id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56d004ab234ae51400d9c260 | Solar_energy | Solar water disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing water-filled plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to sunlight for several hours. Exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions. It is recommended by the World Health Organizatio... | What does the World Health Organization say about Solar water disinfection? | {
"text": [
"a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} |
56d004ab234ae51400d9c261 | Solar_energy | Solar water disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing water-filled plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to sunlight for several hours. Exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions. It is recommended by the World Health Organizatio... | How many people use Solar water disinfection to disinfect their drinking water? | {
"text": [
"Over two million people in developing countries"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} |
56ce659aaab44d1400b88749 | Solar_energy | Solar energy may be used in a water stabilisation pond to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity. A further environmental advantage is that algae grow in such ponds and consume carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, although algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable. | What is a possible negative effect of algae in water stabilization ponds? | {
"text": [
"toxic chemicals"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
56d0051e234ae51400d9c26f | Solar_energy | Solar energy may be used in a water stabilisation pond to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity. A further environmental advantage is that algae grow in such ponds and consume carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, although algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable. | For what reason would solar energy be used in a water stabilisation pond? | {
"text": [
"to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
56d0051e234ae51400d9c270 | Solar_energy | Solar energy may be used in a water stabilisation pond to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity. A further environmental advantage is that algae grow in such ponds and consume carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, although algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable. | What is a reason why the water from a water stabilisation pond may be unusable? | {
"text": [
"algae may produce toxic chemicals"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
56ce6629aab44d1400b8874d | Solar_energy | Solar power is anticipated to become the world's largest source of electricity by 2050, with solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power contributing 16 and 11 percent to the global overall consumption, respectively. | By what year is solar power expected to become the world's greatest source of electricity? | {
"text": [
"2050"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
56d00697234ae51400d9c297 | Solar_energy | Solar power is anticipated to become the world's largest source of electricity by 2050, with solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power contributing 16 and 11 percent to the global overall consumption, respectively. | When is solar power is foreseen to become the largest source of electricity? | {
"text": [
"2050"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
56ce666caab44d1400b88755 | Solar_energy | Commercial CSP plants were first developed in the 1980s. Since 1985 the eventually 354 MW SEGS CSP installation, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world. Other large CSP plants include the 150 MW Solnova Solar Power Station and the 100 MW Andasol solar power station, both in Sp... | The largest solar power plant in the world is located in what desert? | {
"text": [
"the Mojave Desert"
],
"answer_start": [
116
]
} |
56ce666caab44d1400b88756 | Solar_energy | Commercial CSP plants were first developed in the 1980s. Since 1985 the eventually 354 MW SEGS CSP installation, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world. Other large CSP plants include the 150 MW Solnova Solar Power Station and the 100 MW Andasol solar power station, both in Sp... | Less than 1% of the world's total grid electricity was generated by solar energy in what year? | {
"text": [
"2013"
],
"answer_start": [
686
]
} |
56d074ff234ae51400d9c2ee | Solar_energy | Commercial CSP plants were first developed in the 1980s. Since 1985 the eventually 354 MW SEGS CSP installation, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world. Other large CSP plants include the 150 MW Solnova Solar Power Station and the 100 MW Andasol solar power station, both in Sp... | What is the largest solar power plant in the world? | {
"text": [
"354 MW SEGS CSP"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
56d074ff234ae51400d9c2ef | Solar_energy | Commercial CSP plants were first developed in the 1980s. Since 1985 the eventually 354 MW SEGS CSP installation, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world. Other large CSP plants include the 150 MW Solnova Solar Power Station and the 100 MW Andasol solar power station, both in Sp... | Where is the largest solar power plant in the world located? | {
"text": [
"Mojave Desert of California"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
56ce66aeaab44d1400b88759 | Solar_energy | In the last two decades, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source. A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect. The first solar cell was construc... | In the 1880s, who constructed the first solar cell? | {
"text": [
"Charles Fritts"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
56ce66aeaab44d1400b8875a | Solar_energy | In the last two decades, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source. A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect. The first solar cell was construc... | In what year was the crystalline silicon solar cell constructed? | {
"text": [
"1954"
],
"answer_start": [
819
]
} |
