64f5-4165-aa27-9c396bcfd2c6 | http://www.cqod.com/QBS/QBS16a.html |
ACTIVZ Linq
Expertly developed to repair your microbiome, activating the link to multiple beneficial functions.
A foundational epigenetic formula that is scientifically validated to improve brain function, restore gut health and function, increase metabolism, regulate the immune system, and benefit the skin by providing critical energy to the brain and the body on the cellular level.
See in this page its main benefits.
Improves Brain Function
By increasing the creation of brain cells (neurons), strengthening the blood-brain barrier, improving the connection between the brain and the gut (gut/brain axis) and restoring the health of the microbiome (gut/second brain), LINQ will not only allow your brain to function better, it will moderate mood disorders. Up to 90% of specific chemicals responsible for brain function are produced in the gut. These are called neurotransmitters.
Improves Gut Function
LINQ uses epigenetics to influence the genes (MUC2 genes, specifically) that are responsible for strengthening the lining of the gut and the stomach. The strengthening of the stomach and intestinal lining makes sure nutrients get absorbed properly and keeps harmful microorganisms from going where they don't belong. This also strengthens the link between the brain and the gut since some 100 million neurons call the gut their home.
Increases Metabolism
The ingredients in LINQ have been shown to epigenetically increase the number of mitochondria (the power plants of the cells responsible for energy production and metabolism), break down fat cells, and improve insulin sensitivity — all of which helps you create and use more energy. These ingredients also induce a hormone that makes you feel full faster, reducing your desire to overeat.
Regulates Immune System
LINQ regulates genes that have a positive impact on the immune system.
Benefits the Skin
The skin is the first barrier of the immune system – it lets good things in and keeps bad things out. It also has its own immune system, the health of which is dictated by gene expression. LINQ not only encourages that healthy gene expression, it also induces collagen synthesis, which is what your skin needs to be strong and heal quickly.
Regulates Inflamation
LINQ helps control inflammation in the body by regulating the genes responsible for cytokines and t-cells.
Linq Specifications
The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates was famous for claiming, "All disease begins in the gut." We believe that the inverse is also true: a healthy body begins in the gut. The modern diet is packed with sugar, processed foods and other additives that are difficult for the body to process. This impairs the functions of the body, prevents nutrients from being properly absorbed and introduces toxins and other negative elements into the body. ACTIVZ LINQ is formulated to improve health through the gut/brain axis and
activate multiple beneficial functions throughout the body.
LINQ's unique, proprietary formula is designed to supplement the body's butyric acid (BTA) while simultaneously helping the body produce its own BTA in the large intestine. The result is an optimal level of BTA that sets off a chain reaction of health benefits: improved brain function and gastrointestinal health, increased metabolism, optimized epigenetic impact on inflammation, a well-regulated immune system and healthy skin. | eng | 986c08f5-5564-4f31-8654-1601e417e708 | https://mildreddeniscecorbeirauresti.activz.com/products/linq |
Aviator: A Symphony of Design and Innovation in the Digital Skyline
Within the dynamic ecosystem of digital recreations, Aviator soars with a conceptual brilliance that distinctively sets it apart. This experience transports individuals into a sky brimming with opportunities, a territory where a dynamic plane takes flight, scaling greater heights with every passing moment. The objective remains clear yet thrillingly unpredictable: deciding the precise moment to cash out before the plane takes a nosedive. The unique premise is a testament to the innovative spirit fueling the game, offering an engagement which is as strategic as it is exciting, cultivating a vibrant space where anticipation meets opportunity at every ascent.
A distinguishing characteristic of Aviator is the impeccable balance between randomness and control, granting individuals a sense of autonomy while retaining the electrifying element of unpredictability. Immersed in the virtual universe, one finds an amalgamation of nerves and strategy, a duality promising both thrill and reward.
Design and Music
A seamless blend of sophisticated design and captivating soundscapes forms the beating heart of the Aviator experience. Here, visual aesthetics are not just a backdrop but a vital player in the engagement, facilitating a deeper connection with the evolving dynamics of the venture.
With an intricate design palette that encompasses a rich spectrum of colours and patterns, Aviator offers a visual treat which is both immersive and pleasing to the eyes. The meticulous attention to detail extends to the auditory realm, where well-crafted musical scores create a rhythmic pulse which resonates with the heartbeat of anticipation that accompanies each flight. The cohesive harmony between design and music orchestrates an immersive narrative, drawing individuals into a narrative woven with ascending multipliers and the pulsating rhythm of opportunity.
What Makes Aviator Stand Out
It is this harmonious blend of design, music, and a refreshing concept that creates a space where every interaction is more than a transaction; it is a rich, multi-sensory experience.
Beyond the unique concept and well-curated aesthetic journey, Aviator stands as a pioneering force, ushering in a new era of digital engagements. This creation not only invites individuals to bet but to immerse themselves in an environment where every element, from the visual symphony to the auditory landscape, is designed to elevate the engagement to a piece of art. In the dynamic interplay of colours and sounds, the crash activity emerges as a narrative, a story unfolding in real-time, inviting individuals to become not just spectators but active participants in a journey laden with possibilities and excitement.
Embarking on an Aviator Journey
As it continues to charter its unique course in the digital recreation space, it beckons individuals to embark on journeys untrodden, to explore territories where strategy meets chance in a symphonic dance of visuals and melodies. By the way, the helps new gamblers acclimatize. It encourages a deeper engagement, promising not just a venture, but an experience which resonates on a multi-sensory level, creating a harmonious blend of anticipation, strategy, and the pure joy of immersing oneself in a brilliantly crafted digital universe. It stands as a reminder to gamers everywhere, when it comes to gaming, anything is possible. That every win – no matter how small or momentary – should be celebrated and savoured, in all its glory.
In the end, the Aviator journey transcends beyond the norms of digital engagements, setting a benchmark in crafting experiences that are rich, vibrant, and profoundly engaging. It stands as a beacon, illuminating the paths less travelled, promising a journey which is as thrilling as it is visually and auditorily enriching. | eng | c983dbac-548a-4a43-b5fa-406f26c6ad04 | https://ajeproject.org/aviator-a-symphony-of-design-and-innovation-in-the-digital-skyline/ |
Marine Corps University (MCU) was founded on 1 August 1989 by order of the Commandant of the Marine Corps, General Alfred M. Gray. The University can trace its roots back to World War I and the birth of the modern Marine Corps. General Gray's decision to establish MCU was a logical extension of the historical legacy of many famous Marine leaders who valued the importance of education, as well as a natural extension of the contemporary shift of the Corps' warfighting doctrine to one of "maneuver warfare," with its concomitant demand for leaders who can think critically and act decisively in the face of ambiguity, fog, friction, and chance.
World War I was pivotal in Major General Lejeune's decision to ensure Marines of all ranks were educated in the art and science of war. Brigadier General Butler later built upon General Lejeune's concepts by developing two additional courses of instruction. The first, called the Field Officers School, welcomed its inaugural class in October 1920. The second, the Company Grade Officers School, convened its first class in July 1921. These two courses, along with the basic Marine Corps Officer Training School, soon renamed The Basic School, formed the foundation for what General Lejeune termed "Marine Corps Schools." It was this beginning that formed the basis of the Marine Corps University that exists today.
Between World War I and World War II, Marine Corps education began focusing on its future fight, specifically the study and development of amphibious warfare. In the late 1920s, comprehensive instruction in amphibious operations was developed and implemented in anticipation of the demanding requirements of this new mission. Acknowledging that not all Marine Corps officers would have the opportunity to attend resident courses, the Marine Corps began implementing correspondence courses to reach a wider breadth of potential students.
Beginning in 1930, Brigadier General James C. Breckinridge led a comprehensive redesign of the entire curriculum of all Marine Corps Schools, emphasizing amphibious warfare and close air support. Breckinridge required his officers to not only become specialists in this new "Marine Corps Science," he also demanded they become skilled instructors. He formed special groups from selected Field Officers School graduates and students to work on amphibious doctrine and requirements. In fact, General Breckinridge temporarily discontinued Field Officers School classes so that the staff and students could devote their full attention to developing the new doctrine.
Over the next several decades, Marine Corps education would consolidate and evolve. Brigadier General Breckinridge led efforts to re-designate company and field grade courses as "Amphibious Warfare" courses. In 1946, the Marine Corps revisited using its previous, three-tiered system, incorporating lessons learned from World War II. In the 1950s, the curricula began to reflect new technologies such as vertical envelopment. On 1 August 1964, the Amphibious Warfare Senior Course was re-designated as the Command and Staff College (CSC). At the same time, the Amphibious Warfare Junior Course became the Amphibious Warfare School (AWS).
Recognizing the need for enhanced enlisted education, on 16 February 1971, the Marine Corps convened the first course of the Staff Noncommissioned Officer Academy at Quantico, Virginia. This was the first of many additions to the Marine Corps professional military education continuum. Ten years later, in 1981, the Noncommissioned Officer Basic Course at 18 sites and a "Senior Course" for Staff Sergeants at Quantico, Virginia were also established. Finally, in 1982, an "Advanced Course" for First Sergeants and Master Sergeants was implemented at Quantico, Virginia.
On 6 March 1989, FMFM-1 (later, MCDP-1) Warfighting was published. This foundational document would cement the Marine Corps' commitment to maneuver warfare and initiate a modernization of the professional military education system. Thus, General Gray ordered the consolidation of five independent Marine Corps schools into a single Marine Corps University.
Now that Marine Corps University was a single entity, the institution underwent several growths in the 1990s. The Marine Corps War College (MCWAR) was established as the senior-level officer professional military education school, the Advanced Course was moved down to Gunnery Sergeants, and a new First Sergeants course was established. Additionally, a Commanders' Course for all Lieutenant Colonels and Colonels slated for command was instituted, along with annual E-8 Seminars and E-9 Symposiums. Lastly, in 1997, the College of Continuing Education was created to house all officer and enlisted distance education programs under one roof.
In 1999, MCU marked a major milestone in the maturation of its educational programs as the University was accredited by the prestigious Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC) to award a master's degree at the Command and Staff College. This was followed shortly thereafter by accreditation of the master's degrees of both the Marine Corps War College (2001) and the School of Advanced Warfighting (2003).
In 2002, the Amphibious Warfare School and the Command and Control Systems Course merged to become the Expeditionary Warfare School (EWS). The following year the Senior Leader Development Program (SLDP) was created to manage General Officer education. The SLDP later evolved to become the Executive Education Program (EEP) under the auspices of a new entity at MCU – the Lejeune Leadership Institute (LLI) – which is responsible for the development of leadership programs across the Marine Corps.
In 2005, the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools reaffirmed the regional accreditation of MCU's three graduate degrees. This was followed in 2010 by the successful submission of the University's Fifth Year Interim Report to the Commission. In December 2015 the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools once again reaffirmed the regional accreditation of MCU's three graduate degrees.[citation needed]
Recent changes at MCU include the establishment of the Brute Krulak Center for Innovation and Future Warfare, or the "Krulak Center" for short, and the re-designation of the Enlisted Professional Military Education (EPME) directorate as the College of Enlisted Military Education (CEME).[3]
Marine Corps War College: On 1 August 1989, the 29th Commandant of the Marine Corps, General Alfred M. Gray, Jr., instituted the Art of War Studies program under the Marine Corps Command and Staff College. Today the mission of the Marine Corps War College is to develop, deliver, and evaluate professional military education and training through resident and nonresident programs to prepare leaders for the national security environment and to preserve, promote, and display the history and heritage of the Marine Corps. Its graduates are prepared for senior leadership positions of increasing complexity through the study of national military strategy, theater strategy and plans, and military support to those strategies within the context of national security policies and decision-making. Graduates receive a Master of Strategic Studies (MSS) degree.[4]
Marine Corps Command and Staff College: including the study of history, language and culture, CSC educates and trains its joint, multinational, and interagency professionals in order to produce skilled warfighting leaders for 21st Century security challenges. Command and Staff College offers students the option of completing the requirements for a Master of Military Studies (MMS) degree.[5]
School of Advanced Warfighting: The School of Advanced Warfighting provides a follow-on, graduate-level professional military education for selected field grade officers who have completed the Marine Corps or sister service command and staff college course. The course develops complex problem solving and decision making skills for the operational level of war. Graduates receive a Master of Operational Studies (MOS) degree.[6]
Formerly Amphibious Warfare School (AWS), the mission of the Expeditionary Warfare School (EWS) is to provide Marine captains career-level professional military education and oversee their professional military training in command and control, MAGTF operations ashore, and naval expeditionary operations. This is intended to enable them to command or serve as primary staff officers in their MOS, integrate the capabilities resident within their element of the MAGTF, integrate their element within the MAGTF, and understand the functions of the other elements of the MAGTF.[7]
The Marine Corps Command and Staff College provides graduate level education and training to develop critical thinkers, innovative problem solvers, and ethical leaders to serve as commanders and staff officers in service, joint, interagency, intergovernmental, and multinational organizations. The Command and Staff College is a ten-month program for majors, lieutenant commanders, allied foreign officers, and U.S. government civilian professionals that fulfills Joint Professional Military Education Phase I requirements. Students come from all branches of the US Armed Forces. Students have the option of completing the requirements for a Master of Military Studies (MMS) degree. MCU-CSC is also known for its civilian faculty members, many of whom conduct research into national security issues.[8]
The mission of the School of Advanced Warfighting (SAW) is to develop lead planners and future commanders with the will and intellect to solve complex problems, employ operational art, and design and execute campaigns .
The mission of the Enlisted Professional Military Education branch is to provide progressive educational opportunities to improve leadership, critical thinking capability and sound tactical skills for enlisted Marines.[9]
The mission of the School of Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) Logistics (SOML) is to provide the logistics education for the Marine Corps, and to manage the logistics education programs in order to increase the combat effectiveness of Marine Corps operating forces, Marine Forces Reserve, the supporting establishment, and Headquarters Marine Corps.[10] | eng | 771d106e-925e-4884-89a6-183d6cad6bd7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_University |
Purpose:This workshop aims to bring together Chinese and international scholars from various disciplines, in particular logic, linguistics, and philosophy, who are working in areas related to natural language semantics.
Theme: The theme of the workshop is the logic, semantics, and syntax of quantifiers cross-linguistically. Quantified expressions are ubiquitous in all languages, be it as determiners, noun phrases, adverbs, auxiliaries, affixes, or other constructions. The basic quantifiers ''all'', ''some'', ''no'' have been studied in philosophy since Aristotle, but it is only with the advent of formal semantics in the 1960's and 70's, and in particular the logical theory of generalized quantifiers, that theorists have acquired proper tools to express the rich and varied meanings of a wide range of quantified phrases. This has resulted in substantive research, still very much ongoing, in several directions. For example, can we give uniform accounts of the meaning of common linguistic constructions involving quantifiers? And given that we have these meanings, how do they fit into a compositional semantics based on current theories of syntax, for different languages? How do quantified expressions figure in inference? Are there particular inference patterns involving quantifiers in natural languages, building on, or simplifying, or extending the modes of reasoning studied in logic for formal languages? In recent years, several specific linguistic phenomena related to quantifiers have been studied in depth (e.g. polarity items, definites and indefinites, possessives, exception phrases,…), and various inference systems based on natural language syntax have been proposed (e.g. 'natural logic', logics for conditionals, dynamic epistemic logic, monotonicity reasoning, syllogistic reasoning, …). The workshop will present recent progress in the logical and linguistic study of quantifier expressions and their meaning. | eng | 6d819cea-549f-42cb-a426-f854ff3df91f | http://tsinghualogic.net/JRC/workshop-on-logic-language-and-meaning-april-20-21-2019/ |
New submission from Tal Einat <taleinat at gmail.com>:
In 2fb9ae9dfc5a6830d902332ba93b13387e292ddb, select.epoll() was changed to reject sizehint=-1, despite that still being documented as the default value. Would it be possible to reverse this change, making -1 a special value signaling select.epoll() to use sizehint=FD_SETSIZE-1, as was before this change?
Additionally, in the same commit the docs were changed to say that the sizehint parameter is deprecated and has no effect, but later changes have restored use of sizehint in certain cases without updating the documentation. This inconsistency should be fixed.
For reference, this came up as part of #31938.
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messages: 310072
nosy: benjamin.peterson, serhiy.storchaka, taleinat
priority: normal
severity: normal
status: open
title: Fix handling of sizehint=-1 in select.epoll()
_______________________________________
Python tracker <report at bugs.python.org>
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_______________________________________ | eng | 22c0935d-94b8-44d7-8af0-31256e90decf | https://mail.python.org/pipermail/new-bugs-announce/2018-January/031371.html |
Description and Features
Description and Features
Red Herrings Science Mysteries teaches and reinforces physical, earth, and life science principles by encouraging students to read and listen carefully, infer and deduce, use creative questioning, and look beyond the obvious to generate solutions.
Given a seemingly contradictory statement, students must formulate "yes/no" questions that will help them discover the answer to each mystery.
These scientific and critical thinking strengthening problems also improve the skills of analyzing, problem solving, deductive reasoning, and synthesizing. Red Herrings allows students to exercise their reading comprehension and vocabulary skills as well as their imaginations to form a link between language arts and sciences.
The stories include "red herrings" to intentionally mislead students; as they become aware of the automatic assumptions they have made, students begin to analyze situations more effectively and objectively. Often, this is achieved by recognition of the multiple meanings of key words. Students learn to solve the mysteries as a detective would--by probing with questions and forming conclusions based upon the answers.
Teaching Support Includes tips, suggestions, answers, and graphic organizer sheets to keep track of deductions.
eBook Ordering eBooks are electronic versions of the book pages in PDF format. You can open the PDF eBook from any device or computer that has a PDF reader such as Adobe® Reader®. You can immediately download your eBook from "My Account" under the "My Downloadable Product" section after you place your order | eng | afe9a86f-1786-4dbe-b819-9fc8458a0be7 | https://www.criticalthinking.com/red-herrings-science-mysteries-a1-ebook.html |
Key Takeaways
Allergic reactions, including itching, hives, and difficulty breathing, can occur after the 5-in-1 vaccine for Shih Tzus.
Gastrointestinal issues like temporary diarrhea, vomiting, and loss of appetite are common side effects of the vaccine.
Shih Tzu owners should monitor their dogs closely after vaccination and contact a veterinarian immediately if they notice signs of an allergic reaction.
Neurological symptoms such as lethargy, seizures, or paralysis may occur in some Shih Tzus after receiving the 5-in-1 vaccine.
Common Side Effects of the 5-in-1 Vaccine for Shih Tzus
You should be aware of the common side effects of the 5-in-1 vaccine for Shih Tzus. While this vaccine is important for protecting your beloved furry friend from dangerous diseases, it's essential to know what to expect after the vaccination.
One common side effect that you may observe is allergic reactions. Some Shih Tzus may experience itching, hives, or even difficulty breathing. It's crucial to monitor your dog closely after the vaccine and contact your veterinarian immediately if you notice any signs of an allergic reaction.
Another common side effect of the 5-in-1 vaccine is gastrointestinal issues. Your Shih Tzu may experience temporary diarrhea, vomiting, or loss of appetite. This is a normal reaction to the vaccine, as it stimulates the immune system. However, if these symptoms persist or worsen, it's important to consult your vet.
To help alleviate any discomfort, you can offer your furry companion bland food, such as boiled chicken and rice, to soothe their upset stomach. Providing plenty of fresh water is also essential to keep them hydrated.
Rare Side Effects to Watch for After the 5-in-1 Vaccine
It's important to be aware of the rare side effects that can occur after the 5-in-1 vaccine, but don't panic as they're uncommon. While the majority of Shih Tzus tolerate the vaccine well, it's still necessary to understand the potential long-term effects.
Although rare, some side effects to watch for include allergic reactions, such as difficulty breathing, swelling of the face or throat, and hives. These symptoms require immediate veterinary attention. Another rare side effect is anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction that can be life-threatening. Signs of anaphylaxis include vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, collapse, and pale gums. If any of these symptoms occur after vaccination, it's crucial to seek immediate medical assistance.
Transitioning into the subsequent section about allergic reactions and the 5-in-1 vaccine, it's essential for Shih Tzu owners to know the signs and symptoms to ensure the health and well-being of their beloved furry companions.
Allergic Reactions and the 5-in-1 Vaccine: What Shih Tzu Owners Should Know
Understanding the potential allergic reactions and the importance of vigilance in monitoring your Shih Tzu's response to the 5-in-1 vaccine is crucial for their overall health and well-being. As a responsible owner, you should be aware of the following key points:
Allergy Management: Allergic reactions to the 5-in-1 vaccine can range from mild symptoms, such as itching and redness, to more severe reactions like difficulty breathing and anaphylaxis. It's important to promptly recognize and address any signs of allergic reactions to ensure your Shih Tzu's safety.
Regular Monitoring: After your Shih Tzu receives the 5-in-1 vaccine, closely observe them for any abnormal behavior or physical changes. Keep an eye out for symptoms such as lethargy, vomiting, or swelling, as these may indicate an adverse reaction to the vaccine.
Consult Your Veterinarian: If you suspect that your Shih Tzu is experiencing an allergic reaction to the 5-in-1 vaccine, it's crucial to seek immediate veterinary care. Your veterinarian can provide the necessary guidance and treatment to manage the allergic reaction effectively.
Vaccine Alternatives: In some cases, your veterinarian may recommend alternative vaccine options for your Shih Tzu if they're at a higher risk for allergic reactions. Discuss with your veterinarian about the potential alternatives available and make an informed decision regarding your dog's vaccination plan.
Continued Vigilance: Even after the initial vaccine, it's essential to remain vigilant and alert for any future allergic reactions. Keep track of your Shih Tzu's medical history and communicate any concerns or observations with your veterinarian to ensure proper allergy management.
Understanding the Potential Gastrointestinal Side Effects of the 5-in-1 Vaccine
To ensure your Shih Tzu's well-being, it's important to be aware of and monitor the potential gastrointestinal side effects of the 5-in-1 vaccine. While this vaccine is crucial for protecting your furry friend against several serious diseases, it's essential to understand the possible discomfort your Shih Tzu may experience after receiving it.
Gastrointestinal discomfort is a common side effect of the 5-in-1 vaccine in dogs, including Shih Tzus. This can include symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. It's important to note that these side effects are generally mild and temporary, resolving on their own within a couple of days. However, if the symptoms persist or worsen, it's crucial to consult your veterinarian for further guidance.
