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[ "Urus Khan (also known as Muḥammad-Urūs, Orys, Arys, Yrys, Orys Khan) was the eighth Khan of the White Horde and a disputed Khan of the Blue Horde; he was a direct descendant of Genghis Khan.", "Urus himself was the direct ancestor of the khans of the Kazakh Khanate.", "Ancestry \nThe descent of Urus, according to the genealogical information of the Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh, the Muʿizz al-ansāb and the Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah was as follows: Genghis Khan - Jochi - Tuqa-Timur - Uz-Timur/Urung-Timur - Achiq - Taqtaq - Timur Khwaja - Badiq - Urus.", "However, the fictional descent from Jochi's son Orda found in older literature continues to be cited in many works.", "Biography\nUrus Khan was a descendant of Jochi's thirteenth son Tuqa-Timur.", "In 1260, coins may have been minted in Tuqa-Timur's name in the Crimea.", "When Mengu-Timur ruled the Golden Horde, he gave Tuqa-Timur's son Urung-Timur (also called Uz-Timur and Urungbash) lands in the Crimea, which were retained by his descendants.", "The early years of Urus Khan are not recorded in the sources.", "In the 1350s Urus decided to move from the Volga region to the south-eastern part of the Golden Horde.", "This was the former Ulus of Orda, which had been suppressed by 1330 by Öz Beg Khan.", "It was governed on behalf of the khan from Sighnaq by a Kiyat governor, Jir-Qutluq, son of Isatay.", "He was killed in a skirmish by Urus, who was cossacking with a small group of his associates.", "Nevertheless, Jir-Qutluq was succeeded as governor by his son Tingiz-Buqa, who ruthlessly suppressed the opposition.", "When Khan Berdi Beg was dying, Tingiz-Buqa conspired to set up a khan of his own, but his choice, a descendant of Tuqa-Timur named Qara Nogai, betrayed and murdered him, in 1359/1360.", "Qara Nogai nevertheless did assume the throne of the former Ulus of Orda, but died after only three years, in 1363.", "He was succeeded by a nephew (Tughluq-Timur), a cousin (Mubarak Khwaja, who began to strike his own coins), and a brother (Qutluq Khwaja).", "Urus had somehow escaped the wrath of Tingiz-Buqa, and survived the short reigns of his distant cousins.", "In 1368/1369, he seized the throne of the Ulus of Orda from Qutluq Khwaja and made himself khan.", "To secure his position and increase his authority, he eliminated those princes and emirs whom he considered his opponents.", "One of these victims was his cousin Tuy Khwaja, the father of the future Khan Tokhtamysh, which caused the implacable enmity of the latter toward Urus and his sons.", "Having established himself in the east, Urus attempted to take over the Golden Horde's traditional capital, Sarai on the Lower Volga.", "He chased out the beglerbeg Mamai's protégé Muḥammad-Sulṭān in 1373 and appears to have briefly held the city, before losing it almost immediately to a local ruler, Ḥājjī Cherkes of Astrakhan, and then the Shibanid Īl Beg.", "When Mamai recovered Sarai for Muḥammad-Sulṭān again in 1374, Urus made another successful attempt on the city.", "Nevertheless, he did not manage to hold it long, losing it to Īl Beg's son Qāghān Beg in 1375.", "During Urus' campaigns on the Lower Volga, his alienated and vengeful cousin Tokhtamysh made his way to Timur (Tamerlane) and sought his assistance against Urus and his family.", "Timur was accommodating, and furnished Tokhtamysh with resources and forces, allowing him to establish himself at Otrar and Sayram.", "Urus' son Qutlu-Buqa, who was governing the east in his father's absence attacked and expelled Tokhtamysh, who sought refuge with Timur again.", "Qutlu-Buqa, however, was mortally wounded in the battle.", "Supplied with more wealth and a fresh army by Timur, Tokhtamysh tried his luck again, only to be defeated by Urus' next son, Toqtaqiya; Tokhtamysh was wounded with an arrow in the arm, and only saved himself by swimming across the Seyhun (Syr Darya) river.", "The stage was now set for a major confrontation between Urus, who had temporarily given up on his ambition to hold Sarai, and Timur, who insisted on protecting and supporting Tokhtamysh.", "Urus and Timur advanced on each other in the space between Sighnaq and Otrar in 1376.", "Bad weather delayed the impending engagement and, despite some skirmishes (in which Urus' son Timur-Malik was wounded), no decisive battle ensued.", "Urus marched home.", "By the time hostilities resumed and Timur advanced beyond Otrar, he learned that Urus had died.", "Timur now declared Tokhtamysh khan of the Golden Horde, but returned home himself.", "Urus was actually succeeded by his sons, Toqtaqiya, who died after two months, and Timur-Malik, who was defeated and killed by Tokhtamysh in 1379.", "Urus had reigned for nine years, but his attempts to hold Sarai and take over the western portions of the Golden Horde had met with failure.", "Descendants\nUrus had four sons who played a political role: Qutlu-Buqa, who governed in the east while Urus attempted to take over Sarai but predeceased his father; Toqtaqiya, who succeeded his father but died after two months; Timur-Malik, who succeeded his brother but was overthrown by his cousin Tokhtamysh; and Quyurchuq, who challenged Tokhtamysh for control of the Golden Horde in 1395-1397.", "Toqtaqiya's son Beg-Pulad and Quyurchuq's son Baraq also attempted to become khans of the Golden Horde, Baraq meeting with some success in 1423-1428.", "Kazakh Khanate \nFor the khans of the Kazakh Khanate, Urus Khan had a symbolic significance.", "In addition to the fact that he was the great-grandfather of the first Kazakh khans Jānī Beg and Giray, neighboring countries called the Kazakh Khanate \"Urus Tsarev Yurt\" or \"Urus Khanov Yurt\".", "Thus, it was his medieval contemporaries who considered the first khan of this state.", "Some historians, notably Radik Temirgaliev, identify Urus Khan with the legendary Alasha Khan, who, according to various sources, was called the first Kazakh khan and was considered the ancestor of all Kazakh khans and sultans.", "The mausoleum of Alash Khan is located in Ulytau, not far from the mausoleum of Jochi, but some historians say that Alasha Khan may be Genghis Khan himself.", "Genealogy\nGenghis Khan\nJochi\nTuqa-Timur\nUrung-Timur (Uz-Timur, Urungbash)\nAchiq\nTaqtaq\nTimur Khwaja\nBadiq\nUrus\n\nSee also\nList of Khans of the Golden Horde\n\nReferences \n\n Bosworth, C. E., The New Islamic Dynasties, New York, 1996.", "Desmaisons, P. I.", "(transl.", "), Histoire des Mongols et des Tatares par Aboul-Ghâzi Béhâdour Khân, St Petersburg, 1871-1874.", "Gaev, A. G., \"Genealogija i hronologija Džučidov,\" Numizmatičeskij sbornik 3 (2002) 9-55.", "Howorth, H. H., History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century.", "Part II.1.", "London, 1880.", "Judin, V. P., Utemiš-hadži, Čingiz-name, Alma-Ata, 1992.", "May, T., The Mongol Empire, Edinburgh, 2018.", "Počekaev, R. J., Cari ordynskie: Biografii hanov i pravitelej Zolotoj Ordy.", "Saint Petersburg, 2010a.", "Počekaev, R. J., Mamaj: Istorija “anti-geroja” v istorii, Sankt-Peterburg, 2010b.", "Sabitov, Ž. M., Genealogija \"Tore\", Astana, 2008.", "Sagdeeva, R. Z., Serebrjannye monety hanov Zolotoj Ordy, Moscow, 2005.", "Seleznëv, J. V., Èlita Zolotoj Ordy, Kazan', 2009.", "Tizengauzen, V. G.", "(trans.", "), Sbornik materialov, otnosjaščihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy.", "Izvlečenija iz arabskih sočinenii, republished as Istorija Kazahstana v arabskih istočnikah.", "1.", "Almaty, 2005.", "Tizengauzen, V. G.", "(trans.", "), Sbornik materialov otnosjaščihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy.", "Izvlečenija iz persidskih sočinenii, republished as Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istočnikah.", "4.", "Almaty, 2006.", "Vohidov, Š. H.", "(trans.", "), Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istočnikah.", "3.", "Muʿizz al-ansāb.", "Almaty, 2006.", "1377 deaths\n14th-century Mongol rulers\nYear of birth unknown\nKhans of the Golden Horde\nKhans of the White Horde" ]

[ "Urus Khan, also known as Muammad-Urs, Orys, Arys, Yrys, Orys Khan, was the eighth Khan of the White Horde and a disputed Khan of the Blue Horde.", "The khans of the Kazakh Khanate were descended from Urus.", "According to the Jmi al-tawrkh, the Muizz al-ansb and the nurat-nmah were descended from Urus.", "There is a fictional descent from Jochi's son Orda found in older literature.", "Urus Khan was a descendant of Tuqa-Timur.", "Coins may have been made in Tuqa-Timur's name.", "The lands of Tuqa-Timur's son Urung-Timur were given to his descendants by Mengu-Timur when he ruled the Golden Horde.", "The sources don't record the early years of Urus Khan.", "Urus moved from the Volga region to the south-eastern part of the Golden Horde in the 1350s.", "By 1330, the Ulus of Orda had been suppressed.", "It was governed by the Kiyat governor, Jir-Qutluq, who was the son of the khan.", "He was killed in a fight with Urus and his associates.", "Jir-Qutluq was succeeded as governor by his son.", "Qara Nogai, a descendant of Tuqa-Timur, betrayed and murdered Khan Berdi Beg when he died.", "Qara Nogai died three years after assuming the throne of the former Ulus of Orda.", "He was succeeded by a nephew, a cousin, and a brother.", "Urus was able to survive the short reigns of his distant cousins.", "He made himself khan after seizing the throne of the Ulus of Orda.", "He eliminated princes and emirs to increase his authority.", "One of these victims was his cousin Tuy Khwaja, the father of the future Khan Tokhtamysh, which caused the implacable enmity of the latter toward Urus and his sons.", "Urus tried to take over the Golden Horde's traditional capital, Sarai, on the Lower Volga.", "In 1373, he chased out Muammad-Suln and then lost the city to a local ruler, jj Cherkes of Astrakhan.", "Urus made another attempt on the city after Mamai recovered Sarai for Muammad-Suln.", "He lost it to l Beg's son Qghn in 1325.", "During Urus' campaigns on the Lower Volga, his cousin made his way to Timur and sought his assistance against Urus and his family.", "Timur gave Tokhtamysh resources and forces to establish himself at Otrar and Sayram.", "In his father's absence, Qutlu-Buqa attacked and expelled Tokhtamysh, who sought refuge with Timur again.", "Qutlu-Buqa was killed in the battle.", "With more wealth and a fresh army by Timur, Tokhtamysh tried his luck again, only to be defeated by Urus' next son, Toqtaqiya, who was wounded with an arrow in the arm.", "The stage was set for a major confrontation between Urus and Timur, who were both trying to hold Sarai.", "In 1386, Urus and Timur advanced on each other.", "Bad weather delayed the engagement and, despite some skirmishes, there was no decisive battle.", "Urus went home.", "Timur learned that Urus had died when he advanced beyond Otrar.", "Timur returned home after declaring Tokhtamysh khan of the Golden Horde.", "Timur-Malik was defeated and killed by Tokhtamysh in 1379.", "Urus had ruled for nine years, but his attempts to take over the western portion of the Golden Horde had failed.", "Descendants Urus had four sons who played a political role: Qutlu-Buqa, who governed in the east while Urus attempted to take over Sarai but died after two months; Toqtaqiya, who succeeded his father but died after two months; and Timur-", "The son of Quyurchuq tried to become a khan of the Golden Horde.", "Urus Khan was a symbolic significance for the khans of the Kazakh Khanate.", "He was the great-grandfather of the first khans, and neighboring countries called him \"Urus Khanov Yurt\".", "The first khan of this state was considered by his medieval peers.", "According to various sources, Urus Khan was the progenitor of all the khans and sultans of the country.", "The mausoleum of Alash Khan is located in Ulytau, which is close to the mausoleum of Jochi.", "There is a list of Khans of the Golden Horde.", "P. I. Desmaisons.", "It's transl.", "Histoire des Mongols et des Tatares was published in St. Petersburg in 1871-1874.", "Gaev wrote \"Genealogija i hronologija Duidov.\"", "The History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th century was written by Howorth.", "Part I.", "London was founded in the late 19th century.", "V. P., Utemi-hadi, ingiz-name, was born in 1992.", "The Mongol Empire is in Edinburgh.", "Poekaev, R. J., Cari ordynskie: Biografii.", "Saint Petersburg, 2010a.", "Istorija \"anti-geroja\" v istorii, Sankt-Peterburg, 2010b was written by R.J. Poekaev.", "Genealogija \"Tore\", Astana, 2008, was written by. M.", "Sagdeeva, R. Z., was in Moscow in 2005.", "lita Zolotoj Ordy, Kazan', 2009, Seleznv, J. V.", "V. G. Tizengauzen.", "It's trans.", "Sbornik materialov, otnosjaihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy.", "Izvleenija iz arabskih istonikah.", "1.", "The year 2005.", "V. G. Tizengauzen.", "It's trans.", "Sbornik materialov otnosjaihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy.", "Izvleenija iz persidskih istonikah.", "4.", "The year 2006", "H. Vohidov.", "It's trans.", "Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istonikah.", "3.", "Muizz al-ansb.", "The year 2006", "The year of birth was unknown for the Golden Horde Khans of the White Horde." ]

[ "Urus Khan", "Orys Khan", "Genghis Khan", "Urus", "Urus", "Genghis Khan", "Urus Khan", "Urus", "Khan", "Khan", "Urus", "Urus", "Khan", "Urus", "Urus", "Urus", "Urus", "Urus", "Urus", "Urus", "Urus", "Urus", "Urus", "Urus", "Urus", "Urus", "Urus", "Urus", "Urus", "Urus", "Urus", "Khan", "Khan", "Khan", "Khan", "Khan", "Khan Jo" ]

[ "Urus Khan", "Orys Khan", "Urus Khan", "Urus", "Khan", "Urus", "Khan Totamysh", "Urus", "Urus", "Urus", "Urus", "Urus", "Urus", "Urus", "Urus", "Urus", "Urus", "Urus", "Urus", "Urus", "Khan", "Urus", "Khan", "Urus", "Khan", "Khan" ]

[ "Wolfgang Benedek (born 14 February 1951 in Knittelfeld, Styria) is an Austrian jurist and author.", "Benedek is an emeritus university professor of public international law.", "He was head of the Institute for International Law and International Relations at the University of Graz from 2003 to 2016 and is co-founder of the ETC Graz (European Training and Research Center for Human Rights and Democracy) and the European Training and Research Center for Human Rights and Democracy at the University of Graz (UNI-ETC) and long-time chairman of WUS Austria.", "He is married and father of two children.", "Life \nAfter studying law and social and economic sciences with a focus on economics, Benedek took up a position as a contract or university assistant at the Institute for International Law and International Relations at the University of Graz in 1974.", "In 1988 he habilitated at the University of Graz under Konrad Ginther on \"The Legal Order of the GATT from the Perspective of International Law\" and received the venia for International Law and the Law of International Organizations.", "Since 2002, he has been a university professor at the Institute of International Law, of which he was the head from 2003 to 2016.", "He also teaches at the Diplomatic Academy of Vienna, the European Master's Program in Human Rights and Democracy in Venice, and the Regional European Master's Program in Human Rights and Democracy in Sarajevo.", "In addition to his research on international development and international economic law, Benedek has published on international and regional human rights protection, refugee and asylum law, and the concept of human security.", "The study of the relationship between digital spaces and human rights has been another of Benedek's research focuses since the early 2010s.", "In this context, Benedek was involved in the drafting of the Charter of Human Rights and Principles for the Internet (version 1.1, August 2014), among other projects.", "From 2019 to 2021, he led an interdisciplinary research project on online hate speech.", "Furthermore, Benedek acts as initiator and leader of important non-university institutions, with a focus on Southeastern Europe: As chairman of World University Service (WUS) Austria, Benedek developed extensive aid and cooperation activities for the benefit of universities, especially in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Kosovo and Serbia since 1992.", "With his support, a number of university human rights centers were founded in this region, which were subsequently linked to form a network of a total of nine centers with the help of an EU project.", "The European Training and Research Center for Human Rights and Democracy (ETC) in Graz, which was established on his initiative in 1999 and which he headed until 2010, was responsible for the coordination of this network, which includes a large number of training and research activities in the field of human rights.", "For his activities in the field of university cooperation with Southeastern Europe, he received, among others, honorary citizenship of the city of Sarajevo as well as honorary doctorates from the universities of Pristina and Sarajevo.", "Benedek also contributed to the development of institutional cooperation in the African region and led international educational and cooperation projects.", "From 1993 to 1999 he directed the postgraduate course on \"Human Rights of Women\" in Stadtschlaining and in Kampala, Uganda.", "Within the framework of APPEAR (Austrian Partnership for Higher Education and Research in Development Project) and AAPHRE (Advanced Academic Partnership on Legal and Human Rights Education) cooperations were established between the Institute for International Law and International Relations of the Faculty of Law of the University of Graz, the School of Law and Federalism of the Ethiopian Civil Service University and the Human Rights Center of Addis Ababa University.", "As a consultant or expert, he has worked for the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights in Banjul, Gambia, for UNITAR in New York, for the UN Human Rights Center in Geneva, for the European Community in Brussels, for UNESCO in Paris, and for the Council of Europe in Strasbourg.", "As an expert, he supported the city of Graz with regard to its declaration as Human Rights City in 2001.", "He is a member of the Human Rights Advisory Council of the city of Graz and served as its chairperson from 2007 to 2011.", "In 2018, the OSCE appointed Benedek as rapporteur for Chechnya under the Moscow Mechanism.", "In his report, Benedek found serious human rights violations against sexual minorities and human rights activists.", "In September 2020, the OSCE reappointed Benedek as rapporteur to investigate widespread allegations of a deteriorating human rights situation and possible election fraud in Belarus.", "He subsequently submitted his investigative report to the OSCE Permanent Council in Vienna on November 5, 2020, in which he identified extensive human rights violations and declared the elections to be neither transparent nor fair.", "Finally, in accordance with his mandate, he formulated more than 80 recommendations directed primarily at Belarus, but also at the OSCE and the international community.", "By the resolution of Austrian President Alexander Van der Bellen of November 9, 2020, he was reappointed as a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague.", "Benedek has repeatedly been critical of the restrictive refugee and asylum policies of European states in letters to the editor and interviews.", "Benedek came under criticism in 2019 due to his alleged lack of dissociation from the anti-Israel BDS movement.", "Another point of criticism of Benedek was also his alleged proximity to the pro-Palestinian Styrian Peace Platform, which is described as extremist.", "This organization is accused of using anti-Semitic stereotypes, among other things.", "In 2018, a guest commentary appeared on the homepage of the Peace Platform, taking sides with Abu H., who was convicted of terrorism and other crimes in 2017.", "While Benedek described the Styrian Peace Platform as \"reputable\" he also stated that he \"did not support it,\" but that one nevertheless \"had to engage with it\".", "After the aforementioned article about Abu H. became known, Benedek stated, when asked by the Austrian newspaper Kronen Zeitung, that he was not familiar with the case.", "Benedek furthermore remarked that there is no unfair administration of justice in Austria, as the article in question insinuates.", "Following Benedek's statement, the \"Neos\" political party and the Freedom Party demanded his removal from the Graz Human Rights Advisory Council.", "The president of the Jewish Community of Graz, Elie Rosen, joined the calls for Benedek's removal.", "Benedek continues to serve as a member of the Human Rights Advisory Council of the City of Graz.", "Honors and Awards \n\n Honorary doctorate from the University of Sarajevo\n\n Honorary doctorate of the University of Pristina\n\n Honorary citizenship of the city of Sarajevo\n\n Recognition Award of the Bruno Kreisky Foundation (with WUS Austria)\n\n Grand Decoration of Honor of the Province of Styria (temporarily returned in February 2011 as a protest against the decision of a general ban on begging in Styria: \"for the time until the Styrian Parliament or the Constitutional Court lifts the general ban on begging\")\n\n 2016 Red Cross Humanity Award from the Heinrich Treichl Foundation\n\nPublications (selection) \n\n W. Benedek: Handbuch der österreichischen GATT-Praxis.", "Manz-Verlag, Wien 1998, .", "W. Benedek, O. König, Ch.", "Promitzer (Hrsg.", "): Menschenrechte in Bosnien und Herzegowina: Wissenschaft und Praxis.", "Böhlau, Wien 1999, .", "W. Benedek, E. Mayambala, G. Oberleitner (Hrsg.", "): Human Rights of Women: International Instruments and African Experiences.", "ZED-Books, London 2002, .", "W. Benedek, K. Feyter, F. Marrellaeds: Economic Globalisation and Human Rights.", "In: Studies on Human Rights and Democratisation.", "Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2007, .", "W. Benedek, Mahmoud: \"Der Islam in Österreich und in Europa\"\n W. Benedek, F. Benoît-Rohmer, W. Karl, M. Nowak (Hrsg.", "): European Yearbook on Human Rights 2011.", "Intersentia, (European Yearbook on Human Rights 2011 - Intersentia).", "W. Benedek, F. Benoît-Rohmer, W. Karl, M. Nowak (Hrsg.", "): European Yearbook on Human Rights 2012.", "Intersentia, (European Yearbook on Human Rights 2012 - Intersentia).", "W. Benedek, F. Benoît-Rohmer, W. Karl (Hrsg.", "): European Yearbook on Human Rights 2013.", "Intersentia, (European Yearbook on Human Rights 13 - Intersentia).", "W. Benedek, F. Benoît-Rohmer, W. Karl, M. C. Kettemann, M. Nowak (Hrsg.", "):  European Yearbook on Human Rights 2014.", "NWV Verlag, (European Yearbook on Human Rights 2014 | NWV Verlag).", "W. Benedek, C. Pippan, T. K. Woldetsadik, S.A. Yimer (Hrsg.", "): Ethiopian and Wider African Perspectives on Human Rights and Good Governance.", "NWV Verlag, 2014, (Ethiopian and Wider African Perspectives on Human Rights and Good Governance | NWV Verlag).", "W. Benedek, K. De Feyter, M. C. Kettemann, C. Voigt (Hrsg.", "): The common interest in international law.", "Intersentia, 2014, (The Common Interest in International Law - Intersentia).", "W. Benedek, F. Benoît-Rohmer, M. C. Kettemann, B. Kneihs, M. Nowak (Hrsg.", "): European Yearbook on Human Rights 2015 .", "Intersentia, (European Yearbook on Human Rights 15 - Intersentia).", "W. Benedek, F. Benoît-Rohmer, M. C. Kettemann, R. Klaushofer, M. Nowak (Hrsg.", "): European Yearbook on Human Rights 2016.", "Intersentia, (European Yearbook on Human Rights 16 - Intersentia).", "W. Benedek, M.C.", "Kettemann, R. Klaushofer, K. Lukas, M. Nowak (Hrsg.", "): European Yearbook on Human Rights 2017.", "NWV Verlag, (European Yearbook on Human Rights 2017 | NWV Verlag).", "W. Benedek, P. Czech, L. Heschl, K. Lukas, M. Nowak (Hrsg.", "): European Yearbook on Human Rights 2018.", "Intersentia, (European Yearbook on Human Rights 2018 - Intersentia).", "W. Benedek, T. K. Woldetsadik, T. A. Abebe (Hrsg.", "): Implementation of International Human Rights Commitments and the Impact on Ongoing Legal Reforms in Ethiopia.", "Brill, 2020, (Implementation of International Human Rights Commitments and the Impact on Ongoing Legal Reforms in Ethiopia | Brill).", "W. Benedek, M. C. Kettemann (Hrsg.", "): Freedom of expression and the Internet (2nd edition), Council of Europe, 2020, (Freedom of expression and the internet (Updated and revised 2nd edition) (coe.int)).", "W. Benedek, Are the Tools of the Council of Europe Sufficient to Protect Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law from Backsliding?", "in European Convention on Human Rights Law Review, Brill, 2020 (Are the Tools of the Council of Europe Sufficient to Protect Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law from Backsliding?", "in: European Convention on Human Rights Law Review Band 1 Ausgabe 2 (2020) (brill.com))\n W. Benedek, The EU’s engagement with human rights defenders.", "In: The European Union and Human Rights: Law and Policy, Oxford University Press, 2020, (The European Union and Human Rights - Jan Wouters, Manfred Nowak, Anna-Luise Chané, Nicolas Hachez - Oxford University Press (oup.com)).", "Weblinks\n\nReferences \n\n1951 births\nLiving people\nAustrian legal scholars\nUniversity of Graz faculty" ]