56d07aa6234ae51400d9c315 | Solar_energy | In the last two decades, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source. A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect. The first solar cell was construc... | What is a solar cell? | {
"text": [
"a device that converts light directly into electricity"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
56d07aa6234ae51400d9c316 | Solar_energy | In the last two decades, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source. A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect. The first solar cell was construc... | Who created the first solar cell? | {
"text": [
"Charles Fritts"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
56d07aa6234ae51400d9c317 | Solar_energy | In the last two decades, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source. A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect. The first solar cell was construc... | Who created the first solar cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide? | {
"text": [
"Dr Bruno Lange"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} |
56d07aa6234ae51400d9c318 | Solar_energy | In the last two decades, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source. A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect. The first solar cell was construc... | Who created the crystalline silicon solar cell? | {
"text": [
"Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin"
],
"answer_start": [
726
]
} |
56ce66e4aab44d1400b8875d | Solar_energy | Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the ... | In all the different CSP systems, concentrated sunlight is used to heat what? | {
"text": [
"a working fluid"
],
"answer_start": [
491
]
} |
56d07c41234ae51400d9c31e | Solar_energy | Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the ... | What do Concentrating Solar Power systems use? | {
"text": [
"lenses or mirrors and tracking systems"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
56d07c41234ae51400d9c31f | Solar_energy | Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the ... | What is the heat generated from a Concentrating Solar Power system used for? | {
"text": [
"a heat source for a conventional power plant"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
} |
56d07c41234ae51400d9c320 | Solar_energy | Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the ... | What is one of the most developed Concentrating Solar Power technologies? | {
"text": [
"the Stirling dish"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
56d07c41234ae51400d9c321 | Solar_energy | Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the ... | What do Concentrating Solar Power technologies have in common? | {
"text": [
"a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight"
],
"answer_start": [
491
]
} |
56ce6ea0aab44d1400b88785 | Solar_energy | The common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and thermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortabl... | Socrate's what is a classic example of passive solar design? | {
"text": [
"Megaron House"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} |
56d08052234ae51400d9c32c | Solar_energy | The common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and thermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortabl... | What is a common feature of passive solar architecture? | {
"text": [
"orientation relative to the Sun"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
56d08052234ae51400d9c32d | Solar_energy | The common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and thermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortabl... | What is produced when the features of passive solar architecture are customized to the environment? | {
"text": [
"well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
56d08052234ae51400d9c32e | Solar_energy | The common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and thermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortabl... | What is an example of passive solar design? | {
"text": [
"Socrates' Megaron House"
],
"answer_start": [
341
]
} |
56d08052234ae51400d9c32f | Solar_energy | The common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and thermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortabl... | What kind of equipment can improve system performance? | {
"text": [
"pumps, fans and switchable windows"
],
"answer_start": [
609
]
} |
56ce6efbaab44d1400b88787 | Solar_energy | Urban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures are a result of increased absorption of the Solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities than those in the natura... | UHI is an abbreviation of what? | {
"text": [
"Urban heat islands"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56ce6efbaab44d1400b88788 | Solar_energy | Urban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures are a result of increased absorption of the Solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities than those in the natura... | A program in Los Angeles believes that with $1 billion, city temperatures could be reduced by approximately how many degrees in Celsius? | {
"text": [
"3"
],
"answer_start": [
597
]
} |
56d0817d234ae51400d9c334 | Solar_energy | Urban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures are a result of increased absorption of the Solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities than those in the natura... | What are the metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than the surrounding areas called? | {
"text": [
"Urban heat islands"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56d0817d234ae51400d9c335 | Solar_energy | Urban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures are a result of increased absorption of the Solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities than those in the natura... | What materials absorb sunlight and create higher temperatures than natural materials? | {
"text": [
"asphalt and concrete"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
56d0817d234ae51400d9c336 | Solar_energy | Urban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures are a result of increased absorption of the Solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities than those in the natura... | What is a way to reduce the high temperatures created in urban heat islands? | {