To help you better understand the potential gastrointestinal side effects, take a look at the following table:
Side Effect
Description
Diarrhea
Loose, watery stools
Vomiting
Forceful expulsion of stomach contents
Loss of Appetite
Reduced interest in food
Neurological Side Effects of the 5-in-1 Vaccine: What to Look Out for in Shih Tzus
Keep an eye out for any potential neurological side effects in your Shih Tzu after receiving the 5-in-1 vaccine. While vaccines are generally safe and effective, it's important to be aware of possible complications. Here are some key points to consider:
Neurological complications: Some Shih Tzus may experience neurological symptoms after receiving the 5-in-1 vaccine. These can range from mild symptoms like lethargy and decreased appetite to more severe signs such as seizures or paralysis. It's crucial to monitor your dog closely and seek veterinary care if you notice any concerning changes in behavior or movement.
Vaccine safety guidelines: The 5-in-1 vaccine is designed to protect against multiple diseases, including distemper, parvovirus, and more. However, as with any medical intervention, there are risks involved. Familiarize yourself with the vaccine safety guidelines provided by your veterinarian and follow their recommendations for monitoring your Shih Tzu after vaccination.
Reporting adverse reactions: If you suspect that your Shih Tzu is experiencing neurological side effects after receiving the 5-in-1 vaccine, it's important to report it to your veterinarian. They can provide guidance on further evaluation and reporting to the appropriate authorities.
Risk assessment: It's essential to remember that the potential benefits of vaccination often outweigh the risks. Talk to your veterinarian about the specific risks and benefits for your Shih Tzu, taking into account their age, health status, and lifestyle.
Ongoing research: The field of veterinary medicine is constantly evolving, and new information about vaccine safety and potential side effects emerges regularly. Stay informed by keeping up with current research and discussing any concerns with your veterinarian.
Avoid giving them any new or unfamiliar foods that could potentially cause gastrointestinal upset.
Additionally, you may want to consult with your veterinarian for any specific dietary recommendations based on your Shih Tzu's individual needs.
How Soon After the 5-In-1 Vaccine Should I Seek Veterinary Attention if My Shih Tzu Shows Neurological Side Effects?
If your Shih Tzu shows neurological side effects after the 5-in-1 vaccine, it's important to seek veterinary attention as soon as possible. These side effects can be serious and require immediate medical attention.
Don't hesitate to contact your vet if you notice any abnormal behavior, seizures, or changes in coordination. Prompt treatment can help ensure the well-being and health of your furry friend.
Conclusion
In conclusion, it's important for Shih Tzu owners to be aware of the potential side effects of the 5-in-1 vaccine. While common side effects can occur, such as mild discomfort or fever, rare side effects and allergic reactions should be closely monitored.
Additionally, owners should be vigilant for any gastrointestinal or neurological symptoms that may arise. By staying informed and attentive, owners can help ensure the health and well-being of their Shih Tzus after receiving the 5-in-1 vaccine | eng | d3b2948a-b358-44a0-93a6-53abd0dd7d37 | https://shihtzucenter.com/vaccine-vigilance-understanding-the-5-in-1-vaccine-side-effects-for-shih-tzus/ |
A Colored Ribbon for Everything
It seems those ribbons come in every color. Pink for breast cancer, red for HIV/AIDS, and more. You see one and you know it's for something, but maybe you're not sure what.
It's great to see campaigns that raise awareness of and support for the issues that affect us. There's one cause that still carries quite a bit of stigma so it's important to talk about it. By bringing the issue out to the light of day, we chip away at the stigma. We make hope available for people who are suffering and educate those who are unaware of the issue and its impact.
The issue is mental health, in particular people who live with mental illness. The ribbon color is green, although that's connected to other causes as well.
May as mental health awareness month is a topic near and dear to many at Unity House due to programs and services that are geared toward helping people recover from or live with mental illness. We offer programs such as PROS, which stands for Personalized Recovery Oriented Systems. It's the Unity House program where adults with a mental health diagnosis can work with a team to chart their own path to wellness. The premise behind this new program is that it's person-centered, holistic and recovery-oriented.
Unity House also offers myriad services around living with mental illness, recognizing that some undiagnosed mental illness is often dealt with through self-medication, complicating ones health and ability to access available resources. Programs where case management services are available are key for this reason. Housing, for example, often needs to be tailored to a specific needs such as living with persistent mental illness or having a MICA classification. Being Mentally Ill, Chemically Addicted requires care that treats both mental and physical health needs. The Housing First doctrine of treating the issue of homelessness has never been more clear than in helping homeless adults who are mentally ill.
Even if you have not experience mental illness yourself, chances are you know someone who has at some point in their lives. Not all wounds are so obvious. Whether a person suffers from trauma induced by war, postpartum depression, bipolar disorder or even a struggle as yet unnamed, it's important to talk about these issues. People need to know these issues exist and that resources are available to help.
For the month of May, Unity House will be sharing information about mental health and the issues faced by those living with mental illness and their families. Whatever the state of the mental health of you and your loved ones, let's make an effort to be kinder than necessary, a little more helpful that we might be otherwise. And if you see a green ribbon, ask what that's about. You might learn something and you might chip away at a stigma that's been around for far too long. | eng | dc8727db-a911-42fe-a452-87f64a6900d1 | https://www.unityhouseny.org/announcements/a-colored-ribbon-for-everything/ |
What business trends about your sector or in general do you believe will play a major part in 2023? What will be their negative and positive impacts? What could be done to reduce the negative impacts? What could be done to enhance and take the opportunity of the positive impacts? | eng | 42805417-b414-4725-a41c-752371f3d5d2 | https://mauritiusbusinessnetwork.com/view-event.php?id=254 |
How Utilizing Attachments Can Mitigate Construction Labor Shortages
Attachments have the power to transform a solitary piece of machinery into a multi-purpose powerhouse—something increasingly vital in the face of today's labor constraints.
Historically, contractors have leaned heavily on their machinery to boost productivity. However, as labor shortages loom, with over 80% of leaders in the engineering and construction sector citing it as a major obstacle, equipment may need to play an even greater role in executing tasks efficiently.
There are various strategies that contractors can employ to optimize their equipment's performance on construction sites. These encompass ensuring operator proficiency through proper training, leveraging available telematics data on equipment performance and health, and adhering to well-planned maintenance schedules.
Yet one frequently overlooked element in augmenting jobsite productivity and efficiency is the role of equipment attachments.
Expanding Versatility, Enhancing Productivity Machinery like trenchers, stand-on skid steers, and vibratory plows can be customized with a broad array of attachments. In some instances, a single unit can accommodate dozens of different attachments, increasing its utility exponentially.
These attachments not only amplify the range of tasks that a piece of equipment can handle, they often allow crews to complete jobs faster than manual methods would permit. Additionally, attachments contribute to operational efficiency by reducing the number of distinct machines that need to be transported, operated, and maintained.
To grasp how attachments can supercharge productivity, let's look at some of the popular attachments used with stand-on skid steers.
Bucket Attachments Arguably the most common attachment, buckets can lift large quantities of material, making them versatile across construction, landscaping, and tree care tasks. Different bucket types cater to varied job requirements—be it dirt buckets for moving topsoil or grapple buckets which make tasks like moving heavy tree branches more manageable for smaller crews.
Microtrenchers Gaining in popularity for underground projects like fiber installation, microtrencher attachments can precisely cut through both concrete and asphalt without requiring traffic stoppage, often in tandem with coring and vacuum lifting attachments.
Trenchers For utility installations or large-scale landscaping, a trencher attachment offers a more flexible alternative to specialized, large-scale equipment. Operators can easily switch between a trencher and other attachments, allowing contractors to manage more facets of a job and achieve faster ROI.
Backhoes Suitable for a wide range of earthmoving tasks—be it new constructions, rebuilds, or utility repairs—a backhoe attachment adds flexibility and efficiency, potentially averting the need for a separate excavator and the associated costs of transportation and maintenance.
Stump Grinders Where a dedicated stump-grinding machine would once have been necessary, contractors can now opt for a stump grinder attachment. This allows for swift and reliable stump removal while maintaining the maneuverability and visibility advantages of skid steers.
Transforming a single piece of machinery into a versatile asset through attachments is increasingly essential for today's constrained labor force. To get started, contractors simply need to consult their local equipment dealers to identify the attachments that best meet their specific job requirements. | eng | f6203e77-050e-449b-bbf6-770d1ef3e670 | https://www.bighammerco.net/blogs/news/how-utilizing-attachments-can-mitigate-construction-labor-shortages |
News
Deforestation continues during the Covid-19 pandemic
During summer 2019, the world watched as the forests of Amazonia were destroyed by catastrophic fires. The viral propagation of the images and the stupor they caused shed light on the reality and impacts of deforestation. This awareness was followed by strong criticism of President Bolsonaro and the lack of action by his government regarding the environment. Summer 2020 has been very different. The Covid-19 pandemic has even had the reverse effect, acting as a "smokescreen" to mask the recurrence of deforestation.
A solution of survival in a paralysed economy
The figures couldn't be clearer: 2020 is characterised by a significant increase in deforestation in Asia, South America and Africa. In Brazil, the INPE – the National Space Research Institute – shared the figures on deforestation for the first six months of 2020. They were the highest since the statistical studies in this region first began in 1974. The case of Indonesia also illustrates this trend. A major producer of palm oil, Indonesia has seen a 50% increase in forests cleared during the first 20 weeks of 2020 in comparison to the same period last year.
The figures collected byGlobal Land Analysis and Discovery (GLAD), from satellite data, confirm the exceptional progression of forest clearance. This can first be explained by the transfer by certain households to income gained from deforestation. Indeed, the pandemic put a brake on national economies all over the world, without however providing solutions to populations deprived of income. Therefore, some resorted to illegal felling to survive, whether by using cleared land or by selling the wood felled. Admittedly, this behaviour is that of people trying to survive, but it is dangerous in the long term as we know that forest clearing is responsible for large forest fires, destructive for both humans and the environment. In addition to the toxic fumes and CO2 emissions, scientists have also linked deforestation to infectious diseases.
A devastating opportunity
The case of Brazil is a good example. The case of Brazil is a good example. Since his election, President Bolsonaro has impeded measures to protect the environment, for example, by reducing the budgets of administrations dedicated to its conservation (inspection, fire prevention agencies, etc.). In parallel with official actions, the government's discourse and position have, implicitly, made it easier to clear forest illegally. In particular, the federal prosecutor has demanded an inquiry into the words of the Minister of the Environment, Mr Ricardo Salles, who presented Covid-19 as an opportunity to reduce restrictions.
Although no penal action has yet been brought against the Minister, the figures presented by the Agência Pùblica follow the same trend. Between January and July, the number of fines for crimes against the forest environment has fallen by 40% in comparison to the same period last year, reaching the lowest figure for the last 10 years.
The question is henceforth to know whether the end of the pandemic will lead to an even greater increase of deforestation. Either companies will want to produce more to offset their losses, or the economic crisis will reduce demand.
Forests victim to fire elsewhere in the world
In Siberia, summer 2020 was characterised by record high temperatures with rises from 5 to 10°C in June compared to the average, reported the Copernicus Climate Change Service, a programme set up by the European Commission. The occurrence of unusual temperatures began in December 2019 and continued throughout spring 2020. These meteorological events, clearly visible signs of climate change, dry the soils and vegetation, increasing the likelihood of fires. Thus, according to Greenpeace 21 million hectares have burned since the beginning of the year.
In California, fires have ravaged several hundred thousand hectares over several weeks. These conflagrations are caused by higher temperatures, increasingly long droughts and violent storms. Reinforcements arrived at the beginning of September, though many people were still being evacuated. | eng | d1a68f59-ce68-47ea-b301-43772e152069 | https://www.initiativesrivers.org/actualites/deforestation-continues-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/ |
Few players in the NBA have burned the candle on both ends like J.R. Smith, whose passion for the nightlife has rivaled his albeit streaky scoring and gravity-defying dunks that have defined his career.
Smith looked like a cast member of The Walking Dead for much of his time with the Knicks this season, averaging just over 10 points per game while shooting a mere 35 percent from 3-point range. He was traded to the Cavaliers on January 5 and has looked a lot like the former Sixth Man of the Year he once was in New York. Smith is now averaging 14 points per game while his long range accuracy has improved to 37 percent.
I think this is the best situation for me, 'cause there's nothing but basketball. There's nothing you expect but basketball. There's nothing, there's no going out, there's no late nights. There's video games, basketball and basketball."
Yeah, when basketball and Titanfall are consuming your time, chances are pretty good you're going to feel better come gametime.
The good people at basketballreference.com can also bolster the theory behind Smith's once-renowned penchant for making the honeys feel good while either making it rain or drinking booze whose price tag is more than some may make in a 40-hour work week. Follow along if you will.
Smith, a career 13.3 points per game shooter, plays at his worst on Sundays, where his average falls to 12.6 points per game while also shooting 38.7 percent from the field. Sunday is the only day of the week where Smith's career shooting percentage falls below 40 percent.
Do we need to know why or will we just ignore reality?
If you're wondering, Smith tends to do pretty well on Saturdays, where he's averaged 13.4 points per game while also shooting 43 percent. With numbers like that, you can begin to understand why Smitty loved to let off steam afterwards, especially if the game was played at Madison Square Garden.
"When you replace that with stuff off the court, then you're taking away from what made you who you are, or what got you to a certain point," said Smith. "It was kind of pulling me down in a sense, of not getting enough rest, not doing things you're supposed to be doing, things you're used to doing."
As long as life remains dull in Cleveland, the Cavs will benefit from Smith's rehab from trying to match New York City's reputation for being the "City that never sleeps." | eng | 590626cf-8b30-45bb-bd07-e1ec0b83b4c1 | https://fansided.com/2015/01/28/party-pooper-lack-nightlife-revived-game-cavaliers-j-r-smith/ |
This dataset indicates the presence and persistence of water across Queensland between 1988 and 2022. Water is one of the world's most important resources as it's critical for human consumption, agriculture, the persistence of flora and fauna species and other ecosystem services. Information about the spatial distribution and prevalence of water is necessary for a range of business, modelling, monitoring, risk assessment, and conservation activities. The water count product is based on water index and water masks for Queensland (Danaher & Collett 2006) and represents the proportion of observations with water present across the Landsat time series as a fraction of total number of possible observations for the period 1 Jan 1988 to 31 Dec 2022. The product has two bands where band 1 is the number of times water was present across the time series, and band 2 is the count of unobscured (i.e. non-null) input pixels, or number of total observations for that pixel. Cloud, cloud-shadow, steep slopes and topographic shadow can obscure the ability to count water presence | eng | e1e4e4c7-e79d-42bf-a9e9-76c482554425 | https://geonetwork.tern.org.au/geonetwork/srv/search?keyword=Surface%20water%20hydrology |
Week 8: Rivalry turned political
In my opinion, this article is different from the others we have been assigned in this course thus far. It focused on how a sports column caused national discourse between two Latin American countries. Sports pages were being used to not only comment on games but also comment on political and social aspects of society. This is what got sports writer Palacino Zino into trouble, not because he spoke against his own country but another. In his article titled "Monkeys in Buenos Aires," used racist stereotypes to describe the Brazilian soccer team, as well as essentially calling Brazil as a whole an uncivilized place where no respectable person would be seen. This was a big deal at the time because political leaders worried about the fallout it would cause and its impact on international relations.
I feel as though this article is one where sports is not the main concern in the situation that is being presented. It shows how historical discourse between Brazil and Argentina was being reignited through these two soccer teams competing against one another. Writer Palacino represented this hatred that a good portion of Argentinians felt towards Afro-Brazlians. They felt as though they were coarse people who made Brazil into a slum, which they could not allow to happen to the pristine and civilized European Argentine nation. Jefferies Richey's article points out that even though Argentina was very similar to other Latin American countries, it had many exceptionalism qualities, including racial and class exceptionalism. Argentina's upper class came from white, European backgrounds, which helped these racists and classist ideals to prevail throughout society and turn people against other cultures. Despite Brazil not being one of the poorest countries at the time, or the one with the biggest Afro population, it was still the one that was vilified in Argentine society.
This article not only describes how sports can reflect what is going on in society at the time but also serve as a catalyst to perpetuate myths and falsehoods. The rivalry between two teams can turn into a conflict between two nations in the matter of just one match. | eng | 19269ff6-749f-44c6-ada7-4aadd4481f14 | https://sportsamericas.rwanysibaja.com/wk-08/week-8-rivalry-turned-political/ |
LYL Last Will and Testament
Some people think that only the very wealthy or those with complicated assets need wills. However, here are many good reasons to have a will:
▪︎You can be clear about who gets your assets.
▪︎You can identify who should care for your children. Without a will, the courts will decide.
▪︎Your heirs will have a faster and easier time getting access to your assets.
▪︎A will is also helpful even if you have a Trust—a legal mechanism that lets you put conditions on how your assets are distributed after you die and, often, to minimize gift and estate taxes. That's because most trusts deal only with specific assets, such as life insurance or a piece of property, rather than the sum total of your holdings.
▪︎There's a key exception: If the beneficiaries of those assets predeceased the testator, the policy or account then reverts to the estate and is distributed according to the terms of a will or, failing that, by a probate court—a part of the judicial system that primarily handles wills, estates, and related matters.
What Happens If I Don't Have a Will?
If you die intestate—that is, without a will—the state oversees the dispensation of your assets, which it will typically distribute according to a set formula.
A common question asked by individuals with a last will and testament is whether or not their will is respected across state lines and can be transported to a different state if they relocate. The short answer is generally yes.
*This information is solely shared as as bullet points and not intended as legal advice. | eng | 8c0c630a-f18f-43d4-8cdd-08b561e0cc61 | https://miss-u-gram.com/product/lyl-last-will-and-testament/ |
This Mathematics study material for Class 12 is prepared by our team of expert professional faculty and authors, who very well understand the concepts and theories of the subject and explain them to the students in the easiest possible way. The concepts explained in this book are entirely based on the topics given in the NCERT Mathematics book for Class 12. | eng | 0b4a63f7-10cd-416a-9a45-6ea78f369b17 | https://www.apnaschoolstore.com/product/together-with-mathematics-class-12-rachna-sagar-publication-session-2021-22/ |
The global Surgical Robotics and Navigation market is experiencing significant growth and is expected to continue to do so over the next five years. In 2022, the market was estimated at USD million, and it is projected to reach USD million by 2028, with a steady CAGR during the forecast period. This growth demonstrates the increasing importance of surgical robotics and navigation technology in the healthcare industry.
The market report provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the Surgical Robotics and Navigation market, including its size, volume, and market share. It delves into key trends, market segmentations by types and applications, driving factors, geographical analysis, and the overall scope of the market. The report offers more than just facts and figures; it serves as a strategic guide for organizations and marketers, helping them make informed decisions in this competitive market.
The report identifies major players in the Surgical Robotics and Navigation market, including Auris Health, BrainLab, Zimmer Biomet, DePuy Synthes, and more. It categorizes the market into different types of surgical navigation systems, such as neurosurgery navigation, spinal surgical navigation, ENT surgical navigation, and orthopedic surgical navigation. Additionally, it explores various application areas, including child, adult, and older patients.
To assist companies in navigating the market, the report provides strategies for dealing with the impact of COVID-19, market entry strategies for new players, and an analysis of market opportunities. It also analyzes the market dynamics, including driving factors and development constraints.
Geographically, the report analyzes the consumption, revenue, market share, and growth rate in regions such as the United States, Europe, China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East and Africa. This analysis helps organizations understand the regional variations in the Surgical Robotics and Navigation market and tailor their approaches accordingly.
In conclusion, the Surgical Robotics and Navigation market is poised for significant growth in the coming years. Organizations and marketers must stay updated on the latest trends, technological advancements, and market opportunities to stay ahead in this rapidly evolving industry. | eng | 369b0a0d-f02b-4736-a343-1119d9060c43 | https://fagenwasanni.com/news/the-promising-future-of-the-surgical-robotics-and-navigation-market/261673/ |
Cheetahs Have Shown Ability to Survive in India, But More Setbacks Likely, Says Namibia-based CCF
Out of the eight Namibian cats brought last year, four namely Oban, Freddie, Elton and Aasha were released into the unfenced wilds of the park. According to CCF, they have been doing well. (Photo: CCF)
According to Cheetah Conservation Fund , the Indian team can expect additional challenges when more cheetahs are released into the wild, which include the threat from competing carnivores like leopards whose density in Kuno is far greater than that in African ecosystems
Namibia-based Cheetah Conservation Fund (CCF) — the non-profit organisation, which coordinated the historic translocation of cheetahs to India last year, has said despite numerous challenges cheetahs have shown every ability to survive in India.
The statement comes at a time when several questions have been raised over the government's mega wildlife experiment to resurrect the extinct cheetah population in the country. Over the last two months, three adult cats and three cubs have died, while two of the felines have continued to stray too far from the national park.
RECENT DEATHS 'ANTICIPATED'
The organisation said the recent deaths including that of a Namibian cat Sasha were calculated into "anticipated losses" in the first year for the reintroduction. It was referring to the government's Cheetah Action Plan, which had factored in 50% mortality in the first year of translocation. It also added that it is "too early to label Project Cheetah a success, but the cheetahs have shown every ability to survive in India".
"There's a long road ahead, and there will be more setbacks. But from the perspective of the longest-running cheetah conservation project in Africa, CCF considers things in India are moving well," the statement read.
Founded in Namibia in 1990, the non-profit trust is dedicated to the long-term survival of the cheetah and its ecosystems. The cheetah specialists also remained in Kuno till April and helped train the Indian field teams to manage the cats.
MORE CHALLENGES AHEAD
As India gears up to release more cheetahs into the unfenced area of Kuno, the organisation said the forest department can expect to face additional challenges. The foremost being the presence of leopards — a natural competitor of the cheetah in the Kuno National Park.
According to the experts, the density of leopards at Kuno is far greater than in African ecosystems, which may lead to increased pressure on the cheetahs. In addition, Kuno has other large carnivores that are not known to cheetahs, including wolves, sloth bears, dhole dogs and, occasionally, a dispersing tiger that wanders through from a nearby reserve. Any interactions among cheetahs and these species will be precedent in modern times, it stated.
Responding to concerns around the cheetah carrying capacity of Kuno National Park, it asserted that "it is impossible to determine the precise carrying cheetah capacity in Kuno until the cheetahs have been released and have properly established their home ranges". To add to it, there is a lack of adequate spatial ecology data for cheetahs in India.