[ "Wolfgang Benedek was born on February 14, 1951 in Knittelfeld, Styria.", "Benedek is a professor at the university.", "The European Training and Research Center for Human Rights and Democracy and the European Training and Research Center for Human Rights and Democracy are co-founded by him.", "He has two children.", "After studying law and social and economic sciences with a focus on economics, Benedek took up a position as a contract or university assistant at the Institute for International Law and International Relations at the University of Graz.", "He received the venia for International Law and the Law of International Organizations in 1988 under Konrad Ginther, who lectured on \"The Legal Order of the GATT from the Perspective of International Law\".", "From 2003 to 2016 he was the head of the Institute of International Law.", "He teaches at the Diplomatic Academy of Vienna, the European Master's Program in Human Rights and Democracy in Venice, and the Regional European Master's Program in Human Rights and Democracy in Sarajevo.", "Benedek has published on international and regional human rights protection, refugee and asylum law, and the concept of human security in addition to his research on international development and international economic law.", "Benedek has been studying the relationship between digital spaces and human rights since the early 2010s.", "Benedek was involved in the drafting of the Charter of Human Rights and Principles for the Internet.", "He led a research project on online hate speech.", "As chairman of World University Service (WUS) Austria, Benedek developed extensive aid and cooperation activities for the benefit of universities.", "With his support, a number of university human rights centers were founded in this region, which were subsequently linked to form a network of a total of nine centers with the help of an EU project.", "The European Training and Research Center for Human Rights and Democracy, which was established in 1999 and which he headed until 2010, was responsible for the coordination of this network, which includes a large number of training and research activities in the field of human rights.", "He received a number of awards for his activities in the field of university cooperation with Southeastern Europe.", "Benedek led international educational and cooperation projects and contributed to the development of institutional cooperation in the African region.", "He taught a postgraduate course on Human Rights of Women in Uganda from 1993 to 1999.", "The Institute for International Law and International Relations of the Faculty of Law of the University of Graz were established within the framework of APPEAR.", "He has worked for the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights in Banjul, Gambia, for the UN Human Rights Center in Geneva, for the European Community in Brussels, for UNESCO in Paris, and for the Council of Europe.", "He supported the declaration of the city of Graz as a Human Rights City in 2001.", "He was the chairperson of the Human Rights Advisory Council from 2007 to 2011.", "The Moscow Mechanism appointed Benedek as the rapporteur for Chechnya.", "There were serious human rights violations against sexual minorities and human rights activists.", "Benedek was reappointed by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe in September 2020 to investigate allegations of a worsening human rights situation.", "On November 5, 2020, he submitted his investigative report to the Permanent Council of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, in which he identified extensive human rights violations and declared the elections to be neither transparent nor fair.", "In accordance with his mandate, he formulated more than 80 recommendations, most of which were directed at Belarus.", "Austrian President Alexander Van der Bellen reappointed him as a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration on November 9, 2020.", "In letters to the editor and interviews, Benedek has been critical of the restrictive refugee and asylum policies of European states.", "Benedek was criticized due to his lack of dissociation from the anti-Israel movement.", "Benedek's alleged proximity to the pro-Palestinian Styrian Peace Platform was one of the points of criticism.", "The organization is accused of using anti-Semitic stereotypes.", "A guest commentary on the homepage of the Peace Platform took sides with Abu H., who was convicted of terrorism and other crimes.", "Benedek stated that he did not support the Styrian Peace Platform, but that he had to engage with it.", "Benedek stated to the Austrian newspaper that he was not aware of the case after the article about Abu H. became known.", "Benedek said that there is no unfair administration of justice in Austria.", "The \"Neos\" political party demanded that Benedek be removed from the council.", "The president of the Jewish Community of Graz joined the calls for Benedek's removal.", "Benedek is still a member of the Human Rights Advisory Council.", "There are awards and honors from the University of Sarajevo and the University of Pristina.", "Manz-Verlag was published in 1998.", "W. Benedek, O. Knig.", "There is a promitzer.", "Menschenrechte in Herzegowina.", "Bhlau was born in 1999.", "W. Benedek, E. Mayambala, G. Oberleitner.", "Human Rights of Women: International Instruments and African Experiences.", "ZED-books was in London in 2002.", "F. Marrellaeds is the author of Economic Globalisation and Human Rights.", "There are studies on Human Rights and Democratisation.", "Cambridge University Press was published in 2007.", "W. Benedek, F. Benot- Rohmer, W. Karl, and M. Nowak are related to W. Benedek.", "The European Yearbook on Human Rights was published in 2011.", "The European Yearbook on Human Rights is called Intersentia.", "W. Benedek, F. Benot- Rohmer, W. Karl, M. Nowak.", "There is a European Yearbook on Human Rights.", "The European Yearbook on Human Rights 2012 is called Intersentia.", "W. Benedek, F. Benot- Rohmer, W. Karl.", "There is a European Yearbook on Human Rights.", "The European Yearbook on Human Rights 13 is called Intersentia.", "W. Benedek, F. Benot- Rohmer, W. Karl, M. C. Kettemann, M. Nowak.", "There is a European Yearbook on Human Rights.", "The European Yearbook on Human Rights was published by NWV Verlag.", "W. Benedek, C. Pippan, T. K. Woldetsadik, S.A. Yimer.", "There are differing views on human rights and good governance in Ethiopia and Africa.", "NWV Verlag published Ethiopia and Wider African Perspectives on Human Rights and Good Governance.", "W. Benedek, K. De Feyter, M. C. Kettemann, C.", "There is a common interest in international law.", "The common interest in international law is called Intersentia.", "W. Benedek, F. Benot- Rohmer, M. C. Kettemann, B.", "The European Yearbook on Human Rights was published in 2015.", "The European Yearbook on Human Rights 15 is called Intersentia.", "W. Benedek, F. Benot- Rohmer, M. C. Kettemann, R. Klaushofer, M. Nowak.", "There is a European Yearbook on Human Rights.", "The European Yearbook on Human Rights 16 is called Intersentia.", "W. Benedek is a doctor.", "Kettemann, R. Klaushofer, K. Lukas, and M. Nowak.", "The European Yearbook on Human Rights was published last year.", "The European Yearbook on Human Rights was published by NWV Verlag.", "W. Benedek, P. Czech, L. Heschl, K. Lukas, M. Nowak.", "There is a European Yearbook on Human Rights.", "The European Yearbook on Human Rights is called Intersentia.", "W. Benedek, T. K. Woldetsadik, and T. A. Abebe.", "Implementation of International Human Rights Commitments and the Impact on Legal Reforms in Ethiopia.", "Implementation of International Human Rights Commitments and the Impact on Ongoing Legal Reforms in Ethiopia was written by Brill.", "W. Benedek, M. C. Kettemann.", "The internet and freedom of expression are covered in the second edition of the Council of Europe.", "W. Benedek asked if the Council of Europe's tools were enough to protect human rights, democracy and the rule of law.", "Are the Tools of the Council of Europe Sufficient to Protect Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law from Backsliding?", "The EU engages with human rights defenders.", "The European Union and Human Rights: Law and Policy was published in 2020.", "There are references to 1951 births on the weblinks." ]

[ "Wolfgang Benedek", "Benedek", "Benedek", "Benedek", "Benedek", "Benedek", "Benedek", "Benedek", "Benedek", "Benedek", "Benedek", "Benedek", ". Benedek", ". Benedek", ". Benedek", ". Benedek", ". Benedek", ". Benedek", ". Benedek", ". Benedek", ". Benedek", ". Benedek", ". Benedek", ". Benedek", ". Benedek", ". Benedek", ". Benedek", ". Benedek", ". Benedek" ]

[ "Wolfgang Benedek", "Benedek", "Benedek", "Benedek", "Benedek", "Benedek", "Benedek", ". Benedek", ". Benedek", "Benedek", ". Benedek", ". Benedek", ". Benedek", ". Benedek", ". Benedek", ". Benedek", ". Benedek", ". Benedek", ". Benedek", ". Benedek", ". Benedek", ". Benedek" ]

[ "Suzette Lee (born 6 March 1977 in Houston, Texas) is a Jamaican triple jumper.", "Career\n\nHer personal best jump is 14.16 metres, achieved in April 2005 in Baton Rouge.", "She has a better indoor mark with 14.25 metres, achieved in March 1997 in Indianapolis.", "Lee ran track in college at Louisiana State University.", "In her two-year collegiate career, Lee won three NCAA triple jump titles, and was the most decorated jumper in the history of the LSU Track & Field program.", "Lee was also a catalyst of four national championship teams as the Lady Tigers won the NCAA Indoor and NCAA Outdoor team titles in 1996 and 1997.", "The Lady Tigers won an unprecedented 11-straight outdoor championships from 1987 to 1997.", "On March 9, 1996, in her first NCAA Championships appearance with the Lady Tigers, she was the favorite to win the triple jump as the event's national champion at the RCA Dome in Indiana.", "Only one round of jumps separated Lee from her first career national title as she held a comfortable lead with the eight finalists preparing for the sixth and final round.", "Lee's top mark of 44 feet, 8 inches in the fourth round was seven and a half inches clear of equal jumps of 44-0 ½ set by Georgia's Icolyn Kelly and Nebraska's Nicola Martial earlier in the competition.", "Martial handed Lee her only defeat in the triple jump in two years at the NCAA Championships.", "After Martial's final attempt was measured, she finished just one centimeter clear of Lee in the final standings with her winning mark of 44-8 ¼.", "\"Losing by a quarter of an inch, that was the worst,\" Lee remembered.", "\"That was my only loss at NCAAs and is one of the things I remember most about my time at LSU.", "And it really wasn't long after I got to LSU just a couple months before in January of that year.", "I think (Nicola Martial) was from Grenada in the Caribbean, so we sort of had a connection there too.\"", "The Lady Tigers won the team title with a 52-34 victory over Georgia at the 1996 NCAA Division I Indoor Track & Field Championships.", "Texas finished well back in third place overall with 31 points, while Florida and Nebraska finished at a tie for fourth place in the team race with 28 points apiece.", "It was the first of four NCAA team championships that Lee would win in her two seasons as a Lady Tiger as LSU swept NCAA Indoor and NCAA Outdoor crowns in 1996 and 1997.", "At the 1996 NCAA Outdoor Championships in Eugene, Oregon, she won her first career NCAA triple jump title with a winning mark of 45-1 at Hayward Field.", "As a senior in 1997, Lee won her first NCAA Indoor triple jump championship as she set the indoor collegiate record of 46-9 that still stands.", "She was an NCAA Indoor runner-up finish in her secondary event - the long jump - en route to scoring 18 points for the meet.", "\"When I came to LSU, everyone here was so good at what they did that I thought you just had to win.", "It is what's expected of you,\" Lee said.", "\"And I didn't expect anything less of myself.", "I worked even harder than maybe other people because I wanted to be just like those great athletes that were there before me.", "If my teammates around me were doing so well, I wanted to elevate myself to that next level with them.\"", "At j10 years old, Lee won a long jump event held as part of an athletics day at her primary school that served as an introduction to the sport of track and field.", "\"I really started jumping by accident,\" Lee recalls.", "\"They built this big sand pit and told all of the students to run and jump in it to see how far we could jump.", "I ended up winning it.", "I even remember exactly what I jumped.", "I jumped like 16 feet, 9 inches.", "So, they ended up sending me to a prep school championship and did well there and then on into my high school years.\"", "During her sophomore season at St. Jago High School in 1991, the Jamaican capital of Kingston played host to the Pan American Junior Championships featuring the top youth athletes from the Americas and the Caribbean.", "\"None of us had ever done it or knew what it was,\" Lee said about the triple jump.", "\"The coach took about five of us to the track the day of the competition to see who could hop, step and jump into the pit.", "I think I was the only one who made it, so I was did the triple jump at the Pan American Games that year and even won the bronze medal.", "That's how I started doing the triple jump.\"", "Following a two-year stint at Barton County Community College in Great Bend, Kansas, Lee signed with LSU after seeing former LSU jumps coach Dan Pfaff in action at the 1995 Texas Relays.", "Lee was later coached at LSU by Boo Schexnayder after he replaced Pfaff in 1996.", "\"I first met Dan Pfaff at the Texas Relays,\" Lee said.", "\"The LSU girls were having a horrible meet that day and he sat there and just chewed them out.", "I was with two other Barton girls watching all of it and just fell in love with LSU right then just because of how hard he was on them and how they responded to him.", "\"I was like, 'That's where I'm going.'", "My teammates were like, 'Are you crazy?", "Don't you see how crazy their coach is?'", "But I said, 'I love it.", "That's where I'm going.'\"", "After wrapping up her athletics career competing for Jamaica at the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia, and the World Championships in Athens, Greece, in 1997 and Seville, Spain, in 1999, Lee has gone on a career as a personal trainer and physical therapy assistant in Houston, Texas.", "She is married to former Tiger jumper and relay runner Mike Alridge, who was a five-time All-American during his collegiate career from 1996 to 1998.", "He was a member the squad that set the 4x100-meter relay school record of 38.24 seconds in an NCAA runner-up finish in 1998.", "They are the parents of their son, Jaise.", "\"LSU is really just like a family to me,\" Lee said.", "\"LSU has a great alumni base here in Houston.", "Most of my clients are actually LSU graduates.", "So, you never stop being an LSU Tiger.", "It's your family for life.", "It is one of the best decisions I've ever made for myself.", "LSU Track & Field is very special to me, and since I found out I would be getting inducted, it's really been like a dream.", "I'm very grateful.\"", "Achievements\n\nSee also\nList of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offences\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nsports-reference\nPicture of Suzette Lee\n\n1975 births\nLiving people\nTrack and field athletes from Houston\nJamaican female triple jumpers\nAthletes (track and field) at the 1994 Commonwealth Games\nAthletes (track and field) at the 1995 Pan American Games\nAthletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics\nAthletes (track and field) at the 1999 Pan American Games\nAthletes (track and field) at the 2002 Commonwealth Games\nAthletes (track and field) at the 2003 Pan American Games\nOlympic athletes of Jamaica\nCommonwealth Games competitors for Jamaica\nPan American Games silver medalists for Jamaica\nLSU Lady Tigers track and field athletes\nDoping cases in athletics\nJamaican sportspeople in doping cases\nPan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)\nCentral American and Caribbean Games silver medalists for Jamaica\nCentral American and Caribbean Games bronze medalists for Jamaica\nCompetitors at the 1993 Central American and Caribbean Games\nCompetitors at the 1998 Central American and Caribbean Games\nCentral American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics\nMedalists at the 1999 Pan American Games" ]

[ "A Jamaican triple jumper is named Suzette Lee.", "Her career best jump is 14.16 metres.", "She achieved a mark of 14.25 metres in Indianapolis in 1997.", "At Louisiana State University, Lee ran track.", "In her two-year collegiate career, Lee won three NCAA triple jump titles, and was the most decorated jumper in the history of the LSU Track & Field program.", "The Lady Tigers won the NCAA indoor and outdoor team titles in 1996 and 1997 thanks to Lee.", "From 1987 to 1997 the Lady Tigers won an unprecedented 11 straight outdoor titles.", "She was the favorite to win the triple jump at the NCAA Championships in 1996, and she did.", "Only one round of jumps separated Lee from her first career national title as she held a comfortable lead with the eight finalist preparing for the sixth and final round.", "In the fourth round, Lee's top jump of 44 feet, 8 inches was seven and a half inches clear of Georgia's Icolyn Kelly and Nebraska's Nicola Martial.", "Martial defeated Lee in the triple jump at the NCAA Championships.", "After Martial's final attempt was measured, she had a winning mark of 44-8 14.", "Lee remembered that losing by a quarter of an inch was the worst.", "One of the things I remember most about my time at LSU is the loss at NCAAs.", "It wasn't long after I arrived at LSU in January of that year.", "I thinkNicola Martial was from the Caribbean, so we had a connection there as well.", "At the 1996 NCAA Division I Indoor Track & Field Championships, the Lady Tigers won the team title with a 52-34 victory over Georgia.", "Texas finished in third place with 31 points, while Florida and Nebraska tied for fourth place with 28 points each.", "It was the first of four NCAA team championships that Lee would win in her two seasons as a Lady Tiger as LSU swept NCAA Indoor and NCAA Outdoor crowns in 1996 and 1997.", "At the 1996 NCAA Outdoor Championships in Eugene, Oregon, she won her first career triple jump title with a winning mark of 45-1.", "As a senior in 1997, Lee won her first NCAA Indoor triple jump championship as she set the indoor collegiate record of 46-9 that still stands.", "She was a runner-up in the long jump at the NCAA Indoor meet and scored 18 points for the meet.", "Everyone at LSU was so good at what they did that I thought they had to win.", "Lee said it is what's expected of you.", "I didn't expect anything less of myself.", "I worked harder than other people because I wanted to be like those great athletes.", "I wanted to go to the next level with my teammates if they were doing well.", "At 10 years old, Lee won a long jump event at an athletics day at her primary school that introduced her to the sport of track and field.", "Lee says he started jumping by accident.", "The students were told to run and jump in the sand pit to see how far they could go.", "I won it.", "I remember exactly what I did.", "I jumped over 9 inches.", "They sent me to a prep school championship and I did well there and in my high school years.", "The Pan American Junior Championships were held in Kingston, Jamaica during her sophomore season at St. Jago High School.", "Lee said that none of them had ever done the triple jump.", "On the day of the competition, the coach took about five of us to the track to see who could hop, step and jump into the pit.", "I won a bronze medal in the triple jump at the Pan American Games, and I think I was the only one who made it.", "That's how I started jumping.", "Lee signed with LSU after watching former LSU jumps coach Dan Pfaff compete at the 1995 Texas Relays.", "Boo Schexnayder replaced Lee as LSU's coach in 1996.", "At the Texas Relays, Lee met Dan Pfaff.", "The LSU girls were having a horrible meet that day and he sat there and chewed them out.", "I fell in love with LSU because of how hard he was on the two Barton girls and how they responded to him.", "I said, 'That's where I'm going.'", "My teammates were wondering if I was crazy.", "Don't you see how crazy their coach is?", "I said I love it.", "That's where I'm going.", "After competing for Jamaica at the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia, and the World Championships in Athens, Greece, in 1997 and 1999, Lee went on to work as a personal trainer and physical therapy assistant in Houston, Texas.", "Mike Alridge was a five-time All-American during his collegiate career and is married to her.", "He was a member of the team that set a school record in the 4x100-meter relay.", "They have a son, Jaise.", "Lee said that LSU is like a family to him.", "LSU has a great alumni base in Houston.", "Most of my clients are LSU graduates.", "You never stop being a LSU Tiger.", "It's your family for the rest of your life.", "It's one of the best decisions I've ever made.", "It's been like a dream since I found out I would be getting in, LSU Track & Field is very special to me.", "I'm very thankful.", "Track and field athletes from Houston and Jamaican female triple jumpers competed at the 1994 Commonwealth Games." ]

[ "Suzette Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee" ]

[ "Suzette Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "LeeNicola", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee", "Lee" ]