"text": [
"paint buildings and roads white and plant trees"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
} |
56ce7352aab44d1400b887a3 | Solar_energy | Agriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants. Techniques such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields. While sunlight is generally considered ... | During the Little Ice Age, what did English and French farmers use to increase collection of solar energy? | {
"text": [
"fruit walls"
],
"answer_start": [
506
]
} |
56ce7352aab44d1400b887a4 | Solar_energy | Agriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants. Techniques such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields. While sunlight is generally considered ... | Vinters have adopted solar technology to do what? | {
"text": [
"power grape presses"
],
"answer_start": [
1168
]
} |
56d086c9234ae51400d9c340 | Solar_energy | Agriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants. Techniques such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields. While sunlight is generally considered ... | Why do agriculture and horticulture seek to make the most use of the solar energy captured? | {
"text": [
"to optimize the productivity of plants"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
56d086c9234ae51400d9c342 | Solar_energy | Agriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants. Techniques such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields. While sunlight is generally considered ... | What did French and English farmers do during the Little Ice Age to gain more solar energy? | {
"text": [
"employed fruit walls"
],
"answer_start": [
497
]
} |
56ce7376aab44d1400b887a7 | Solar_energy | Greenhouses convert solar light to heat, enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate. Primitive greenhouses were first used during Roman times to produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius. The fi... | When were the first greenhouses used? | {
"text": [
"Roman times"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
} |
56ce7376aab44d1400b887a8 | Solar_energy | Greenhouses convert solar light to heat, enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate. Primitive greenhouses were first used during Roman times to produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius. The fi... | In what century were the first modern greenhouses constructed? | {
"text": [
"the 16th"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} |
56d0875b234ae51400d9c348 | Solar_energy | Greenhouses convert solar light to heat, enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate. Primitive greenhouses were first used during Roman times to produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius. The fi... | What do greenhouses do with solar energy? | {
"text": [
"convert solar light to heat"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
56d0875b234ae51400d9c34a | Solar_energy | Greenhouses convert solar light to heat, enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate. Primitive greenhouses were first used during Roman times to produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius. The fi... | What was one of the first uses of a greenhouse? | {
"text": [
"produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
56d0875b234ae51400d9c34b | Solar_energy | Greenhouses convert solar light to heat, enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate. Primitive greenhouses were first used during Roman times to produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius. The fi... | Where were the first modern greenhouses built? | {
"text": [
"Europe"
],
"answer_start": [
357
]
} |
56ce759eaab44d1400b887b9 | Solar_energy | Development of a solar-powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi) across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. In 1987, when it was founded, the winn... | What is the name of the solar powered car race held every two years? | {
"text": [
"The World Solar Challenge"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
56ce759eaab44d1400b887ba | Solar_energy | Development of a solar-powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi) across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. In 1987, when it was founded, the winn... | What was the winner of the World Solar Challenge's average speed in 2007 in km/h? | {
"text": [
"90.87"
],
"answer_start": [
430
]
} |
56d0880f234ae51400d9c350 | Solar_energy | Development of a solar-powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi) across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. In 1987, when it was founded, the winn... | What is The World Solar Challenge? | {
"text": [
"a biannual solar-powered car race"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
56d0880f234ae51400d9c351 | Solar_energy | Development of a solar-powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi) across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. In 1987, when it was founded, the winn... | When was The World Solar Challenge started? | {
"text": [
"1987"
],
"answer_start": [
285
]
} |
56d0880f234ae51400d9c352 | Solar_energy | Development of a solar-powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi) across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. In 1987, when it was founded, the winn... | What was the average speed of a winning solar powered car in 1987? | {
"text": [
"67 kilometres per hour (42 mph)"
],
"answer_start": [
343
]
} |
56d0880f234ae51400d9c353 | Solar_energy | Development of a solar-powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi) across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. In 1987, when it was founded, the winn... | What was the average speed of a winning solar powered car by 2007? | {
"text": [
"90.87 kilometres per hour (56.46 mph)"
],
"answer_start": [
430
]
} |
56ce75e2aab44d1400b887c7 | Solar_energy | In 1975, the first practical solar boat was constructed in England. By 1995, passenger boats incorporating PV panels began appearing and are now used extensively. In 1996, Kenichi Horie made the first solar powered crossing of the Pacific Ocean, and the sun21 catamaran made the first solar powered crossing of the Atlan... | The first practical solar boat was constructed in what year? | {