MOVEMENT 'UNPREDICTABLE'
Out of the eight Namibian cats brought last year, four namely Oban, Freddie, Elton and Aasha were released into the unfenced wilds of the park. According to CCF, they have been doing well, exploring and hunting independently. However, Oban had ventured outside the bounds of the park twice, and was brought back into the 'bomas' (enclosures).
The experts also highlight that the cheetahs range widely during the initial few months after being moved into unfamiliar territory, and these movements are unpredictable. So, it is possible that cheetahs will stray from the park and encounter human populations and livestock. However, after several months, the cheetahs are expected to establish their territory and settle into home ranges.
"It (Project Cheetah) is the first attempt to return this species to India, and there is no precedent. While sad events, the deaths of the three cheetahs will not deter the international team of scientists, experts and government agencies committed to the project's success. This is a long-term endeavour," said the organisation. The CCF team is also likely to be back in Kuno soon, and said it will continue to offer its assistance as requested. | eng | 2873fd6d-2a3e-4bbc-ac3b-fb5b0eb5abd8 | https://newshart.in/index.php/2023/06/06/cheetahs-have-shown-ability-to-survive-in-india-but-more-setbacks-likely-says-namibia-based-ccf/ |
GRAND CHAMPION COMPET | eng | d69163cb-9406-44f7-a9fa-0129e220b58b | https://www.holleyhighvoltage.com/grand-champion-2/ |
CJS 211
Ethics in the Courts Presentation nameCJS/211date Ethics in the Courts All employees that work within the justice system should have to follow all ethical rules of conductThe judges, all prosecutors, all attorneys, and all courtroom employees must maintain a professional and ethical demeanorAll victims, suspects, and other people that are in the courts need to …
Ethics in Corrections Paper NAME CJS/211 September 11, 2017 Kristopher Crowley Ethics in Corrections Paper Moral principles that guide a person's behavior is called ethics. Ethics in corrections are essential to ensure the fair and right treatment of those who enter into the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system is set up to punish … | eng | 009a33ca-4302-463e-b531-ff72c4406fef | https://www.tutorialsmagnet.com/cj/cjs-211/ |
Thanks to things like targeted advertising and data collection many of us have become increasingly concerned about "big brother" watching our every move.
Canadians are handing over more data than ever by performing everyday tasks like asking Google a question, or scrolling through Facebook. But there are ways to browse the web more privately — and you don't need to be an expert to use them.
Use a private browser window
All web browsers save a record of what websites you visit and what you download — but many also offer private browsing modes that disable those features.
For example, Google Chrome's "incognito mode" — which is available on both desktop and mobile versions — opens a new browser window that prevents Google from saving your browser history.
Apple's Safari web browser also includes a "private" mode that you can use on your iPhone or iPad. To use it, tap on the "open new window" icon, located at the bottom right of your Safari browser, and then tap "Private."
However, it's important to note that private browsing mode only prevents your web browser from saving your history — it does not stop third parties, like your Internet service provider or your employer, from seeing you browsing activity.
VPNs are used by many individuals and companies to keep internal data and communications secure. They do this by encrypting your computer's Internet connection to prevent third parties from snooping on your data.
VPNs are more commonly used to protect your data from cybercriminals and are highly recommended by security experts if you often use public WiFi where hackers often lurk. However, these services are subscription-based.
Free service Anonymouse allows you to enter the web address of any website you want to visit to surf it anonymously. Instead of transmitting you computer's information directly to the website, your data is sent to the Anonymouse server. Their server anonymizes it and then sends it to the website.
Review your privacy settings on your favourite websites
A growing number of websites and services allow you to take some control of your data privacy — you just have to know where to look.
For example, when you are logged into a Google account you are able to opt out of Google ad personalization, which shows you relevant ads based on what you search for and which websites you visit. You can control some of your ad settings here.
Plus, Google recently unveiled a tool that shows you a chronological list of your activities on Google's service, from your YouTube history, to your Google Map data — and it even allows you to delete select searches or your entire history, if you are logged into a Google account.
You can also control some ad settings on Facebook. Simply go to the "Settings" tab on your Facebook page — located at the top right-hand side of the page beside the lock icon. | eng | f5fa5996-1928-4abc-b81d-dc476fe22e2f | https://globalnews.ca/news/2809053/private-browsing-how-to-surf-the-web-without-big-brother-watching/ |
Now I know the number of injective, surjective and bijective functions there are with no problem, but got a bit stuck when considering odd/even. I know the respective defintions of what it means for a function to be odd and even, but that's as far as my knowledge goes in an attempt to solve this problem. Could obviously list all the possibilities out, but I feel there surely must be a more elegant combinatorial way to do this.
Thanks in advance!
EDIT: A function $f$ is even if $f(-a)=f(a)$ for all $a$ in the domain of $f$ and a function $f$ is odd if $f(-a)=-f(a)$ for all $a$ in the domain of $f$.
EDIT (2): I have listed out the possible functions as sequences here and find that, for the number of even functions, it's the total number of these sequences divided by 2. Is this true in a general case?
$\begingroup$The definition I am familiar with for odd and even functions are for functions of a real variable, where odd means $f(-x)=-f(x)$. Please define even and odd functions in this context.$\endgroup$
2 Answers
2
For the original question where $A=\{0,1,2,3\}$:
Given the definition of even and odd, note that the only case that you have both $a$ and $-a$ in the domain is $a=0$. A function will be odd if it sends $0$ to $0$. It will always be even.
When $A$ is extended to include the negatives, note that $-1$ is not part of the range, so the only odd function is the zero function. For an even function, you can choose $f(0)$ through $f(3)$ as you wish, $2^4$ possibilities, then $f(-1)$ through $f(-3)$ are defined, so there are $16$. Your edit 2 is not correct. There are $128$ sequences, so only $\frac 18$ of the sequences are even functions.
$\begingroup$For the odd option, the condition doesn't apply for $0$, since there is no f(-0), neverthless, just one function is valable which maps all the elments to $0$, which means there is just 2 functions depending just on the role of f(0) am I right?$\endgroup$ | eng | 41aa96e0-b52d-4d48-9dc2-2e228ba25768 | https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2473524/counting-the-number-of-odd-and-even-functions |
This book concentrates on describing how XML can be effectively used within ASP.NET applications. Coverage includes discussion of where and when to use XML, detailed discussion of the System.XML namespace, ADO.NET as it relates to ASP.NET, SQL Server 2000 and SQLXML managed classes, and XSLT. Furthermore the book specifically spends time highlighting new developments in XML related standards and technologies, and performance issues that the advanced ASP.NET developer should be aware of.
This book is aimed at the experienced web developer who already has a grasp of ASP.NET and a basic familiarity with XML and related technologies. The book is written in C# and aims to augment the skill set of those seeking to progress their .NET experience.
Introduction to XML Technologies
In this chapter, we'll look at current and upcoming Extensible Markup Language (XML). We'll begin by describing what XML is and then talk about where it can help us, some related standards, and focus on some important design considerations when writing an XML application.
By the end of this chapter, you'll have a good understanding of the key XML standards, what they do, where they fit, and how they relate to each other.
An Introduction to XML
The success of XML can be gauged by the fact that since its release in February 1998, there are now more than 450 other standards based on XML or directly relating to XML in some way. A day seldom goes by without our encountering XML somewhere, either in a press release, or white paper, or online/print article. Almost all new (mostly Web) application development jobs post XML experience as a preferred skill to have. Microsoft's .NET Framework represents a paradigm shift to a platform that uses and supports XML extensively. Every database and application vendor is adding some kind of support for XML to their products. The success of XML cannot be overemphasized. No matter which platform, which language you are working with, knowledge of this technology will serve you well.
What is XML?
In its simplest form, the XML specification is a set of guidelines, defined by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), for describing structured data in plain text. Like HTML, XML is a markup language based on tags within angled brackets, and is also a subset of SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language). As with HTML, the textual nature of XML makes the data highly portable and broadly deployable. In addition, XML documents can be created and edited in any standard text editor. But unlike HTML, XML does not have a fixed set of tags; rather it is a meta-language that allows creation of other markup languages. It is this ability to define new tags that makes XML a truly extensible language. Another difference from HTML, which focuses on presentation, is XML's focus on data and its structure. For these reasons, XML is much stricter in its rules of syntax, or "well- formedness", which require all tags to have a corresponding closing tag, not to overlap, and more. For instance, in XML you may define a tag, or more strictly the start of an element, like this, <invoice>, and it could contain the attribute customer="1234" like so: <invoice customer="1234">. This element would have to be completed by a corresponding closing tag </invoice> for the XML to be well-formed and useable.
The W3C
The W3C is an independent standards body consisting of about 500 members, formed in 1994 under the direction of Tim Berners-Lee. Its primary purpose is to publish standards for technologies directly related to the Web, such as HTML and XML. However, the syntax and usage that the W3C devises do not have governmental backing, and are thus not officially 'standards' as such, hence the W3C's terminology of 'Recommendation'. However, these Recommendations are de facto standards in many industries, due to the impartial nature of the W3C itself. Once a standard has achieved Recommendation status, it will not be modified or added to any further. Before reaching that status, standards are first classed as Working Draft, which is still subject to change, and finally a Last Call Working Draft, where no significant changes are envisaged.
XML Design Goals
There were ten broad goals that the designers of the XML 1.0 specification ( set out to achieve:
XML must be readily usable over the Internet.
XML must support a wide variety of applications.
XML must be compatible with SGML.
It must be easy to write programs that process XML documents.
The number of optional features in XML is to be kept to the absolute minimum, ideally zero.
XML documents should be human-readable and reasonably clear.
The XML specification should be ready quickly.
The principles of the specification must be formal and concise.
XML documents must be easy to create.
Terseness in XML markup is of minimal importance.
Overall, the team did a pretty good job of meeting these aims. As plain text, like HTML, XML side- steps many platform-specific issues and is well suited to travel over the Internet. In addition, the support for Unicode makes XML a universal solution for data representation (Design Goal 1).
It is a common misconception that XML is useful only for Web applications. However, in reality, the application of XML is not restricted to the Web. As XML is architecture-neutral it can easily be incorporated in any application design (Design Goal 2). In this chapter we'll see how and where XML is being used today.
XML is in effect simplified SGML, and if desired can be used with SGML tools for publishing (Design Goal 3). For more information on the additional restrictions that XML places on documents beyond those of SGML, see
Apart from the textual nature of XML, another reason for XML's success is the tools (such as parsers) and the surrounding standards (such as XPath, XSLT), which help in creating and processing XML documents (Design Goal 4).
The notion behind XML was to create a simple, yet extensible, meta markup language, and this was achieved by keeping the optional features to the minimum, and making XML syntax strict (at least, in comparison to HTML) (Design Goal 5).
Prior to XML, various binary formats existed to store data, which required special tools to view and read that data. The textual (if verbose) nature of XML makes it human readable. An XML document can be opened in any text editor and analyzed if required (Design Goal 6).
The simplicity of XML, the high availability of tools and related standards, the separation of the semantics of a document from its presentation, and XML's extensibility all result from meeting Design Goals 7 through 10.
Before looking at XML syntax and XML-related standards, let's first review some of the applications of XML.
The Appeal of XML
The second design goal of the XML specification was that XML's usefulness should not be restricted to the Web, and that it should support a wide variety of applications. Looking at the current situation, there's no doubt that this goal has been very well met.
The Universal Data Exchange Format
When Microsoft announced OLE DB as part of the Windows DNA initiative, everybody started talking about what it was promising, namely Universal Data Access. The underlying concept is that, as long as we have the proper OLE DB provider for the backend, we can access the data using either low-level OLE DB interfaces or by using the high-level ADO object model. The idea of Universal Data Access was very well received on the Microsoft platform, and is still a very successful model for accessing data from any unspecified data store. However, the missing piece was the data exchange. There was no straightforward way to send data from one data-store to the other, over the Internet, or across platforms.
Today, if there is need to transfer data from one platform to the other, the first thing that comes to mind is XML, for the reasons already discussed. If we compare XML as a means of data transfer against the traditional Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), XML wins hands down because of its openness, simplicity, extensibility, and lower implementation cost. This lower cost stems mainly from XML's use of the Internet for data exchange, which is not easily achieved (if not impossible) with EDI, which relies on private networks.
Let's take an example of how XML enables universal data exchange. Consider a company, ABC Corp., that has outsourced some of its technical support to another company, XYZ Corp. Let's assume that there is a need to send support requests from ABC Corp to XYZ Corp, and vice versa, everyday. To add to the soup, the companies are located in different countries, and do not share a network. In addition, ABC Corp. runs SQL Server 2000 on Windows 2000 Advanced Server, while XYZ Corp. runs Oracle 8 on Sun Solaris. As both SQL Server and Oracle support XML, and there are many tools and APIs available to import and export XML, and as XML data can be very easily accessed over HTTP or FTP, the clear choice here would be to exchange the support requests in XML format. The two companies can establish a Schema to define the basic structure of their XML documents, which they then adhere to when sending XML data to each other. We'll discuss Schemas later in the chapter.
Business transactions over the Internet require interoperability while exchanging messages, and integrating applications. XML acts like the glue that allows different systems to work together. It is helping to standardize the business processes and transaction messages (invoices, purchase orders, catalogs, etc.), and also the method by which these messages are transmitted. E-business initiatives such as ebXML, BizTalk, xCBL, and RosettaNet make use of XML and facilitate e-business, supply chain and business-to-business (B2B) integration. XML mainly helps in streamlining the data exchange format.
XML – Industrial Glue
XML is not just well suited for data exchange between companies. Many programming tasks today are all about application integration: web applications integrate multiple Web Services, e-commerce sites integrate legacy inventory and pricing systems, intranet applications integrate existing business applications.
All these applications can be held together by the exchange of XML documents. XML is often an ideal choice, not because someone at Microsoft (or Sun or IBM) likes XML, but because XML, as a text format, can be used with many different communications protocols. Since text has always been ubiquitous in computing, standard representations are well established, and are supported by many different platforms. Thus, XML can be the language that allows your Windows web application to communicate easily with your inventory system running on Linux because both support Internet protocols and both support text. What is more, through the .NET classes for Windows and various Java class libraries for Linux, both support XML.
Data Structures for Business
We're all used to data structures in programs. In theory, these structures model the business objects – the "things" we deal with in our programs – which describe a business and its activities. A retail business may have structures to represent customers; or in manufacturing, structures might model the products that the company makes.
Ideally, these data structures would be idealized representations of the business entities that they model, and their meaning would be independent of the program for which they were originally designed. In practice however, data structures don't faithfully replicate their real-world counterparts, as, through pressures of time or technical limitations, programmers generally employ shortcuts and workarounds in order to make the application work. To deal with a particular problem, programmers all too often opt for the quick and easy solution, adding a little flag here or a small string there. Such quick fixes are commonly found in working systems, which can become encrusted with so many such adornments that they can no longer usefully be exchanged with other programs. They are far removed from the faithful representations of real-world entities that they should be, and they serve merely to keep a specific application going and no more.
This specialization impedes reuse, hindering application-to-application integration. If you have five different representations of a customer throughout your organization, the web site that talks to your legacy applications will have to include a lot of hard-to-maintain code to translate from one object to another. It's important to create structures that promote integration as we go forward.
Making XML vocabularies that represent the core structures of a business is an excellent way to go about this. We can develop a vocabulary for each major object or concept in the business detailed enough for programs to manipulate objects of that type using that vocabulary alone. For example, if we are describing a person outside our organization, we could stop at the name and telephone number. This might serve our current needs, but could cause problems when we develop further applications. It is worth the initial effort to establish a more comprehensive, 'future-proof' representation, such as that represented by the following XML document:
This brief document is enough to identify the person, communicate with them, and locate them. There are probably other details we could add, depending on the needs of our business.
On a related note, when creating these schemas, it's unwise to do so within the context of a single project team. Get the buy-in of a variety of stakeholders. Preferably, developing the schemas for a business is performed separately to any single programming task. Otherwise, the risk is that the vocabulary will get specialized to a particular application (just as binary formats did), or the schema will lack the support of other groups and the vocabulary will never get adopted. If you are lucky, a standards body associated with your particular market may have already developed schemas suitable for your business, in which case all that development work has already been done for you, not to mention the other potential benefits of adopting an industry standard.
The effort of devising a schema divorces data from application logic, a separation that becomes all the easier to maintain in applications. If the vocabulary is well designed, it will facilitate the creation of database schemas to hold the data, and code components to operate on them, and the code and database schemas will be useful throughout the business. When the time comes to integrate two applications built on one of these schemas, the applications already have a suitable communications medium as both use XML documents conforming to the same schemas.
A word of caution is in order, however. XML is not especially compact and efficient as a storage medium, and you certainly don't want to model every data structure in XML, nor do you necessarily want to use XML documents as your primary data structures in applications. Still, for modeling a large- scale, widely-used business concept, the advantages of XML make it hard to beat.
Merging Data
Integrating data with application logic is simple when there is a single database technology in use. Things get harder when several databases – say Oracle and SQL Server – or a mix of relational and non-relational data are employed. If all the data for a given concept resides in a single data store, life is still simple. It is when the data for a concept is spread across various storage media that there is some integration to perform. For example, employee information might be stored in a relational database in Human Relations and an LDAP directory (an hierarchical store) for the IT department. Putting together an employee's address (from HR) with their e-mail URL (from IT) would require dealing with two disparate structures. Both formats are binary, but one is relational, with a flat sequence of rows. The other is hierarchical, so may contain similar information in a nested format.
If, however, the primary concepts are modeled in XML, integration like this becomes a lot easier. Technologies like XPath and XSLT can be used to splice, insert, or otherwise manipulate data from multiple sources to get the final, integrated result required.
Consider the employee information example again where we need some information from the HR database, while other information must be drawn from the IT directory. We have to merge the two subsets to get the final structure relevant to our needs. If we are dealing with native binary formats, we'll end up writing a lot of special-purpose code. On the other hand, if we convert the results from each source into XML before performing the merge, we can use XPath to retrieve the data for each employee, and the Document Object Model or some other XML-related technology to perform the merging. Better still, many data stores are becoming equipped with native support for XML, so the data store may be able to output the data directly in XML, as depicted in the following figure. Performing initial conversions like this can open up the possibility of using off-the-shelf XML tools to work on the data, greatly reducing the code we have to write.
Separation of Content and Presentation
With HTML, the actual data and its presentation logic are interleaved. HTML tags do not add any semantic meaning to the data content, but just describe the presentation details. This approach makes it hard to manipulate just the data or just the way it is presented. The Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) initiative made an effort to separate data from the presentation, but still many Web pages squirrel data away inside presentation tags.
As XML makes no assumption about how tags might be rendered on the display device (browser, wireless cell phone, PDA, or whatever), but simply provides a means to structure data with tags we define ourselves, it is quite natural to use the same XML data document and present it differently on different devices. This separation of data from presentation also facilitates easy access to the data
Other W3C standards, such as Extensible Stylesheet Language Formatting Objects (XSL-FO) and Transformations (XSLT), can be used for the formatting and presentation of XML data.
XML-based Languages
Already, many new markup languages based on XML syntax have been created to meet the needs of specific application domains. The most well known of these have general utility, and include:
MathML ( enables mathematical equations to be served, received, and processed on the Web.
SMIL (Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language, is an XML-based language for writing interactive multimedia presentations. Using the XML syntax, it allows the mixing of many types of media, text, video, graphics, audio, and vector animations together, synchronizing them to a timeline, for delivery as a presentation over the Web.
SOAP ( applies XML syntax to messaging, and is at the core of Web Services. SOAP enables highly distributed applications that can run over the Internet without any firewall issues. Extra layers are being built on top of SOAP to make it more secure and reliable. These layers include WS-Security, WS-Routing, WS-License, and so on, which form part of Microsoft and IBM's Global XML Web Services (GXA) Specification, discussed later in this chapter.
VoiceXML ( is an XML-based language for the definition of voice interfaces and dialogs, and it can be used in v-commerce and call centers.
WML (Wireless Markup Language, is a markup language based on XML for specifying content and defining user interfaces for narrowband devices, including cellular phones and pagers. It has been optimized for small screens and limited memory capacity.
XForms ( is an embryonic XML standard aimed at creating a platform-independent way of defining forms for the Web. An XForm is divided into the data model, instance data, and the user interface – allowing separation of presentation and content. This facilitates reuse, provides strong typing, and reduces the number of round-trips to the server, as well as promising device independence and a reduced need for scripting. Take a look at Chapter 9 for a working example based on XForms.
Content Management and Document Publishing
Using XML to store content enables a more advanced approach to personalization, as it allows for manipulation at the content level (opposed to the document level). That is, individual XML elements can be selected based on the user preferences. We could store preferences with client-side cookies, which we access to filter our XML content for each individual user. This filtering can be performed with the XML style sheet languages (XSL-FO and XSLT), allowing us to use a single source file, and manipulate it to create the appropriate content for each user, and even for multiple devices (cell phones, Web browsers, Adobe PDF, and so on).
Using XML for content management, instead of proprietary file formats, readily enables integrating that content with other applications, and facilitates searching for specific information.
WebDAV, the web-based Distributed Authoring and Versioning protocol from the IETF ( provides an XML vocabulary for examining and maintaining web content. It can be used to create and manage content on remote servers, as if they were local servers in a distributed environment. WebDAV features include locking, metadata properties, namespace support, versioning, and access control. XML is used to define various WebDAV methods and properties.
Other standards related to XML metadata and content management include RDF (Resource Description Framework), PRISM (Publishing Requirements for Industry Standard Metadata), and ICE (Information and Content Exchange), whose description is beyond the scope of this chapter.
XML and Instant Messaging
Jabber ( is an example of how XML can be used for Instant Messaging. It is a set of XML-based protocols for real-time messaging and presence notification.
XML as a File Format
Many applications now use XML as a file format. For instance, .NET web application configuration data saved in .config files is written using XML syntax. Many other applications use XML files to store user preferences and other application data, such as Sun Microsystems's StarOffice XML file format (
The qualities that make XML a good file format include its intrinsic hierarchical structure, coupled with its textual and extensible nature, and the large number of off-the-shelf tools available to process such documents.
XML in Vertical Industries
XML's simplicity and extensibility is attracting many individuals and industries, who are increasingly coming together to define a "community vocabulary" in XML, so that they can interoperate and build integrated systems more easily.
These community vocabularies include XML dialects already being used by a wide range of industries, such as finance (XBRL, for business reporting, and IFX for financial transactions), media and publishing (NewsML), insurance (ACORD), health (HL7), and shipping (TranXML), to name but a few. There are many more that also are rapidly gaining popularity.