[ "Blu Cantrell (born Tiffany Cobb; March 16, 1976) is an American R&B and soul singer-songwriter.", "Cantrell rose to fame in 2001, with the release of her debut single, \"Hit 'Em Up Style (Oops!", ")\", which peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 and topped the US Mainstream Top 40 chart.", "The song also charted in several other countries, and it was included on her debut album, So Blu.", "The song earned Cantrell a Grammy Award nomination.", "In 2003, Cantrell released her second album, Bittersweet, which was nominated for a Grammy Award and resulted in the single \"Breathe\" (featuring Sean Paul).", "Written and produced by Ivan Matias, \"Breathe\" was a major global success in 2003, especially in the United Kingdom, where it topped the UK Singles Chart for four consecutive weeks.", "\"Breathe\" also reached the top ten of several other charts across the world, including the European Hot 100.", "Early life\nTiffany Cobb was born in Providence, Rhode Island.", "Her mother, former beauty queen Susi Franco, was an actress and jazz vocalist.", "She is of African-American, Narragansett and Cape Verdean descent on her father's side, and German, French, English, Scottish, and Irish (semi pan-British Isles) descent on her mother's.", "Cantrell's parents separated when she was a young child, she and her five siblings—Adam, Tino, Nick, Kelli, and Summer—were raised by her mother.", "Career\n\nEarly career\nIn the late 1990s, Cantrell established as a professional backing vocalist for artists such as Sean \"Puffy\" Combs.", "In 1999, she became member of the girl group 8th Avenue, a protégé of singer Teddy Riley.", "The band recorded several songs and appeared on Blackstreet's 1999 album Finally, but their material was shelved after Riley left Blackstreet to reform his previous group Guy, and Blackstreet were dropped by Interscope Records.", "8th Avenue also disbanded around that time.", "Before long, Cantrell was introduced by both a dancer friend and R&B singer Usher to music producer Tricky Stewart, the head of Red Zone Entertainment.", "Stewart originally wanted Cantrell to become a member of his girl group 321, but after a fruitful recording session, he offered to help develop Cantrell's solo career instead.", "Cantrell subsequently moved in with Stewart and his girlfriend in their house in Atlanta, and was promptly placed with Arista Records head Antonio \"L.A.\" Reid, who offered the singer a contract with the company after hearing one song she wrote and sang in front of him and his staff.", "After a bidding war with several different labels, Reid's bid was the highest, prompting Cantrell to sign with them.", "2001–2004: So Blu and Bittersweet\nAfter her signing with Arista, Cantrell went straight into recording sessions with Dallas Austin and Stewart, as well as Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis.", "In July 2001, her debut album, So Blu, was released.", "The record earned generally favorable reviews from critics and became a commercial success, particularly in North America, where it peaked at number eight on the US Billboard 200.", "It was eventually certified gold by both the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and Music Canada.", "The album's lead single \"Hit 'Em Up Style (Oops!)\"", "became a top ten hit in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the Netherlands and peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100.", "The song earned Cantrell Grammy Award nominations for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance and for Best R&B Song, as well as an American Music Award nomination for Favorite New Soul/R&B Artist, both in 2002.", "Also in 2002, Cantrell was featured in a small cameo role in Charles Stone III's musical comedy-drama film Drumline, where she could be seen singing the American national anthem.", "Her song \"It's Killing Me (In My Mind)\" was included on the soundtrack of the 2002 action comedy film Bad Company.", "In 2003, Cantrell released her second album, Bittersweet which featured production from Kevin \"She'kspere\" Briggs, Mike City, Soulshock & Karlin, and Shep Crawford.", "As with her debut, the album garnered a positive reception from critics, even earning her a Best R&B Album nomination at the 46th Grammy Awards, but was less successful in the United States, peaking at number 37 on the Billboard 200.", "The album was a success internationally, where sales were boosted by its hit single \"Breathe\", a collaboration with Sean Paul.", "Her highest-charting single yet, it topped the charts in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, and reached the top ten of the majority of charts it appeared on, ranking among the biggest-selling releases of the year.", "\"Breathe\" was followed by the top thirty single \"Make Me Wanna Scream\".", "2005–present\n\nIn 2005, following the formation of the joint venture of BMG and Sony Music Entertainment, Arista merged with J Records and began operating under the newly formed RCA Music Group.", "At about the same time, Cantrell's recording deal was up for renewal and though she was in a position to re-sign with the label, the singer chose to leave the company following the resignation of her mentor L.A. Reid.", "The following years, she toured intensively as a free agent.", "In 2007, Cantrell starred alongside LisaRaye and Kenya Moore in the musical stage play Gossip, Lies and Secrets which ran from September until November 2007.", "The following year, she appeared in NBC's Celebrity Circus.", "Cantrell became the first celebrity to be eliminated from the show in the season's second week.", "In 2013, Cantrell confirmed that she was working independently on her third studio album.", "In December 2016, she told Fuse that she was still working on a new album.", "Despite the lack of US success after her one big hit, Cantrell continues to perform in Australia and Europe.", "Personal life\nCantrell was taken into custody by police for a psychological evaluation on September 3, 2014.", "She was seen running around the streets of Santa Monica at around 2 am, screaming that someone had \"poisoned her with gas\".", "Cantrell, according to witnesses, went \"berserk\" and referred to herself as a \"one-hit wonder\", questioning authorities whether they recognized her; when her \"erratic\" behavior failed to cease, someone called the police.", "She was taken to a nearby hospital and was evaluated by medics.", "Discography\n\n So Blu (2001)\n Bittersweet (2003)\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nAmerican Music Awards\n\nGrammy Awards\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1978 births\n20th-century African-American women singers\nAfrican-American women singer-songwriters\nAfrican-American songwriters\nAmerican contemporary R&B singers\nAmerican people of Italian descent\nLiving people\nAmerican neo soul singers\n21st-century American singers\nMusicians from Atlanta\nAmerican people of German descent\nMusicians from Providence, Rhode Island\nAmerican musicians of Cape Verdean descent\nSongwriters from Rhode Island\n21st-century American women singers\n21st-century African-American women singers\nSinger-songwriters from Georgia (U.S. state)" ]

[ "An American R&B and soul singer-Song writer is named Tiffany Cobb, who was born on March 16, 1976.", "In 2001, she released her first single, \"Hit 'Em Up Style (Oops!", "It was number two on the US Hot 100 and number 40 on the US Mainstream Top 40.", "The song was included on her debut album.", "The song was nominated for a gramophone award.", "In 2003 her second album, Bittersweet, was nominated for aGrammy Award and resulted in the single \"Breathe\" featuring Sean Paul.", "In the United Kingdom, Ivan Matias' \"Breathe\" topped the UK Singles Chart for four weeks in a row.", "\"Breathe\" reached the top ten of several charts, including the European Hot 100.", "Tiffany was born in Rhode Island.", "Her mother was an actress and jazz vocalist.", "She is of African-American, Native American, Cape Verdean, German, French, English, Scottish, and Irish descent on her mother's side, and German, French, English, Scottish, and Irish on her father's side.", "When she was a young child, her parents separated and she and her siblings were raised by her mother.", "In the late 1990s, he was a professional backing vocalist for Sean \"Puffy\" Combs.", "She was a member of the girl group 8th Avenue.", "The band recorded several songs and appeared on Blackstreet's 1999 album Finally, but their material was put away after Riley left Blackstreet to reform his previous group Guy, and Blackstreet were dropped by Interscope Records.", "8th Avenue ceased to exist around that time.", "Cantrell was introduced to Tricky Stewart, the head of Red Zone Entertainment, by both a dancer friend and R&B singer.", "After a fruitful recording session, Stewart offered to help develop Cantrell's solo career instead of becoming a member of his girl group.", "After moving in with Stewart and his girlfriend in Atlanta, she was immediately placed with Antonio L.A., who offered her a contract with the company after hearing one song she wrote and sang in front of him and his staff.", "After a bidding war with several different labels, Reid's bid was the highest, prompting Cantrell to sign with them.", "She went straight into recording sessions with Dallas Austin and Stewart, as well as Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis.", "Her debut album was released in 2001.", "The record earned generally favorable reviews from critics and became a commercial success in North America, where it peaked at number eight on the US Billboard 200.", "It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America and Music Canada.", "\"Hit 'Em Up Style (Oops!)\" is the album's lead single.", "peaked at number two on the US Hot 100 and was a top ten hit in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the Netherlands.", "The song was nominated for Best R&B Song and Best Female R&B Vocal Performance at the 2002 American Music Awards.", "In 2002, she was featured in a small role in Charles Stone III's musical comedy-drama film Drumline, where she could be seen singing the American national anthem.", "The soundtrack of Bad Company contained her song \"It's Killing Me (In My Mind)\".", "In 2003 she released her second album, Bittersweet, which was produced by Shep Crawford.", "As with her debut, the album received a positive reception from critics, even earning her a Best R&B Album nomination at the 46thGrammy Awards, but was less successful in the United States.", "The hit single \"Breathe\", a collaboration with Sean Paul, boosted sales of the album.", "Her highest-charting single yet, it topped the charts in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, and reached the top ten of the majority of charts it appeared on, ranking among the biggest-selling releases of the year.", "\"Make me wanna scream\" was followed by \"Breathe\".", "In 2005, following the formation of the joint venture of Sony Music Entertainment and BMG, J Records merged with Arista.", "At the same time, the singer's recording deal was up for renewal and though she was in a position to re-sign with the label, she chose to leave.", "She toured as a free agent.", "The musical stage play Gossip, lies and secrets ran from September to November 2007.", "She appeared in NBC's Celebrity Circus the following year.", "The first celebrity to be eliminated from the show was Cantrell.", "She was working independently on her third studio album.", "She said that she was still working on a new album.", "Despite the lack of US success, she continues to perform in Australia and Europe.", "On September 3, 2014, Cantrell was taken into custody by police for a psychological evaluation.", "She ran around the streets of Santa Monica screaming that someone had poisoned her with gas.", "When her erratic behavior didn't stop, someone called the police, and witnesses said she wentberserk and referred to herself as a \"one-hit wonder\".", "Medics evaluated her after she was taken to a hospital.", "There are awards and nominations for American Music Awards." ]

[ "Blu Cantrell", "Cantrell", "Cantrell", "Cantrell", "Blu" ]

[ "Cantrell", "Cantrell", "Cantrell", "Cantrell" ]

[ "Harold J. Berman (February 13, 1918 – November 13, 2007) was an American legal scholar who was an expert in comparative, international and Soviet/Russian law as well as legal history, philosophy of law and the intersection of law and religion.", "He was a law professor at Harvard Law School and Emory University School of Law for more than sixty years, and held the James Barr Ames Professorship of Law at Harvard before he was appointed as the first Robert W. Woodruff Professor of Law at Emory.", "He has been described as \"one of the great polymaths of American legal education.\"", "Early life and education\n\nBorn in Hartford, Connecticut, Berman received a bachelor's degree from Dartmouth College in 1938, and a master's degree and Juris Doctor from Yale University in 1942 and 1947, respectively.", "He married Ruth Harlow of Northampton, Massachusetts on June 10, 1941, and served as a cryptographer in the U.S. Army in the European Theatre of Operations from 1942 to 1945.", "He received the Bronze Star for his service.", "Career\n\nWhile serving in London, Berman became concerned that the Western Allies and the USSR were on a path to continue their pre-war enmity, and that Americans knew very little about the Soviet Union.", "Upon returning to law school after the war, he decided to learn as much as he could about the Soviet legal system, with the goal of teaching Soviet law and ultimately promoting peace between America and the Soviet Union by focusing on the importance of the rule of law.", "During his last year of law school, he wrote an article about Soviet family law that led to an offer of a teaching position at Stanford Law School.", "In 1948 he joined the faculty of the Harvard Law School (HLS), where he built a reputation as one of the world's best-known scholars of Soviet law, and held the Story Professorship of Law and later the Ames Professorship of Law.", "He was a frequent visitor to Russia as a guest scholar and lecturer, even during the height of the Joseph McCarthy era.", "In 1958, he represented the estate of Arthur Conan Doyle in Soviet courts, in an unsuccessful attempt to collect copyright royalties from the government of the USSR.", "In 1961, at the height of the Cold War, he took his wife and four children to the Soviet Union for a sabbatical year in Moscow.", "They lived in the center of the city, in the Hotel National across from Red Square and the Kremlin.", "His three younger children (Jean, age 14 at the time; Susanna, age 12; and John, age 10) attended the local public school.", "The eldest, Stephen, audited classes at Moscow State University.", "Prof. Berman, with an invitation to study from the Soviet Academy of Sciences, was invited to teach a course for the law students of Moscow University on the American Constitution.", "The class was packed.", "Unfortunately, Berman decided to stop the course after the first three or four lectures when he learned that students were being questioned by officials about their interest in the subject.", "Following his sabbatical year in Moscow, Berman continued to teach his course on Soviet law at HLS, as well as courses on legal history and international trade.", "A growing interest in the interaction between law and religion also began to flourish.", "In 1985, approaching the mandatory retired age at Harvard Law School, Berman left HLS for the Emory University School of Law, where he was the first person to hold the Robert W. Woodruff Professorship of Law — the highest honor Emory can bestow upon a faculty member.", "Berman, one of the pioneers of the study of law and religion, played an integral role in the development of Emory's Law and Religion Program, now the Center for the Study of Law and Religion (CSLR), where he served as Senior Fellow.", "He is also considered one of the founders of the Journal of Law and Religion.", "\"He was my mentor, but far more important than that, he was one of the few legal scholars in the country willing to write about both law and religion,\" said Professor Frank S. Alexander, CSLR founding director, who persuaded Berman to join the faculty at Emory Law after being one of his students at Harvard in the early 1970s.", "After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1989, Berman consulted leading Russian officials on proposed legislation and led seminars for political leaders and academics on the development of legal institutions.", "One of the world's most distinguished scholars of Soviet and post-Soviet law, Berman was a Fellow of The Carter Center, with a special focus in U.S.-Russian relations.", "He visited Russia more than 40 times since 1955 as a guest scholar and lecturer on the topic of American law, and he was the founder and co-director of the American Law Center in Moscow, a joint venture of Emory Law and the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation.", "He also took his expertise on Communist and post-Communist law to Eastern Europe and China in recent years, where his writings are well known and widely used.", "In 1991, Berman was awarded the degree of Doctor of Laws, honoris causa, by the Catholic University of America; in 1995, the degree of Doctor of Humane Letters, honoris causa, by the Virginia Theological Seminary; and in 2000, the degree of Doctor, honoris causa, by the Russian Academy of Sciences Law University.", "He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1997.", "In his later years, Berman worked to redress global societal inequalities and to establish systems of trust, peace, and justice in developing countries.", "He co-founded and co-chaired the World Law Institute, an organization that sponsors educational programs in global law.", "The Institute opened the first Academy of World Law at the Central European University in Budapest in 2000 and a later comparable program in Moscow.", "Scholarship\nA prolific scholar, Berman wrote 25 books and more than 400 scholarly articles, including Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition and The Nature and Functions of Law, which is in its 6th edition.", "The law journal Constitutional Commentary described Law And Revolution as \"the standard point of departure for work in the field\" [of Western legal history].", "On his death, The New York Times characterized Berman as \"a scholar ... whose forceful scholarship altered thinking about Western law's origins.\"", "Books\nLaw and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition\nLaw and Revolution II: The Impact of the Protestant Reformations on the Western Legal Tradition\nThe Nature and Functions of Law (First Edition, 1958; Sixth Edition with William R. Greiner and Samir N. Saliba, 1996) \nSoviet Criminal Law and Procedure: The RSFSR Codes\nThe Interaction of Law and Religion\nSoviet law in action: The Recollected Cases of a Soviet Lawyer (1953) with Boris A. Konstantinovsky\nSoviet Military Law and Administration (1955) with Miroslav Kerner\nSoviet-American Trade in Legal Perspective: Proceedings of a Conference of Soviet and American Legal Scholars (1975)\nReligion and International Law (with Mark Janis)\nJustice in the U.S.S.R.: An Interpretation of Soviet Law (Harvard, 1963)\n\nArticles\nIntroduction to the World Law Institute\nThe Influence of Christianity Upon the Development of Law\n\nRecognition\nIn March 2004, a symposium of some 500 scholars and students gathered at Emory University School of Law to celebrate the scholarship of its three Robert W. Woodruff Professors of Law, Harold J. Berman, Martha Albertson Fineman, and Michael J. Perry, and Visiting Professor Martin E. Marty.", "In 2008, Emory Law Journal published a special issue titled In Praise of a Legal Polymath: A Special Issue Dedicated to the Memory of Harold J. Berman (1918–2007).", "See also\nList of Russian legal historians\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nBoston Globe obituary\nCenter for the Study of Law and Religion at Emory University\n\n Harold J. Berman Papers at Hugh F. MacMillan Law Library, Law Archives, Emory University\n\n1918 births\n2007 deaths\nAmerican legal scholars\nUnited States Army personnel of World War II\nDartmouth College alumni\nEmory University faculty\nFellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences\nHarvard Law School faculty\nLegal historians\nWriters from Hartford, Connecticut\nSoviet law\nYale Law School alumni\nYale University 1940s alumni\nChristians from Connecticut" ]

[ "Harold J. Berman was an American legal scholar who was an expert in comparative, international and Soviet/Russian law as well as legal history, philosophy of law and the intersection of law and religion.", "He held the James Barr Ames Professorship of Law at Harvard before he was appointed as the first Robert W. Woodruff Professor of Law at Emory.", "He is one of the great polymaths of American legal education.", "Berman received a bachelor's degree from Dartmouth College in 1938 and a master's degree and Juris Doctor from Yale University in 1942 and 1947.", "He married Ruth Harlow of Northampton, Massachusetts on June 10, 1941, and served in the U.S. Army in the European Theatre of Operations from 1942 to 1945.", "The Bronze Star was given to him for his service.", "While serving in London, Berman became concerned that the Western Allies and the USSR were on a path to continue their pre-war enmity, and that Americans knew very little about the Soviet Union.", "He returned to law school after the war to learn as much as he could about the Soviet legal system in order to promote peace between America and the Soviet Union.", "He was offered a teaching position at the law school after writing an article about Soviet family law.", "He held the Story Professorship of Law and the Ames Professorship of Law at the Harvard Law School and built a reputation as one of the world's best-known scholars of Soviet law.", "During the Joseph McCarthy era, he was a frequent visitor to Russia as a guest scholar and lecturer.", "He was unsuccessful in his attempt to collect copyright royalties from the government of the USSR.", "In 1961, at the height of the Cold War, he took his wife and four children to the Soviet Union for a sabbatical year.", "They lived in the center of the city in the Hotel National.", "His three younger children attended the local public school.", "Stephen audited classes at Moscow State University.", "Prof. Berman was invited to teach a course on the American Constitution at Moscow University after he received an invitation to study from the Soviet Academy of Sciences.", "There was a lot of people in the class.", "Berman stopped the course after learning that students were being questioned by officials about their interest in the subject.", "Berman continued to teach his course on Soviet law after his sabbatical year in Moscow, as well as courses on legal history and international trade.", "There was a growing interest in the interaction between law and religion.", "Berman left Harvard Law School to become the first person to hold the Robert W. Woodruff Professorship of Law at the Emory University School of Law.", "Berman, one of the pioneers of the study of law and religion, was a Senior Fellow at the Center for the Study of Law and Religion.", "The Journal of Law and Religion was founded by him.", "\"He was my mentor, but far more important than that, he was one of the few legal scholars in the country willing to write about both law and religion,\" said Professor Frank S. Alexander, CSLR founding director, who persuaded Berman to join the faculty at Emory Law after being one", "Berman led seminars for political leaders and academics on the development of legal institutions after the fall of the Soviet Union.", "Berman was a Fellow of The Carter Center and focused on U.S.-Russian relations.", "He visited Russia more than 40 times since 1955 as a guest scholar and lecturer on the topic of American law, and he was the founder and co-director of the American Law Center in Moscow, a joint venture of Emory Law and the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation.", "His writings are well known and widely used in Eastern Europe and China, where he took his expertise on Communist and post-Communist law.", "In 1991, Berman was awarded the degree of Doctor of Laws, honoris causa, by the Catholic University of America; in 1995, the degree of Doctor of Humane Letters, honoris causa, by the Virginia Theological Seminary; and in 2000, the degree of Doctor, honoris causa,", "He was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.", "Berman worked to establish systems of trust, peace, and justice in developing countries in his later years.", "The World Law Institute is an organization that sponsors educational programs in global law.", "In 2000 the Institute opened the first Academy of World Law at the Central European University in Hungary.", "Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition and The Nature and Functions of Law is one of 25 books written by Berman.", "Law And Revolution is considered the standard point of departure for work in the field in Western legal history.", "Berman was described as a scholar by The New York Times.", "Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition Law and Revolution II: The Impact of the Protestant Reformations on the Western Legal Tradition has been published.", "In Praise of a Legal Polymath: A Special Issue Dedicated to the Memory of Harold J. Berman was published in 2008.", "The Boston Globe obituary Center for the Study of Law and Religion at Emory University has a list of Russian legal historians." ]

[ "Harold J", ". Berman", "James Barr Ames", "Berman", "Berman", "Joseph McCarthy", "Jean", "John", "Berman", "Berman", "Berman", "Berman", "Berman", "Berman", "Berman", "Berman", "Berman", "Berman", "Berman", "Berman", "Mark Janis", "Harold J", ". Berman", "Harold J", ". Berman" ]

[ "Harold J", ". Berman", "James Barr Ames", "Berman", "Berman", "Joseph McCarthy", "Berman", "Berman", "Berman", "Berman", "Berman", "Berman", "Berman", "Berman", "Berman", "Berman", "Berman", "Berman", "Harold J", ". Berman" ]