"text": [
"1975"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56d088be234ae51400d9c35a | Solar_energy | In 1975, the first practical solar boat was constructed in England. By 1995, passenger boats incorporating PV panels began appearing and are now used extensively. In 1996, Kenichi Horie made the first solar powered crossing of the Pacific Ocean, and the sun21 catamaran made the first solar powered crossing of the Atlan... | When was the first solar powered boat made? | {
"text": [
"1975"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56d088be234ae51400d9c35b | Solar_energy | In 1975, the first practical solar boat was constructed in England. By 1995, passenger boats incorporating PV panels began appearing and are now used extensively. In 1996, Kenichi Horie made the first solar powered crossing of the Pacific Ocean, and the sun21 catamaran made the first solar powered crossing of the Atlan... | Who first crossed the Pacific ocean using a solar powered boat? | {
"text": [
"Kenichi Horie"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
56d088be234ae51400d9c35c | Solar_energy | In 1975, the first practical solar boat was constructed in England. By 1995, passenger boats incorporating PV panels began appearing and are now used extensively. In 1996, Kenichi Horie made the first solar powered crossing of the Pacific Ocean, and the sun21 catamaran made the first solar powered crossing of the Atlan... | What was the name of the first solar powered boat that crossed the Atlantic ocean? | {
"text": [
"the sun21 catamaran"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
56ce7645aab44d1400b887c9 | Solar_energy | In 1974, the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise plane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the Solar Riser made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of 40 feet (12 m). In 1980, the Gossamer Penguin made the first piloted flights powered solely by p... | What altitude did the Solar Riser reach in feet? | {
"text": [
"40"
],
"answer_start": [
224
]
} |
56ce7645aab44d1400b887ca | Solar_energy | In 1974, the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise plane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the Solar Riser made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of 40 feet (12 m). In 1980, the Gossamer Penguin made the first piloted flights powered solely by p... | What is the name of the aircraft circling the globe in 2015 via solar power? | {
"text": [
"Solar Impulse"
],
"answer_start": [
963
]
} |
56d089e6234ae51400d9c360 | Solar_energy | In 1974, the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise plane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the Solar Riser made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of 40 feet (12 m). In 1980, the Gossamer Penguin made the first piloted flights powered solely by p... | When was the first unmanned flight by a solar powered plane made? | {
"text": [
"1974"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56d089e6234ae51400d9c361 | Solar_energy | In 1974, the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise plane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the Solar Riser made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of 40 feet (12 m). In 1980, the Gossamer Penguin made the first piloted flights powered solely by p... | When was the first solar powered manned flight made? | {
"text": [
"29 April 1979"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
56d089e6234ae51400d9c362 | Solar_energy | In 1974, the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise plane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the Solar Riser made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of 40 feet (12 m). In 1980, the Gossamer Penguin made the first piloted flights powered solely by p... | When did the Solar Challenger cross the English Channel? | {
"text": [
"July 1981"
],
"answer_start": [
421
]
} |
56d089e6234ae51400d9c363 | Solar_energy | In 1974, the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise plane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the Solar Riser made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of 40 feet (12 m). In 1980, the Gossamer Penguin made the first piloted flights powered solely by p... | Where did Eric Scott Raymond fly using a solar powered plane in 1990? | {
"text": [
"California to North Carolina"
],
"answer_start": [
480
]
} |
56d089e6234ae51400d9c364 | Solar_energy | In 1974, the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise plane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the Solar Riser made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of 40 feet (12 m). In 1980, the Gossamer Penguin made the first piloted flights powered solely by p... | How long is the solar powered plane Solar Impulse able to remain in the air? | {
"text": [
"36 hours"
],
"answer_start": [
1193
]
} |
56ce771daab44d1400b887cf | Solar_energy | Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or photochemical. A variet... | What is a possible alternative to making carbon-based fuels from reduction of carbon dioxide? | {
"text": [
"hydrogen production from protons"
],
"answer_start": [
547
]
} |
56d08e3e234ae51400d9c384 | Solar_energy | Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or photochemical. A variet... | What process converts solar energy into storable and transportable fuels? | {
"text": [
"Solar chemical processes"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56d08e3e234ae51400d9c385 | Solar_energy | Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or photochemical. A variet... | What solar process can be used to produce different fuels? | {
"text": [
"artificial photosynthesis"
],
"answer_start": [
350
]
} |
56ce799daab44d1400b887dd | Solar_energy | Hydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s. Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells, several thermochemical processes have also been explored. One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperat... | What is the name of the process under development at the Weizmann Institute? | {
"text": [
"The Solzinc process"
],
"answer_start": [
688
]
} |