Distributed Architecture
Now that we've set the scene a little, and have seen some of the areas in business applications where XML can be useful, let's move on to look at some architectural issues.
The extremely brief history of web applications is a natural progression of developments in distributed architectures. The relative simplicity of HTTP-based web servers has allowed people who would never have tried to build a distributed application with prior technologies such as DCOM and CORBA to throw together simple distributed applications. At first, there was little emphasis on architecture of web apps, the priority being to get something up and running. Over time though, people asked their web servers to perform more and more advanced techniques. Developers began to rediscover distributed computing models in the attempt to improve performance and make their web applications reliable in the real world.
There are many models for distributed applications, just as there are many people who confuse scribbles on a cocktail napkin for revealed wisdom. To bring some order to the confusion, we'll look at a brief history of the growth of the Web, looking at how the models change to overcome problems encountered with what went before. The three models we will examine are:
Client-server
3-tier
n-tier
Although each of these models applies to any sort of distributed application, we're going to focus on web applications, where the client is a web browser displaying pages with only limited processing power of its own. This 'thin-client' model is not always the case, but it seems to be where web development is headed. The lack of significant uptake for either Java applets or ActiveX controls on the client, in conjunction with divergent browsers on multiple platforms, has led to a tendency to favor processing on the server.
In the Beginning: Client-Server
The Web, of course, is inherently distributed. There is no such thing as a standalone web application. A client makes requests, which are answered by the server, and everything in the application except presentation is carried out by the server. While there are dynamic HTML applications relying heavily on client-side script as exceptions to this, general practice has been to keep functionality on the server in order to avoid the issue of varying browser capabilities. Logic and data are found there, leaving the client with nothing to do except make requests and display the answers. The model is very simple as this figure shows:
The client-server model offers a big advantage over standalone programming. The key processing in an application is confined to a single machine under the control of the application's owners. Once installation and configuration is out of the way, administrators keep watch over the server on an ongoing basis. This gives the application's owners a great deal of control, yet users all over the network – indeed, all over the world in the case of the Internet – can access the application. Life is good for the administrator.
The advent of the 'mass-market' Web came in the late 1980s and early 1990s, at a time when relational databases using the client-server model were rapidly gaining acceptance. Networks were becoming commonplace, and administrators and users were accustomed to a machine called a server living somewhere off in the ether serving up answers to queries. The fact that web servers sent their application data as HTML documents instead of binary-format recordsets meant little to the average user, protected by their browser from the intricacies of what was going on.
Programmers, however, were not satisfied with this model. From the programming viewpoint, such applications are almost as bad as standalone applications. Data and logic are tangled up in one great big mess, other applications cannot use the same data very easily, and the business rules in the server-side code must be duplicated when other programs need the same features. The only bright spot is that programmers can forget about presentation logic, leaving the task of displaying HTML tags to the browser.
The client-server model was perfect when web applications were simple static HTML pages. Even the very earliest ASP applications could fit with this model. As users clamored for more dynamic information, however, developers had to go back to the drawing board.
Architecture Reaches the Web: 3-Tier
3-tier architecture takes its name from the division of processing into three categories, or tiers:
Client
Application logic
Data
The client handles request generation and user interface tasks as it did in the client-server model. The application logic tier, sometimes referred to simply as the middle tier, contains all the business rules and computation that make up the features of the application. The data tier holds all of the data in the application and enforces data integrity. Typically, the data tier consists of a relational database management system. The sequence of processing is as follows:
The client generates a service request and transmits it to the application server.
The application server produces a query corresponding to the client's request, and sends it to the data server.
The application logic server applies business logic to the data as relevant, and returns the final answer to the client where it is displayed for the user.
By separating the user interface (client), the logic (middle tier), and the data (data tier), we achieve a nice, clean separation of function. We can easily apply integrity checks to the database, and require any application or application tier running against it to pass these checks, thus preserving data integrity. Similarly, the business rules of the application are all located together, in the application tier. The application tier has to know how to query the data tier, but it doesn't need to know anything about maintaining and managing the data. Likewise, it doesn't concern itself with details of the user interface.
The different tiers become more useful because, having been separated and provided with some sort of API, they can be readily used by other applications. For example, when customer data is centralized in a relational database, any application tier that needs customer information can access that database, often without needing any changes to the API. Similarly, once there is a single server that queries the customer database, any client that requires such information can simply go to that server. This aspect of 3-tier programming is generally less important than the integrity and software engineering benefits we just described, but it can nonetheless be valuable.
Note that the different tiers are logical abstractions and need not be separated in any physical sense. Many small web applications run their database on the web server due to a lack of resources, although this is bad practice from a security standpoint. Since the web server must by nature be available to the outside world, it is the most exposed link in the application. It is the most prone to attack, and if it should be compromised when the database resides on the same machine, the database will also be compromised. Generally speaking, though, the acceptance of the relational database prior to the advent of public web applications drove web architects to 3-tier systems fairly rapidly. It just makes sense to have the relational database kept distinct from the code that runs on the web server.
In practice, the distinction between the application logic and data tiers is often blurred. As an extreme example, there are applications that run almost entirely by stored procedures in an RDBMS. Such applications have effectively merged the two tiers, leaving us back in the realm of the client-server model. The stored procedures are physically resident on the data tier, but they implement a good deal of the business rules and application logic of the system. It is tricky to draw a clear line between the two tiers, and frequently it comes down to an arguable judgment call. When developing a good architecture, the effort of deciding where to draw the line, especially if you have to defend it to your peers, is more valuable than attempting to apply some magic formula good for all cases. A general-purpose rule can never apply equally to all possible applications, so you should take architectural rules simply as guidelines, which inform your design effort and guide your thought processes. An honest effort will shake out problems in your design. Slavish adherence to a rule with no thought to the current problem risks leaving many faults in the design.
At the other end, separating presentation – the function of the client – from application logic is harder than it might appear, particularly in web applications. Any ASP.NET code that creates HTML on the server is presentation code, yet you have undoubtedly written some of that as few browsers are ready to handle XML and XSLT on the client (Internet Explorer being the notable exception). Here, we explicitly decide to keep some presentation functions on the server, where the middle tier is hosted, but we strive to keep it distinct from application logic. In this way, we are observing the 3-tier architecture in spirit, if not fully realizing it in practice. An example of maintaining this split would be having application code that generates XML as its final product, then feeding that to code that generates HTML for presentation to the client. The XML code remains presentation-neutral and can be reused; the presentation code can be eliminated if we get better client-side support. In fact, XML-emitting application code is an important enabler for the next, and current, architecture: n-tier design.
Today: n-Tier
Applications developed for a particular platform or architecture can benefit greatly from sharing useful sections of code. This not only saves time writing the code, but can also drastically reduce the effort required to fully test the application, compared to one developed from all-new source. If the developers have done things properly, this might take the form of function libraries or DLLs that can easily be used from a variety of applications. If they've been less meticulous, this may require the copying and pasting of source code for reuse.
Something similar holds true for web applications. It is a short step from writing static pages to incorporating simple scripts for a more dynamic experience, and that's pretty much how web applications got started. Likewise, it is a short step from linking to someone else's content to actually using their web code in your own site (while observing due legal requirements, of course). Google, for example, offers an HTTP interface to its service for adding web search capability to a site without its visual interface (see for more information on Google's array of free and premium search solutions). Weather information is available from a number of sources and is frequently included dynamically on portal pages.
In short, we need some mechanism that supports and encourages reuse in web applications, a mechanism that conforms to the HTTP and text based architecture of the web.
Exchanging XML documents is one mechanism that meets these requirements, as many people have realized independently. Designing Distributed Applications (Wrox Press, 1999, ISBN 1-86100-227-0) examines this technique at length. The idea, in short, is to provide services through pairs of XML request/response documents. When a document written in the request vocabulary arrives over HTTP, it is assumed to be a request for service that is answered by returning a document written in the response vocabulary. The linkage is implicit, and is inferred by the code at either end through their knowledge of the XML vocabularies in use. Visual Studio .NET provides a similar service in the Web Service wizard, which generates code that exchanges XML documents as a means of communicating requests and responses.
This concept leads to a distributed architecture that is gaining popularity among developers of large- scale applications, particularly corporate intranet sites. In this architecture, we still segregate presentation, application logic, and data, but we are no longer confined to just three tiers. We may have multiple implementations of logic and data, and we may even have an additional tier for combining application logic results before sending them on for presentation. The number of tiers isn't important (at least for theoretical purposes; practical performance will constrain you); the separation of logic and data, as well as the encapsulation of functions into discrete services, is what characterizes n-tier architecture. Consider the illustration below:
A client sends a request to a web server. The server uses several Web Services, bits of application logic, to provide partial answers, which, taken together, result in the answer the client requested. A portal page is a great example: it might include news, weather, and stock prices, each of which could come from a different provider.
The web server, then, breaks the client request into a series of HTTP requests to the Web Services needed to get the required information.
The Web Services, in turn, may make data requests to obtain raw information. They could also, in theory, make request of their own to other Web Services, leading to many, many tiers of logic.
The web server receives the responses from the Web Services, and combines them into a composite page that it eventually returns to the client as the response to the client's original request.
The client has no idea that the result is a composite of the efforts of multiple services, nor does it need to have this information. Future changes in Web Services, code deployment, or functional implementation will not affect the client. Of further benefit is the fact that the Web Services are not tied to the web server or the client. Multiple applications can call on any Web Service. In fact, application logic can call Web Services and use their results without any presentation to a user.
This architecture is very compatible with the web platform. HTTP requests are used for communication, XML, a textual format, conveys data in an open and platform-neutral manner, and all components are interconnected with HTTP links. The use of proprietary XML vocabularies that implicitly denote either requests or responses is a weak point of the architecture, though, as it precludes the development of general purpose software for connecting Web Services to applications.
One way to solve this is would be to create an open standard for Web Service communication. At the moment, the best effort is SOAP, which provides an XML envelope for conveying XML documents that can represent function calls with their required parameters. Web Services created with Visual Studio .NET's Web Service template support SOAP. SOAP is a de facto standard, and so general purpose toolkits for creating and consuming SOAP messages can be produced. Such toolkits can pop the parameters out of the request document and present them to your application code as actual function or method parameters.
SOAP implementations generally adhere to the SOAP 1.1 version, though version 1.2 is in draft form ( and and implementations are migrating to it. SOAP was originally an ad hoc effort of several software vendors, but has now been handed over to the W3C, where further development is under way in the form of XML Protocol (
Another way to resolve this would be with the aid of integration servers. These are proprietary server software products offered by a variety of vendors that act as middleware between applications for the purpose of integrating them. They handle issues of protocol and format translation. A message could come in as an XML document on SMTP and be sent back out as a different XML document (differing in form, but with the same data content) over HTTP, for example. Some also add business process semantics, to ensure that a series of messages adheres to the established business process. Some of these products adhere to standards advanced by various consortia such as RosettaNet ( while others, such as Microsoft BizTalk Server ( are open to your own business processes. In addition to Microsoft, established vendors include Ariba ( and CommerceOne (
Sample Architectures
So now we've had a close look at three generic architectures, finishing up with the n-tier model, the likely future of web applications. We've seen how XML can fulfill many internal needs of these architectures. Now we'll examine two common web applications that benefit from a 3- or n-tier architecture with XML. These applications are:
Content sites – high volume web sites with changing content consisting primarily of HTML pages rather than interactive code, for example, a news site
Content Site
A site with a great deal of content, such as an online newspaper or magazine, might not seem to be an application at all. The site framework seldom changes, though new documents are frequently added and old ones removed. There is rarely much in the way of interactivity, aside from a search feature for the site. But XML offers some advantages for maintaining the site and facilitating searching.
One issue with such sites is that they periodically undergo style changes. Hand written HTML is therefore out of the question as you would scarcely want to redo all the pages just to change style and layout. The use of cascading style sheets addresses many of the styling issues, but they lack the ability to truly transform and rearrange pages if so desired. The word "transform" there might provide a clue as to what I'm getting at: XSLT. If we store the content in XML, we can manipulate it to produce the visual effects we desire through an XSLT style sheet. When a site redesign is warranted, we just change the style sheet. We can even update links to reflect hosting changes with XSLT, a feat that is impossible in CSS. You should not, however, use XSLT dynamically for a high volume site. The performance overhead from even a fast XSLT processor is something a high-volume site cannot afford. Instead, use XSLT to perform a batch conversion of your XML documents when you redesign, then serve up the resultant HTML as static pages between site designs. New documents are transformed once, as they are added to the site. This gives the site all the speed of static HTML while still maintaining the ability to automate site redesign.
You might ask why you would want to use XML instead of a database for the information content of the site. Well, firstly, this is not necessarily an either-or proposition. Increasingly, databases can store XML documents, or access relational data using XML documents, thereby giving you the best of both worlds. Secondly, we can use XPath to enhance our search capability. Once information is marked up as XML, we can search by specific elements, such as, title, summary, author byline, or body. Furthermore, we can selectively publish fragments with another XSLT style sheet. For example, we might select title and summary only for people browsing with PDAs or customers who have subscribed to a clipping service. Similarly, we might mark some content as premium content, whether it be by whole page or by subsections of individual pages.
Intranet Application
A substantially different architecture is required for intranet applications. These sites provide access to sophisticated corporate functions such as personnel management applications or retirement fund selections. If we are writing entirely new functions using the latest technology and platforms, there isn't a problem. We can just write our applications using ASP.NET. XML is optional. The problem for intranet applications arises because we often have to provide access to legacy systems, or at least exchange information with them.
The easiest way to deal with this is to wrap the legacy code in a Web Service. This only works when the legacy applications offer an API that we can call from .NET. COM components work quite well, but older interfaces can pose a problem. This is where Web Services can help, by isolating the rest of the system from the legacy, XML-illiterate code. Everything beyond the Web Service is XML, limiting the spread of legacy data structures. The situation is depicted below:
A bigger problem arises when the code cannot be directly called by .NET or when scalability concerns preclude the use of synchronous SOAP calls. If we require our system to achieve close to 100% uptime, we cannot afford to drop requests as is the case when traffic to a synchronous service like SOAP spikes beyond supported levels. The buffering offered by a queued solution is needed, and in such cases, we need the help of an integration server, such as BizTalk Server. We can communicate with the integration server, and leave it to pass the message on in a protocol that is supported by the legacy application. This might at first seem to leave out many existing applications, until we realize that most integration servers support exchanges via disk files. The server monitors a particular directory for the appearance of a file, or it writes a file to the directory that is monitored by the legacy application. This is a very common, least-common-denominator approach. Now consider the web application architecture depicted opposite:
Request arrives from the client tier through an ASP.NET application, which writes an XML message to the integration server
Upon receiving notification via e-mail, client returns via ASP.NET and retrieves a result written to a database by the integration server
The asynchronous communication of this design makes it inherently scalable. The client gets an immediate response via the initial web application indicating that the request has been submitted. The communications protocol with the legacy application should provide a buffer – typically through some sort of messaging middleware like MSMQ or through files accumulating on disk. If the protocol is synchronous, you probably could have wrapped it with a SOAP Web Service.
There are long term plans for asynchronous Web Services using SOAP, but present implementations use synchronous calls via HTTP.
This design is also clearly n-tier. The ASP.NET applications provide the application logic, as does the legacy application. The integration server may be considered application logic or part of the infrastructure. Any database used by the legacy application is data, as is the database used by the alternative Step 6, above.
Although we've used the example of an intranet application, this architecture can apply to e-commerce sites as well. In that case, the client tier is located outside the corporate firewall, but order fulfillment and billing systems are internal, possibly legacy, applications. In such a case, the Web Service would typically be deployed in a demilitarized zone, or DMZ, between two firewalls. The first firewall protects the web server hosting the service and provides minimal protection. The web server takes steps to authenticate requests before passing them through the second, more stringent firewall protecting the internal network from the Internet. The second architecture, using an integration server, is preferred as it scales better, but you can use the less costly Web Services architecture if volume is moderate or the Web Services do not involve much processing.
ASP.NET Web Development
So far we have seen what XML is and some of its general applications. Let's now look at how XML fits in with the ASP.NET world and its role in the development of ASP.NET web applications.
Welcome to ASP.NET
ASP.NET represents the next generation of web development on the Windows platform. It is an evolutionary and revolutionary improvement on traditional ASP 3.0, and many things have changed. It is a totally new platform (although there's a fair amount of backward compatibility) designed to support high-performance scalable web applications.
Traditional ASP code is generally written using either JavaScript or VBScript, and because of the design model that it employs, developers are generally obliged to mix the presentation with the logic, causing code to become less maintainable and harder to understand. Traditional ASP does not natively support XML. MSXML can be used from within ASP pages to process the XML documents. In addition, every time the ASP page is called, the engine interprets the page.
ASP.NET changes all this. It runs in a compiled environment, such that the first time an aspx page is called after the source code has changed, the .NET Framework compiles and builds the code, and caches it in a binary format. Each subsequent request does not then need to parse the source, and can use the cached binary version to process the request, giving a substantial performance boost.
The second important change from the developer's perspective is that we are no longer restricted just JavaScript and VBScript for server-side programming. As a first class member of the .NET Framework, ASP.NET allows any Framework language to be used for web development, be it Visual Basic .NET or C# .NET or JScript .NET. ASP.NET makes web programming very similar to standard Windows application development in .NET.
In ASP.NET, the separation of presentation from the program logic is achieved via the concept of code-behind files, where the main ASPX page has a corresponding language file behind it. For instance, default.aspx would contain the presentation code (HTML and client-side scripts), while an associated file, such as default.aspx.cs, would contain the C# code for that page. This allows us to keep code nicely separated from its presentation details.
ASP.NET includes many other new features related to Web Forms, such as deployment, state management, caching, configuration, debugging, data access, as well as Web Services. It is however beyond the scope of this chapter to provide a complete discussion of all these topics. Try Professional ASP.NET 1.0, Special Edition (Wrox Press, 1-86100-703-5) if that is what you need. Here, we'll focus on the XML and Web Services features of ASP.NET.
The Role of XML in ASP.NET
The .NET Framework itself makes use of XML internally in many situations, and thus it allows XML to be easily used from our applications. In short, XML pervades the entire .NET Framework, and ASP.NET's XML integration can be used to build highly extensible web sites and Web Services. In this section, we'll briefly look at the XML integration in the .NET Framework, specifically in ASP.NET.
Manipulate relational or XML data from a database using the DOM (XmlDataDocument class, Chapter 6)
Almost all applications that use XML in any way will refer to the System.Xml namespace in order to use one or more of the classes that it contains.
Chapters 2 through 4 focus on the System.Xml namespace and discuss how these classes can be used in ASP.NET web applications.
Web Services
As well as web sites, .NET web applications can represent Web Services, which can be defined in a sentence thus:
ASP.NET Web Services are programmable logic that can be accessed from anywhere on the Internet, using HTTP (GET/POST/SOAP) and XML.
We'll talk about this a little more in the section XML Messaging towards the end of this chapter, and in detail in Chapter 8.
SQLXML Managed Classes
Although not part of the core .NET Framework, the SQLXML managed classes are available as a separate download from These classes form part of the Microsoft.Data.SqlXml namespace and allow access to SQL Server 2000's native and extended XML features. SQLXML managed classes can be used in our ASP.NET applications to build scalable and extensible web applications, and they are discussed in detail in Chapter 7.
The ADO.NET DataSet Class
Probably the most fundamental design change in the data access model in the .NET Framework is the differentiation of the objects that provide connected database access from those that provide disconnected access. In regular ADO, we use the same objects and interfaces for both connected and disconnected data access, causing lot of confusion. The improved ADO.NET data access API in .NET provides stream-based classes that implement the connected layer, and a new class called DataSet that implements the disconnected layer.
The DataSet can be thought of as an in-memory representation of data records. It can easily be serialized as XML, and conversely it can be populated using data from an XML document. The .NET data access classes are present in the System.Data namespace and its sub-namespaces.
Another marked improvement in ADO.NET is the ability to easily bind the data to graphical controls. We'll talk more about the role of ADO.NET and the DataSet when dealing with XML in Chapter 6.
The .config Files
With ASP.NET, Microsoft has introduced the concept of XCopy deployment, which means that the deployment of an application does not require any registry changes or even stopping the web server. The name comes from the fact that applications can be deployed by just copying the files onto the server with the DOS XCopy command.
Prior to .NET, all web application configuration data was stored in the IIS metabase. The .NET Framework changes this with the notion of XML-based extensible configuration files to store many configuration details. These files have the .config extension – and play an important role in XCopy deployment. As these files are plain text XML files, configuration data can be edited using any text editor, rather than a specialized tool such as the IIS admin console. The .config files are divided into three main categories, containing application, machine, and security settings.
C# Code Documentation
Another interesting new feature is found in C# (or strictly speaking, C# .NET), and extends the syntax for comments beyond the standard // and /*...*/, to create a new type that begins with three slashes (///). Within these, we can place XML tags and descriptive text to document the source code and its methods. The C# complier is then able to extract this information and automatically generate XML documentation files. It can also generate HTML documentation directly from these comments.
Currently, this feature is only available in C#, and none of the other .NET languages support it.
XML 1.0 Syntax
The XML 1.0 (Second Edition) W3C recommendation ( defines the basic XML syntax. As we know, XML documents are text documents that structure data, and bear some similarity to HTML documents. However as noted earlier, tags in XML, unlike tags in HTML, are completely user-definable: there are virtually no 'reserved' tags. Also unlike HTML, XML is case-sensitive.
An XML document (or data object) has one and only one root element – that is, top level element – which may contain any number of child elements within it. All elements must be delimited by start- and end-tags, and be properly nested without overlap. Any element may contain attributes, child elements, and character data. The XML 1.0 specification allows most of the characters defined by 16-bit Unicode 2.0 (which includes UTF-8, UTF-16, and many other encodings), hence making XML truly a global standard.
The XML specification identifies five characters (<, >, &, ', and ") that have a special meaning and hence if any of these characters is required, the alternative entity references (<, >, &, ', and ") must be used in their place.
In addition to elements and attributes, an XML document may contain other special purpose tags such as comments (<!-- ... -->), processing instructions (<? ... ?>), and CDATA (<![CDATA[ ... ]]>) sections.
All documents that conform to the XML 1.0 rules are known as well-formed XML documents. If a well-formed document also meets further validity constraints (defined by a DTD or schema), it is known as a valid XML document. We'll discuss XML validity later in this chapter.