[ "Rufus Daniel Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading, (10 October 1860 – 30 December 1935) was a British Liberal politician and judge, who served as Lord Chief Justice of England, Viceroy of India, and Foreign Secretary, the last Liberal to hold that post.", "The second practising Jew to be a member of the British cabinet (the first being Herbert Samuel, who was also a member of H. H. Asquith's government), Isaacs was the first Jew to be Lord Chief Justice, and the first, and as yet, only British Jew to be raised to a marquessate.", "Biography\nRufus Isaacs was born at 3 Bury Street, in the parish of St Mary Axe, London, the son of a Jewish fruit importer at Spitalfields.", "He was educated at University College School and then entered the family business at the age of 15.", "In 1876–77 he served as a ship's boy and later worked as a jobber on the stock-exchange from 1880 to 1884.In 1887 he married Alice Edith Cohen, who suffered from a chronic physical disability and died of cancer in 1930, after over 40 years of marriage.", "The Lady Reading Hospital in Peshawar is named after her.", "He then married Stella Charnaud, the first Lady Reading's secretary.", "His second marriage lasted until his own death in 1935.", "After his death Stella Isaacs was made Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 1941, promoted to Dame Grand Cross (GBE) in 1944, and then in 1958 made a life peeress as Baroness Swanborough, of Swanborough in the County of Sussex.", "Legal career \n\nIsaacs was admitted as a student to the Middle Temple in 1885, and was called to the Bar in 1887.", "He set up his own chambers at 1 Garden Court, Temple, and was very successful; within five years he was able to repay his creditors, and after twenty years at the bar earned the enormous sum of £30,000 per year.", "He was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1898, after only ten and half years at the junior bar.", "Isaacs mainly practised in the Commercial Court, with occasional appearance in the divorce court or at the Old Bailey.", "Among his famous cases were the defence of The Star against a charge of libel by Arthur Chamberlain (at the behest of his brother Joseph), the Taff Vale case (where he appeared for the union), the 1903 Bayliss v. Coleridge libel suit, the prosecution of the fraudster Whitaker Wright, the defence of Sir Edward Russell on a charge of criminal libel, and that of Robert Sievier on a charge on blackmail.", "As a barrister, Isaacs was a hard worker, rising early to prepare his cases, although he never worked after dinner.", "His advocacy was calm and forensic, and he was renowned for his style of cross-examination.", "Political career \nHaving earlier contested unsuccessfully North Kensington in 1900, Isaacs entered the House of Commons as the Liberal Party member of Parliament (MP) for Reading at the by-election on 6 August 1904, a seat he held for nine years until 1913.", "In 1910, he was appointed solicitor general in the government of H. H. Asquith and received the customary knighthood.", "After six months, he was appointed attorney general.", "On the resignation of Lord Loreburn as Lord Chancellor in 1912, Isaacs had expected to succeed him, but was passed over in favour of Lord Haldane.", "To apease him, Asquith invited Isaacs to join the Cabinet; he was the first attorney general to sit in the Cabinet.", "As law officer, Isaacs handled many high-profile cases.", "As solicitor general, he appeared for the Admiralty in the George Archer-Shee case.", "As attorney general, he led the prosecutions of Edward Mylius for criminal libel against King George V (and was appointed KCVO shortly after), of poisoner Frederick Seddon (the only murder trial Isaacs ever took part in), and of suffragette Emmeline Pankhurst.", "He also represented the Board of Trade at the inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Titanic.", "In addition, he helped to pilot through the Commons several pieces of key legislation, including the Parliament Act 1911, the Official Secrets Act 1911, the National Insurance Act 1911, the Trade Union Act 1913, and the Government of Ireland Act 1914.", "He was appointed to the Privy Council in the 1911 Coronation Honours.", "Marconi scandal \nIsaacs was one of several high-ranking members of the Liberal government accused of involvement in the Marconi scandal.", "An article published in Le Matin on 14 February 1913 alleged corruption in the award of a government contract to the Marconi Company and insider trading in Marconi's shares, implicating a number of sitting government ministers, including Lloyd George, the chancellor of the Exchequer; Isaacs, then attorney general; Herbert Samuel, postmaster general; and the treasurer of the Liberal Party, Lord Murray.", "The allegations included the fact that Isaacs' brother, Godfrey Isaacs, was managing director of the Marconi company at the time that the cabinet, in which Isaacs sat, awarded Marconi the contract.", "Isaacs and Samuels sued Le Matin for libel, and as a result, the journal apologised and printed a complete retraction in its 18 February 1913 issue.", "The factual matters were at least partly resolved by a parliamentary select committee investigation, which issued three reports: all found that Isaacs and others had purchased shares in the American Marconi company, but while the fellow-Liberal members of the committee cleared the ministers of all blame, the opposition members reported that Isaacs and others had acted with \"grave impropriety\".", "It was not made public during the trial that these shares had been made available through Isaacs's brother at a favourable price.", "Diplomatic career \n\nIn October 1913 he was made Lord Chief Justice of England, in succession to the Viscount Alverstone.", "At the time the Attorney General had the right of first refusal for the appointment, but his involvement in the Marconi scandal complicated matters.", "Although reluctant to abandon his political career Isaacs felt he had little choice: to refuse would be to suggest that the Marconi scandal had tainted him.", "Consequently, he accepted the post, and was elevated to the peerage as Baron Reading, of Erleigh in the County of Berkshire, on 9 January 1914.", "His appointment caused some controversy, and led to Rudyard Kipling attacking him in the poem \"Gehazi\".", "As Lord Chief Justice, Reading presided over the trial of Roger Casement for high treason.", "His attendance in court was, however, intermittent, as he was frequently called upon by the government to serve as an advisor.", "In August 1914 Reading was enlisted to deal with the financial crisis brought about by the outbreak of the First World War.", "In 1915 he led the Anglo-French Financial Commission to seek financial assistance for the Allies from the United States.", "During the December 1916 Cabinet crisis, he acted as intermediary between Asquith and David Lloyd George.", "In September 1917 Reading returned to the United States with the special appointment of high commissioner to the United States and Canada.", "In 1918 he was appointed British Ambassador to the United States, all the while remaining Lord Chief Justice.", "Returning to England for six months in 1918, he frequently attended the War Cabinet and was sent to France as Lloyd George's confidential emissary.", "He returned to the United States as Ambassador in 1919, relinquishing the post the same year.", "After the excitement of wartime diplomacy, he returned unwillingly to the bench in 1919, while seeking new appointments.", "For his wartime public service he was appointed GCB in 1915, made Viscount Reading, of Erleigh in the County of Berkshire in 1916, and Earl of Reading as well as Viscount Erleigh, of Erleigh in the County of Berkshire, in 1917.", "Viceroy of India \n\nIn 1921, he resigned the chief justiceship to become Viceroy and Governor-General of India.", "Reading preferred a conciliatory policy: he was determined to implement the provisions of the Government of India Act 1919 and opposed racial discrimination.", "He personally received Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and visited Amritsar as a gesture of reconciliation.", "However, he ended up using force on several occasions: in 1921 he ordered the suppression of the Malabar rebellion, and in 1922 he put down Sikh unrest in the Punjab.", "The same year, he had Gandhi arrested for sedition.", "Reading cultivated good relations with the Indian princes, but forced two maharajas to abdicate.", "On his return from India in 1926, he was made Marquess of Reading, the first man to rise from commoner to a marquessate since the Duke of Wellington.", "The next year he was made Captain of Deal Castle in 1927, a position he held until 1934.", "As Viceroy Reading was appointed GCSI and GCIE ex officio in 1921, and in 1922 was promoted to GCVO.", "As a former viceroy, Reading was critical of some of the policies of his successor Lord Irwin.", "On 5 November 1929 he attacked Irwin in the House of Lords for using the term \"Dominion Status\" with regard to India, prior to the report of the Simon Commission.", "Later life and career \nOn his return from India, Reading, who had no pension and was a heavy spender, sat on several corporate boards, and later became president of Imperial Chemical Industries.", "The Leader of the Liberal Party in the House of Lords from 1931 to 1935, he took part in the Round Table Conferences of 1930–32 on the future of British India as head of the Liberal delegates.", "He was also a member of the select committee charged with the drafting of the Government of India Act 1935.", "In MacDonald's National Government in August 1931, Reading briefly served as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and Leader of the House of Lords, but stood down after the first major reshuffle in November due to ill-health.", "He was appointed Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports in 1934.", "Death \nLord Reading died in London in December 1935 aged 75.", "After cremation at Golders Green Crematorium his ashes were buried at the nearby Jewish cemetery.", "The house where he died, No.", "32 Curzon Street in Mayfair, has had a blue plaque on it since 1971.", "Honours and commemoration\nIn addition to five peerages and five knighthoods, Reading received many other honours.", "In 1925 he was appointed Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold.", "He was Captain of Deal Castle and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, received the freedom of Reading and of London, and was a Bencher and Treasurer of the Middle Temple.", "He received honorary degrees from Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Columbia, Toronto, Calcutta, Cambridge and Oxford.", "Although he had no apparent link with Canada, his eminence was such that the Lord Reading Law Society (founded in 1948 to promote the interests of Jewish members of the Quebec Bar) was named in his honour.", "A founding chairman of the Palestine Electric Corporation (along with Alfred Mond (father of his daughter in-law) and Herbert Samuel), the Reading Power Station in Tel Aviv, Israel was named in his honour.", "Scholarly assessment \nIn his approach to politics, Isaacs was, according to Denis Judd,\"no blood-red Radical, and had 'little sympathy with the narrower aspects of the Nonconformist outlook which constituted so powerful an element in contemporary Liberalism.'", "Liberalism, nonetheless, was the natural party for him to support.", "Within his own father’s lifetime Jews had been obliged to struggle to obtain full civil rights.", "Moreover, the Liberal party apparently stood for the noble principles of liberty, toleration and progress whereas the Tories, although somewhat disguised with the Unionist coalition, seemed to offer little in the way of enlightened policies.", "For a man who approved of social reform, yet wanted to stop well short of revolution, the Liberal party was the obvious home.", "\"Indeed, Isaacs championed such measures as the taxation of land values and reforms in the legal standing of unions, education, licensing, and military organization.", "Isaacs also gave staunch official backing to David Lloyd George's initiative on land reform, together with his tax on land values and national social insurance scheme.", "References\n\nFurther reading \n Fowler, Wilton B. British-American Relations 1917-1918 (Princeton University Press, 2015).", "Hyde, Harford Montgomery.", "Lord Reading; the Life of Rufus Isaacs, First Marquess of Reading (London: Heinemann, 1967).", "Judd, Denis.", "Lord Reading: Rufus Isaacs, First Marquess of Reading, Lord Chief Justice and Viceroy of India, 1860–1935 (Faber & Faber, 2013).", "External links \n\n Jago, Michael Rab Butler: The Best Prime Minister We Never Had?, Biteback Publishing 2015 \n \n\n Reading\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\nBritish Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs\nViceroys of India\n1920s in British India\nIsaacs, Rufus\nIsaacs, Rufus\nIsaacs, Rufus\nIsaacs, Rufus\nIsaacs, Rufus\nIsaacs, Rufus\nIsaacs, Rufus\nUK MPs who were granted peerages\nIsaacs, Rufus\nLord Chief Justices of England and Wales\nEnglish judges\nEnglish Queen's Counsel\nMembers of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom\nLords Warden of the Cinque Ports\nEnglish Jews\nEnglish Sephardi Jews\nSpouses of life peers\nEnglish people of Portuguese-Jewish descent\n1\nKnights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath\nKnights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India\nKnights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire\nKnights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order\nPeers created by George V\nPeople from Earley\nDiplomatic peers\n1860 births\n1935 deaths\nCaptains of Deal Castle\nAmbassadors of the United Kingdom to the United States\nPeople educated at University College School\nLeaders of the House of Lords\nBurials at Golders Green Jewish Cemetery\nMembers of the Middle Temple\nJewish British politicians\nKnights Bachelor\nMembers of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council" ]

[ "The last Liberal to hold that post was the Lord Chief Justice of England, Viceroy of India, and Foreign Secretary, who was the 1st Marquess of Reading.", "The first Jew to be a member of the British cabinet was Herbert Samuel, who was also a member of H. H. Asquith's government.", "The son of a Jewish fruit importer at Spitalfields was born in the parish of St Mary Axe.", "He entered the family business at the age of 15 after graduating from University College School.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "The hospital is named after her.", "The first Lady Reading's secretary was married to him.", "His second marriage ended in his death.", "In 1941, after his death, he was made Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire, and in 1944, he was promoted to Dame Grand Cross of the British Empire.", "In 1885, he was admitted to the Middle Temple and was called to the Bar in 1887.", "He set up his own chambers at 1 Garden Court, Temple, and within five years he was able to repay his debts, and after twenty years at the bar he earned an enormous sum.", "After only ten and half years at the junior bar, he was appointed a Queen's Counsel.", "There were occasional appearances in the divorce court or at the Old Bailey.", "The Taff Vale case, where he appeared for the union, was one of his famous cases.", "Although he never worked after dinner, he was 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884", "He was renowned for his style of cross-examination and his advocacy was calm and forensic.", "He held the seat of Reading for nine years until 1913 after being elected to the House of Commons as a Liberal Party member.", "He received a knighthood in 1910 for his services to the government of H. H. Asquith.", "He was appointed attorney general after six months.", "Lord Haldane was passed over for the position of Lord Chancellor when Lord Loreburn resigned in 1912.", "The first attorney general to sit in the Cabinet was invited to join by Asquith.", "As a law officer, he handled many high-profile cases.", "He was the solicitor general for the Admiralty.", "He was the attorney general when Edward Mylius was indicted for criminal libel against King George V.", "The Board of Trade was represented at the inquiry into the sinking of the Titanic.", "The National Insurance Act, the Trade Union Act 1913, and the Government of Ireland Act 1914 were some of the pieces of legislation he helped to pilot through the Commons.", "He was appointed to the Privy Council.", "One of the high-ranking members of the Liberal government was accused of involvement in the Marconi scandal.", "An article published in Le Matin on 14 February 1913 alleged corruption in the award of a government contract to the Marconi Company and insider trading in Marconi's shares, implicating a number of sitting government ministers, including Lloyd George, the chancellor of the Exchequer.", "The cabinet in which Isaacs sat awarded the contract to the company that his brother was managing director of at the time.", "After being sued for libel, Le Matin apologized and printed a complete retraction in its February 1913 issue.", "The factual matters were at least partly resolved by a parliamentary select committee investigation, which issued three reports: all found that Isaacs and others had purchased shares in the American Marconi company, but while the fellow-Liberal members of the committee cleared the ministers of all blame.", "During the trial, it was not made public that these shares had been made available through his brother.", "He was made Lord Chief Justice of England in October 1913.", "The Attorney General had the right of first refusal, but his involvement in the Marconi scandal complicated matters.", "To refuse would be to suggest that the Marconi scandal had ruined his political career.", "He was elevated to the peerage as Baron Reading on January 9, 1914, after accepting the post.", "His appointment caused controversy, and led to Kipling attacking him in a poem.", "Reading presided over the trial of Roger Casement.", "He was frequently called upon by the government to serve as an advisor and his attendance in court was intermittent.", "The financial crisis of August 1914 was brought about by the First World War.", "The Anglo-French Financial Commission sought financial assistance from the United States in 1915.", "Asquith and David Lloyd George were involved in the December 1916 Cabinet crisis.", "Reading was appointed high commissioner to the United States and Canada in September 1917.", "He was appointed British Ambassador to the United States in 1918 and remained Lord Chief Justice.", "He was sent to France as Lloyd George's confidential emissary after returning to England in 1918.", "He returned to the United States as Ambassador in 1919.", "After the excitement of wartime diplomacy, he returned unwillingly to the bench in 1919.", "He was appointed GCB in 1915, made Earl of Reading in 1916 and Viscount Erleigh in 1917 for his wartime public service.", "He became Viceroy and Governor-General of India in 1921.", "He opposed racial discrimination and was determined to implement the provisions of the Government of India Act 1919.", "He visited Amritsar as a gesture of reconciliation after receiving Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.", "He suppressed the Malabar rebellion in 1921 and put down Sikh unrest in the Punjab in 1922.", "Gandhi was arrested for sedition.", "Reading forced two maharajas to abdicate.", "The first man to rise from commoner to a marquessate since the Duke of Wellington was made the Marquess of Reading on his return from India in 1926.", "He was made Captain of Deal Castle in 1927 and held it until 1934.", "Viceroy Reading was promoted to GCVO in 1922 after being appointed GCSI and GCIE.", "Reading was critical of some of the policies of his successor.", "The term \"Dominion Status\" with regard to India was used prior to the report of the Simon Commission.", "Reading, who had no pension and was a heavy spender, became president of Imperial Chemical Industries after sitting on several corporate boards.", "The leader of the Liberal Party in the House of Lords took part in the Round Table Conferences of 1930–32 on the future of British India as head of the Liberal delegates.", "The Government of India Act 1935 was drafted by him as a member of the select committee.", "In MacDonald's National Government in August 1931, Reading briefly served as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and Leader of the House of Lords, but stood down after the first major reshuffle in November due to ill-health.", "In 1934, he was appointed Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports.", "Death Lord Reading died in London in 1935 at the age of 75.", "His ashes were buried at the Jewish cemetery.", "The house was where he died.", "There is a blue plaque on 32 Curzon Street.", "Reading received many honours, including five peerages and five knighthoods.", "He was appointed Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold in 1925.", "He received the freedom of Reading and of London and was a member of the Middle Temple.", "He received degrees from many universities.", "The Lord Reading Law Society, founded in 1948 to promote the interests of Jewish members of the Quebec Bar, was named after him.", "The Reading Power Station in Tel Aviv, Israel was named after a founding chairman of the Palestine Electric Corporation.", "According to Denis Judd, \"no blood-red Radical, and had little sympathy with the narrower aspects of the Nonconformist outlook which constituted so powerful an element in contemporary Liberalism.\"", "Liberalism was the natural party for him to support.", "Jews were obliged to fight for civil rights within his father's lifetime.", "The Liberal party stood for noble principles of liberty, toleration and progress while the Tories seemed to offer little in the way of enlightened policies.", "The Liberal party was the obvious home for a man who approved of social reform but wanted to stop short of revolution.", "\"Indeed, the taxation of land values and reforms in the legal standing of unions, education, licensing, and the military organization were championed by Isaacs.\"", "David Lloyd George's initiative on land reform, along with his tax on land values and national social insurance scheme, were supported by Isaacs.", "Fowler, Wilton B. British-American Relations 1917-1918 is a book.", "Hyde and Montgomery are both located in Montgomery.", "The life of Lord Reading was written by the First Marquess of Reading.", "Judd, Denis.", "The Lord Chief Justice and Viceroy of India was the First Marquess of Reading.", "British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs Viceroys of India 1920s in British India was written by Jago." ]

[ "Rufus Daniel Isaacs", "Rufus Isaacs", "Reading", "Reading", "Reading", "Reading", "Reading", "Reading", "Reading", "Reading", "Reading", "Reading", "Reading", "Rufus Isaacs", "Rufus Isaacs", "Rufus Isaacs", "Rufus Isaacs", "Rufus Isaacs", "Rufus Isaacs", "Rufus Isaacs", "Rufus Isaacs", "Rufus", "Rufus" ]

[ "Reading", "Reading", "Reading", "Reading", "Reading", "Reading", "Reading", "Reading", "Reading" ]

[ "Jeffrey James Float is a former American competitive swimmer, world record holder, world champion and Olympic gold medalist.", "He qualified for the 1980 USA Olympic Swimming Team in three individual events, but could not participate when the United States boycotted the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympic Games.", "Four years later, he competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.", "As the peer-elected team captain, Jeff earned a gold medal in the men's 4×200-meter freestyle relay, and finished fourth in the individual 200-meter freestyle event.", "In 2016 this 4x200-meter freestyle relay was designated the third greatest of all time.", "Biography \nAt 13 months of age, Float lost most of his hearing to life-threatening viral meningitis.", "As a result, he is 90% deaf in his right ear and 65% in the left, thus becoming the first legally deaf athlete from the United States to win an Olympic gold medal.", "After swimming the third leg in the 4x200-meter freestyle relay, the US anchor slammed first to the wall by 4/100ths of a second and shattered the world record by five seconds.", "Once he and his triumphant teammates emerged from the pool and ascended the podium, Jeff heard a roaring crowd.", "\"It was the first time I remember distinctly hearing loud cheers at any meet.", "I'll never forget what 17,000 screaming people sound like.", "It was incredible!\"", "Float reports.", "In first grade he started training under the legendary Olympic Coach Sherm Chavoor at Arden Hills Country Club in Sacramento.", "His older teammates at that time were none other than Mark Spitz, Debbie Meyer, Mike Burton, et al., all of whom assisted in churning out 33 medals.", "Following graduation from Jesuit High School in Sacramento, Jeff then proceeded to obtain a bachelor's degree in psychology with a minor in business administration from the University of Southern California in Los Angeles.", "Float garnered ten gold medals and World Records in all ten available events at the 1977 World Games for the Deaf (renamed Deaflympics) in Bucharest, Romania.", "This remains an unprecedented record.", "Other swimming accomplishments include: gold medal in the 400-meter freestyle at the 1978 US National Championships in Woodlands, Texas; silver medal in the 400-meter freestyle at the 1978 World Aquatics Championships in Berlin, Germany; Individual First Places in the 200-meter individual medley and 500-meter freestyle at the 1978 National Prep School Championships in Mission Viejo, California; gold medal in the 400-meter freestyle at the 1981 US National Championships in Brown Deer, Wisconsin; two gold medals in the 400-meter freestyle and 400-meter individual medley at the 1981 USA vs. USSR in Kiev, Russia; gold medal in the 400-yard individual medley at the 1982 NCAA National Championships in Indianapolis, Indiana; gold medal in the 4x200-meter freestyle relay at the 1982 World Aquatics Championships in Guayaquil, Ecuador; and gold medal in the 400-meter individual medley at the 1982 USA vs. USSR in Knoxville, Tennessee.", "Sports Illustrated featured Jeff on its July 1984 cover and in three subsequent articles.", "Vanity Fair also selected Float and his 4x200-meter teammates for the September 1984 cover and pictorial and published a follow-up article with photographs in August 1994.", "Other media exposure incorporates the following: appearances on television series, commercials and live interviews; magazine and newspaper covers and related stories; and myriad book forewords, chapters and quotations.", "Float served on the Board of Directors for the California President's Council on Physical Fitness from 1985 through 2011.", "He was chosen as Deaf Olympian of the Century by the International Committee of Deaf Sports in 2000 and carried the Olympic Torch en route to the 1986 Atlanta Summer Olympic Games.", "In 2008 his boycotted 1980 USA Summer Olympic Team was bestowed with Congressional Gold Medals of Honor.", "Jeff is also the recipient of numerous awards and an inductee in many Halls of Fame.", "After being employed for 24 years as Aquatics Director and Head Coach with Spare Time Inc. at two of its Sacramento regional facilities, 12 years with the Laguna Creek Racquet Club Gators and 12 with the Gold River Sports Club Stingrays, and Co-Head Coach of their year-round Spare Time Aquatics Sharks, Float returned to his roots.", "On January 1, 2020, Jeff was invited to come \"home\" to the Arden Hills Athletic & Social Club, where it all began over a half-century ago.", "There he enjoys being the Head Coach of the Otters Swim Team, Executive Assistant Coach of the USA Swimming year-round Arden Hills Aquatics, and a personal trainer to athletes of all levels.", "In addition to coaching, Jeff is a real-estate agent with Investment Property Management Inc. and a popular motivational speaker.", "He and his wife Jan Ellis Float are active and longtime participants in Swim Across America, a national nonprofit organization that has earned $100 million while \"Making Waves to Fight Cancer.\"", "Jeff and Jan are involved in other statewide and local charities and members of various professional and personal associations.", "See also\n\n Deaf People in the Olympics\n List of Olympic Medalists in Swimming (men)\n List of University of Southern California people\n List of World Aquatics Championships Medalists in Swimming (men)\n World Record Progression 4x200-Meter Freestyle Relay\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography \n\n De George, Matthew, Pooling Talent: Swimming's Greatest Teams, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland (2014). .", "External links\n\n \n Jeff Float leads the Gold River Stingrays Team Cheer\n Jeff Float Story: The pursuit of Olympic Gold part 1\n Jeff Float Story: The pursuit of Olympic Gold part 2\n Jeff Float Story: The pursuit of Olympic Gold part 3\n Jeff Float Story: The pursuit of Olympic Gold part 4\n\n1960 births\nLiving people\nAmerican male freestyle swimmers\nAmerican motivational speakers\nAmerican swimming coaches\nDeaf swimmers\nWorld record setters in swimming\nOlympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming\nSportspeople from Buffalo, New York\nSwimmers at the 1984 Summer Olympics\nUSC Trojans men's swimmers\nWorld Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming\nMedalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics\nAmerican disabled sportspeople\nDeaf people from the United States" ]