56ce799daab44d1400b887de | Solar_energy | Hydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s. Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells, several thermochemical processes have also been explored. One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperat... | The Solznic process produces what? | {
"text": [
"pure zinc"
],
"answer_start": [
882
]
} |
56d08f34234ae51400d9c388 | Solar_energy | Hydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s. Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells, several thermochemical processes have also been explored. One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperat... | What has been a main area of solar chemical research since the 1970s? | {
"text": [
"Hydrogen production technologies"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56d08f34234ae51400d9c38a | Solar_energy | Hydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s. Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells, several thermochemical processes have also been explored. One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperat... | What is the name of the process being developed by the Weizmann Institute? | {
"text": [
"Solzinc process"
],
"answer_start": [
692
]
} |
56ce79c4aab44d1400b887e1 | Solar_energy | Thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations. Thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shif... | In what form do thermal mass systems store solar energy? | {
"text": [
"heat"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
56d09004234ae51400d9c38e | Solar_energy | Thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations. Thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shif... | What is the system called that can store solar energy in the form of heat? | {
"text": [
"Thermal mass systems"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56d09004234ae51400d9c38f | Solar_energy | Thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations. Thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shif... | What are some of the materials used in thermal storage systems? | {
"text": [
"water, earth and stone"
],
"answer_start": [
247
]
} |
56d09004234ae51400d9c390 | Solar_energy | Thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations. Thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shif... | What is something that can be accomplished by a thermal mass system? | {
"text": [
"reduce overall heating and cooling requirements"
],
"answer_start": [
356
]
} |
56ce7a03aab44d1400b887e3 | Solar_energy | Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 °C or 147 °F). The "Dover House" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heatin... | Paraffin wax is an example of what kind of storage media? | {
"text": [
"thermal"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
56ce7a03aab44d1400b887e4 | Solar_energy | Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 °C or 147 °F). The "Dover House" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heatin... | The first Glauber's salt heating system was first used where? | {
"text": [
"The \"Dover House\""
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
56d09106234ae51400d9c394 | Solar_energy | Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 °C or 147 °F). The "Dover House" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heatin... | What are some examples of phase change materials? | {
"text": [
"paraffin wax and Glauber's salt"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
} |
56d09106234ae51400d9c395 | Solar_energy | Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 °C or 147 °F). The "Dover House" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heatin... | What are the approximate temperatures that can be delivered by phase change materials? | {
"text": [
"64 °C or 147 °F"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
56d09106234ae51400d9c396 | Solar_energy | Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 °C or 147 °F). The "Dover House" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heatin... | What was the name of the heating system that first used Glauber's salt? | {
"text": [
"Dover House"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
56d09106234ae51400d9c398 | Solar_energy | Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 °C or 147 °F). The "Dover House" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heatin... | How much energy was the Solar Two able to store using salts? | {
"text": [
"1.44 terajoules (400,000 kWh)"
],
"answer_start": [
664
]
} |
56ce7ba4aab44d1400b887ed | Solar_energy | Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity. With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid, while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls. Net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they ... | Where do off-grid PV systems store excess electricity? | {
"text": [
"rechargeable batteries"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
56d09249234ae51400d9c39e | Solar_energy | Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity. With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid, while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls. Net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they ... | What do off-grid PV systems use to store excess electricity? | {
"text": [
"rechargeable batteries"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
56d09249234ae51400d9c39f | Solar_energy | Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity. With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid, while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls. Net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they ... | What are the programs that gives credit to households for delivering electricity to the grid called? | {
"text": [
"Net metering programs"
],
"answer_start": [
241
]
} |
56d09249234ae51400d9c3a1 | Solar_energy | Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity. With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid, while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls. Net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they ... | Why is a second meter usually unnecessary to monitor electricity use? | {
"text": [
"Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions"