It is a good practice, although not a strict requirement, to begin an XML document with the XML declaration. If present, it should be the very first line in the document. The XML declaration identifies the XML version to which the document syntax adheres (a required attribute), the document encoding scheme (optional), and if the document has any external dependencies (again optional).
Another extension to the XML 1.0 specification is XML Base, where an xml:base attribute may be included on an element to define a base URI for that element and all descendent elements. This base URI allows relative links in a similar manner to the HTML element
Special Attributes
The XML specification defines two special attributes that can be used within any element in an XML document. The first, xml:space, is used to control whitespace handling and the second, xml:lang, is used to identify the language contained within a particular element. The xml:lang attribute allows internationalized versions of information to be presented, and makes it easier for an application to know the language used for the data in the element.
Whitespace Handling
An XML document may contain whitespace (space characters, tabs, carriage returns, or line feeds) at various places. Sometimes whitespace is added to indent the XML document for better readability, and when an application is processing this document, the whitespace can be ignored. At other times however, the spaces are significant, and should be preserved. We can use the xml:space attribute on the element to indicate whether the parser should preserve whitespace or use its default whitespace handling. The xml:space attribute can have one of two values: preserve or default.
According to the W3C XML specification, if the whitespace is found within the mixed element content (elements containing character data and optionally child elements) or inside the scope of an xml:space='preserve' attribute, the whitespace must be preserved and passed without modification to the application. Any other whitespace can be ignored.
With MSXML 4.0 and the .NET XML classes in the System.Xml namespace, we can use the PreserveWhitespace property in the code to indicate if the whitespace should be preserved or not. In other words, if we would like to preserve the whitespace for an XML document, we can either use the xml:space attribute with the elements in the XML document or set the PreserveWhitespace property in the code to true (default is false).
Let's look at an example of this. Consider the following XML document, saved as c:\test.xml:
<Root> <Child>Data</Child> </Root>
Note that there are five space characters before and after the <Child> element.
We could create a simple C# console application containing the following code in the Class1.cs file, and when we ran it, we'd see that the whitespace has not been preserved in the XML displayed on screen, and in fact carriage return characters have been added (you might want to place a breakpoint on the closing brace of the Main method):
Now whitespace will be preserved, even without the xml:space attribute in the XML file.
Likely Changes in XML 1.1
On April 25, 2002, the W3C announced the last call working draft of XML 1.1 (codenamed Blueberry), at The XML 1.1 draft outlines two changes of note, although they are unlikely to have a major impact on most web developers. These changes allow a broader range of Unicode characters, and improve the handling of the line-end character.
In XML 1.0, characters not present in Unicode 2.0 (and some forbidden names) cannot be used as names; XML 1.1 changes this so that any Unicode character can be used for names (with the exception of a few forbidden names). This change was made to make sure that as the Unicode standard evolves (the current version is 3.2), there won't be a consequent need to explicitly change the XML standard.
The other important change relates to how the end-of-line characters are treated. Microsoft uses CR-LF (hex #xD #xA) to represent end-of-line characters, while Unix (and GNU/Linux) use LF (#xA), and MacOS uses CR (#xD). XML 1.0 currently requires processors to normalize all these newline characters into #xA. The XML 1.1 working draft adds the IBM mainframe newline characters and requires XML processors to normalize mainframe-specific newline characters (#xD #x85, #x85, and #x2028) to #xA.
Well-Formedness
Well-formed XML documents must meet the following requirements:
All tags must be closed
Tags are case sensitive
The XML document must have a single root element
Elements must be nested properly without overlap
No element may have two attributes with the same name
Attribute values must be enclosed in quotes (using either ' or ")
Without further delay, let's look at an example of the following well-formed XML document, called MyEvents.xml:
The above XML document illustrates various points that we have discussed so far. It begins with an XML declaration statement indicating that the syntax follows the XML 1.0 specification, the document encoding is UTF-8, and the standalone="yes" attribute indicates that this document does not depend on any other external resource (such as a DTD, schema, or style sheet). The above document contains a single root element (<MyEvents>), which in turn contains various child elements (two <Webinar> elements, a <TradeShow> element, and several comments). Do not worry about the xmlns attribute yet, as we discuss this in the next section. Note also the attributes, comments, and CDATA sections in the above document.
Namespaces in XML
Wherever they may be found, namespaces generally serve two basic purposes
To group related information under one umbrella
To avoid name collision between different groups
XML namespaces also serve these two purposes, and are defined as an extension to the XML 1.0 specification.
In the above sample XML document, we have various element names (such as MyEvents, Webinar, TradeShow, and so on). It is possible that somebody else might also use the same names in their XML documents, but for something not quite the same as we did. So how can the processing application associate elements with their correct meanings? The solution is provided by XML namespaces.
While writing XML documents, it is good practice to use namespaces, to avoid the potential for name clashes. All elements or attributes belonging to a given namespace can be prefixed with the name of the namespace, thus making a unique identifier. Hence, namespace names are required to be unique (in the above XML, uuid:06F699FA-C945-459a-BFCE-CFED4A4C7D51 is the namespace name), and it is for this reason that URLs are often chosen for the purpose. For instance, if our company has its own URL, we can be fairly sure that no-one else will use that URL in their namespaces. For instance, Wrox Press might choose namespace names for its XML documents such as and so on; while another company, say Friends of ED, might use and so on.
Notice that we don't actually prefix any of the element names with a namespace name in the above example XML document. This is because we have a default namespace declaration on the root element (xmlns='uuid:06F699FA-C945-459a-BFCE-CFED4A4C7D51'), which binds that element and all contained elements to this URI. By using the xmlns syntax, all the elements in the document now belong to the uuid:06F699FA-C945-459a-BFCE-CFED4A4C7D51 namespace (more precisely, all descendent elements of the element defining the namespace). Note that the default namespace declaration has no effect upon attribute names, and so in the above XML document, the attributes do not explicitly belong to any namespace.
It is quite possible for an XML document to contain multiple namespaces for various elements and attributes, and although we could prefix any element or attribute with the full namespace name, it would be very cumbersome in practice. A better solution in XML namespaces is to define short prefixes, which we can then use instead of the long namespace names. An element or attribute name without a prefix is referred as the local name of the element, and with the prefix it is known as the qualified name or QName.
The above XML document declares two namespace names with the prefixes evts and ol assigned. These short prefixes save our writing the full namespace names over and over. All elements and attributes above belong to the evts namespace, except vcsItemID, which belongs to the ol namespace. Note how the attributes are namespace prefixed. The name evts:Webinar is an example of a qualified name (or QName) for this document, while Webinar is the corresponding local name.
XML Information Set
The XML Information Set (InfoSet) is a W3C specification that tries to help make sure that as new XML languages are drawn up, they exploit consistent definitions and terminology, and that the dialects used do not create any confusion.
The current XML InfoSet W3C recommendation ( defines an abstract data set for well-formed XML data that also complies with the XML Namespaces naming rules. There is no requirement for an XML document to be valid in order to have an information set.
Processing XML
Today, there are many tools available to create, read, parse, and process XML documents from our programs. The primary goal of these tools is to efficiently extract the data stored in between tags, without having to text-parse the document. Almost all of these tools are based on two standard abstract APIs – the Document Object Model (DOM) or the Simple API for XML (SAX). We'll have a look at these two now.
Document Object Model (DOM)
The DOM is an abstract API defined by the W3C ( to process XML documents. It is a language- and platform-independent abstract API that any parser can implement, and it allows applications to create, read, and modify XML documents.
Using the DOM, the parser loads the entire XML document into the memory at once as a tree, providing random access to it for searching and modifying any element in the document.
Microsoft XML Core Services (MSXML) version 4.0 ( supports the DOM. Other freely available DOM implementations include JAXP from Sun Microsystems ( and Xerces from the Apache XML foundation (
Most of the current DOM implementations (including that in .NET) support DOM Level 1 Core ( and DOM Level 2 Core ( W3C recently announced the DOM Level 3 Core Working Draft (
Simple API for XML (SAX)As DOM loads the entire document in the memory, the DOM parser checks the well-formedness (and optionally validity) of documents on opening them; whereas since SAX reads the XML document as a character-by-character stream, without caching the document in the memory, it is not able to check for well-formedness of the document
Note that SAX is a stream-based API that uses the push model, where XML documents are read as a continuous stream, and the SAX engine fires events for each item as it is encountered. SAX allows very simple parser logic, although the application logic required to use it is consequently more complex. The .NET Framework contains a class (called XmlReader) which also processes XML as a stream, but using the pull model, where the parser advances from item to item in an XML document when instructed to do so by the application. This can simplify application logic, while providing the same benefits as SAX. The XmlReader class provides the best of both worlds: streaming high-performance parsing (as in SAX), and simplicity of usage (as in the DOM). Neither SAX nor XmlReader maintains state, and so we must provide our own means of preserving information from XML items that have been read if needed. We'll look at XMLReader much more closely in Chapter 2.
By not fully loading XML documents into memory, SAX requires less system resources and proves to be a very efficient API for parsing large XML documents. However, programming SAX is not as simple as the DOM, firstly because we must implement notification interfaces and maintain state, and also because SAX does not allow random access to the document or provide editing functionality as does the DOM.
Most of the current SAX implementations, including MSXML 4.0, JAXP, and Xerces, support SAX 2.0. The .NET Framework does not support true SAX, but an alternative (and simpler to work with) pull- model stream-based parsing API (the XmlReader classes in the System.Xml namespace). As we shall see in Chapter 2, we can however use XmlReader to read a document according to a push model should we wish.
XML Data Binding and XML Serialization
XML data binding refers to the mapping of XML elements and attributes onto a programmatic data model, in order to use the XML data directly as components of an application, and vice versa. In .NET, data binding allows us to link data within an XML file directly to a DataSet, which we can then display in a DataGrid. Any changes to the XML data will appear immediately in the DataGrid, and conversely, any changes made to the values in the DataGrid will be reflected immediately in the XML file.
XML serialization is the name given to the rendering of programmatic data as XML for transmission between computers or storage on some external system. An obvious analogy would be packaging eggs in a carton for transport and storage, which can be unpackaged intact (deserialized) when they are to be used. In .NET, an object can be marshaled (or serialized) as a XML stream, and at the other end, an XML stream can be un-marshaled (or deserialized) back to an object. This allows programmers to work naturally in the native code of the programming language, while at the same time preserving the logical structure and the meaning of the original data, and can be readily used instead of using the low-level DOM/SAX API to manipulate the XML data structural components.
The .NET Framework namespace System.Xml.Serialization contains the classes that serialize objects into XML streams, and deserialize them back again.
Validating XML
One of the primary goals of XML is to enable the free exchange of structured data between organizations and applications. To do this, the XML document format that will be used for the exchange of information must first be defined and agreed upon. It's fairly elementary to ensure that any XML document is well-formed, but we also need to ensure that it is valid: in other words that it strictly follows the agreed structure, business logic, and rules. We can do this by defining a schema that we can then use to validate any XML document.
The initial solution for defining XML document structure was the existing Document Type Definition (DTD) syntax. However, it was soon realized that DTDs are very restrictive; they do not support strong data typing, are not extensible, and can perform only limited validation with regards to the sequence and frequency of elements.
The XML Schema Definition (XSD) language was introduced by the W3C as a replacement for DTDs. XML Schemas ( overcome all the shortcomings of DTDs, and they provide a very flexible and extensible mechanism for defining the structure of XML. As with so many other XML-related specifications from the W3C stables, XML Schemas are themselves constructed from XML syntax, with the many advantages that brings.
XML Schemas can be used for much more than merely validating an XML document. Visual Studio .NET, for instance, uses schemas to determine possibilities for the IDE's IntelliSense feature, allowing it to auto-complete partially typed keywords. In addition, XML Schemas are also used in database and object technologies.
In May 2001, XML Schema 1.0 reached W3C Recommendation status, meaning that that version of the specification will not be modified further. The Recommendation is divided into three parts:
XML Schema Part 0: Primer ( – This document introduces some of the key concepts and is a good place to get started with XML Schemas.
XML Schema Part 1: Structures ( – This part describes how to constrain the structure of XML documents.
XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes ( – This part defines a set of built-in datatypes and the means for deriving of new datatypes.
While the W3C was finalizing XSD, Microsoft created XDR (XML-Data Reduced) so that it could start using XML Schemas as soon as possible. Various Microsoft products (such as MSXML 3, SQL Server 2000, and BizTalk Server 2000) still support and use XDR.
The current release of the MSXML parser and the .NET Framework both fully support the XML Schema (XSD) W3C Recommendation. XDR is still supported in .NET – but not recommended. Microsoft recommends, as do I, XSD for all schema-related purposes.
The W3C is currently working on the XML Schema 1.1 standard (
Navigating, Transforming, and Formatting XML
Among complementary standards created by the W3C are some that further help process XML documents. In this section, we'll discuss three such standards: XPath, XSLT, and XSL-FO.
XPath
Right now there is only one widely supported technology for searching through XML documents and retrieving specific components, and it is the XML Path Language, or XPath. Once we have structured data available in XML format, we can easily find the information we require with XPath, a W3C specification that enables the querying, locating, and filtering of elements or attributes within an XML document.
XPath is based on the notion that all XML documents can be visualized as a hierarchical tree; it is a language for expressing paths through such trees from one leaf, or node, of the tree to another. It enables us to retrieve all elements or attributes satisfying a given set of criteria. Most XPath implementations provide very fast random-access retrieval of XML content when we know something about the structure of a document.
XPath provides a declarative notation, known as an expression or a pattern, to specify a particular set of nodes from the source XML document. An XPath expression describes a path up through the XML 'tree' using a slash-separated list of discrete steps. XPath provides basic facilities for manipulation of strings, numbers and Booleans that can be applied within these steps.
Let's look at an example XPath expression to select data from the MyEvents.xml document:
/MyEvents/Webinar[@ID=2]/Title
This expression selects the <Title> child element of the <Webinar> element that has an attribute called ID with the value 2. XPath expressions are namespace aware, and thus we would need to specify the namespace of the elements in a real-world expression. I'll leave this, and the complete explanation of XPath syntax, for Chapter 4.
XPath .NET classes are found in the System.Xml.XPath namespace (also discussed in Chapter 4), and include the XPathDocument class to load an XML document, and the XPathNavigator class for executing complex expressions.
XPath 1.0 ( was published as a W3C Recommendation on December 20th 2001, and XPath 2.0 is currently at working draft stage ( XPath is used by other standards such as XSLT, XPointer, and XQuery. The current releases of MSXML and the .NET Framework implement XPath 1.0.
XSLT
XSL, the Extensible Stylesheet Language, is an XML-based language to create style sheets. XSL covers two technologies under its umbrella:
XSL Transformations (XSLT) is a declarative language used to transform XML documents from one format to another.
XSL-Formatting Objects (XSL-FO) is a page-formatting language with major focus on very precisely specifying the visual presentation of XML.
In this section, we'll talk about XSLT, and discuss XSL-FO in the next section.
Earlier in the chapter we learned about XML's role in separating data from its presentation. XSLT has a lot to offer here. A single source XML document can be transformed to various output formats (HTML, WML, XHTML, and so on) using an appropriate XSLT stylesheet.
We've also learned that XML acts as glue for integrating e-business and B2B applications. XSLT is the key player as it can transform one XML dialect to any another.
There are many other potential uses for XSLT, such as performing client-side transformation of raw XML in a web application, thus reducing the load on the server. This would require a browser with XSLT support of course, but your web server can detect the user agent type to determine this.
This style sheet provides a good demonstration of the value of namespaces in XML. Note the two prefixes declared at the top of this style sheet: one is xsl and denotes elements related to XSLT, and the other is src, for elements from the source XML file. This prevents any ambiguity, should our own XML dialect also define <template> elements, say. The <stylesheet> element also specifies the exclude-result-prefixes attribute with "xsl src" as its value, thus preventing elements bound to these prefixes from appearing in the result tree.
When the above style sheet is applied on our sample MyEvents.xml XML document discussed earlier, it produces the following HTML output:
Essentially, this works by embedding XSLT elements inside HTML code, and these elements transform certain elements from the source XML (as specified by XPath expressions) to an appropriate HTML form for viewing
The simplest method to try out the above style sheet (without writing a single line of code), is to add the following processing instruction just below the XML declaration (<?xml ...?>) in the XML file, and opening it in Internet Explorer:
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="renderHTML.xsl" ?>
As renderHTML.xsl uses the final release XSLT namespace ( you'll need to run the above example with Internet Explorer 6.0 (which installs MSXML 3.0 in replace mode) or with Internet Explorer 5.0+ and make sure it is using MSXML 3.0.
The current release of MSXML and the .NET Framework support XSLT 1.0 (a W3C Recommendation at
Note that the W3C Working Draft of XSLT 1.1 ( was frozen, not to be continued, on release of the XSLT 2.0 Working Draft ( so refer to XSL 2.0 to track the progress of the XSLT standard.
XSL-FO
XSL-FO, now also simply called XSL, is a W3C Recommendation ( designed to help in publishing XML documents (both printing and displaying electronically), and it mainly focuses on the document layout and structure (such as output document dimensions, margins, headers, footers, positioning, font, color, and the like).
Currently, MSXML and the .NET Framework do not support XSL-FO.
Other Standards in the XML Family
In addition to XPath and XSLT, W3C is working on various other standards related to XML. Even though there isn't as yet a great deal of support for these standards, it is nonetheless useful to be aware of them. In this section, we'll briefly discuss these standards and see where they are as far as the W3C standardization process is concerned.
XLink and XPointer
Resembling an HTML-type linking mechanism for XML documents is the XML Linking Language, XLink. XLink is a W3C Recommendation that describes elements that can be inserted into XML documents to create and describe links between resources. This specification not only allows simple one-way links between two resources, but also supports more sophisticated bi-directional links, 'multi- choice' links, and also links between resources that don't normally have the ability to contain links, such as image files.
XLink v1.0 is now a W3C Recommendation at
XLink can be used to create a link in one document pointing to another XML document. To point to just a part of another XML document, we use the XML Pointer Language (XPointer). XPointer, currently in candidate recommendation status, is a W3C specification based on XPath, and allows referring to some portion (a sub-tree, attributes, text characters, etc.) of another XML document.
The specification lives at
XQuery
The W3C XML Query Working Group is tasked to formulate a universal XML-based query language that can be used to access XML, relational, and other data stores. XQuery is intended to provide a vendor-independent, powerful, but easy-to-use method for query and retrieval of XML and non-XML (exposed as XML by some middleware) data. XQuery can be treated as a superset to XPath 2.0.
Microsoft has created an online demo, and downloadable .NET libraries, that can be used to play about with the XQuery 1.0 Working Draft. More details on this can be found at
There are already many commercial products available that have implemented XQuery, such as those listed at
XQuery 1.0 is currently in Working Draft status, and is available at
XHTML
XHTML is nothing but HTML 4.01 written in conformance to XML rules. This means XHTML documents must be well-formed. The W3C tagline for XHTML specification is "a reformulation of HTML 4 in XML 1.0" (
The W3C has also designed modularized XHTML ( which essentially splits XHTML into separate abstract modules, each of which represents some specific functionality in XHTML.
Finally, a simplified and minimal set of these modules have been defined as XHTML Basic (
XForms
Forms are an integral part of the Web. Nearly all user interaction on the Web is through forms of some sort. However, today's HTML forms blend the form's purpose with its presentation, are device and platform dependent, and do not integrate well with XML.
W3C is working on defining the next generation of forms, and calling it XForms ( The biggest strength of XForms is the distillation of forms into three layers – purpose, presentation, and data.
The data layer refers to the instance data – an internal representation of the data mapped (using XPath) to the form controls.
The presentation layer is dependent on the client loading the XForms – this makes XForms device independent, and the same form can be rendered as HTML or WML, or sent to an audio device.
The XForms namespace defines elements such as <input>, <choices>, and <selectOne>; these are the basic constructs used in XForms – and define the purpose, with no reference to the presentation.
XForms 1.0 is a Last Call Working Draft, at
XML Security Standards
When XML is used as the medium to perform business data transactions over the Internet, it becomes critical that the XML is secured: that data privacy and integration rules are met.
W3C has started three initiatives to create a robust mechanism to ensure data integrity and authentication for XML. These are XML Signature, XML Encryption, and the XML Key Management Specification (XKMS).
XML Signature
Out of the three initiatives outlined above, XML Signature is the most mature specification, and as of writing the only specification that has reached the Recommendation status. XML-Signature Syntax and Processing ( is a joint initiative between the IETF and W3C to outline the XML syntax and processing rules for creating and representing digital signatures. More details on XML Signatures can be found at
XML Encryption
The XML Encryption Syntax and Processing specification ( reached the W3C candidate recommendation status on March 4, 2002. This specification outlines the process for encrypting data and representing the result in XML. The result of encrypting data is an XML Encryption EncryptedData element, which contains (via its children's content) or identifies (via a URI reference) the cipher data. More details on XML Encryption can be found at
XML Key Management Specification (XKMS)
XML Signature specification provides no means to properly validate the signer's identity before accepting a signed message. Similarly, when the encrypted message is received, XML Encryption specification does not provide anything to retrieve the encryption key. The Public-key infrastructure (PKI) can be helpful in such situations.
W3C has defined another specification, called XKMS, that specifies the protocols for distributing and registering public keys, suitable for use in conjunction with the XML Signature and XML Encryption standards. More details can be found at
Visit to get more information on XML Security standards.
XML Messaging
Before delving deep into this section, let's consider a few facts:
XML is plain text. It is license free. It is platform and language independent
XML is a standard, and is widely implemented
XML allows encapsulating structured data, and metadata
XML is extensible
HTTP is also widely accepted, very well implemented, and a standard protocol
Most firewalls readily work with HTTP and have port 80 open
HTTP is based on request-response model
By adding 'S' to the end of HTTP, we make HTTP communication secure (using SSL)
It is very difficult (if not impossible) to write distributed applications that can run over the Internet and across different platforms using proprietary technologies and messaging formats (DCOM, CORBA, RMI, etc.).