[ "Jeffrey James Float is a former American competitive swimmer, world record holder, world champion and Olympic gold medalist.", "He qualified for the USA Olympic Swimming Team in three individual events, but could not compete when the US boycotted the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympic Games.", "He competed in the Summer Olympics in Los Angeles four years later.", "Jeff earned a gold medal in the men's 4200-meter freestyle relay and finished fourth in the individual 200 meter freestyle event as a peer-elected team captain.", "The 4x200-meter freestyle relay was the third greatest of all time.", "At 13 months of age, Float lost most of his hearing.", "He is the first legally blind athlete from the United States to win an Olympic gold medal.", "The US anchor broke the world record in the 4x200-meter freestyle relay after swimming the third leg.", "Jeff heard a roaring crowd after he and his teammates emerged from the pool.", "It was the first time I had ever heard loud cheers at a meet.", "I will never forget the sound of 17,000 screaming people.", "It was amazing!", "There are float reports.", "He began training under the legendary Olympic Coach at the age of first grade.", "His older teammates at that time were all of whom helped him win 33 medals.", "Jeff obtained a bachelor's degree in psychology and a minor in business administration from the University of Southern California in Los Angeles after graduating from Jesuit High School.", "At the 1977 World Games for the Deaf, Float won ten gold medals and set ten World Records.", "This is a new record.", "The swimmer won a gold medal in the 400 meter freestyle at the 1978 US National Championships in Texas, as well as a silver medal in the 400 meter freestyle at the 1978 World Championships in Berlin, Germany.", "Jeff was on the July 1984 cover of Sports Illustrated.", "Vanity Fair published a follow-up article with photographs in August 1994 after selecting Float and his 4x200-meter teammates for the September 1984 cover.", "Other media exposure includes appearances on television series, commercials and live interviews; magazine and newspaper covers and related stories; and numerous book forewords, chapters and quotations.", "The Board of Directors for the California President's Council on Physical Fitness was chaired by Float.", "He was chosen as a Deaf Olympian of the Century by the International Committee of Deaf Sports in 2000 and carried the Olympic torch to the 1986 Atlanta Summer Olympic Games.", "His boycott of the 1980 USA Summer Olympic Team earned him Congressional Gold Medals of Honor.", "Jeff is a member of many Halls of Fame.", "After working for 24 years as an aquatics director and head coach with Spare Time Inc., I joined the Gold River Sports Club as a co-head coach.", "On January 1, 2020, Jeff was invited to come back to the club where it all began.", "He enjoys being the Head Coach of the Otters Swim Team, the Executive Assistant Coach of the USA Swimming, and a personal trainer to athletes of all levels.", "Jeff is a motivational speaker and real-estate agent.", "He and his wife Jan Ellis Float are active participants in Swim Across America, a national nonprofit organization that has earned $100 million.", "Jeff and Jan are members of various professional and personal associations.", "List of University of Southern California people who won medals in swimming at the World Championships.", "Jeff Float leads the Gold River Stingrays Team Cheer." ]

[ "Jeffrey James Float", "Jeff", "Float", "Jeff", "Jeff", "Float", "Jeff", "Float", "Float", "Jeff", "Float", "Jeff", "Jeff", "Float", "Jeff", "Jeff Float", "Jeff Float", "Jeff F", "Jeff Float", "Jeff Float" ]

[ "Jeffrey James Float", "Jeff", "Float", "Jeff", "Jeff", "Float", "Jeff", "Float", "Float", "Jeff", "Jeff", "Jeff", "Float", "Jeff", "Jeff Float" ]

[ "Guo Jia () (170–207), courtesy name Fengxiao, was an adviser to the warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.", "Throughout his 11 years of service, Guo Jia aided Cao Cao greatly with his brilliance and foresight, and his strategies were instrumental to Cao Cao's triumphs over rival warlords such as Lü Bu and Yuan Shao.", "For example, four years before Cao Cao's decisive victory over Yuan Shao at the Battle of Guandu, Guo Jia already foresaw that Cao Cao would win when he pointed out ten advantages Cao Cao had over Yuan Shao.", "Historical sources on Guo Jia's life\nThe authoritative historical source on Guo Jia's life is the Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi), which was written by Chen Shou in the third century.", "In the fifth century, Pei Songzhi annotated the Sanguozhi by incorporating information from other sources to Chen Shou's original work and adding his personal commentary.", "Some alternative texts used in the annotations to Guo Jia's biography include: Fu Zi, by Fu Xuan; Wei Shu (Book of Wei), by Wang Chen, Xun Yi and Ruan Ji; Shiyu (Accounts of this Generation), by Guo Song.", "Early life\nGuo Jia was from Yangzhai County (), Yingchuan Commandery (), which is in present-day Yuzhou, Henan.", "As a youth, he was famous for his intelligence and foresight.", "Since reaching adulthood at around the age of 19, Guo Jia had been travelling around the country and befriending members of the scholar-gentry and other talented persons.", "He did not associate himself with the hoi polloi and was thus not very well known outside of his circles.", "However, all those who knew him recognised his talent and felt that he was extraordinary.", "When he was 26, he served in the Han government as a minor official in the office of the Minister over the Masses ().", "Guo Jia once travelled to Hebei to meet Yuan Shao, an influential warlord who controlled most of northern China at the time.", "He later told Yuan Shao's advisers Xin Ping and Guo Tu, \"An intelligent adviser should be prudent when he chooses which lord he wishes to serve so that his lord will heed every piece of advice he gives.", "The adviser can then establish his reputation.", "Lord Yuan (Yuan Shao) wishes to mimic the Duke of Zhou by recruiting men of talent to serve under him but he does not know how to tap into their abilities.", "He focuses too much on unnecessary details and neglects the main points; he likes to listen to many ideas but is indecisive.", "It is difficult for him to save the Empire from its troubles and achieve hegemony over the various warlords!\"", "Guo Jia then left Yuan Shao.", "Coming to serve Cao Cao\nAround the time, Cao Cao had a brilliant adviser, Xi Zhicai (), whom he appreciated greatly, but Xi died early.", "Cao Cao told another adviser Xun Yu, \"Ever since Xi Zhicai died, I've been lacking someone whom I can form strategies with.", "I heard there are many talents in the Ru and Ying regions.", "Who can replace Xi Zhicai?\"", "Xun Yu recommended Guo Jia to Cao Cao.", "Cao Cao and Guo Jia had a discussion on the affairs of their time, after which the former remarked: \"This must be the man who will help me achieve greatness.\"", "Guo Jia also happily said, \"He's truly the lord I wish to serve.\"", "Guo Jia was then appointed as a Libationer () in the army of Cao Cao, who then held the position of Minister over the Masses () in the Han imperial court.", "Evaluation of Cao Cao's advantages over Yuan Shao\nThe Fu Zi recorded a detailed conversation between Guo Jia and Cao Cao, in which the former carefully pointed out ten advantages the latter had over Yuan Shao.", "Cao Cao asked Guo Jia, \"Benchu (Yuan Shao) rules Ji, Qing and Bing provinces and has vast territories and large numbers of troops under his command.", "However, he has also been making offensive moves.", "I intend to attack him, but my forces are weaker than his, so what should I do?\"", "Guo Jia replied, \n\nCao Cao laughed and said, \"If what you've said is true, I feel really flattered.\"", "Guo Jia said, \"Yuan Shao is now occupied in a war with Gongsun Zan in the north.", "We should head east to attack Lü Bu.", "If we don't eliminate Lü Bu first, when Yuan Shao attacks us and Lü Bu assists him, we'll be in deep trouble.\"", "Cao Cao agreed with Guo Jia.", "Cao Cao's campaign against Lü Bu\n\nIn 198, Cao Cao launched a campaign against his rival Lü Bu in Xu Province, leading to the Battle of Xiapi.", "Lü Bu lost three battles and retreated to Xiapi (下邳; present-day Pizhou, Jiangsu).", "Cao Cao's forces besieged the city for months but they still could not conquer it because Lü Bu and his men resisted firmly.", "By then, Cao Cao's troops were tired and weary of battle, so Cao intended to withdraw his forces.", "However, Guo Jia and Xun You told Cao Cao, \"Lü Bu is courageous but foolhardy.", "His army's morale is low because he has already lost three battles.", "The troops look up to their commander.", "If their commander shows any sign of weakness, the men will lose their fighting spirit.", "Lü Bu may have Chen Gong as an intelligent adviser but the latter's strategies always come late.", "Now, we should take advantage of this situation, when the morale of Lü Bu's forces is low and when Chen Gong has yet to think of a solution, to press on a fierce attack and we'll achieve victory.\"", "Cao Cao heeded their advice and directed the waters of the Yi () and Si rivers to flood Xiapi, resulting in his triumph over Lü Bu.", "The Fu Zi recorded another piece of advice Guo Jia gave to Cao Cao during the Battle of Xiapi: \"In the past, Xiang Yu never lost any of the over 70 battles he fought in, but once the tide turned against him, he ended up in death and destruction.", "This was due to his reliance on his personal courage and his negligence towards strategy.", "Lü Bu has lost three consecutive battles and his army's morale is low and his defences are weakening.", "His might is not comparable to Xiang Yu, and he is now overwhelmed by defeat and weariness.", "If we take advantage of our successes to press on the attack on him, we can defeat him.\"", "Cao Cao agreed with him.", "Advice to Cao Cao on how to handle Liu Bei\nAccording to the Wei Shu, Guo Jia advised Cao Cao on how to handle Liu Bei when Liu Bei came to join Cao Cao in 196, after Lü Bu seized control of Xu Province from Liu's general Zhang Fei.", "On Cao Cao's suggestion, Emperor Xian appointed Liu Bei as the Governor () of Yu Province ().", "Someone told Cao Cao, \"Liu Bei has the ambition of a hero.", "If you don't eliminate him now, he'll become a threat to you in the future.\"", "Cao Cao asked Guo Jia for his opinion, to which Guo replied, \"That's true.", "However, when you raised an army in the name of righteousness and pledged to help the common people eliminate tyrants, you attracted talented and capable people to serve under you based on your sincerity and integrity.", "Liu Bei is known to be a hero, so if you kill him when he comes to serve you, you will be viewed as someone who harms men of virtue.", "Other talented persons will start to doubt you and may even change their minds about serving you.", "If that happens, who will help you achieve your goals?", "Therefore, it's imperative that you carefully consider the consequences of ruining your good reputation for the sake of eliminating one man who poses a threat to you.\"", "Cao Cao laughed and said, \"I understand.\"", "However, the Fu Zi gave a completely different account of Guo's advice to Cao Cao on how to handle Liu Bei.", "Guo Jia told Cao Cao, \"Liu Bei has great ambitions and has won the hearts of many people.", "Zhang Fei and Guan Yu are formidable fighters and they have pledged to serve him with their lives.", "From what I observe, Liu Bei will never truly submit to anyone, and his intentions are unclear.", "The people in the past once said, 'If you let the enemy off today, they will become a threat to you for a long time.'", "You should settle (Liu Bei) soon.\"", "At the time, Cao Cao was using Emperor Xian as a figurehead to command respect and had attracted many heroes to serve under him so he did not heed Guo Jia's advice.", "When Cao Cao later sent Liu Bei with an army to attack Yuan Shu, Guo Jia and Cheng Yu warned Cao, \"Liu Bei will rebel if you let him go!\"", "By then, Liu Bei had already left and he really did rebel against Cao Cao as he later seized control of Xu Province from Che Zhou, the provincial governor appointed by Cao Cao.", "Cao Cao regretted not following Guo Jia's advice.", "Pei Songzhi noted that the Wei Shu account is exactly the opposite of the Fu Zi account, but did not give his opinion on which he regarded to be the genuine one.", "Prediction of Sun Ce's death\nBetween 194 and 199, the warlord Sun Ce embarked on a series of conquests in Jiangdong and seized control of most of the territories in the region.", "Around 200, Cao Cao finally engaged Yuan Shao at the Battle of Guandu.", "When Sun Ce heard that Cao Cao was locked in a stalemate with Yuan Shao at Guandu, he planned to lead an army across the Yangtze River and launch a surprise attack on the imperial capital Xu (許; present-day Xuchang, Henan), which was Cao Cao's base.", "When Cao Cao's men received news of the impending assault, they were all shocked and frightened, but Guo Jia said, \"Sun Ce had newly conquered the lands in Jiangdong and he killed many heroes whose followers were willing to die for them.", "Besides, Sun Ce is overly confident and is unprepared, so even though he has thousands of troops, the situation is not much different from him setting out to conquer the Central Plains all by himself.", "If he encounters assassins, he'll have to deal with them alone.", "From what I observe, he'll eventually die at the hands of a common man.\"", "Guo Jia's prediction came true as Sun Ce was assassinated by the followers of Xu Gong (a commandery administrator he killed earlier) before he could even carry out his plan.", "Pei Songzhi commented that Guo Jia's accurate prediction of Sun Ce's assassination was a display of Guo's foresight, but not a good gauge of Guo's brilliance because Guo did not manage to predict which year Sun Ce would die.", "He felt that it was purely coincidental that Sun Ce was assassinated in the same year he was planning to attack Xu.", "Suggestion to Cao Cao to attack Liu Bei first before attacking Yuan Shao\nAccording to the Fu Zi, before the Battle of Guandu, Cao Cao wanted to attack Liu Bei (who had rebelled and seized control of Xu Province) first before dealing with Yuan Shao.", "However, some of Cao Cao's advisers expressed their worries that Yuan Shao would take advantage of their absence to attack them, rendering them trapped between Yuan and Liu Bei.", "Cao Cao faced a dilemma so he asked Guo Jia for his opinion.", "Guo Jia suggested, \"Yuan Shao is suspicious and he hesitates before he makes any decision, so he won't make his move fast.", "Liu Bei had just taken control of Xu Province so his situation isn't stable yet.", "He can be easily defeated if we attack him fast and hard.", "This is a critical opportunity, we mustn't lose it.\"", "Cao Cao agreed and immediately led an army east to attack Liu Bei and defeated the latter.", "After his defeat, Liu Bei fled to Hebei to join Yuan Shao.", "Throughout that period of time, Yuan Shao did not make any move.", "However, Pei Songzhi commented that Guo Jia was not the one who pointed out Yuan Shao's weakness and suggested to launch a swift attack on Liu Bei.", "Rather, according to Cao Cao's biography in the Sanguozhi, it was Cao who thought of that plan himself.", "Cao Cao's campaigns against Yuan Shao's sons\nCao Cao scored a decisive victory over Yuan Shao at the Battle of Guandu in 200.", "Yuan Shao died two years after his defeat and his sons Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang started fighting each other for control over their father's vast domain.", "Cao Cao defeated Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang at the Battle of Liyang in 202–203 and won several consecutive battles.", "At the time, many of Cao Cao's generals urged Cao to take advantage of his successes to continue attacking the Yuans, but Guo Jia said, \"Yuan Shao loved both sons so he couldn't decide between them who would succeed him.", "With advisers like Guo Tu and Pang Ji to assist the Yuans, internal conflict will definitely break out between them.", "If we press on our attacks, the Yuans will unite to resist us.", "If we withdraw our forces, the Yuans will start fighting among themselves.", "Why don't we turn south and attack Liu Biao in Jing Province first?", "We should wait until the Yuan brothers start fighting each other and then attack them.", "We'll achieve victory in this way.\"", "Cao Cao agreed and prepared for a campaign against Liu Biao.", "Internal conflict did break out between Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang later, which resulted in Yuan Tan being defeated by his younger brother.", "Yuan Tan retreated to Pingyuan () and sent Xin Pi to meet Cao Cao, agreeing to surrender to Cao and requesting for assistance in dealing with Yuan Shang.", "Cao Cao led his forces north and defeated Yuan Shang at the Battle of Ye in 204.", "In 205, Cao Cao attacked Yuan Tan on some pretence and defeated him at the Battle of Nanpi.", "By then, Cao Cao had pacified most of Ji Province in northern China.", "In recognition of his contributions, the Han imperial court enfeoffed Guo Jia as the Marquis of Weiyang Village ().", "Battle of White Wolf Mountain\n\nWhen Cao Cao was preparing for another campaign against Yuan Shang (who had fled to join his second brother Yuan Xi and the Wuhuan tribes), many of his followers were worried that Liu Biao might send Liu Bei (who had become a vassal under Liu Biao) to attack Cao Cao's base, the imperial capital Xu (許; present-day Xuchang, Henan).", "However, Guo Jia said to Cao Cao, \"Your military might may be very well known now, but the Wuhuan will definitely not set up defences because they are deluded by a false sense of security since they are far away from you.", "As such, if you seize this opportunity to launch a surprise attack on them, you can eliminate them.", "Besides, Yuan Shao treated the ethnic minorities well and the Yuan brothers are still alive.", "Now, the people of northern China submit to you because they fear your military might, and you've yet to pacify them through benevolent governance.", "If you abandon the campaign and head south instead, the Wuhuan and Yuan Shao's former followers might rally the support of the people in northern China, who are likely to respond to their call.", "When that happens, the attention of Tadun (a Wuhuan chieftain) will be aroused and he may think of attacking you, and by then we would have lost Qing and Ji provinces.", "Liu Biao is a person who does nothing but sit and talk.", "He also does not trust Liu Bei as the latter is more capable than him – if he entrusts Liu Bei with important responsibilities, he will be worried that the latter will no longer submit to him; if he gives Liu Bei trivial tasks to do, the latter will be reluctant to serve him.", "Even if you empty your territories to campaign far away, you have no worries.\"", "Cao Cao proceeded with his campaign against the Yuan brothers and the Wuhuan.", "When Cao Cao's forces arrived at Yi (), Guo Jia said, \"A swift army is powerful.", "Now, as we've travelled a long distance, we have much heavy baggage so we cannot launch a swift attack.", "If the enemy learns of our approach, they will definitely prepare defences.", "Why don't we leave the heavy baggage behind and send our light forces to take a shortcut and launch a surprise attack?\"", "Cao Cao led his army through a secret passage at Lulong Pass () and headed directly towards the Wuhuan chieftains' headquarters.", "The Wuhuan were shocked when they heard of Cao Cao's approach and they hastily assembled their army, but were defeated by Cao Cao at the Battle of White Wolf Mountain.", "Tadun was killed in battle.", "The Yuan brothers fled to Liaodong to join the warlord Gongsun Kang, who captured and executed them and then sent their heads to Cao Cao.", "Death\nGuo Jia was known for his deep foresight, which allowed him to accurately predict the outcomes of events.", "Cao Cao once remarked, \"Only Fengxiao knows what's on my mind.\"", "Chen Qun once made many complaints about Guo Jia, saying how Guo was very unbridled in his ways.", "Guo Jia, however, remained calm in the face of these accusations.", "Cao Cao still regarded Guo Jia highly but was also pleased that Chen Qun stood by his own principles.", "Guo Jia fell ill after departing from Liucheng (柳城; in present-day Chaoyang County, Liaoning) following Cao Cao's victory at the Battle of White Wolf Mountain in 207.", "He was 38 years old (by East Asian age reckoning) at that time and he died not long later.", "Cao Cao was very grieved by Guo Jia's death.", "He told Xun You, \"All of you are around the same age as me; only Fengxiao was the youngest.", "I planned to entrust him with responsibilities before my death, but it's destined that he would die at such a young age.\"", "Cao Cao then wrote a memorial to Emperor Xian: \"Army Libationer Guo Jia had served in the military for 11 years.", "There would be a discussion whenever we faced difficult situations, and when I could not decide on what to do, he was the one who helped me arrive at my decisions.", "He has made great contributions in the pacification of the Empire.", "It is unfortunate that he died early and did not manage to complete his task.", "We should not forget his contributions.", "I suggest that his family be granted an additional 800 taxable households under their control, making it a total of 1,000 households.\"", "The Wei Shu () recorded a longer memorial written by Cao Cao to Emperor Xian, requesting for Guo Jia to be honoured.", "Guo Jia was granted the posthumous title \"Marquis Zhen\" (), which literally means \"chaste marquis\".", "In 209, when Cao Cao was returning to Xu (許; present-day Xuchang, Henan) after his defeat at the Battle of Red Cliffs, he passed by Baqiu (), where a plague broke out in his army.", "He ordered the boats to be burnt, and sighed, \"If Guo Fengxiao was around, I wouldn't have ended up like this.\"", "Cao Cao mourned Guo Jia again.", "He also wrote to Xun Yu twice to lament Guo Jia's death.", "Family\nGuo Jia's peerage was inherited by his son, Guo Yi (), whose courtesy name was Boyi ().", "Wang Chang wrote in his book Family Rules () that Guo Yi was \"well-read and intelligent, but prejudiced and not generous in how he treated others; he was respectful towards people he favoured, but contemptuous towards people he disliked.\"", "Wang Chang thus hoped that his children would learn from Guo Yi's example and not be like him.", "Guo Yi served as a Literary Scholar of the Crown Prince () in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period and died relatively early like his father before him.", "Guo Yi's son, Guo Shen (), inherited his father's peerage, and was in turn succeeded by his son Guo Lie () when he died.", "Guo Jia had another grandson, Guo Chang (), whose courtesy name was Taizhong ().", "Guo Chang was known for his brilliance and he served as a Regular Mounted Attendant () in the Cao Wei state during the Three Kingdoms period.", "In Romance of the Three Kingdoms\nGuo Jia appears as a character in the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi) by Luo Guanzhong, which romanticises the historical events before and during the Three Kingdoms period.", "In chapter 33 of the novel, Guo Jia was accompanying Cao Cao on his campaign against the Yuan brothers (Yuan Shang and Yuan Xi) and the Wuhuan when he fell sick because he could not adjust to the climate.", "He advised Cao Cao to leave the heavy baggage behind and launch a swift attack on the enemy with a light force, which resulted in Cao's victory later at the Battle of White Wolf Mountain.", "Guo Jia remained in Yizhou () to recover and did not follow Cao Cao to the frontline.", "When Cao Cao returned to Yizhou later, he was deeply grieved to hear that Guo Jia had already died several days ago.", "Before his death, Guo Jia wrote Cao Cao a note, whose contents were not revealed until later in the chapter.", "When Cao Cao received news that Yuan Shang and Yuan Xi had fled to Liaodong to join the warlord Gongsun Kang, his subordinates urged him to either attack Liaodong or return to Xu (許; present-day Xuchang, Henan), but Cao told them to wait until they had received the Yuan brothers' heads.", "Just then, Cao Cao heard that Gongsun Kang had captured and killed the Yuan brothers and sent their heads to him, and his followers were very surprised.", "Cao Cao then revealed Guo Jia's note, which stated: \"I heard that Yuan Xi and Yuan Shang had fled to Liaodong.", "You should not mobilise the army.", "Gongsun Kang had long feared that the Yuans would conquer his territory so he would definitely feel suspicious when the Yuan brothers join him.", "If you attack them, they will unite to resist you and you cannot overcome them quickly; if you do not move, Gongsun Kang and the Yuans will fight each other, and this is definite.\"", "In popular culture\n\nGuo Jia is first introduced as a playable character in the Xtreme Legends version of the seventh instalment in Koei's Dynasty Warriors video game series.", "He also appears in Koei's Dynasty Tactics and Romance of the Three Kingdoms series.", "Guo Jia is the protagonist of the manga by .", "He is portrayed by Wang Jinxin in the 2010 Chinese television series Three Kingdoms.", "See also\n Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n Chen, Shou (3rd century).", "Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).", "Pei, Songzhi (5th century).", "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).", "Luo, Guanzhong (14th century).", "Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi).", "Sima, Guang (1084).", "Zizhi Tongjian.", "170 births\n207 deaths\nOfficials under Yuan Shao\nOfficials under Cao Cao\nPoliticians from Xuchang\nHan dynasty politicians from Henan" ]