],
"answer_start": [
747
]
} |
56ce7bd2aab44d1400b887f1 | Solar_energy | Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in the form of water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one. The energy is recovered when demand is high by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator. | When water is released due to high demand, the pump become swhat? | {
"text": [
"a hydroelectric power generator"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
56ce7c26aab44d1400b887fb | Solar_energy | The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Ot... | The oil embargo in what year was a contributing factor to the reorganization of energy policies? | {
"text": [
"1973"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56d097fb234ae51400d9c3ae | Solar_energy | The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Ot... | What brought attention to solar technologies in the 1970s? | {
"text": [
"The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56d097fb234ae51400d9c3b0 | Solar_energy | The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Ot... | What is the name of the solar energy research facility in the US? | {
"text": [
"SERI, now NREL"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} |
56d097fb234ae51400d9c3b1 | Solar_energy | The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Ot... | What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Japan? | {
"text": [
"NEDO"
],
"answer_start": [
413
]
} |
56d097fb234ae51400d9c3b2 | Solar_energy | The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Ot... | What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Germany? | {
"text": [
"Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE"
],
"answer_start": [
433
]
} |
56ce7c97aab44d1400b88801 | Solar_energy | Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but... | The solar water heaters introduced in the US in the 1890s saw growth until what time period? | {
"text": [
"the 1920s"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
56ce7c97aab44d1400b88802 | Solar_energy | Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but... | Since 1999, what average rate has the solar water heating sector progressed at? | {
"text": [
"20% per year"
],
"answer_start": [
503
]
} |
56d098d8234ae51400d9c3b8 | Solar_energy | Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but... | When did the use of solar water heaters in the US first begin? | {
"text": [
"in the 1890s"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
56d098d8234ae51400d9c3b9 | Solar_energy | Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but... | Why did interest in solar water heating decrease in the 1980s? | {
"text": [
"falling petroleum prices"
],
"answer_start": [
359
]
} |
56d098d8234ae51400d9c3ba | Solar_energy | Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but... | Growth of solar water heating development has averaged how much per year since 1999 | {
"text": [
"20%"
],
"answer_start": [
503
]
} |
56d098d8234ae51400d9c3bb | Solar_energy | Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but... | What was the estimated capacity of solar water heating and cooling in 2007? | {
"text": [
"154 GW"
],
"answer_start": [
677
]
} |
56ce7cbbaab44d1400b88805 | Solar_energy | The International Energy Agency has said that solar energy can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces: | Which organization believes that solar energy can solve some of our most pressing issues? | {
"text": [
"The International Energy Agency"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56d0990e234ae51400d9c3c0 | Solar_energy | The International Energy Agency has said that solar energy can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces: | Who said that solar energy can help solve some of the most urgent problems in the world? | {
"text": [
"The International Energy Agency"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56ce7d1aaab44d1400b88809 | Solar_energy | The International Organization for Standardization has established a number of standards relating to solar energy equipment. For example, ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters. | ISO 9050 relates to standards for what? | {
"text": [
"glass in building"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
} |
56ce7d1aaab44d1400b8880a | Solar_energy | The International Organization for Standardization has established a number of standards relating to solar energy equipment. For example, ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters. | ISO 10217 relates to standards for what? | {
"text": [
"materials used in solar water heaters"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
56d09a77234ae51400d9c3c6 | Solar_energy | The International Organization for Standardization has established a number of standards relating to solar energy equipment. For example, ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters. | What is the name of the standard related to glass in building? | {
"text": [
"ISO 9050"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
56d09a77234ae51400d9c3c7 | Solar_energy | The International Organization for Standardization has established a number of standards relating to solar energy equipment. For example, ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters. | What is the name of the standard related to the materials used in solar water heaters? | {
"text": [
"ISO 10217"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
56ce9211aab44d1400b88893 | Solar_energy | It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and... | What are the technologies used to capture solar energy characterized as? | {
"text": [
"passive solar or active solar"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
56ce9211aab44d1400b88894 | Solar_energy | It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and... | What are some active solar techniques used to harness solar energy? | {
"text": [
"photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
56ce9211aab44d1400b88895 | Solar_energy | It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and... | What is an example of a passive solar technique? | {
"text": [
"orienting a building to the Sun"
],
"answer_start": [
397
]
} |
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