Considering all the above facts, we can surely say that the combination of XML with HTTP (to begin with) makes a very interesting platform from which to build distributed applications that can run over the Internet and across platforms
XML-RPC
Dave Winer of UserLand Software, Inc. ( initiated talks with other industry experts (from DevelopMentor and Microsoft) about "remote procedure calls over the Internet". Not getting the expected response from Microsoft, Dave Winer went ahead and announced XML-RPC. The bottom line is that the XML-RPC specification allows software running on disparate systems to make procedure calls over the Internet, using HTTP as the transport and XML as the message encoding scheme. More details on XML-RPC can be found at
SOAP
The result of discussion between UserLand, DevelopMentor, Microsoft, and a few other organizations on the topic of building a platform-independent distributed systems architecture using XML and HTTP, SOAP was submitted for a W3C Note under the name of SOAP (for Simple Object Access Protocol), at Note that from SOAP 1.2, the term SOAP is no longer officially an acronym, although it originally stood for Simple Object Access Protocol.
The original name pretty much indicates SOAP's prime aims, namely to provide a simple and lightweight mechanism for exposing the functionality of objects in a decentralized, distributed environment. It is built on XML.
SOAP forms one of the foundation stones of XML Web Services. XML Web Services can be defined as loosely coupled software components that interact with one another dynamically via standard Internet technologies.
The SOAP specification uses the XML syntax to define the request and response message structure, known as the Envelope. With HTTP, the client POSTs the request envelope to the server, and in result gets a response envelop back.
The above SOAP request envelope calls a method called GetAmazonPrice passing an ISBN as the parameter. When the above SOAP envelope is posted to the Web Service endpoint, the following response envelope is received in reply:
There are many toolkits available today that simplify SOAP development. Microsoft's SOAP Toolkit, at allows writing SOAP clients and servers, and in addition, allows COM components to be easily converted into SOAP servers that can then be used as Web Services.
The .NET Framework supports XML Web Services very well, and Web Services and clients can be created very easily in ASP.NET. In addition to the SOAP interface, Web Services created with .NET also support the regular HTTP GET and POST interfaces. Thus SOAP is not required to access the Web Service, and a regular HTTP GET or POST request can access the Web Service and retrieve the results as XML. We'll have a look at ASP.NET XML Web Services in a B2B context in Chapter 8.
The SOAP Toolkit and the .NET Framework implement SOAP 1.1. The current working draft of SOAP 1.2 is divided into three parts:
SOAP 1.2 Part 0: Primer ( is an easily readable tutorial on the features of SOAP version 1.2.
SOAP 1.2 Part 2: Adjuncts ( describes the RPC convention and encoding rules along with a concrete HTTP binding specification.
WSDL
The Web Services Description Language (WSDL) is another important pillar in the XML Web Services architecture. It is an XML based format describing the complete set of interfaces exposed by a Web Service. As the component technologies (such as COM) make use of an IDL file to define the component interfaces, the XML Web Services make use of the WSDL file to define the set of operations and messages that can be sent to and received from a given Web Service. A WSDL document (.wsdl file) serves as a contract between clients and the server.
WSDL 1.1 is currently a W3C Note described at
When an ASP.NET Web Service project is created using Visual Studio .NET, it automatically creates a WSDL file, and updates it automatically as Web Service methods are added or removed. A Web Service client can then access this .wsdl file (by selecting Project | Add Web Reference in Visual Studio .NET or by running wsdl.exe), and create a proxy class from it which allows them to access the Web Service's exposed methods (web methods). The WSDL documents created by Visual Studio .NET describe HTTP GET and POST based operations in addition to SOAP. This allows a client to access web methods by HTTP GET or POST request (application/x-www-form-urlencoded), instead of posting a SOAP request envelope. In addition to SOAP and HTTP GET/POST, the WSDL specification also permits a MIME binding.
The WSDL document can be divided into two main sections:
Abstract Definitions: Defines the SOAP messages without references to the site that processes them. Abstract definitions sections contain three sections, <types>, <messages>, and <portType>.
Concrete Descriptions: Contains site-specific information, such as transport and encoding method. The Concrete Descriptions comprise two sections, <binding> and <service>
The <types> section contains the type definitions that may be used in the exchanged messages. The <messages> section represents an abstract definition of the data being transmitted. It contains one <message> element for each request and response message. Each <message> element in turn contains <part> elements describing argument and return values, and their types. The input and output <message> are clubbed together under an <operation> element, and all <operation> elements are placed under the <portType> element, which identifies the messages exposed by the Web Service.
To map the above abstract definitions to physical concrete descriptions, we use the <binding> and <service> sections. The <binding> section specifies the physical bindings of each operation in the <portType> section. Web Services WSDL documents created with Visual Studio .NET contain three <binding> sections, for SOAP, HTTP GET, and HTTP POST. Finally, the <service> section is used to specify the port address (URL) for each binding. WSDL is described in detail in Chapter 8.
UDDI
Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI) offers three main operations: publish, find, and bind. The notion behind UDDI is that it should be possible to dynamically locate businesses and businesses' Web Services, and bind to them so that they may be used in an application. The UDDI initiative outlines the specification and defines an API to perform these operations.
The UDDI registry is in public domain, and privately developed Web Services can be registered with the registrars. The links to version 1.0 of the IBM and Microsoft registry, and version 2.0 of the Hewlett- Packard, IBM, Microsoft, and SAP registries can be found at
Microsoft has released a UDDI SDK for the .NET Framework under the Software Development Kits hive at In addition, Microsoft .NET Server comes with UDDI Enterprise Server, which can be used to publish and find Web Services in an enterprise environment.
DIME
Direct Internet Message Encapsulation (DIME) is a specification submitted by Microsoft to the Internet Engineering Taskforce (IETF – see and it defines a lightweight, binary message format that can be used to encapsulate one or more application- defined payloads of arbitrary type and size into a single message construct.
In other words, DIME can be used to send binary data with SOAP messaging, and it represents a very efficient means for transmitting multiple data objects (including binary) within a single SOAP message.
PocketSOAP ( is one of the first SOAP Toolkits to support DIME. You can discuss DIME at
GXA
In October 2001, Microsoft announced the Global XML Web Services Architecture (GXA) set of specifications to add static and dynamic message routing support, and security facilities to XML Web Services. These are technically SOAP extensions under the following four categories:
WS-Routing ( defines how SOAP messages are routed from one node to the other.
WS-Referral ( provides the mechanisms needed to enable SOAP applications to insert, delete, and query routing entries in a SOAP router through the exchange of referral information.
WS-Inspection ( supports querying the point of offering to retrieve a list of services offered. It is expected to replace .NET's Disco (for Discovery) interface.
WS-I
In February 2002, Microsoft and IBM announced a joint initiative to promote Web Services interoperability, in the form of the Web Services Interpretability Organization (
At the time of writing, WS-I membership has grown to more than 100. The two primary goals of the organization are to promote Web Services interoperability across platforms, operating systems, and programming languages; and to provide guidance, best practices, tools, and resources for developing Web Services solutions, with the aim of accelerating the adoption of Web Services.
REST
Representational State Transfer (or REST) is based on Roy Fielding's PhD dissertation ( and is an architectural style that models system behavior for network-based applications. The idea behind REST is to describe the characteristics of the Web, with the aim of providing a model that can be exploited by developers
With this model, the traditional HTTP GET/POST URI-based model is used to create and access XML Web Services instead of SOAP. For instance, instead of posting a SOAP envelope request, we'll simply send a GET request containing method parameters in the querystring appended to the URL. We recieve the XML result without any SOAP packaging overhead. There is currently a little debate about what exactly SOAP adds, and if it isn't just a lot simpler to use existing web facilities (HTTP, GET, POST) for XML Web Services.
To keep abreast with REST, join the mailing list at
Summary
Hopefully this chapter has provided a good grounding in XML and its surrounding standards. We have talked about almost all key XML standards, current and future. We've seen that XML is much more than just a format for representing data, and there is a wealth of supporting technologies for common tasks with XML documents. As these technologies mature, third-party implementations arise to support them. If your core data is in XML, you may well be able to find an implementation that will let you do what you want in far fewer lines of code.
If you need to navigate a document, add to it, or change it in simple ways, there are at least two ways: the Document Object Model (DOM), a W3C Recommendation widely supported in code, and SAX, a de facto model also enjoying wide support. The .NET XML classes introduce yet another way to do the same thing, as we shall see in the next chapter.
XPath currently allows querying of an XML document. In the future XQuery will arrive, although software implementations are currently lacking. Visual rendering? Use XSLT to convert the XML into appropriate HTML and feed it to a web browser. Better still, there are a number of XML vocabularies for which native rendering code is available. In vector graphics, the SVG vocabulary is well supported by a free component from Adobe ( If you need mathematical formulae in text, you can encode your data in MathML and use one of several renderers for it (for example, Design Science's MathPlayer, SMIL encodes multimedia, while VoiceXML covers voice response applications. ChemML is useful for visualizing chemical structures, and a viewer already exists for it. The list increases daily.
You can use the same technique, XSLT, to translate from one XML vocabulary to another. You can refer to one bit of XML from another using XPointer, XLink, or XInclude. Security issues are being addressed through XML signatures ( and XML encryption ( SOAP, as noted earlier, is an XML vocabulary, and all of the integration servers support XML as one of their primary formats. Messaging with Microsoft Message Queuing supports XML very well using features of the XML and MSMQ COM classes. Communications, therefore, should be easy
Once you have your native data in XML form, you are, to borrow a phrase, "halfway to anywhere". XML is such a useful format and enjoys such market penetration that software support is widely available for any commonly used XML technology. The W3C, among others, has extended XML in so many useful ways that you will find that many common and useful tasks can be readily performed using one of these technologies. The .NET classes provide built-in support for many of them. If you use XML, you will find that you can leverage this base of existing code and programming tools when building your web applications. | eng | 7bed37d5-8c53-4e47-bb73-817384deba2e | https://perfectxml.com/XMLIntro.asp |
Schneider VFD course
This course is designed to give you a deep understanding of how a VFD works in an Industrial environment, the configuration of parameters, control philosophies, VFD selection criteria, and On-site troubleshooting concepts.
Objectives:
Upon completing the VFD course from IIPD, the candidate should be able to perform the following functions at the site, | eng | b5783bdc-78d0-4264-a8ef-4de47b427ef9 | https://www.iipdglobal.com/courses/industrial-automation-courses/schneider-vfd-course |
🔬 Tasks
Molecule description generation
Please give me some details about this molecule:
[C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][=Branch1][C][=O][O][C@H1][Branch2][Ring1][=Branch1][C][O][C][=Branch1][C][=O][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][C][O][P][=Branch1][C][=O][Branch1][C][O][O][C][C@@H1][Branch1][=Branch1][C][=Branch1][C][=O][O][N]
The molecule is a 3-sn-phosphatidyl-L-serine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as stearoyl and arachidonoyl respectively.
It is functionally related to an arachidonic acid and an octadecanoic acid.
Description-guided molecule design
Create a molecule with the structure as the one described:
The molecule is a primary arylamine in which an amino functional group is substituted for one of the benzene hydrogens. It is a primary arylamine and a member of anilines.
[N][C][=C][C][=C][C][=C][Ring1][=Branch1]
Forward reaction prediction
With the provided reactants and reagents, propose a potential product:
[O][=N+1][Branch1][C][O-1][C][=C][N][=C][Branch1][C][Cl][C][Branch1][C][I][=C][Ring1][Branch2].[Fe]
Please provide possible reagents based on the following chemical reaction:
[C][C][=C][C][=C][Branch1][C][N][C][=N][Ring1][#Branch1].[O][=C][Branch1][C][Cl][C][Cl]>>[C][C][=C][C][=C][Branch1][Branch2][N][C][=Branch1][C][=O][C][Cl][C][=N][Ring1][O] | eng | 02079bb5-ddfd-4cce-9ae0-703557f45d67 | https://huggingface.co/zjunlp/llama2-molinst-molecule-7b |
Why You Must Understand Online Forex Trading Before Getting Into The Forex Market
||0 Comment|
Understanding the forex and the forex market carefully
Through online forex trading, traders can exchange foreign currencies. These trades usually take place in pairs. It is the difference between the trading value of the pairs that gives profit to the trader. Profit only happens if the money value goes up during the exchange period.
If the money value goes down, the trader will be at loss. Various factors determine the monetary value of the currencies. Any change in these factors will directly or indirectly influence the money value of that particular currency. The forex market keeps on changing at every instant. It means the time of exchange of currency is very important.
Every day, the exchange rate keeps on changing for the currencies. It is the forex market that makes these changes. For example, imagine that you are a traveller. You have to exchange the dollars that you have with you for euros. You make the exchange through a bank or a kiosk.
So, the euros that you will receive in return for your dollars will be based on the forex market. Online forex trading enables users to do their exchange at any time on the business days of the forex market. It is the variation in the currency values that helps the traders in making a profit.
For example, a trader thinks that the British pound will increase its monetary value. So anticipating this, he or she will exchange the dollars for the British pound. And if the online forex trading goes as anticipated, the money value of the pound will be increased, giving a profit to the trader. Take another case for getting a better understanding of the forex market. One day, you suddenly saw that the price of your favourite imported French cheese has increased. So, this means that the monetary value of the euro has increased in the forex market against the U S dollar. | eng | 50c28e74-51fd-4d98-9d3a-d086e0ed68b7 | https://www.3kfreegames.com/why-you-must-understand-online-forex-trading-before-getting-into-the-forex-market/ |
[Radio] India's increased repression of Kashmir
India's increased repression of Kashmir
Description [20 minutes]:
Last fall, Karen Rodman and her daughter Michaela Lavis visited Kashmir to study the effects of the Indian government's revocation of the autonomy of the state of Jammu and Kashmir, and also the increased repression of the Kashmir population by the Indian military. They hope to raise awareness of the issue among Canadians.
After the partition of Kashmir by India and Pakistan in 1947, the UN recommended that the future of Kashmir be decided in a referendum by the people of Kashmir. Unfortunately, this referendum has not been allowed to happen. A very large Indian army contingent of 700,000 soldiers maintains control of India-Occupied-Kashmir against the wishes of much of the population | eng | 5b4e4814-c8eb-4036-b32e-faeb8f655222 | http://hamiltoncoalitiontostopthewar.ca/2020/03/20/radio-indias-increased-repression-of-kashmir/ |
Author
Topic: accessing email addresses (Read 4205 times)
When I am at my work computer uaing thunderbird I can start typing a persons name it fills out the rest for the email address. I dont have that feature on the phone aquamail app. Does it not have that feature or did I do something wrong. | eng | d4909270-7a31-4ec8-b7f2-301b74a344ec | https://www.aqua-mail.com/forum/index.php?topic=1164.0 |
Lawn & Weed Control
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AVOID SCALPING LAWNS
Avoid scalping grass, which is cutting it too short. A scalped lawn is vulnerable to diseases and weed infestation.
Scalped turf tends to be weak and sparse, which exposes soil. One of the top contributors to weed success is exposed soil that allows weed seed to take root. A sparse lawn also allows sunlight to reach weed seedlings, which gives them a boost. Consistently cutting grass too short contributes to a poorly developed root system, which also makes the lawn more susceptible to serious damage from drought or high temperatures.
MOW IN THE SHADE
When you prune a plant, it causes stress. Grass is no different. The act of mowing creates tremendous stress on grass plants. If you mow during the heat of the day, individual grass plants lose more water and recover much more slowly than if you mow during the cooler part of the day. Another option is to wait until shade is on the lawn. Grass in the shade loses less water when cut and is quicker to rebound.
ADJUST MOWER HEIGHT
Adjust mower height throughout the growing season. For instance, shift the cutting deck higher in summer and allow grass to grow longer. Taller grass helps shade soil, which prevents weed growth and slows water evaporation from soil. Taller grass also develops deeper roots, which creates a lawn that can withstand drought better.
IDENTIFY SOIL TYPES
Explore your yard's soil type to make the most effective lawn irrigation decisions. For instance, if you see puddling each time you water, your soil likely has high clay content. This type of soil cannot absorb water quickly, but instead requires repeated, shorter watering cycles. On the plus side, clay soil retains water longer than sandy soil, which needs more frequent watering. Lawn specialists may recommend a soil test to learn what kind of soil is hosting your grass and determine adjustments for irrigation cycles.
WATERING SOD
Newly sodded or seeded lawns need more irrigation than established turf. In most cases, Regal's lawn specialists recommend watering new sod lawns daily for the first week. With sod, you can taper off watering after the first week to encourage grass to sink deep roots. For seeded lawns, twice daily watering ensures seedling success. Aim to keep the top inch of soil consistently moist. Keep up daily irrigation until you have mowed the grass at least once (or twice is even better).
WASTE NOT
Take time to observe the irrigation system. Note where water delivery is coating hard surfaces, like walks or driveways, or where puddling is occurring on the lawn. Adjust nozzles and irrigation duration as needed to ensure you are making the most efficient use of every drop of water.Regal pest is a very reliable, and helpful company. They're always friendly if I need a question answered, and their technicians are always on time and do a great job. Tracie took care of my house today and did a very thorough job. She listened when I pointed out a few things that concerned me and was very knowledgeable and genuine. She, and all the technicians I've dealt with, are respectful and diligent.
J. PerkettRegal Pest Control Client
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S. WooldridgeRegal Pest Control Client | eng | 9822c70c-be87-447e-ae6e-043ce1962ff9 | https://www.regalpestcontrol.com/lawn-and-weed-control/ |
They probably just work on taste at some point. They are IMHO better than Costa as use decent machines. Costa have kiosks in places and the coffee that comes out tastes totally different. Usually weak and watery. On the other hand there are outlets on each side of part of the A40 I use from time to time. Starbucks. One side has the usual the other a self service machine that offers a choice of beans. They make a pretty decent drink. I like their blond roast providing it's not made weak. Nice fairly smooth coffee. I only drink americano though. A bit like drinking espresso the taste of the bean comes through. Some beans are crap that way but milk changes it - flat whites etc where lots is used.
Ratios are a trap for new espresso machine users. They read 30sec and 1 to 2 and assume it's the only one to use. It's better to try a range. 30sec probably as something has to be fixed although people sometime move on to longer times eventually. 40 isn't uncommon but it all depends on the bean. I stick to 30sec which is pretty standard but for my wife I cut the time to 20 with the bean I use most of the time. Same grind. That is a risteretto really. based on what I drink. Run for longer and it's a lungo. I base that on commercial machines that have buttons for them. They don't change the grind size - it's too much trouble setting those up.
Ratios. A double is 60ml and standard double basket holds ~14grams. A ratio of over 4 in 30sec. Costa on motorways if you watch use a much shorter shot time. Looks that way to me. I'd guess very fine grinding and a smaller shot size. I tried one prepacked commercial bean for hotels etc that didn't balance up until the ratio got to 4 or so. It was weak as well. Another was more like I would expect from fresh roasted, somewhere between 2 and 3 and stronger. I make my americano up to ~300ml with water. I might use a basket that can hold 20grams with weaker beans | eng | d5614ddc-26ae-4fc4-99e8-d6c311d8251d | https://www.diynot.com/diy/threads/coffee-how-do-you-take-yours.590494/page-8 |
Elite member
I use less glue, then it doesn't seem out the joins. If you rotate the part as you stick it then it won't stay stuck!
You could try 303 protectant spray, it is designed for plastics and keeps them shiny and non stick. Less glue is better, as it saves weight.
To remove any hot glue stuck on there now, warm it up in hot water then use a paint scraper to clear the spots of glue off.
Well-known member
I don't know if alcohol damages the cutting mat... but I use it on my cutting mat to remove the hot glue rather than prevent it from sticking. I have a little misting bottle that I give a quick pump and wait a bit, the hot glue just peels off.
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Biplane Guy
Rubbing alcohol usually does the trick. It does something with the bonded surface of the glue and it pops off super easily. On top of that isopropyl alcohol isn't too expensive. In addition, try cutting down on your glue usage. You shouldn't have to cram seams full of glue to get a good bond. When you're folding up a fuselage you may want to stop gluing about a centimeter to a centimeter and a half before the end of the piece so that the glue squeezes into the part, but not onto the table. It took me a while to figure out exactly where to stop, but it saves a lot of cleanup time and saves a bit of weight. | eng | 580972cb-a75b-485f-b05d-6442431808dd | https://forum.flitetest.com/index.php?threads/how-to-keep-glue-from-sticking-to-pvc-cutting-mat.57163/ |
This my favorite ejuice at the moment.
I buy this 132ml every other week.
Probably a simple flavor to make just a good watermelon.
Prolly would be cheaper to buy some VG PG NIC and some flavor and mix it myself.
But I need the recipe, or a recipe for a similar really really good watermelon.
Ty for and help, suggestions. | eng | d67790f2-3e2f-44aa-ba1b-a4dcff73c264 | https://forum.e-liquid-recipes.com/t/req-vape-moar-summer-sweetie-reverse-engineer-this-for-me-plz/85568 |
Blue Riband
The Blue Riband (/ˈrɪbənd/) is an unofficial accolade given to the passenger liner crossing the Atlantic Ocean in regular service with the record highest average speed. The term was borrowed from horse racing and was not widely used until after 1910.[1][2] The record is based on average speed rather than passage time because ships follow different routes.[3]
Also, eastbound and westbound speed records are reckoned separately, as the more difficult westbound record voyage, against the Gulf Stream and the prevailing weather systems, typically results in lower average speeds.[4][Note 1]Of the 35 Atlantic liners to hold the Blue Riband, 25 were British, followed by five German, three American, as well as one each from Italy and France. Thirteen were Cunarders (plus Queen Mary of Cunard White Star), five by White Star, with four owned by Norddeutscher Lloyd, two by Collins, two by Inman and two by Guion, and one each by British American, Great Western, Hamburg-America, the Italian Line, Compagnie Générale Transatlantique and finally the United States Lines.[1]
The record set by United States in 1952 remains unbroken by any passenger liner. The next-longest period through which the Blue Riband was retained was 19 years, held from 1909 to 1929 by Mauretania. The shortest period was six weeks, by Bremen from July to August 1933. [Wikipedia] | eng | e80c2f8d-af4a-4912-8705-17fbf2ad12a7 | https://whoownswhatbrands.com/brand/blue-riband |
Developmental Resources: Curious resources designed to help users safely explore their senses and develop key skills.
Terrifically Tactile: Explore our range of tactile treats that are great for stimming, fidgeting and exploring your sense of touch.
Stimulating Smells: With aromatherapy diffusers, curious aroma cubes, and scented tactile putty designed to help users explore their sense of smell.
Vivid Visuals: With bright, twinkling and colourful mood lighting, projectors and effects designed to distract, relax and calm.
On-the-go: Portable resources to support you when you're out and about, including pocket-sized fidgets and sensory kits.