[ "During the late Eastern Han dynasty of China, Guo Jia was an adviser to the warlord Cao Cao.", "During his 11 years of service, the genius and foresight of the man was greatly aided by him, and his strategies were instrumental to the victories of the man.", "Four years prior to the Battle of Guandu, the man who pointed out the advantages of Cao Cao was already predicting that he would win.", "The Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi), which was written by Chen Shou in the third century, is the most authoritative historical source on Guo Jia's life.", "In the fifth century, Pei Songzhi annotated the Sanguozhi by incorporating information from other sources and adding his own commentary.", "Some alternative texts were used in the annotations to the biography.", "In present-day Yuzhou, Henan, is where the early life of Guo Jia was from.", "He was famous for his intelligence as a child.", "At the age of 19 he was travelling around the country and befriending members of the scholar-gentry.", "He was not well known outside of his circles because he did not associate himself with the hoi polloi.", "Everyone who knew him felt that he was extraordinary.", "He was a minor official in the office of the Minister over the Masses when he was 26.", "Yuan Shao was an influential warlord who controlled most of northern China at the time.", "\"An intelligent adviser should be careful when he chooses which lord he wants to serve so that his lord will heed every piece of advice he gives,\" he told the advisers.", "The adviser's reputation can be established.", "Lord Yuan doesn't know how to use the talents of the men he wants to recruit to serve under him.", "He likes to listen to many ideas but is indecisive and focuses too much on unnecessary details.", "It is difficult for him to save the Empire from its troubles.", "The person left the other person.", "When he came to serve Cao, he had a brilliant adviser, but he died early.", "\"I've been without someone who I can form strategies with since the death of Xun Yu,\" said Cao.", "There are many talents in the region.", "Who can replace him?", "Xun Yu recommended a person to another person.", "The former remarked \"This must be the man who will help me achieve greatness\" after they had a discussion on the affairs of their time.", "\"He's the lord I want to serve,\" said Guo Jia.", "In the Han imperial court, he held the position of Minister over the Masses.", "Ten advantages the latter had over the other were pointed out in a detailed conversation between the two.", "\"Benchu is in charge of Ji, Qing and Bing provinces and has a large number of troops under his command,\" said Cao.", "He has been making offensive moves.", "I intend to attack him, but my forces are weaker than his, so what should I do?", "If what you've said is true, I feel really flattered.", "There is a war going on between Yuan Shao and the north.", "We should attack L Bu from the east.", "We'll be in deep trouble if we don't eliminate L Bu first.", "The two agreed with each other.", "In 198, a campaign against L Bu was launched by Cao Cao, leading to the Battle of Xiapi.", "L Bu retreated after losing three battles.", "L Bu and his men were able to keep the city from being conquered by Cao's forces.", "By that time, Cao's troops were tired and weary of battle, so he intended to withdraw his forces.", "\"L Bu is brave but foolish,\" said Xun You.", "His army has lost three battles.", "The troops are looking at their commander.", "The men will lose their fighting spirit if their commander shows weakness.", "L Bu may have Chen Gong as an intelligent adviser, but the latter's strategies always come late.", "We should take advantage of this situation when L Bu's forces are low and when Chen Gong hasn't come up with a solution to the problem.", "He directed the waters of the Yi and Si rivers to flood L Bu.", "In the past, Xiang Yu never lost a battle, but once the tide turned against him, he ended up in death and destruction.", "He relied on his personal courage and carelessness towards strategy.", "L Bu has lost three battles in a row and his army is low-spirited.", "He is overwhelmed by defeat and wears himself out.", "We can defeat him if we take advantage of our successes.", "The two of them agreed with him.", "After L Bu seized control of Xu Province, the advice was given to Cao Cao on how to handle Liu Bei.", "The Governor of Yu Province was appointed by the Emperor.", "Someone said thatLiu Bei has the ambition of a hero.", "He will become a threat to you in the future if you don't eliminate him now.", "To which Guo replied, \"That's true.\"", "When you raised an army in the name of righteousness and pledged to help the common people eliminate tyrants, you attracted talented and capable people to serve under you.", "If you kill him, you will be seen as someone who harms men of virtue.", "Other talented people may change their minds about serving you.", "Who will help you achieve your goals?", "It's important that you carefully consider the consequences of ruining your good reputation for the sake of eliminating one man who poses a threat to you.", "He said, \"I understand.\"", "The Fu Zi gave a completely different account of Guo's advice to Cao.", "He has won the hearts of many people and has great ambitions.", "They have pledged to serve him with their lives, and they are formidable fighters.", "I don't know what Liu Bei's intentions are, but he will never truly submit to anyone.", "The people once said, \"If you let the enemy off today, they will become a threat to you for a long time.\"", "You should get settled soon.", "At the time, Cao was using Emperor Xian as a figurehead to command respect and had attracted many heroes to serve under him so he did not heed the advice.", "\"If you let him go, he will revolt!\" warned Cheng Yu and Guo Jia when Cao sent an army to attack Yuan Shu.", "By that time, Che Zhou, the provincial governor, had been appointed by Cao Cao and he had seized control of the province.", "The person regretted not following the advice.", "Pei Songzhi didn't give his opinion on which account was the genuine one, but he noted that the Wei Shu account was the opposite of the Fu Zi account.", "Sun Ce took control of most of the territories in the region after taking a series of conquests in Jiangdong.", "The Battle of Guandu took place around 200.", "Sun Ce was going to lead an army across the Yangtze River and launch a surprise attack on the imperial capital of Xuchang when he heard about the stalemate at Guandu.", "Sun Ce killed many heroes who were willing to die for them when he conquered the lands in Jiangdong.", "Even though he has thousands of troops, Sun Ce is too confident and unprepared to conquer the Central Plains alone.", "He'll have to deal with them alone if he encounters assassins.", "He will die at the hands of a common man.", "Sun Ce was assassinated by the followers of the commandery administrator he killed before he could carry out his plan.", "It was not a good gauge of Guo's brilliance because he did not predict which year Sun Ce would die, but it was a display of his foresight.", "Sun Ce was killed in the year that he was planning to attack Xu.", "According to the Fu Zi, before the Battle of Guandu, there was a suggestion to attack the people who had rebelled and seized control of the province.", "Some of Cao Cao's advisers were worried that Yuan Shao would use their absence to attack them, trapping them between them.", "He asked the man for his opinion.", "He won't make his move fast because he is suspicious and hesitates before he makes a decision.", "His situation isn't stable yet because he just took control of the province.", "If we attack him fast and hard, he can be easily defeated.", "We mustn't lose this opportunity.", "The army led by Cao Cao immediately attacked and defeated the other.", "After his defeat, the man fled to Hebei to join the other man.", "During that time, Yuan Shao did not make a move.", "Pei Songzhi said that Guo Jia was not the one who suggested to launch a swift attack on the other.", "It was Cao who thought of that plan, according to his biography.", "At the Battle of Guandu in 200, the campaign against the sons of Yuan Shao was decisive.", "Two years after their father's death, the sons fought each other for control of their father's vast domain.", "At the Battle of Liyang in 202–203, Cao Cao won several battles.", "\"Yuan Shao loved both sons so he couldn't decide between them who would succeed him, but many of Cao's generals urged him to take advantage of his successes.\"", "The internal conflict will break out with the help of advisers like Pang Ji and Guo Tu.", "The Yuans will resist us if we press on with our attacks.", "The Yuans will start fighting if we withdraw our forces.", "Why don't we attack Liu Biao in the south first?", "We should wait until the brothers start fighting and then attack them.", "We will achieve victory this way.", "Cao Cao was prepared for a campaign against Biao.", "The younger brother of Yuan Tan defeated his older brother in an internal conflict.", "In order to get assistance in dealing with Yuan Shang, Xiao Pi was sent to meet Cao and surrender to him.", "The Battle of Ye took place in 204.", "At the Battle of Nanpi in 205, Cao Cao attacked and defeated Yuan Tan.", "By that time, most of Ji Province in northern China had been conquered.", "In recognition of his contributions, the Han imperial court enfeoffed him.", "The Battle of White Wolf Mountain took place when Cao was preparing for another campaign against Yuan Shang, who had fled to join his second brother.", "The military might be well known now, but the Wuhuan will not set up defences because they are far away from you.", "You can eliminate them if you launch a surprise attack on them.", "The ethnic minorities were treated well by the Yuan brothers.", "The people of northern China submit to you because they fear your military might, and they haven't been appeased through benevolent governance.", "If you abandon the campaign and head south, the people in northern China will support you.", "When that happens, the attention of Tadun will be aroused and he may think of attacking you, and we would have lost the provinces.", "There is a person who does nothing but sit and talk.", "He doesn't trust Liu Bei as he doesn't think the latter is capable of doing the things he is capable of.", "If you empty your territories to campaign far away, you have no worries.", "The campaign against the Yuan brothers began.", "A swift army is powerful.", "We can't launch a swift attack because we have a lot of heavy baggage.", "The enemy will prepare defences if they learn of our approach.", "We should leave the heavy baggage behind and send our light forces to launch a surprise attack.", "The army was led through a secret passage at Lulong Pass.", "When they heard of Cao's approach, they hastily assembled their army, but were defeated by him at the Battle of White Wolf Mountain.", "Tadun died in battle.", "After fleeing to Liaodong, the Yuan brothers were captured and executed by the Gongsun Kang.", "Death was known for his foresight, which allowed him to accurately predict the outcomes of events.", "\"Only Fengxiao knows what's on my mind,\" said Cao.", "Chen Qun once made a lot of complaints about Guo.", "The man remained calm in the face of the accusations.", "He was pleased that Chen Qun stood by his principles.", "The Battle of White Wolf Mountain took place in 207, and after it, Guo Jia fell ill.", "He died not long after he was 38 years old.", "He was very sad by the death of his friend.", "He told Xun You that all of them were the same age as him.", "I planned to give him responsibilities before I died, but he would die young.", "The memorial was written by Cao Cao, who had served in the military for 11 years.", "He was the one who helped me arrive at my decisions when I couldn't decide on what to do.", "He made a lot of contributions to the Empire.", "He died early and did not complete his task.", "His contributions should not be forgotten.", "I suggest that his family be granted an additional 800 households under their control, making a total of 1,000 households.", "The memorial written by Cao to Emperor Xian was recorded by the Wei Shu.", "The posthumous title is \"Marquis Zhen\", which means \"chaste marquis\".", "After his defeat at the Battle of Red Cliffs, the plague broke out in his army and he passed by Baqiu.", "He sighed and said that he wouldn't have ended up like this if he had been around.", "The man mourned the man again, he mourned the man again, he mourned the man again, he mourned the man again, he mourned the man again, he mourned the man again, he mourned the man again, he mourned the man again, he mourned the man again, he mourned the", "He wrote to Xun Yu to express his grief over the death of 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266", "Boyi was the courtesy name of Guo Yi's son.", "Wang Chang wrote in his book that Guo Yi was well-read and intelligent, but prejudiced and not generous in how he treated others.", "Wang Chang hoped that his children would not follow in the footsteps of Guo Yi.", "During the Three Kingdoms period, Guo Yi was a Literary Scholar of the Crown Prince and died early like his father before him.", "When his father died, his son, Guo Lie, succeeded his father's peerage.", "Taizhong was the courtesy name of another grandson, Guo Chang.", "During the Three Kingdoms period, Guo Chang was a Regular Mounted Attendant and he was known for his brilliance.", "Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a historical novel that romanticises the historical events before and during the Three Kingdoms period.", "In chapter 33 of the novel, the leader of the campaign against the Yuan brothers was sick because he couldn't adjust to the climate.", "He advised Cao to leave the heavy baggage behind and launch a swift attack on the enemy with a light force, which resulted in his victory at the Battle of White Wolf Mountain.", "The person who did not follow Cao Cao to the frontline was Guo Jia.", "When he came back to Yizhou, he was sad to hear that he had already died.", "The contents of a note written by Guo Jia before his death were not revealed until later in the chapter.", "When he got the news that the two men had fled to Liaodong, his subordinates urged him to either attack or return to Xu, but he told them to wait until they had received the news.", "The followers of the man were surprised when they heard that he had killed the Yuan brothers and sent their heads to him.", "There was a note that said \"I heard that Yuan Xi and Yuan Shang had fled to Liaodong.\"", "The army shouldn't be mobilised.", "When the Yuan brothers joined him, he would definitely be suspicious because he had long feared that they would conquer his territory.", "If you attack them, they will fight each other and you will not be able to overcome them quickly.", "In the Dynasty Warriors video game series, the character of Guo Jia was introduced as a playable character in the seventh edition of the game.", "He is in the Dynasty Tactics and Romance of the Three Kingdoms series.", "The main character of the Manga is Guo Jia.", "In the Chinese television series Three Kingdoms, he is portrayed by Wang Jinxin.", "List of people of the Three Kingdoms Notes References.", "There are records of the Three Kingdoms.", "Pei was born in the 5th century.", "There are annotations to the records of the Three Kingdoms.", "The 14th century.", "The Three Kingdoms have a romance.", "The name of the person is Sima, Guang.", "There is a person named Zizhi Tongjian.", "There were 170 births and 207 deaths under the officials under the officials under the officials under the officials under the officials under the officials under the officials under the officials under the officials under the officials under the officials under the officials under the officials under the officials under the officials under the officials under the officials" ]

[ "Guo Jia", "Guo Ji", "Guo Jia", "Guo Jia", "Guo Jia", "Guo Jia", "Guo Song", "Guo Jia", "Guo Ji", "Guo Ji", "Guo Tu", "Guo Ji", "Guo Ji", "Guo Ji", "Guo Ji", "Guo Ji", "Guo Jia", "Guo Ji", "Guo Ji", "Guo Ji", "Guo Ji", "Guo Jia", "Guo Ji", "Guo Ji", "Guo Ji", "Guo", "Guo", "Guo Ji", "Guo Jia", "Guo Jia", "Guo Jia", "Guo Jia", "Guo Jia", "Guo Ji", "Guo", "Guo", "Guo", "Guo Jia", "Guo Ji", "Guo Ji", "Guo Ji", "Guo Tu", "Guo Jia", "Guo Ji", "Guo Ji", "Guo Ji", "Guo Ji", "Guo", "Guo Ji", "Guo Ji", "Guo Ji", "Guo Ji", "Guo Ji", "Guo Ji", "Guo Ji", "Guo Fengxia", "Guo Ji", "Guo Jia", "Guo Ji", "Guo Yi", "Guo Yi", "Guo Yi", "Guo Yi", "Guo Yi", "Guo Shen", "Guo Lie", "Guo Ji", "Guo Chang", "Guo Chang", "Guo Ji", "Guo Jia", "Guo Ji", "Guo Ji", "Guo Jia", "Guo Jia", "Guo Jia", "Guo Jia" ]

[ "Guo Jia", "Guo Ji", "Guo Ji", "Guo Ji", "Guo", "Guo", "Guo Ji", "Guo", "Guo Ji", "Guo Tu", "Guo", "Guo Ji", "Guo Yi", "Guo Yi", "Guo Yi", "Guo Yi", "Guo", "Guo Chang", "Guo Chang", "Guo Jia", "Guo Ji", "Guo Jia", "Guo Ji" ]

[ "Timothée Christian Kolodziejczak (; born 1 October 1991) is a French professional footballer who plays for Saint-Étienne, as a defender.", "He can play as either a centre or left back.", "Kolodziejczak is a French youth international and has competed at all levels.", "He played on the under-19 team that won the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship.", "Due to the difficulty of pronouncing his surname, he is a commonly referred to as Kolo.", "Personal life\nKolodziejczak was born on 1 October 1991 in Arras, France, to a Polish father and a Martiniquais mother.", "Club career\n\nEarly career\nKolodziejczak began his career at the age of seven playing for local club US Saint-Maurice Loos-en-Gohelle.", "In July 1999, he moved to hometown club CS Avion where he spent a year.", "In June 2000, Kolodziejczak joined the professional club of RC Lens.", "While in the club's youth academy, he trained alongside youth and international teammate Gaël Kakuta at the Centre de Préformation de Football in nearby Liévin, a training center exclusively for players brought up in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region.", "He spent two years at the center training there during the weekdays and playing with Lens on the weekends.", "One of his trainers at the facility was former Polish international Joachim Marx.", "After graduating from the club's youth academy, he was offered a five-year professional contract as Lens were attempting to tie down the defender who was being scouted by several prominent European clubs, most notably Manchester United.", "Kolodziejczak turned down the offer with hopes of signing elsewhere stating he had no confidence in the club.", "Following negotiations, it was announced on 21 August 2008 that Kolodziejczak agreed to join seven-time Ligue 1 champions Olympique Lyonnais on a season-long loan with a view to a permanent deal with Lens demanding at least €3 million in compensation for the player.", "Lyon\nUpon his arrival to the club, Kolodziejczak was given the number 12 shirt on the first-team.", "However, due to signing late in the transfer window, he missed Lyon's entire pre-season campaign and was placed on the club's Championnat de France amateur team in the fourth division by manager Claude Puel.", "He made his reserve debut on 13 September 2008 in the derby match against Saint-Étienne's reserve team.", "The match resulted in a 2–1 victory with Kolodziejczak playing the entire match picking up a yellow card.", "Two months later, Kolodziejczak was called up to the first team for a league match against Paris Saint-Germain on 23 November 2008 to serve as the backup left back.", "In the match, he made his professional debut coming on as a substitute for the severely injured Anthony Réveillère in the 11th minute.", "Lyon lost the match 1–0 with Kolodziejczak being penalized with a yellow card late in the second half.", "Following the season, Lyon signed Kolodziejczak on a permanent deal with the player agreeing to a four-year deal and the transfer fee being priced at €2.5 million.", "For the 2009–10 season, Kolodziejczak's playing time was limited.", "On 29 September 2009, he made his UEFA Champions League debut in the team's 4–0 victory over Hungarian club Debrecen appearing as a substitute for starting left back Aly Cissokho.", "Four days later, Kolodziejczak made another substitute appearance in a 2–0 win against his former club Lens.", "On 21 November, he made his first professional start playing 76 minutes in a 1–1 draw against Grenoble.", "Nice\nIn the summer of 2012, he moved to fellow Ligue 1 club Nice on a four-year contract.", "Sevilla\nKolodziejczak joined Sevilla FC on 27 August 2014, signing a three-year contract on a transfer fee of €3 million.", "On 18 September he made his first appearance, as the club defeated Feyenoord 2–0 in the UEFA Europa League.", "He debuted in La Liga six days later, playing the entirety of a 1–0 home win against Real Sociedad.", "On 2 October, he was shown a straight red card in a Europa League match at HNK Rijeka for conceding a penalty on Andrej Kramarić.", "This was converted for the first equaliser in an eventual 2–2 draw.", "He scored his first goal on 29 October, opening a 6–1 win at CE Sabadell in the first leg of the Copa del Rey round of 32.", "He made nine appearances as they won the Europa League in his first season, including the 3–2 win over FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk in the final in Warsaw.", "Borussia Mönchengladbach\nOn 4 January 2017, Kolodziejczak signed for German club Borussia Mönchengladbach.", "Tigres UANL\nOn 4 September 2017, Kolodziejczak joined Liga MX club Tigres UANL.", "International career\nKolodziejczak has featured for all of France's national youth teams beginning with the under-16 team.", "He made his debut with the team in the team's last match against Germany at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin on 30 May 2006.", "Germany won the match 1–0 with Felix Kroos scoring the lone goal.", "With the under-17 team, Kolodziejczak was a regular and made his debut in the team's opening match against Switzerland in a 4–0 victory.", "In qualification for the 2008 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship, he appeared in both rounds of qualification with the team finishing the Elite Round portion unbeaten, which led to qualification to the UEFA-sanctioned tournament.", "At the tournament, Kolodziejczak scored his first youth international goal against Turkey in the semi-finals.", "The goal came in the 69th minute with France trailing 1–0.", "The team later won the match 4–3 on penalties.", "In the final, France were defeated 4–0 by Spain.", "On under-18 duty, Kolodziejczak made his debut in the team's opening match against the Ukraine.", "He only made six appearances with the team.", "With the under-19 team, Kolodziejczak was again called upon by coach Francis Smerecki making his first appearance with the team on 9 October 2009 in 4–2 defeat to the Netherlands.", "After consistently appearing with the team for the campaign, on 7 June 2010, he was named to coach Smerecki's 18-man squad to participate in the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship.", "Kolodziejczak played in all five of the team's matches including the final match against Spain, which France won 2–1.", "The title is the country's second UEFA Under-19 championship.", "Due to France's victory at the UEFA Under-19 championship, the nation qualified for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup, which merited under-20 team appearances for Kolodziejczak.", "He made his debut with the team on 7 October 2010 in a friendly match against Portugal, which ended 3–3.", "Kolodziejczak, subsequently, appeared in four matches for the team during the 2010–11 campaign and, on 10 June 2011, was named to the 21-man squad to participate in the U-20 World Cup.", "He made his debut in the competition on 30 July 2011 in the team's 4–1 defeat to the hosts Colombia.", "Due to his Polish descent, Kolodziejczak is also eligible to represent Poland at international level.", "At the age of 15, he was issued a proposal by the Polish Football Association (PZPN) who sought for the player to play for the country's youth international teams.", "However, due to not having Polish citizenship, Kolodziejczak would have been unable to play in an official match for Poland, which led to his father declining the opportunity and, instead, deciding that it would be better to wait a few years until coming to a decision.", "Career statistics\n\nHonours\n\nClub\nSevilla\nUEFA Europa League: 2014–15, 2015–16\n\nUANL\nLiga MX: Apertura 2017\n\nIndividual\nUEFA Europa League Squad of the Season: 2014–15\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n Timothée Kolodziejczak at Official Liga MX Profile \n\n1991 births\nLiving people\nSportspeople from Pas-de-Calais\nAssociation football defenders\nFrench footballers\nFrench people of Martiniquais descent\nFrench people of Polish descent\nOlympique Lyonnais players\nRC Lens players\nOGC Nice players\nSevilla FC players\nBorussia Mönchengladbach players\nTigres UANL footballers\nAS Saint-Étienne players\nLigue 1 players\nLa Liga players\nBundesliga players\nLiga MX players\nUEFA Europa League winning players\nFrance youth international footballers\nFrench expatriate footballers\nExpatriate footballers in Spain\nFrench expatriate sportspeople in Spain\nExpatriate footballers in Germany\nExpatriate footballers in Mexico" ]