If you need any product recommendations, sensory advice, or general inquiries about our Sensory Stimulation Toys, then get in touch with a member of our sensory team; they'll be more than happy to help. | eng | 6328b25e-8302-48b3-a69b-8d0be056893c | https://www.rhinouk.com/needs/sensory-stimulation-toys/ |
Master the Art of Finger Placement: How Proper Technique Can Transform Your Guitar Playing this article, we will delve into the importance of proper technique and how it can transform your guitar playing.
1. The Problem: Frustration and Inefficiency
When faced with improper finger placement, frustration becomes an all-too-familiar companion for guitarists. Trying to play chords or intricate melodies can feel like an uphill battle when your fingers refuse to cooperate. This lack of coordination leads to inefficient movements and wasted energy that could be better utilized in honing your skills.
2. The Solution: Mastering Finger Placement
The key to overcoming this hurdle lies in mastering finger placement techniques that optimize efficiency while minimizing strain on your hands. By understanding the correct positioning for each finger on the fretboard, you'll unlock a world of possibilities and improve both speed and accuracy in your playing.
3. Why Does It Matter?
Proper finger placement is crucial for several reasons:
a) Improved Sound Quality: When each string is pressed down firmly against the frets by its corresponding finger, unwanted buzzing or muted notes are eliminated, resulting in cleaner sound production.
c) Reduced Fatigue: Incorrect hand positioning can lead to unnecessary strain on muscles and tendons, leading to discomfort or even injury over extended periods of play.
4. How to Achieve Proper Finger Placement
a) Hand Positioning:
Start by ensuring that your wrist is relaxed but firm – neither too loose nor too tense. Your thumb should be positioned behind the neck of the guitar, providing support and stability. Avoid gripping the neck too tightly, as this can impede finger movement.
b) Finger Placement:
Each finger has a designated role when it comes to playing chords or individual notes:
i) Index Finger: Often used for barring multiple strings or fretting single notes on lower frets.
ii) Middle Finger: Frequently employed for playing melodies or chords on higher frets.
iv) Pinky Finger: Used for intricate chord shapes or reaching high notes.
c) Fingertip Position:
To produce clear tones, place your fingertips just behind the desired fret without touching adjacent strings. This ensures that only the intended string is pressed down, preventing unwanted buzzing or muting.
5. Common Mistakes to Avoid
a) Flat Fingers: Pressing down with flat fingers instead of using your fingertips decreases accuracy and can cause muted notes.
b) Excessive Pressure: Overcompensating with excessive force not only strains your hand but also leads to unnecessary tension in your playing.
a) Enhanced Musicality: With improved finger placement comes greater control over dynamics and expression, allowing you to convey emotion through every note you play.
b) Increased Confidence: As your skills improve, so does your confidence. Proper finger placement gives you the assurance to tackle more complex pieces and explore new musical genres.
c) Injury Prevention: By adopting proper technique, you reduce the risk of developing repetitive strain injuries or other hand-related issues that can hinder your progress.
In conclusion, mastering the art of finger placement is a game-changer for any guitarist. It unlocks a world of possibilities, improving sound quality, speed, and reducing fatigue. By understanding the correct hand positioning and each finger's role on the fretboard, you'll be well on your way to transforming your guitar playing. So pick up that instrument with renewed determination and let proper technique guide you towards becoming an accomplished guitarist!
Similar Posts | eng | 5fb481fe-859b-4a1c-9e41-94fa3ecf9588 | https://24hourguitar.com/master-the-art-of-finger-placement-how-proper-technique-can-transform-your-guitar-playing/ |
Midwifery
Midwives provide care and support to women and their families while pregnant, throughout labour and during the period after a baby's birth. A Midwife is usually the first and main contact for the woman during her pregnancy, throughout labour and the early postnatal period.
Midwifery services are increasingly moving from hospitals to the community, so where you work could reflect this. Antenatal care in the community is provided in women's homes, local clinics and GP surgeries. It can also be provided in hospitals where you may work in triage and assessment areas, high and low risk labour, postnatal wards and neonatal units. Care during labour is provided in a mother's home, as well as midwifery led maternity units.
Midwife
A Midwife is usually the first and main contact for the woman during her pregnancy, throughout labour and the early postnatal period.
Maternity Support Worker
As a maternity support worker, you'll work under the supervision of a registered midwife. They are sometimes also known as maternity healthcare support workers or midwifery assistants and have roles in hospital and community settings. Some of the responsibilities in this role are helping to care for mothers and babies, making routine observations (temperature, pulse, blood pressure etc), updating records and other admin tasks, taking amongst other things.
Legacy Midwife
Support for Midwives is offered by a team of experienced Legacy Midwives.
In MSE we have a team of experienced Legacy Midwives who wish to share their skills and knowledge of health and care practice specific to their specialist area of practice. Midwives in MSE supported by a Legacy Midwife will be provided with education and support utilising a model based on the Collaborative Learning in Practice (Clip) coaching model. They will facilitate collaborative working among colleagues both in clinical practice and with the Universities.
Entry Requirements
The main route into becoming a Midwife is by taking a Midwifery there are no set entry requirements and organisations requirements may vary | eng | af37b928-ede2-4cee-8d5f-2dff9952eec9 | https://www.ourpeopleyourfuture.co.uk/explore-careers/job-roles/midwifery/ |
Once you have everything on hand, stain your circle wood and balls. Be sure to follow the instructions on your stain can. Then add glue to your balls and hold them in place on the round top, one by one, until each one is set. Finish things off by applying sealer to the top of the riser. | eng | fb50be63-8d26-41f4-b0ee-2da0cadca934 | https://houseoflais.com/2023/02/16/the-easiest-no-power-tools-required-diy-riser-for-your-kitchen-counter/ |
Benefits of the Comprehensive MLOps Platform
What is MLOps? Why do businesses need it? Will you require specialists to support it? We answer those questions and more while exploring the background of MLOps and its applications.
MLOps is a relatively new concept. In just the past few years, we see the first mentions of the need for comprehensive management of the lifecycle of machine learning in industrial operations and production. In practice, the problem of implementing machine learning (ML) models in a real business is not limited to data preparation, development, and training of a neural network or other machine learning algorithms. Many factors influence the quality of a production solution, from dataset verification to testing and deployment in a production environment as a reliable Big Data application.
This means that the actual results of prediction or classification depend not only on the neural network architecture and the machine learning method that the data scientist proposed, but also on how the development team implemented this model, and administrators deployed it in a cluster environment. Also important is the quality of the input data (data quality), sources, channels, and the frequency of their receipt, which is the responsibility of the data engineer.
Organizational and technical obstacles in the interaction of diversified specialists involved in the development, testing, deployment, and support of ML solutions leads to an increase in the time for creating a product and a decrease in its value for a business. MLOps was invented to eliminate such barriers. Like DevOps and DataOps, MLOps seeks to increase automation and improve the quality of industrial machine learning solutions, paying attention to regulatory requirements and business benefits.
The typical process for developing and operating software products with machine learning models
Thus, MLOps is a culture and a set of practices for the integrated and automated lifecycle management of machine learning systems, combining their development and support operations , including integration, testing, release, deployment, and infrastructure management.
MLOps extent the CRISP-DM methodology with the help of an Agile approach and technical tools for automated operations with data, machine learning models, code, and environment. These tools include, for example, Cloudera Data Science Workbench.
It is expected that the application of MLOps in practice will avoid common mistakes and problems faced by data scientists working in accordance with the classical phases of CRISP-DM.
Top 10 Benefits for Business and Data Science
Of all the benefits of implementing MLOps, the following advantages of Agile approaches are considered the most significant in relation to the specifics of the industrial deployment of Machine learning:
Reducing the time for obtaining high-quality results due to reliable and efficient management of the lifecycle of machine learning;
System of integrated management and continuous monitoring of machine learning resources;
Elimination of organizational barriers and integration of experience of diversified ML specialists.
Therefore, with the help of MLOps, the following aspects of ML operations can be optimized:
Unify the release cycle of machine learning models and software products created on their basis;
Automate testing of machine learning artifacts, such as data validation, testing of the ML model itself and its integration into a production solution;
Implement flexible principles in machine learning projects;
Support machine learning models and datasets for them in CI/CD/CT systems;
Reduce technical debt for ML models.
It is noteworthy that the organizational techniques of MLOps should be independent of the language, framework, platform, and infrastructure. And from a technical point of view, the general architecture of the MLOps system will include platforms for collecting and aggregating Big Data, applications for analyzing and preparing data for ML modeling, tools for performing calculations and analytics, as well as tools for automated movement of machine learning models, data and software products created on their basis between various processes of their lifecycle.
This will partially or completely automate the work tasks of a data scientist, a data engineer, an ML specialist, an architect and developer of Big Data solutions, as well as a DevOps engineer using unified and efficient pipelines (pipelines).
How Specialists Can Get Into MLops Practices
To understand how data scientists work, you can look at the CRISP-DM methodology—the phases that roughly coincide to the DS project.
Next, you need to know, in general, how the modern infrastructure works: CI/CD, logging experiments, how to version datasets, and the environment—in general, understand what a modern Data DevOps engineer does.
It is important to have a good understanding of the development process, including the lifecycle of a Data science product, and the work of the teams involved in it: data engineering, system engineering, data science, and the applied part are different integration options. That is, you need to generally understand how everything works in different parts of the project.
How To Choose A Platform For MLops
Fortunately, there are great choices. There is open source, such as MLflow, and there are cloud solutions that help automate any part of the pipeline.
You can start with any platform, see what tasks it solves, and how it solves them. For simplicity, you can take the implementation from the cloud vendor – SageMaker, Vertex AI, or Azure ML. Cloud providers are considered more convenient, because all additional components can be added with a few lines of code, making it possible to build end-to-end MLOps within a single platform. They are functionally similar: one language (Python API), terms, and features.
The documentation of the selected ML platform is enough to immerse yourself in the context. And then you can look at specific alternatives: different feature stores, ML pipeline engines, and model registries. There are certifications from providers that summarize this experience into a course.
In general, when choosing an MLOps platform, companies should consider larger business initiatives and plan ahead for the most appropriate building design. Discussions with executive boards, industry experts, and platform users will provide a collective understanding of the challenges and opportunities so that businesses can maximize profitability, productivity, and growth.
Conclusion
Any company using machine learning technology would do well to adopt the principles of MLOps. As mentioned above, MLOps and other tools like ModelOps can help you improve your company's performance, ensuring that the machine learning solutions you use provide the desired value. | eng | 1a173958-b506-47c9-817e-416a223eb476 | https://www.techilife.com/benefits-of-the-comprehensive-mlops-platform/ |
Levin fired a shot at media outlets that have been in an uproar over the president's comment during a press briefing this week about disinfectant killing the coronavirus. The same "crazy ass media" however, dismiss fumbles by the former vice president and have all but ignored a sexual assault claim against him.
(Image: Fox News screenshot)
"The crazy ass media insist that the president recommended that we drink disinfectant," Levin tweeted Friday, referring to the deliberate misrepresentation of Trump's comments as if he were suggesting injecting a disinfectant like Lysol into the body.
"I just don't know why these morons aren't fired by the corporate executives who own these newsrooms. The insanity is beyond belief," Levin wrote.
1. The crazy ass media insist that the president recommended that we drink disinfectant. I just don't know why these morons aren't fired by the corporate executives who own these newsrooms. The insanity is beyond belief.
The president's comment came after Department of Homeland Security official William Bryan spoke of "the powerful effect that solar light appears to have on killing the virus, both surfaces and in the air" during a coronavirus task force briefing Thursday.
"I see the disinfectant that knocks it out in a minute, one minute. And is there a way we can do something like that by injection inside or almost a cleaning?" the president said after asking Bryan about testing the use of light in the body to kill the virus. "As you see, it gets in the lungs, it does a tremendous number on the lungs, so it would be interesting to check that."
Trump's words were used by the media to ignite a firestorm and even lawmakers began to spread the misinformation, as House Speaker Nancy Pelosi declared that the president "is asking people to inject Lysol into their lungs."
Trump himself accused the media of giving his likely 2020 rival a "free pass" during Thursday's news conference at the White House.
"We have a sleepy guy in the basement of a house, that the press is giving a free pass to, who doesn't want to do debates because of COVID, and lots of things are happening," Trump said. "And I watched a couple of interviews and I say, 'Oh. I look forward to this.' But they are keeping him sheltered because of coronavirus, and he's not moving around. He's not moving too much."
And as the press continues to bash the president and spread misrepresented comments, they are keeping relatively quiet on the sexual allegations by Tara Reade, a former staffer for Biden in 1993. It took until April 12 for The New York Times to address the allegation which had been covered by other outlets as breaking news nearly two weeks prior.
Biden's team has denied the allegation and media outlets have failed to ask him about | eng | e7f4f1e4-8f28-4ea7-aa3b-bb9c4e6af7b5 | https://www.bizpacreview.com/2020/04/25/mark-levin-calls-out-media-execs-over-morons-reporting-twisted-trump-disinfectant-comment-913061/ |
AmazonFace's Race Against Time with CO2 Dispensing Towers Experiment in the Heart of the Amazon
Owing to its role as a carbon sink, the Amazon rainforest is often called the planet's 'lungs'. There is a concern as deforestation & wildfires threaten the very existence of this amazing Amazon rainforest, as it is causing atmospheric pollution. It has been a challenge to accurately assess the impact of rising carbon dioxide levels on the Amazon. In the heart of the Amazon rainforest, a large-scale experiment named AmazonFace utilizes towers to dispense carbon dioxide and simulate climate change effects. While half of the towers act as controls, the rest are equipped to release carbon dioxide. The British government has supported the AmazonFace project with funds.
The aim of the experiment is to determine if the Amazon has a tipping point that could lead to irreversible decline. A feared event is the Amazon Forest dieback that could transform the forest into a drier land- scape. Originally developed by Brookhaven National Laboratory, the Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) technology is employed by AmazonFace. Such an experiment is being conducted in the Amazon, for the first time. With AmazonFace, researchers are trying to understand how plants in the Amazon react to increased carbon dioxide levels. The aim of the experiment is to determine if the Amazon could transition from a carbon sink to a major carbon polluter. The climate change mitigation strategies could be informed by the information gathered from AmazonFace. A lead scientist on AmazonFace , David Lapola, highlights the uncertainties regarding the effect of increasing carbon dioxide levels on plant growth. AmazonFace aims to challenge the theory about Amazon's resilience against climate change suggested by the earlier studies.
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The environment is modified by the Face technology to replicate future atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. The full impact of increased carbon dioxide input is still unknown, while the plants absorb carbon dioxide, water, and light to produce sugars and release oxygen. Lapola's argument is that the tipping point of the Amazon is more likely tied to climate change than deforestation rates. It is crucial to study the impact of higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the forest to understand the future of the Amazon. There is an opportunity offered every day to learn something new about our planet and its complex mechanisms. It is crucial for individual efforts to ensure a sustainable future. Luciana Gatti, an atmospheric chemist, believes that the Amazon Forest does not have much time. "We are in an emergency; we need action now," says Luciana. She believes that in 5 years, Amazon will reach a point of no return, and once we reach the tipping point, the dense rainforest will turn into dry savannah land. Luciana praises the initiative and suggests replicating the project in different parts of the Amazon. The study of Luciana Gatti published in Nature revealed that the eastern Amazon has transitioned from a carbon sink to a carbon source.
Carlos Nobre's challenging perspective suggests that a critical threshold of deforestation could disrupt the Amazon's rainfall system and transform the rainforest into a savannah. Currently, the construction of the initial two rings of AmazonFace is underway and expected to be operational by early August. Each ring is made up of 16 aluminum towers as tall as a 12-story building. Three companies will supply carbon dioxide to prevent shortages. Led by the National Institute for Amazon Research, the project receives financial support from the British government. It is expected that Amazon will be fully operational by mid-2024. The capacity to absorb carbon varies significantly across the Amazon's four quadrants. The carbon absorption capacity of the region is twice that of India. The location of the project is situated 70 kilometers north of Manaus. The federal institution leading the project is the National Institute for Amazon Research. A total of $9 million (8.4 8.4million) in financial support for the project has been pledged by the British government. The aim of the AmazonFace is to shed light on the carbon dynamics of the Amazon rainforest and contribute to our understanding of global climate change | eng | 762b6278-f6f1-46a8-984a-bcc4e66315ea | https://www.karmactive.com/amazonfaces-race-against-time-with-co2-dispensing-towers-experiment-in-the-heart-of-the-amazon/ |
OSSEO MN
IF YOU NEED HELP WITH YOUR HEATING AND COOLING NEAR ME IN OSSEO OsseoWe take pride in our prompt and reliable services. When you search for ``heating and cooling near me in Maple Grove,`` you can trust us to be at your doorstep in no time, ready to assess and address your HVAC issues efficiently and effectively. Our service ensures that you never have to endure extreme temperatures for long.
OSSEO MN HVAC
Heating and cooling near me in Osseo
Heating and cooling near me in Osseo
Heating and cooling near me in Osseo
Frequently Asked Questions:
Heating and cooling near me in Osseo
Heating and cooling near me in Osseo
Heating and cooling near me in Osseo
What are the benefits of installing a ductless mini-split HVAC system in my Osseo, MN home?
Ductless mini-split HVAC systems offer several benefits for Osseo homeowners. They provide efficient heating and cooling without the need for ductwork, making them a great option for older homes or room additions. Additionally, ductless systems allow for personalized temperature control in different zones, improving overall energy efficiency and comfort.
How can I ensure my HVAC system is prepared to handle the fluctuating weather conditions in Osseo, MN?
To prepare your HVAC system for Osseo's fluctuating weather, regular maintenance is key. Before each season, schedule professional maintenance to check for any issues and ensure optimal performance. Keeping air filters clean and free from debris also helps the system work efficiently in changing conditions.
What are some cost-effective ways to improve the energy efficiency of my HVAC system in Osseo, MN?
For cost-effective energy efficiency improvements in Osseo, consider adding programmable thermostats to adjust temperatures based on your daily routine. Properly sealing and insulating your home can prevent energy loss, and installing top-rated HVAC equipment can lead to significant energy savings. Additionally, using ceiling fans to complement your HVAC system can help distribute conditioned air more effectively, reducing the workload on the HVAC unit. | eng | 93a4acf3-3c5e-437b-aa92-b7071750ffb3 | https://twincityheatingandair.com/heating-and-cooling-near-me-in-osseo |
What to Expect When Opening a Checking Account
Sometimes managing your money can feel like a chore, especially when you're thinking about opening a bank account. Luckily, many banks and credit unions have streamlined the account opening process to make it quicker and easier to get started with your new checking account.
If you've done your research to find the best checking account and you're ready to open an account, it's helpful to understand what the process will look like. Here's what to expect when opening a new checking account:
How long does it take to open a checking account?
You can usually count on it taking less than 30 minutes to open a checking account. Sometimes, the account opening process can take longer, for example, if you've had a freeze on your credit file and the bank needs to contact a credit bureau during the account opening process.
What information do I need to provide when I open a new checking account?
The requirements for account opening vary from bank to bank and credit union to credit union. Some of the information you usually need to provide when opening a new checking account include:
Your legal name
Your government-issued photo ID
Your Social Security number or tax identification number
Your date of birth
Your occupation
Your address and phone number
An initial opening deposit
How much does it cost to open a checking account?
In most cases, there is no fee to open a checking account. However, the bank or credit union may require a minimum deposit (often as low as $25; at Marine it's $5.) to open an account. It's helpful to research and understand the requirements before opening an account so that you aren't caught off guard by fees you didn't expect.
Can I open a checking account online?
For added ease and convenience, many financial institutions now offer digital account opening online. This can save you a trip to the bank to open an account. It's often as easy as going to the bank's website and clicking "Apply Now" or "Open an Account." When it comes to the information you need to provide, online account opening is similar to opening an account in person. Your application will help the bank determine your eligibility for an account, and after you're approved, your debit card will arrive in the mail.
Can I open a checking account online with no money?
Yes! Some banks and credit unions allow you to open a checking account online without an initial deposit. However, you usually need to fund the account within a certain period of time. For example, Marine Credit Union requires that an account opened online be funded within 30 days. Other banks may ask you to fund an initial deposit immediately. This can often be done electronically from another existing account and will require you to provide a routing number and account number. | eng | a438271b-e1b3-4b43-873c-3cfadff7730c | https://www.marinecu.com/opening-a-checking-account/ |
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a serious disorder that causes a range of problems with thinking, behavior, and emotions. People with schizophrenia experience an altered reality, e.g., seeing/hearing things that aren't there (hallucinations) or believing things that aren't true (delusions), which can be both distressing and disabling. Patients with schizophrenia also experience cognitive dysfunction, such as difficulty judging how to make appropriate decisions.
Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics are the first-line treatment for schizophrenia. There are significant side effects that occur in patients receiving atypical antipsychotics, including weight gain, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, QTc interval prolongation, myocarditis, sexual side effects, extrapyramidal side effects, and cataracts.
Symptoms of schizophrenia may result from increased subcortical release of dopamine, which increases activity of D1 receptor expressing neurons and decreases activity of D2 receptor expressing neurons in striatum, increasing the amount of "noise" propagated through the basal ganglia circuit. Atypical antipsychotics block both serotonin 5-HT2a and dopamine D2 receptors, but do not directly alter activity in D1 receptor expressing neurons. Therefore, MapLight is focusing its therapeutic strategy on targeting both D1 and D2 expressing neuronal circuits, using non-dopaminergic targets in these neurons.
By targeting both populations of neurons that become dysfunctional during schizophrenia without directly blocking dopamine D2 receptors, MapLight's ML-007 therapeutic is aiming to improve efficacy without the side effects seen with atypical antipsychotics. | eng | 57ac9afb-3464-4214-b709-5c27f934373d | https://maplightrx.com/schizophrenia/ |
Travel Diary
Resources
How to Construct an Article
Writing an article to send out to the world can be a daunting task. The first step is to understand the basic structure and then gather the information you need to make it credible. Once your students have gathered the statistics and the details behind their story, It is time for them to compose an article which they will then distribute.Ask your students to follow the template called 'Collecting the Facts', and then use my example to compose their own article. Once complete, they will then send out to various news outlets locally, nationally, and even internationally. It's empowerment on overload! | eng | 10bc1cce-9011-45fd-bddc-725b00a1edfc | https://upschool.co/blog/all-posts/how-to-construct-an-article/ |
Land Tortoise
The land tortoise, also known as a terrestrial turtle, is a fascinating creature with unique anatomical and physical characteristics. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of this species, including its diet, reproduction, and life cycle. Furthermore, it will explore the habitat and range of land tortoises, shedding light on their importance to the ecosystem. As conservation efforts become increasingly crucial, understanding the significance of these remarkable creatures becomes paramount.
Anatomy and Physical Characteristics
The land tortoise possesses a unique and distinctive anatomy, showcasing physical characteristics that contribute to its remarkable adaptability and survival in diverse habitats. With an evolutionary history that dates back millions of years, land tortoises have developed various adaptations for survival. Their sturdy, dome-shaped shell provides protection against predators, while their strong, muscular limbs enable them to navigate different terrains. Additionally, their ability to store water and withstand long periods without food further enhances their survival capabilities.
Diet and Feeding Habits
Diet and feeding habits are crucial aspects to understand in order to gain insight into the nutritional requirements and foraging behavior of land tortoises. They exhibit a variety of feeding preferences, including a predominantly herbivorous diet consisting of grasses, leaves, and fruits. However, some species also consume small invertebrates and carrion. Nutritional requirements vary depending on the species, but generally include a balance of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals to support growth, reproduction, and overall health.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Reproduction and life cycle in land tortoises involve various stages and processes that contribute to their overall survival and population dynamics. Land tortoises exhibit a range of breeding behaviors and reproductive strategies. Mating typically occurs during the breeding season, with males engaging in courtship displays to attract females. Females lay their eggs in nests dug in the ground, where they are left to incubate for several months. Hatchlings emerge from the eggs and embark on a long journey towards adulthood, facing various challenges along the way.
Habitat and Range
Habitat and range are crucial factors in determining the survival and distribution of land tortoises. These remarkable creatures inhabit a variety of habitats, including deserts, grasslands, and forests. However, their populations have been declining due to habitat loss caused by human activities such as deforestation and urbanization. Land tortoises are particularly susceptible to habitat fragmentation, as it restricts their movement and reduces their access to food and mates, ultimately leading to population decline.
Importance of Conservation Efforts
Conservation efforts play a crucial role in ensuring the survival and distribution of land tortoises by addressing threats posed by habitat loss and fragmentation caused by human activities such as deforestation and urbanization. These efforts have significant economic impacts, as land tortoises contribute to local ecosystems' stability and biodiversity. Additionally, education plays a vital role in promoting conservation efforts, as it raises awareness about the importance of protecting land tortoises and their habitats.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the common predators of land tortoises?
Common predators of land tortoises include birds of prey such as hawks and eagles, as well as mammals like foxes, raccoons, and coyotes. These species pose a threat to land tortoises in their natural habitat.
How long can land tortoises live in captivity?
The longevity of land tortoises in captivity depends on proper care and maintenance. With appropriate diet, habitat, and medical attention, land tortoises can live for several decades, ensuring their well-being and overall health.
Are land tortoises social animals that live in groups?
Land tortoises exhibit limited social behavior and do not typically live in groups. They are generally solitary animals, with minimal group interactions. Social interactions, if any, are limited to mating and territorial disputes.
How do land tortoises defend themselves against threats?
Land tortoises protect themselves from threats through various adaptations. They have a hard, protective shell that acts as a shield, and they can retract their head, legs, and tail inside the shell for added protection. Additionally, their sharp beak allows them to bite and their strong limbs enable them to deliver powerful kicks.
Can land tortoises swim?
Land tortoises are not strong swimmers due to their heavy shells and short limbs. They have evolved to navigate different terrains on land and rely on adaptations such as strong legs and claws for survival in their natural the only venomous lizard species in the world.
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Tag: personality
Dr. Mehmet Oz joined a crowded race as a Republican and has cast himself as someone who can fix a broken system that has been made worse by the pandemic. WATCH NIGHTLINE EPISODES: ALSO AVAILABLE ON HULU: #Nightline | eng | 61ab40e9-8fa6-48a1-9544-82eca3c931ce | https://washingtonscion.com/tag/personality/ |
Introduction
As cryptocurrencies continue to gain popularity, it is crucial to have a secure and reliable crypto wallet to store your digital assets. With numerous options available in the market, selecting the best crypto wallet for your needs can be a daunting task. In this article, we will guide you through the essential factors to consider when choosing a crypto wallet.
1. Security
Security is the utmost priority when it comes to choosing a crypto wallet. Look for wallets that offer robust security features such as multi-factor authentication, encryption, and biometric authentication. Additionally, opt for wallets that provide offline storage or cold storage options to protect your assets from online threats.
2. Compatibility
Consider the compatibility of the crypto wallet with the cryptocurrencies you intend to store. Some wallets support a wide range of cryptocurrencies, while others are limited to specific ones. Ensure that the wallet you choose is compatible with the cryptocurrencies you plan to invest in.
3. User-Friendly Interface
A user-friendly interface is essential, especially for beginners. Look for wallets that provide an intuitive and easy-to-navigate interface. This will make it easier for you to manage your digital assets and perform transactions without any hassle.
4. Backup and Recovery Options
It is crucial to choose a wallet that offers reliable backup and recovery options. Look for wallets that provide mnemonic phrases or seed phrases, which can be used to recover your wallet in case of loss or theft. Additionally, consider wallets that offer the option to create multiple backups for added security.
5. Development Team and Community Support
Research the development team behind the crypto wallet you are considering. Look for wallets that have an active and reputable team working on their development and security. Additionally, consider wallets that have a strong community support system, as this ensures regular updates and improvements to the wallet.
6. Mobile or Hardware Wallet
Decide whether you prefer a mobile wallet or a hardware wallet. Mobile wallets offer convenience as they can be accessed from your smartphone, while hardware wallets provide enhanced security by storing your private keys offline. Consider your needs and preferences before making a decision.
7. Reviews and Reputation
Read reviews and consider the reputation of the crypto wallet you are interested in. Look for wallets that have positive reviews and a good reputation in the crypto community. This will give you an idea of the wallet's performance, security, and reliability.
8. Customer Support
Customer support is crucial when it comes to dealing with technical issues or inquiries. Look for wallets that provide responsive and helpful customer support. This will ensure that your concerns are addressed promptly and efficiently.
9. Fees and Charges
Consider the fees and charges associated with the crypto wallet. Some wallets may charge transaction fees, while others may have subscription fees or hidden charges. Compare the fees of different wallets and choose the one that offers the best value for your money.
10. Reputation and Track Record
Lastly, consider the reputation and track record of the crypto wallet provider. Look for wallets that have been in the market for a considerable amount of time and have a proven track record of security and reliability. This will give you peace of mind knowing that your digital assets are in safe hands.
Conclusion
Choosing the best crypto wallet for your needs is essential to ensure the security and accessibility of your digital assets. Consider the factors mentioned in this article, such as security, compatibility, user-friendly interface, backup and recovery options, development team and community support, mobile or hardware wallet, reviews and reputation, customer support, fees and charges, and the reputation and track record of the provider. By carefully evaluating these factors, you can make an informed decision and select a crypto wallet that meets your requirements. | eng | c702fe53-d917-4437-a9d9-f66705f3eb61 | https://microgreenskit.net/how-to-choose-the-best-crypto-wallet-for-your-needs/ |
Quick Links
Retracted article - move item into Retracted item folder
why is it not possible to move items from MyLibrary into Retracted item-folder? I have recently downloaded a retracted article into MyLibrary, namely this one: - but it does not allow me to move it to the Retracted items folder, nor does the red x appears in front of it.
I have also tried to move it using right-click/Add to Collection function, but only 'new collection' appears as an option, drag and drop does not work either.
version. So, it might have been a temporary problem. Thanks, guys, for checking. | eng | 7b192be9-3537-45bb-8ad4-bf2854fd867f | https://forums.zotero.org/discussion/103953/retracted-article-move-item-into-retracted-item-folder |
Can driving cause plantar fasciitis?
My commute requires me to spend long hours behind the wheel, often resulting in some pain and discomfort in my ankle and heel. Pain-relieving medication helps for temporary relief, but I'm worried my driving habits are resulting in a more serious medical problem. Is it possible to develop plantar fasciitis or a similar ailment as the result of excessive driving?
. Unfortunately, data reveals that excessive driving can lead to plantar fasciitis and Achilles tendonitis, particularly in the right foot, as the result of repetitive plantar flexion—also known as the action needed to press on the gas and brake pedals.
Here are some ways you can help avoid plantar fasciitis while driving:
. As a licensed insurance broker and the only car insurance comparison shopping super app, Jerry can match you with multiple competitive quotes from more than 50 of the top car insurance providers nationwide in less than 45 seconds, saving you an average of $887 a year on your premium payments.
Jerry partners with more than 50 insurance companies, but our content is independently researched, written, and fact-checked by our team of editors and agents. We aren't paid for reviews or other content. | eng | 3702454f-9812-46a1-a0dc-d2bb6d97331f | https://getjerry.com/questions/can-driving-cause-plantar-fasciitis |
Gratitude Challenge for Kids | Thankful Turkey
$27.00
Autumn brings more than just fall leaves; it introduces our "Thankful Turkey: 30-Day Gratitude Challenge for Kids." A delightful experience for young minds to recognize, cherish, and write about their daily blessings.
Jazzed up with 5 enchanting coloring pages, this gratitude challenge for kids isn't just about thankfulness. It's also a canvas for creativity, letting young artists bloom amidst shades of joy.
For 30 transformative days, children will explore moments of thankfulness, making every page a memory, every note a nugget of joy.
Private Label Rights (PLR) included.
Note: This is an INSTANT Download Digital File. No physical products will be shipped or mailed.
🍁 Thankful Turkey: 30-Day Gratitude Challenge for Kids 🍁
Thanksgiving isn't just about the feast! Dive into a season of gratitude with an engaging 30-day challenge tailored for young minds.
Inside our "Thankful Turkey" gratitude journal, you'll discover a curated blend of prompts, that spark both creativity and thankfulness. From daily reflections to whimsical coloring pages, every day is a new adventure into the world of appreciation.
This Gratitude Journal includes:
30-page daily gratitude challenge for kids
5 Thanksgiving coloring pages
1 cover and 1 intro page
Editable PPT file and Canva template for easy customization
Also available in ready-to-print PDF format (8.5×11 in)
Private Label Rights
5 UNIQUE WAYS TO USE THIS PRODUCT:
Gratitude Classroom Project: Teachers can incorporate the "Thankful Turkey" journal as a daily activity in November, culminating in a "Gratitude Sharing Day" where students share their favorite entries.
Thanksgiving Family Tradition: Parents can make it an annual tradition for the entire family. Every day leading up to Thanksgiving, each family member can fill out a page, and on Thanksgiving Day, they can share and reflect on their entries together.
Etsy Store Best-Seller: Online business owners can customize, brand, and sell the journal as a seasonal special in their printable shops, tapping into the growing trend of gratitude practices and the festive spirit.
Digital Blog Bonus: Bloggers focusing on parenting, teaching, or kids' activities can offer the journal as an exclusive downloadable bonus for their subscribers, enhancing blog engagement during the holiday season.
Local Community Workshops: Organize gratitude workshops for kids in the community using the journal as the central activity material. It's a fantastic way for local libraries, community centers, or kids' clubs to engage children during the festive period.
Don't miss out on this chance to instill a powerful life lesson in a fun and interactive way. With the bonus of PLR, educators and sellers can also adapt it to fit their unique audience's needsEmbrace the season of thanks and make gratitude a memorable journey for the little ones. Get your "Thankful Turkey" now!
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Despite being considered by the APA for inclusion in the DSM V, Hypersexual Disorder is not yet recognized as a diagnosis and therefore, treatment for the problem is not covered by insurance and still questioned by skeptics as a valid psychological disorder. While it...
How Technology is Harming Teen Mental Health Parents today have new problems rearing their children that have never happened in history before. The rise in technological advancement in our changing modern society has created all sorts of new computers and phones with... | eng | 95d6a068-e05c-49ab-bad6-8611ccbd5993 | https://starguides.net/tag/mentalhealth/ |
Does Polyester Shrink?
Hunker may earn compensation through affiliate links in this story. Learn more about our affiliate and product review process here.
Does polyester shrink? Many people unfamiliar with polyester find themselves asking this question, whether they want to avoid shrinking a new piece of clothing they love or need to slim down a too-big item a little. The good news for those who want their clothes to stay exactly the same size is that the material does not shrink unless it is exposed to very high temperatures, and even then, it can be difficult. On the other hand, if you're trying to find out how to shrink polyester clothing, whether it is a shirt, hoodie, blouse, skirt, or pants, you have your work cut out for you.
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We spoke to a couple of experts to learn more about this fascinating synthetic material. Then, we tested a few methods for shrinking polyester ourselves to learn the effect on different clothing items, including knits, workout wear, and poly blends.
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Meet the Experts
Melanie DiSalvo, a textile science graduate at the Fashion Institute of
Technology and founder of Virtue + Vice, a consulting company specializing in helping
companies launch and scale sustainable fashion businesses.
Frej Lewenhaupt, a textile expert who is the co-founder and CEO of Scandinavian
textile-care company Steamery.
What Is Polyester?
"Polyester is a synthetic, man-made fiber made of petroleum," Melanie DiSalvo, a textile science graduate at the Fashion Institute of Technology and founder of Virtue + Vice (a consulting company specializing in helping companies launch and scale sustainable fashion businesses), tells Hunker. It is made into yarn by extruding liquid plastic through a spinneret, which she says "looks like a teeny-tiny spaghetti strainer."
While polyester was invented in the late 1930s, it was largely ignored at first in favor of another synthetic fabric discovered around the same time: nylon. When the war broke out, polyester continued to be overlooked, as nylon became a critical war resource since it could be used to create military gear, such as parachutes. It wasn't until the 1950s that polyester was produced commercially, when it was sold under different manufacturer names, including Terylene, Dacron, Kodel, Fortrel, and Vycron.
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The fabric continued to soar in popularity through the 1960s but fell out of favor by the late 1970s, when youths started associating it with their parents' out-of-style leisure suits. In the 1980s, though, big-name designers started incorporating polyester and poly blends into their fashion lines, leading to a resurgence. Frequently used by fast-fashion companies, polyester is now one of the most commonly used fabrics in the world.
While polyester once had a bad reputation for being cheap-looking, uncomfortable, hot, and scratchy, modern polyester and poly-blend fabrics look and feel luxurious and comfortable. Polyester clothes are easy to care for as well as wrinkle-resistant and fast-drying. Some can even wick away moisture. The material is often added to other textiles, such as wool and cotton, to make them stronger and more resistant to rips, shrinkage, and wrinkles.
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That's not to say that polyester is without its downsides. It tends to absorb body odors, which can be challenging to remove from the fabric. Even worse, the material is basically plastic, so you're likely releasing microplastics down the drain every time you wash it. And that's not the only way that polyester is bad for the planet. With 85% of all textiles ending up in landfills every year, it's a real problem when the material is nonbiodegradable, like polyester, which can take hundreds of years to decompose, according to Frej Lewenhaupt, a textile expert who is the co-founder and CEO of Scandinavian textile-care company Steamery.
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Does Polyester Shrink?
Polyester fibers themselves do not shrink, according to DiSalvo. Part of the material's easy-to-care-for reputation comes from the fact that it can be washed on high heat and tossed in the dryer without worrying about shrinkage. However, many fabrics made with polyester can shrink either because they are made from a poly blend or because the material is knitted. Clothes can absolutely shrink if they are made from a combination of polyester and another material that does shrink, like wool or cotton.
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Even 100 percent polyester clothing can shrink if it is knitted rather than woven. Items like jeans are woven, while T-shirts and sweaters are knitted. "Wovens tend to be more stable and [do] not shrink," says DiSalvo. However, the construction of knitted fabrics allows them to stretch a lot, and these fabrics can also shrink. "What is happening is not the fiber itself shrinking but the construction of the fabric in the garment," she says.
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How Polyester Is Affected by Heat
Polyester fibers may not shrink when exposed to excess heat, but they can melt, which is similar to shrinking. Melting does weaken the integrity of the fabric. DiSalvo says polyester becomes weakened and brittle when placed under high temperatures in the manufacturing process, so very high temperatures in your washer or dryer can do the same, which does cause the material to wear out faster.
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Even so, 100 percent polyester can hold up well to temperatures up to 139 degrees. Because the fabric is designed to be easy to care for, you can typically wash and dry polyester without any issues. In fact, it's a good idea to wash sweaty polyester workout wear on the highest possible temperature setting to help kill odor-causing bacteria that may get trapped in the fabric (especially those stubborn armpit odors in shirts).
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How Do You Shrink Polyester?
When it comes to shrinking polyester clothes, whether you are trying to shrink a shirt, blouse, T-shirt, hoodie, or skirt, the process all comes down to heat — meaning a high heat of at least 140 degrees Fahrenheit and preferably between 155 and 178 degrees. That being said, your success rate will vary based on whether the item is 100 percent polyester or a blend and whether the fabric is woven or knitted.
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Poly blends usually shrink more quickly and effectively than polyester, especially if the material is less than 50 percent polyester. The methods below are designed for knitted 100 percent polyester clothes (so if you need to know how to shrink poly-blend fabrics, you should reduce the temperature slightly based on the material's blend).
Similarly, while pure woven polyester is practically impossible to shrink, knits may shrink slightly when exposed to heat. Even so, the process is still difficult, and the results will usually be uneven, meaning the clothing will be unlikely to have the same proportions as it did before you exposed it to high temperatures. "This is not something that I recommend since this requires a lot of energy and will likely create unnecessary tearing on your clothes, causing them to lose their shape, color, and luster," warns Lewenhaupt.
While you can check the tag to see the fabric composition, the best way to check if the material is knitted or woven is to give your clothes a gentle tug. If the material is stretchy, it's probably knitted; if not, it's most likely woven.
Here are a few methods for shrinking polyester:
Use a Washing Machine
Flip the clean garment inside out to help protect its detailing and
colors. (High heat can sometimes fade colors).
Then, wash it on the longest cycle
using the hottest heat setting with no detergent.
If it has shrunk enough, air dry it or tumble dry on low, but if you need to shrink it more, try one of the other recommended methods
below.
Boil the Fabric
If washing on a high temperature didn't shrink your clothing enough, you can try boiling it.
Fill a large pot of water deep enough that the
garment can move around while staying fully submerged and place it on the stove
to boil.
If your clothing is dry, wet it and flip it inside out before adding it
to the pot. Otherwise, take it right out of the washer and place it in the boiling
water while it is still wet and inside out.
Boil the clothing for up to an hour, periodically stirring
and checking how much it has shrunk.
Let the water cool until you can safely
remove the clothing and then air dry or tumble dry on low heat if it is already small
enough or use the dryer or ironing methods below to continue the shrinking
process.
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Try the Dryer
Ordinarily, polyester does not shrink in the dryer, but if you place wet polyester clothing in the dryer on the highest possible heat setting for the maximum cycle length, it may. For best results, try to shrink the garment using one or both of the methods above and then immediately put it in the dryer.
When working with poly blends, start with a lower temperature and a shorter dryer cycle and work your way up until you get satisfactory results.
Reach for the Iron
Polyester typically doesn't need to be ironed because it is very wrinkle-resistant. But the high heat from an iron can be enough to shrink the fabric, even if hot water doesn't do the trick.
Take a garment you boiled
or washed on high heat and place it on an ironing board while still wet.
Then, gently
run the iron over the cloth or towel, moving it in a circular motion until your clothing
is entirely dry.
Polyester Shrinking Test Results
In this
section, we will test shrinking polyester using test T-shirts, hoodies,
and workout clothing and by using multiple washing and drying sessions.
How to Not Shrink Your Polyester Clothing
If you looked up "does polyester shrink" on Google because you like your clothes the way they are, here's some good news: As hard as it is to shrink polyester on purpose, it's nearly impossible to do it by accident. Even so, if you're worried about damaging your favorite polyester or poly-blend clothing, the main thing you need to worry about is heat, so simply avoid using excess heat while washing or drying your clothes. Always follow the care label on your garments to avoid subjecting them to damaging products or washing methods.
Because workout wear should typically be washed with high temperatures to kill odor-causing bacteria, consider turning your water heater's temperature down to 120 degrees, which is eco-friendly and too cool to shrink polyester. Alternatively, you can "steam polyester clothing between washes since the hot steam from the steamer not only removes wrinkles but also kills bacteria and removes unwanted odors," says Lewenhaupt. As a bonus, "washing less will decrease the likelihood of shrinking."
Q&A
Does 100 percent polyester shrink in the dryer?
Not typically, but if it is subjected to temperatures above 140 degrees,
it could, especially if the piece is knitted.
Can I put polyester in the dryer?
"Polyester was made to go in the dryer and come out the same," says DiSalvo.
That being said, avoid using the highest heat setting to prevent the material from
getting damaged. If you want to save money and keep your fabrics in the best shape,
you can always air dry polyester, which dries quickly.
What shrinks more: cotton or polyester?
Polyester is highly resistant to shrinking, whereas cotton
is one of the easiest fabrics to shrink.
Should I size up or down for 100 percent polyester?
DiSalvo says since woven fabrics don't shrink or stretch, it's best to
buy these true to size, but because knits are stretchy and could shrink, you
might want to size up.
Is it better to air dry polyester?
While putting polyester in the dryer is fine,
Lewenhaupt says air drying is the gentlest way to dry your garments,
as it helps preserve their color, shape, and luster.
What happens to
polyester when it gets wet?
There's a reason so
many bathing suits are made with polyester. "Polyester is actually hydrophobic,
meaning that it doesn't like water, so depending on how you wash it, you might
not be wetting the entire fiber thoroughly," says DiSalvo. She says this is
also why the fabric is prone to developing unpleasant odors.
Does polyester wrinkle?
"Synthetic materials like polyester have a natural resistance to wrinkles, so
they are less likely to develop creases," says
Lewenhaupt. "When wrinkles do appear,
you can steam the fabric, which will not only smooth out wrinkles but also get
rid of unwanted odors and bacteria."
Can polyester be ironed?
Yes, but keep in mind that this is one of the ways you can shrink the
material. Only iron polyester on low heat if you're not trying to shrink it. "It's plastic, so it can melt," says DiSalvo.
Is polyester odor-resistant?
No. One of the downsides of the material is that it retains odors because
"it is hydrophobic and oleophilic, [meaning it] likes oil," says DiSalvo.
"So, it loves to absorb stinky oils from the body and is especially
difficult to clean." Always wash polyester workout wear after use to help remove
odor-causing bacteria from the fabric.
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