[ "A French professional footballer who plays for Saint-tienne is named Timothée Christian Kolodziejczak.", "He can play either center or left back.", "The French youth international has competed at all levels.", "The under-19 team won the 2010 European Under-19 Football Championship.", "He is often referred to as Kolo due to the difficulty of pronouncing his name.", "A Polish father and a Martiniquais mother had a child on 1 October 1991 in France.", "At the age of seven, he began playing for the local club US Saint-Maurice Loos-en-Gohelle.", "He spent a year at the club in 1999.", "The professional club of RC Lens was founded in 2000.", "The Centre de Préformation de Football in Livin is a training center exclusively for players brought up in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region.", "He trained at the center for two years and played with Lens on the weekends.", "The former Polish international was one of his trainers.", "After graduating from the club's youth academy, he was offered a five-year professional contract as Lens were attempting to tie down the defender who was being scouted by several prominent European clubs, most notably Manchester United.", "He had no confidence in the club and turned down the offer.", "On August 21, 2008, it was announced that the player would join Olympique Lyonnais on a season-long loan with a view to a permanent deal with Lens.", "The number 12 shirt was given to him by the club.", "Due to signing late in the transfer window, he missed Lyon's entire pre-season campaign and was placed on the club's amateur team.", "He made his debut in the derby match against Saint-tienne's reserve team.", "The match ended in a 2–1 victory with Kolodziejczak picking up a yellow card.", "On November 23, 2008, he was called up to the first team for a league match against Paris Saint-Germain to serve as the backup left back.", "He made his professional debut as a substitute for Anthony Réveillre in the 11th minute.", "Lyon lost the match 1–0 with Kolodziejczak getting a yellow card late in the second half.", "The player agreed to a four-year deal with Lyon and the transfer fee was priced at 2.5 million.", "His playing time was limited for the season.", "In the team's 4–0 victory over Hungarian club Debrecen, he appeared as a substitute for starting left back Aly Cissokho.", "In a 2–0 win against his former club, Kolodziejczak made another substitute appearance.", "He made his first professional start on November 21st, playing 76 minutes in a 1–1 draw against Grenoble.", "He joined Nice in the summer of 2012 on a four-year contract.", "The signing of a three-year contract on a transfer fee of 3 million was done by Sevilla Kolodziejczak.", "He made his first appearance in the club's victory over Feyenoord.", "He played the whole of a 1–0 home win against Real Sociedad six days later.", "On 2 October, he was shown a straight red card for giving a penalty to Andrej Kramari.", "This was converted for an eventual 2–2 draw.", "He scored his first goal on October 29th in the first leg of the Copa del Rey round of 32.", "The 3–2 win over FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk in the final in Warsaw was one of nine appearances he made in his first season.", "On January 4, 2017, Kolodziejczak joined the club.", "On September 4, 2017, Kolodziejczak joined Tigres UANL.", "All of France's national youth teams began with the under-16 team.", "He made his debut in the team's last match against Germany at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin.", "Felix Kroos scored the lone goal for Germany.", "In the team's opening match, he made his debut in a 4–0 victory over Switzerland.", "In qualification for the 2008 European Under 17 Football Championship, he appeared in both rounds of qualification with the team finishing the Elite Round without a loss.", "In the semi-finals, he scored his first youth international goal.", "France had a goal in the 69th minute.", "The team won the match on penalties.", "France was defeated by Spain in the final.", "In the team's opening match, he made his debut.", "He made six appearances with the team.", "In the 4–2 defeat to the Netherlands, the under-19 team's coach Francis Smerecki made his first appearance with the team.", "He was named to Smerecki's 18-man squad to participate in the 2010 European Under-19 Football Championship on June 7, 2010, after consistently appearing with the team for the campaign.", "The final match of the team was against Spain and France won 2–1.", "The country has had two Under-19 championship.", "The nation qualified for the U-20 World Cup due to France's victory at the Under-19 Championship.", "He made his debut with the team in a match against Portugal.", "The 21-man squad for the U-20 World Cup was named on June 10, 2011.", "He made his debut in the competition in July of 2011.", "He is eligible to represent Poland at international level due to his Polish descent.", "At the age of 15, he received a proposal from the Polish Football Association to play for the country's youth international teams.", "Due to not having Polish citizenship, Kolodziejczak would have been unable to play in an official match for Poland, which led to his father declining the opportunity and deciding that it would be better to wait a few years.", "There are career statistics for Club Sevilla in the U.S., as well as the individual squad of the season in the U.S." ]

[ "Timothée Christian Kolodziejczak", "Kolodziejczak", "Kolodziejczak", "Kolodziejczak", "Kolodziejczak", "Kolodziejczak", "Kolodziejczak", "Kolodziejczak", "Kolodziejczak", "Kolodziejczak", "Kolodziejczak", "Kolodziejczakak", "Kolodziejczak", "Kolodziejczak", "Kolodziejczak", "Kolodziejczak", "Kolodziejczak", "Kolodziejczak", "Kolodziejczak", "Timothée" ]

[ "Timothée Christian Kolodziejczak", "Kolodziejczaky", "Kolodziejczak", "Kolodziejczak", "Kolodziejczak" ]

[ "Anastasia Andreyevna Myskina ( ; born 8 July 1981) is a former professional tennis player.", "She won the 2004 French Open singles title, becoming the first Russian female tennis player to win a Grand Slam singles title.", "Subsequent to this victory, she rose to No.", "3 in the WTA rankings, becoming the first Russian female tennis player to reach the top 3 in the history of the rankings.", "In September 2004, she reached a career-high ranking of No.", "2.", "She has not retired officially, but has been inactive on the WTA Tour since May 2007.", "Tennis career\n\n1999–2001\nMyskina was born in Moscow and turned professional in 1998, the year in which she broke into the WTA top 500.", "She won her first WTA title in Palermo in only her second appearance in the main draw of a WTA tournament.", "She made her debut in a Grand Slam tournament at the US Open and the Fed Cup (playing doubles).", "In 2000, Myskina scored first career top-20 victory over No.", "17 Barbara Schett en route to the Sopot semifinal.", "She debuted at Roland Garros (which she would later win) and Wimbledon.", "She played in the Sydney Olympics and reached her first Tier I quarterfinal in Zürich, where she lost to world No.", "1 Martina Hingis.", "Myskina was plagued by injury that forced her to miss the Australian Open.", "As a result, she fell out of the top 100.", "She then had a solid indoor performance, reaching the quarterfinals in Leipzig and the semifinals in Moscow, her first career Tier I semifinal.", "2002\n2002 was a breakthrough season for Myskina.", "She scored her first top-10 win over defending champion Jelena Dokić in Rome, and entered so the top 20.", "Myskina reached back-to-back grass court finals in Birmingham and Eastbourne, and rose to No.", "15 in the rankings.", "She won her first Tier II 2002 Brasil Open – Women's Singles title in Bahia, and another runner-up finish in Leipzig confirmed her spot in WTA Tour Championships.", "She finished the 2002 season in the top 15 for the first time in her career.", "2003\nMyskina obtained an invite to play The Hong Kong Ladies Challenge and reached the Australian Open quarterfinals (her first Grand Slam quarterfinal appearance of six).", "After claiming the title in Doha and defeating friend Elena Likhovtseva in the first all-Russian final in WTA history, she cracked the top 10.", "Established her place among the game elite with a win in Sarasota, Myskina also had mediocre results during the summer season were followed by a quarterfinal appearance at the US Open, back-to-back titles in Leipzig (defeating No.", "1 Kim Clijsters and No.", "2 Justine Henin) and Moscow, which was her first Tier I title.", "She became the first Russian woman to win the Kremlin Cup), and she made the finals in Philadelphia.", "Myskina qualified for the Tour Championships.", "She earned more than US$ one million in prize money, and finished the year in the top 10 for the first time in her career.", "2004: French Open champion\n2004 was Myskina's best season.", "Myskina successfully defended her Doha title, afterwards becoming the second Russian woman to break into the top 5, the first was Natasha Zvereva, who rose to No.", "5 in the world in May 1989.", "The highlight of Myskina's 2004 season was a victory at the French Open, where she saved match points in the fourth round against Svetlana Kuznetsova, then defeated former world No.", "1 players Venus Williams and Jennifer Capriati, en route to a 6–1, 6–2 victory over compatriot Elena Dementieva in the first all-Russian Grand Slam final, thus making her the first female Russian to win a Grand Slam singles title.", "Prior to her French Open victory, she had never made it past the second round at Roland Garros.", "Following her win in Paris, she rose to No.", "3 in the rankings.", "She reached the final in San Diego, breaking Maria Sharapova's 14-match winning streak that included Wimbledon and beat Vera Zvonareva 17–15 in a third set tie-break, saving nine match points, winning the longest final set tie-break in WTA Tour history.", "She lost in the 2004 Athens Olympics semifinal to Justine Henin, having led 5–1 in the final set.", "She rose to a career-high No.", "2 in the rankings.", "Myskina recovered from the tough loss to win the Kremlin Cup for the second straight year, and beat No.", "2 Lindsay Davenport for the first time in five meetings en route to doing so.", "She finished on the top of her group at the WTA Championships, and scored her second win over a world No.", "1 by again beating Davenport, but lost in the semifinals to the eventual champion Sharapova.", "Myskina led Russia to its first Fed Cup title, winning eight out of nine matches played, including winning all of her three matches in the final.", "Finished the season as world No.", "3, a career-best year-end rank for a female Russian, and won over US$2 million in prize money, having scored ten top-10-wins during the 2004 season.", "2005\n\n2005 brought Myskina mixed fortunes.", "She spent the first half of 2005 poorly, due to personal issues regarding her mother's health.", "Myskina surrendered her Doha and Roland Garros titles in the very first round, and became the first Roland Garros champion to lose in the opening round.", "Bringing an 8–10 win-loss record to the beginning of the grass court season, Myskina managed to turn it around at Wimbledon by reaching her career-first quarterfinal at the event with three comeback wins over Jelena Janković (from a 1–5 final set deficit), and over Dementieva (being 1–6, 0–3 down and facing match points in the second set tiebreak).", "She fell out of the top 10 in August.", "She then won her tenth career title in Kolkata beating lower-ranked opponents.", "She also beat the Wimbledon champion Venus Williams in Fed Cup semifinals, but then lost both of her matches in the final.", "Myskina finished inside top 15 for the fourth straight time.", "2006\n2006 was another disappointing season for Myskina.", "Having had several chances to return to the top 10, she failed to convert any of them.", "In Warsaw, she suffered her worst defeat in terms of the rankings on WTA Tour level, falling to a wildcard, Agnieszka Radwańska, then ranked No.", "309.", "At Roland Garros, Myskina defeated 2005 quarterfinalist Ana Ivanovic in the third round before losing to the eventual champion Justine Henin in the fourth round.", "She showed splashes of her old form during the grass season, having reached the Eastbourne final beautifully, losing to Justine Henin-Hardenne in a close final concluded in a third set tiebreak.", "She made the Wimbledon quarterfinals, but lost to eventual champion Amélie Mauresmo in three sets.", "She had solid performance at the first two Grand Slams, making the fourth round on each occasion.", "After Wimbledon, her game completely fell apart.", "Along with second straight runner-up finish at the Tier IV event in Stockholm, she did not manage to win a single match in North America, going 0–3 during the US Open Series.", "The downfall reached its nadir when she became the first person to lose a Grand Slam match against future world No.", "1 Victoria Azarenka at the US Open, having entered the event under an injury cloud carried over from New Haven.", "Anastasia sat out for a majority of the indoor season with a foot and toe injury, pulling out of Stuttgart and her home tournament in Moscow.", "She returned to play in Zürich, but lost to then unknown Swiss qualifier Timea Bacsinszky, 3–6, 3–6.", "2007: Struggles with injuries, final year\nMyskina only played two singles matches, having been injured.", "She lost both of those matches; including to Meghann Shaughnessy at the French Open, only winning a game.", "As of 25 July 2007, Myskina fell to the same ranking as the wildcard she lost to Agnieszka Radwańska, of No.", "309.", "She also is unranked for doubles.", "Myskina then took time off the tour due to a career-threatening injury, and has been inactive on the WTA tour since then, and is widely considered to have unofficially retired from the sport.", "Playing style\n\nMyskina was a baseline player who combined excellent defensive skills with aggressive shot-making abilities.", "Her two-handed backhand was powerful, and was hit flat and with consistent depth, and was responsible for many of the winners she accumulated on court.", "Her forehand was also strong, especially when hit inside-out, and could be devastating when Myskina was in good form, but a lack of control sometimes led to a high number of unforced errors when employing this shot.", "Her serve was reliable, although not particularly strong, with her average first serve being delivered at 95 mph (153 km/h), meaning that she did not ace frequently, although her serve speed had been recorded as fast as 107 mph (172 km/h).", "Her second serve was weaker, typically being delivered at 70 mph (113 km/h), and was susceptible to attack by aggressive players.", "When Myskina was nervous, her second serve became less reliable, leading to a relatively high double fault count.", "Myskina's greatest strengths as a player were her exceptional speed and court coverage, detailed and precise footwork, anticipation, and ability to improvise as and when the situation required.", "She also possessed delicate touch, and was able to incorporate drop shots and lobs effectively into points, and frequently hit winners with these typically defensive shots.", "Due to her doubles experience, she was also an adept volleyer when she chose to approach the net.", "Myskina's greatest weakness was her inconsistency, which was exacerbated by her fiery temper that was described as \"volcanic\" by some commentators.", "Despite winning her only Grand Slam title on clay, Myskina preferred to play on fast grass and carpet courts.", "Endorsements and apparel\nMyskina was endorsed by Nike for clothing and apparel, and Head for rackets.", "Personal life\nMyskina dated HC Dynamo Moscow hockey player Aleksandr Stepanov.", "In October 2002, she had a series of photos taken for GQ magazine by the photographer Mark Seliger for a spread in the October 2002 edition of GQ, in which one approved photo of her fully clothed was published.", "After she won the French Open in 2004, some photographs from the shoot, in which she appeared topless, were published in the Russian magazine Medved (Bear).", "In August 2004, she filed a US$8 million lawsuit against GQ for allowing her topless photographs to appear in Medved without her consent.", "On 19 June 2005, U.S. District Judge Michael Mukasey, later United States Attorney General, ruled that Myskina could not stop the distribution of the topless photos, because she had signed a release.", "Myskina had claimed that she did not understand the photo release form and that she was not fluent in English at the time.", "Myskina has three sons born in 2008, 2010, and 2012.", "When she was interviewed about parenting with Tennis.com she said: \"Being a mother is so different; it’s not that it’s quieter or faster, it’s just different.", "Being a mom is tough.", "You understand what’s good for you and the babies, while tennis is just a game.", "It’s fun because you have a different life when you step on the court but when the baby is sick you go crazy.", "When I lost a match it was really bad time, now I know it was a great time, so being a mom is tougher.\"", "She also made a lot of statements about tennis more benefiting girls than boys: \"I think this is absolutely not a male sport.", "I don't want to offend any male tennis player, but ... our game is not a team game, a sport for egoists.", "And if women somehow cope, then men — they are so weak.", "I am for team sports!", "Friendship, mutual assistance is the best that the team can give.\"", "Major finals\n\nGrand Slam finals\n\nSingles: 1 (1–0)\n\nOlympic finals\n\nSingles: 1 (0–1)\n\nWTA Tier I finals\n\nSingles: 3 (2 titles, 1 runner-up)\n\nWTA career finals\n\nSingles: 19 (10 titles, 9 runners-up)\n\nDoubles: 6 (5 titles, 1 runner-up)\n\nITF Circuit finals\n\nSingles: 6 (3 titles, 3 runners-up)\n\nDoubles: 4 (3 titles, 1 runner-up)\n\nSingles performance timeline\n\nHead-to-head record against other players\nMyskina's win-loss record against certain players who have been ranked world No.", "10 or higher is as follows:\n\nAwards and honours\nITF World Champion: 2004.", "National\n Sports title \"Merited Master of Sports of Russia\" (2004).", "Sports title \"Merited Coach of Russia\" (2021).", "Order of Friendship (2009).", "See also\n List of Grand Slam Women's Singles champions\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n \n Official Anastasia Myskina Website (Russian)\n Official Anastasia Myskina Website (English)\n\n1981 births\nLiving people\nFrench Open champions\nHopman Cup competitors\nOlympic tennis players of Russia\nTennis players from Moscow\nRussian female tennis players\nTennis players at the 2000 Summer Olympics\nTennis players at the 2004 Summer Olympics\nGrand Slam (tennis) champions in women's singles" ]

[ "A former professional tennis player is born.", "She is the first Russian female tennis player to win a Grand Slam singles title.", "She rose to No. 2 after this victory.", "The first Russian female tennis player to reach the top 3 in the history of the rankings was 3.", "She reached a career-high ranking in 2004.", "2.", "Since May 2007, she has not been on the tour.", "In 1998 Myskina broke into the top 500 of the women's tennis rankings.", "She won the title in Palermo in her second appearance in the main draw.", "She played in the Fed Cup and the US Open.", "Myskina won his first career top-20 match in 2000.", "Barbara Schett was on her way to the Sopot semifinal.", "She got her first win at Wimbledon.", "She lost to the world's top ranked player in the Tier I quarterfinals in Zrich.", "There is a person named Martina Hingis.", "She missed the Australian Open due to injury.", "She fell out of the top 100.", "She reached the quarterfinals in Leipzig and the semifinals in Moscow, her first career Tier I semifinal.", "Myskina had a breakthrough season in 2002.", "She entered the top 20 after beating Jelena Doki in Rome.", "Myskina reached back-to-back grass court finals.", "There are 15 in the rankings.", "She won the women's singles title at the Brasil Open in 2002 and was runner-up in the same event a year later.", "She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Myskina reached the Australian Open quarterfinals for the first time after getting an invite to play The Hong Kong Ladies Challenge.", "She cracked the top 10 after winning the title and defeating Elena Likhovtseva.", "Myskina was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "1 Kim Clijsters.", "Moscow was her first Tier I title.", "She was the first Russian woman to win the Kremlin Cup.", "Myskina made it to the Tour Championships.", "She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Myskina's best season was 2004, when he won the French Open.", "Myskina became the second Russian woman to break into the top 5 after she successfully defended her title.", "In May 1989 there were 5 in the world.", "The highlight of Myskina's 2004 season was a victory at the French Open, where she saved match points in the fourth round against the former world No.", "Elena Dementieva was the first female Russian to win a Grand Slam singles title when she defeated Venus Williams in the first all-Russian Grand Slam final.", "She had never made it past the second round at the French Open.", "She rose to the top after her win in Paris.", "3 are in the rankings.", "She beat Vera Zvonareva 17–15 in a third set tie-break to win the longest final set tie-break on the tour.", "She lost to Justine Henin in the Athens Olympics semifinals, having led 5–1 in the final set.", "She was a career-high No.", "2 are in the rankings.", "The Kremlin Cup was won by Myskina for the second year in a row.", "It was Lindsay Davenport's first time in five meetings.", "She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "1 by beating Davenport again, but lost in the semifinals to the eventual champion.", "Myskina led Russia to its first Fed Cup title, winning eight out of nine matches played, including winning all three of her matches in the final.", "The season ended as world No.", "3, a career-best year-end rank for a female Russian, and won over US$2 million in prize money, having scored ten top-10-wins during the 2004 season.", "Myskina had mixed fortunes in 2005.", "Personal issues regarding her mother's health caused her to spend the first half of 2005 poorly.", "Myskina became the firstRoland Garros champion to lose in the opening round when she surrendered her titles in the very first round.", "At the beginning of the grass court season, Myskina had an 8–10 win-loss record, but she was able to turn it around at Wimbledon by reaching her first career quarterfinals.", "She was out of the top 10 in August.", "She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "She beat Venus Williams in the Fed Cup semifinals, but lost both of her matches in the final.", "For the fourth year in a row, Myskina finished in the top 15.", "It was another disappointing season for Myskina.", "She failed to convert any of the chances she had to return to the top 10.", "In Warsaw, she suffered her worst defeat in terms of the rankings on the tour, falling to a wild card.", "It was 309.", "Myskina lost to Justine Henin in the fourth round of the French Open after defeating Ana Ivanovic in the third round.", "She showed flashes of her old form during the grass season, having reached the Eastbourne final beautifully, losing to Justine Henin-Hardenne in a close final concluded in a third set tiebreak.", "She lost to Amélie Mauresmo in three sets in the Wimbledon quarterfinals.", "She made the fourth round at the first two Grand Slams.", "Her game fell apart after Wimbledon.", "She did not win a single match in North America during the US Open Series.", "She was the first person to lose a Grand Slam match.", "Victoria had entered the US Open under an injury cloud from New Haven, savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay", "She pulled out of the home tournament in Moscow with a foot and toe injury, and sat out the majority of the indoor season with a foot and toe injury.", "She lost to Timea Bacsinszky in Zrich.", "Myskina only played two singles matches in the last year because of injuries.", "She lost both of those matches and only won a game at the French Open.", "Myskina fell to the same ranking as she was when she lost to Radwaska.", "It was 309.", "She is not ranked for doubles.", "Since taking time off the tour due to a career-threatening injury, Myskina has been inactive on the tour, and is widely considered to have retired from the sport.", "Myskina was a baseline player who had good defensive skills and good shot-making abilities.", "Her two-handed backhand was powerful and she was responsible for many of the winners she accumulated on the court.", "Her forehand was strong, especially when hit inside-out, but a lack of control sometimes led to a high number of unforced errors when she used this shot.", "Her serve was reliable, although not particularly strong, with her average first serve being delivered at 95 mph (153 km/h), meaning that she did not ace frequently, although her serve speed had been recorded as fast as 107 mph (172 km/h).", "Her second serve was usually delivered at 70 mph and she was vulnerable to attack by aggressive players.", "Myskina's second serve became less reliable when she was nervous.", "Myskina's greatest strengths as a player were her exceptional speed and court coverage, detailed and precise footwork, anticipation, and ability to improvise.", "She was able to hit winners with defensive shots, and was also able to incorporate drop shots into points.", "She was an excellent volleyer when she chose to approach the net.", "Her fiery temper was described as \"volcanic\" by some commentators and INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals", "Despite winning her only Grand Slam title on clay, Myskina preferred to play on fast grass and carpet courts.", "Head was endorsed by Nike for rackets and clothing.", "Myskina dated a hockey player.", "In October 2002, she had a series of photos taken by the photographer Mark Seliger for a spread in the October 2002 edition of GQ, in which one approved photo of her fully clothed was published.", "After she won the French Open in 2004, some photographs from the shoot, in which she appeared topless, were published in the Russian magazine Medved.", "In August 2004, she filed a US$8 million lawsuit against GQ for allowing her topless photographs to appear in Medved without her consent.", "In 2005, the United States Attorney General, Michael Mukasey, ruled that Myskina could not stop the distribution of the topless photos because she had signed a release.", "She claimed that she wasn't proficient in English at the time and that she didn't understand the photo release form.", "Myskina has three sons.", "She said in an interview with Tennis.com that being a mother is different than other types of parenting.", "Being a mom is hard.", "While tennis is just a game, you understand what is good for you and the babies.", "When the baby is sick, you go crazy because you have a different life when you step on the court.", "Being a mom is tougher now that I know it was a great time when I lost a match.", "She said that tennis is not a male sport and that it benefits girls more than boys.", "Our game is not a team game, it is a sport for egoists.", "Men are so weak if women somehow cope.", "I like team sports.", "mutual assistance is the best that the team can give.", "Tennis career finals Singles: 19 (10 titles, 9 runners-up) Doubles: 6 (5 titles, 1 runner-up)", "The awards and honours of the world champion in 2004.", "\"Merited Master of Sports of Russia\" is a national title.", "\"Merited Coach of Russia\" is a sports title.", "The order of friendship was made in 2009.", "There are External links to the list of Grand Slam Women's Singles champions." ]

[ "Anastasia Andreyevna Myskina", "Myskina", "Myskina", "Myskina", "Myskina", "Myskina", "Myskina", "Myskina", "Myskina", "Anastasia", "Myskina", "Anastasia Myskina", "Anastasia Myskin" ]

[ "Myskina", "Myskina", "Myskina", "Myskina", "Myskina" ]

[ "is a member of the Imperial House of Japan who reigned as the 125th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession, from 7 January 1989 until 30 April 2019.", "He presided over the Heisei era, Heisei being an expression of achieving peace worldwide.", "Born in the Empire of Japan in 1933, Akihito is the first son of Emperor Shōwa and Empress Kōjun.", "During the Second World War, he moved out of Tokyo with his classmates, and remained in Nikkō until 1945.", "In 1952, his Coming-of-Age ceremony and investiture as crown prince were held, and he began to undertake official duties in his capacity as crown prince.", "The next year, he made his first journey overseas and represented Japan at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.", "He completed his university education in 1956.", "In 1959, he married Michiko Shōda, a Catholic; it was the first imperial wedding to be televised in Japan, drawing about 15 million viewers.", "The couple have three children: Naruhito, Fumihito, and Sayako.", "Upon the death of his father Emperor Showa, in 1989, he succeeded to the Chrysanthemum Throne.", "His enthronement ceremony followed in 1990.", "He has made efforts to bring the imperial family closer to the Japanese people, and has made official visits to all forty-seven prefectures of Japan and to many of the remote islands of Japan.", "He also has a keen interest in natural life and its conservation, as well as Japanese and world history.", "Akihito abdicated in 2019, citing his advanced age and declining health, and became the Emperor Emeritus.", "He was succeeded by his elder son, Naruhito.", "Name\n\nIn Japan, during his reign, Akihito was never referred to by his given name, but instead as which may be shortened to .", "The era of Akihito's reign from 1989 to 2019 bore the era name , and according to custom he will be posthumously renamed as the 125th emperor of Japan by order of the Cabinet.", "Upon Akihito's abdication on 30 April 2019, he received the title .", "A new era, , was established when his son Naruhito succeeded him as emperor.", "Early life and education\n\n was born on 23 December 1933 at 6:39 am in the Tokyo Imperial Palace as the fifth child and eldest son of Emperor Shōwa (Hirohito) and Empress Kōjun (Nagako).", "Titled as a child, Akihito was educated by private tutors prior to attending the elementary and secondary departments of the Peers' School (Gakushūin) from 1940 to 1952.", "At the request of his father, he did not receive a commission as an army officer, unlike his predecessors.", "During the American firebombing raids on Tokyo in March 1945 during World War II, Akihito and his younger brother Prince Masahito were evacuated from the city.", "Akihito was tutored in the English language and Western manners by Elizabeth Gray Vining during the Allied occupation of Japan, and later briefly studied at the department of political science at Gakushuin University in Tokyo, though he never received a degree.", "Akihito was the heir apparent to the Chrysanthemum Throne from birth.", "His formal took place at the Tokyo Imperial Palace on 10 November 1952.", "In June 1953, Akihito represented Japan at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in London in his first journey abroad.", "He later completed his university education as a special student in 1956.", "Marriage and family\n\nIn August 1957, Akihito met Michiko Shōda on a tennis court at Karuizawa near Nagano.", "Initially there was low enthusiasm for the relationship between the couple.", "Michiko Shōda was considered too low-born for the young Crown Prince and was educated in a Catholic environment.", "Therefore, in September 1958, she was sent away to Brussels to attend an international conference of the Alumnae du Sacré-Cœur.", "The Crown Prince was determined to keep in contact with his girlfriend but also didn't want to commit a diplomatic incident.", "Therefore, he contacted the young King Baudouin of Belgium to send his messages directly towards his loved one.", "Later King Baudouin also negotiated the marriage of the couple with the Emperor directly stating that if the Crown Prince is happy with Michiko, he would be a better emperor later on.", "The Imperial Household Council formally approved the engagement of the Crown Prince to Michiko Shōda on 27 November 1958.", "The announcement about the then-Crown Prince Akihito's engagement and marriage to Michiko Shōda drew opposition from traditionalist groups, because Shōda came from a Catholic family.", "Although Shōda was never baptized, she was educated in Catholic schools and seemed to share the faith of her parents.", "Rumors also speculated that his mother, Empress Kōjun had opposed the engagement.", "After the death of Empress Kōjun on 16 June 2000, Reuters reported that she was one of the strongest opponents of her son's marriage, and that in the 1960s, she had driven her daughter-in-law and grandchildren to depression by persistently accusing her of not being suitable for her son.", "At that time, the media presented their encounter as a real \"fairy tale\", or the \"romance of the tennis court\".", "It was the first time a commoner had married into the Imperial Family, breaking more than 2,600 years of tradition.", "The engagement ceremony took place on 14 January 1959, and the marriage on 10 April 1959.", "Akihito and Michiko had three children: two sons Naruhito (born 23 February 1960 and titled Prince Hiro; later the 126th Emperor of Japan) and Fumihito (born 30 November 1965 and titled Prince Aya; later Prince Akishino and subsequently the Crown Prince of Japan), and a daughter Sayako Kuroda (born 18 April 1969 and titled Princess Nori before marriage).", "The three children were born at the Imperial Household Agency Hospital at the Tokyo Imperial Palace.", "Crown Prince Akihito and Crown Princess Michiko made official visits to thirty-seven countries.", "As an Imperial Prince, Akihito compared the role of Japanese royalty to that of a robot.", "He expressed the desire to help bring the Imperial family closer to the people of Japan.", "Reign\n\nUpon the death of Emperor Hirohito on 7 January 1989, Akihito acceded to the throne, became the 125th Emperor of Japan with the enthronement ceremony taking place on 12 November 1990.", "In 1998, during a state visit to the United Kingdom, he was invested with the UK Order of the Garter.", "Under the Constitution of Japan, Akhito's role was entirely representative and ceremonial in nature, without even a nominal role in government.", "He was limited to acting in matters of state as delineated in the Constitution, and even in those matters, he was bound by the requirements of the Constitution and the binding advice of the Cabinet.", "For instance, while he formally appoints the Prime Minister, he is required to appoint the person designated by the Diet.", "Despite being strictly constrained by his constitutional position, he also issued several wide-ranging statements of remorse to Asian countries, for their suffering under Japanese occupation, beginning with an expression of remorse to China made in April 1989, three months after the death of his father, the Emperor Showa (Hirohito).", "On 23 December 2001, during his annual birthday meeting with reporters, the Emperor, in response to a reporter's question about tensions with South Korea, remarked that he felt a kinship with Koreans and went on to explain that, in the Shoku Nihongi, the mother of Emperor Kammu (736–806) is related to Muryeong of Korea, King of Baekje, a fact that was considered taboo for discussion.", "In June 2005, the Emperor Akihito and the Empress Michiko visited the island of Saipan (part of the Northern Mariana Islands, a U.S. territory), the site of a battle in the World War II from 15 June to 9 July 1944 (known as the Battle of Saipan).", "Accompanied by Empress Michiko, he offered prayers and flowers at several memorials, honoring not only the Japanese who died, but also American soldiers, Korean laborers, and local islanders.", "It was the first trip by a Japanese monarch to a World War II battlefield abroad.", "The Saipan journey was received with high praise by the Japanese people, as were the Emperor's visits to war memorials in Tokyo, Hiroshima Prefecture, Nagasaki Prefecture and Okinawa Prefecture in 1995.", "After succeeding to the throne, Akihito made an effort to bring the Imperial family closer to the Japanese people.", "He and Michiko made official visits to eighteen countries and to all forty-seven Prefectures of Japan.", "Succession debate\n\nOn 6 September 2006, the Emperor celebrated the birth of his first grandson, Prince Hisahito, the third child of the Emperor's younger son.", "Prince Hisahito was the first male heir born to the Japanese imperial family in 41 years (since his father Prince Akishino) and could avert a possible succession crisis as the only child of the Emperor's elder son, the then Crown Prince Naruhito, is his daughter, Princess Aiko, who is not eligible for the throne under Japan's male-only succession law.", "The birth of Prince Hisahito meant that proposed changes to the law to allow Aiko to ascend the Chrysanthemum Throne were dropped.", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami\n\nIn response to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and the Fukushima I nuclear crisis, the Emperor made a historic televised appearance urging his people not to give up hope and to help each other.", "The Emperor and Empress also made a visit on Wednesday, 30 March 2011 to a temporary shelter housing refugees of the disaster, in order to inspire hope in the people.", "This kind of event is also extremely rare, though in line with the Emperor's attempts to bring the Imperial family closer to the people.", "Abdication\n\nOn 13 July 2016, national broadcaster NHK reported that the then 82-year-old Emperor intended to abdicate in favor of his eldest son Crown Prince Naruhito within a few years, citing his age.", "An abdication within the Imperial Family had not occurred since Emperor Kōkaku in 1817.", "However, senior officials within the Imperial Household Agency denied that there was any official plan for the monarch to abdicate.", "Abdication by the Emperor required an amendment to the Imperial Household Law, which had no provisions for such a move.", "On 8 August 2016, the Emperor gave a rare televised address, where he emphasized his advanced age and declining health; this address was interpreted as an implication of his intention to abdicate.", "On 19 May 2017, the bill that would allow Akihito to abdicate was issued by the Japanese government's cabinet.", "On 8 June 2017, the National Diet passed a one-off bill allowing Akihito to abdicate, and for the government to begin arranging the process of handing over the position to Crown Prince Naruhito.", "The Japanese government (Prime Minister Shinzo Abe) announced in December 2017 that the 125th Emperor Akihito would abdicate on 30 April 2019, and that the 126th Emperor Naruhito's reign would begin as of 1 May 2019.", "Post-abdication and later years\n\nOn 19 March 2020, Emperor Emeritus Akihito and his wife Empress Emerita Michiko moved out of the Imperial Palace, marking their first public appearance since the abdication.", "On 31 March 2020, they moved in to the Takanawa Residence.", "Health\nEmperor Akihito underwent surgery for prostate cancer on 14 January 2003.", "Later in 2011 he was admitted to hospital suffering from pneumonia.", "In February 2012, it was announced that the Emperor would be having a coronary examination; he underwent successful heart bypass surgery on 18 February 2012.", "In July 2018, he suffered from nausea and dizziness due to insufficient blood flow to his brain.", "In January 2020, he temporarily lost consciousness and collapsed at his residence, though \"no abnormalities\" were detected in his brain.", "Issue\nEmperor Emeritus Akihito and the Empress Emerita have three children, two sons and a daughter.", "Ichthyological research\n\nIn extension of his father's interest in marine biology, who published taxonomic works on the Hydrozoa, the Emperor Emeritus is a published ichthyological researcher, and has specialized in studies within the taxonomy of the family Gobiidae.", "He has written papers for scholarly journals such as Gene, Ichthyological Research, and the Japanese Journal of Ichthyology.", "He has also written papers about the history of science during the Edo and Meiji eras, which were published in Science and Nature.", "In 2005, a newly described goby was named Exyrias akihito in his honour, and in 2007 a genus Akihito of gobies native to Vanuatu also received his name.", "In 2021, the Imperial Household Agency announced Akihito had discovered two new species of goby fish.", "The discovery was cataloged in an English-language journal published by the Ichthyological Society of Japan.", "Member of the Ichthyological Society of Japan\n Foreign member of the Linnean Society of London (1980)\n Honorary member of the Linnean Society of London (1986)\n Research associate of the Australian Museum\n Honorary member of the Zoological Society of London (1992)\n Honorary member of the Research Institute for Natural Science of Argentina (1997)\n Honorary degree of the Uppsala University (2007)\n\nHonours\n\n FR Yugoslavia split into Serbia and Montenegro.", "As of 2006 this order is аbolished.", "Zaire is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo.", "Other awards\n The Royal Society King Charles II Medal\n Golden Pheasant Award of the Scout Association of Japan (1971)\n\nOverseas visits\n\nThe following table includes the official visits made by Emperor Akihito, along with Empress Michiko, following succession to the throne on 7 January 1989.", "The list includes all the visits made up to 31 December 2017.", "Although Empress Michiko has made two official visits on her own, in 2002 (to Switzerland) and 2014 (to Belgium), they did not include the Emperor and are not included in this table.", "Ancestry\n\nPatrilineal descent\n\nAkihito's patriline is the line from which he is descended father to son.", "Patrilineal descent is the principle behind membership in royal houses, as it can be traced back through the generations, which means that Akihito is a member of the Imperial House of Japan.", "Imperial House of Japan\n\n Descent prior to Keitai is unclear to modern historians, but traditionally traced back patrilineally to Emperor Jimmu\n Emperor Keitai, ca.", "450–534\n Emperor Kinmei, 509–571\n Emperor Bidatsu, 538–585\n Prince Oshisaka, ca.", "556–???", "Emperor Jomei, 593–641\n Emperor Tenji, 626–671\n Prince Shiki, ??" ]

[ "The 125th emperor of Japan was a member of the Imperial House of Japan.", "Heisei was an expression of achieving peace worldwide.", "Akihito was the first son of Emperor Shwa and Empress Kjun.", "He moved out of Tokyo with his classmates during the Second World War.", "His Coming-of- Age ceremony and investiture as crown prince were held in 1952, and he began to undertake official duties in his capacity as crown prince.", "He traveled overseas for the first time the next year to attend the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.", "He graduated from the university in 1956.", "The first imperial wedding to be televised in Japan drew 15 million viewers.", "The children are Naruhito, Fumihito, and Sayako.", "He succeeded to the throne after his father's death.", "His enthronement ceremony took place in 1990.", "In order to bring the imperial family closer to the Japanese people, he has made official visits to all forty-seven prefectures of Japan and to many of the remote islands.", "He is interested in Japanese and world history as well as natural life.", "Akihito abdicated due to his advanced age and declining health.", "Naruhito succeeded his father.", "Akihito was never referred to by his given name, but as which may be shortened to.", "The era of Akihito's reign from 1989 to 2019 was called the era name and he will be posthumously renamed as the 125th emperor of Japan by order of the Cabinet.", "He received the title after Akihito's abdication.", "His son Naruhito succeeded him as emperor and established a new era.", "The fifth child and eldest son of Emperor Shwa and Empress Kjun was born in the Tokyo Imperial Palace at 6:39 am on December 23, 1933.", "Akihito was educated by private tutors prior to attending the elementary and secondary departments of the Peers' School.", "He did not receive a commission as an army officer, unlike his predecessors, at the request of his father.", "During the American firebombing raids on Tokyo in 1945, Akihito and his brother Prince Masahito were evacuated from the city.", "During the Allied occupation of Japan, Akihito was taught the English language and Western manners by Elizabeth Gray Vining, but he never received a degree.", "Akihito was the heir apparent from birth.", "His formal was held at the Tokyo Imperial Palace.", "Akihito traveled to London in June of 1953 to attend the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.", "He finished his university education as a special student.", "Michiko Shda and Akihito met on a tennis court.", "There was a low level of enthusiasm for the relationship between the couple.", "Michiko Shda was considered too low-born for the young Crown Prince and was educated in a Catholic environment.", "She was sent away to attend the international conference of the Alumnae du Sacré-Cur.", "The Crown Prince didn't want to cause a diplomatic incident but he was determined to keep in contact with his girlfriend.", "He contacted the young King Baudouin of Belgium to let him know that he loved him.", "If the Crown Prince is happy with Michiko, the Emperor will be a better emperor later on.", "The engagement of the Crown Prince to Michiko Shda was approved by the Imperial Household Council.", "The announcement about the then-Crown Prince Akihito's engagement and marriage to Michiko Shda drew opposition because Shda was from a Catholic family.", "Shda was educated in Catholic schools and seemed to share her parents' faith.", "There were rumors that his mother opposed the engagement.", "According to the report, she was one of the strongest opponents of her son's marriage and had driven her daughter-in-law and grandson to depression by accusing her of not being suitable for her.", "The media presented their encounter as a \"romance of the tennis court\" at that time.", "It was the first time a commoner had married into the Imperial Family.", "The marriage took place on 10 April 1959 and the engagement took place in January 1959.", "Akihito and Michiko had three children, two sons and a Crown Prince.", "Three children were born at the Imperial Household Agency Hospital.", "Thirty-seven countries were visited by Crown Prince Akihito and Crown Princess Michiko.", "Akihito compared the role of Japanese royalty to that of a robot.", "He wanted to help bring the Imperial family closer to the people of Japan.", "After the death of Emperor Hirohito on January 7, 1989, Akihito ascended to the throne and became the 125th Emperor of Japan.", "He was invested with the UK Order of the Garter during a state visit to the United Kingdom in 1998.", "Under the Constitution of Japan, Akhito's role was ceremonial and representative in nature.", "He was limited to acting in matters of state as outlined in the Constitution, and even in those matters, he was bound by the binding advice of the Cabinet.", "He has to appoint the person designated by the Diet while formally appointing the Prime Minister.", "He apologized to China in April 1989 three months after the death of his father, the Emperor Showa, despite being constrained by his constitutional position.", "On 23 December 2001, during his annual birthday meeting with reporters, the Emperor remarked that he felt a kinship with Koreans and went on to explain that, in the Shoku Nihongi, the mother of Emperor Kammu.", "In June 2005, the Emperor Akihito and the Empress Michiko visited the island of Saipan, the site of a battle in the World War II from 15 June to 9 July 1944.", "He offered prayers and flowers at the memorial for the Japanese who died, as well as American soldiers, Korean laborers, and local islanders.", "It was the first trip to a World War II battlefield by a Japanese monarch.", "The Emperor's visits to war memorial in Tokyo, Nagasaki Prefecture, and Okinawa Prefecture in 1995 were praised by the Japanese people.", "Akihito tried to bring the Imperial family closer to the Japanese people after succeeding to the throne.", "He and Michiko made official visits to eighteen countries.", "On 6 September 2006 the Emperor celebrated the birth of his first grandson, Prince Hisahito, the third child of the Emperor's younger son.", "The only child of the Emperor's elder son, the then Crown Prince Naruhito, is his daughter, Princess Hisahito, who was the first male heir born to the Japanese imperial family in 41 years.", "Changes to the law to allow Aiko to ascend the throne were dropped because of the birth of Prince Hisahito.", "The Emperor made a historic televised appearance urging his people not to give up hope and to help each other after the Thoku earthquake.", "The emperor and empress visited a shelter for refugees of the disaster in order to inspire hope in the people.", "In line with the Emperor's attempts to bring the Imperial family closer to the people, this kind of event is extremely rare.", "NHK reported on 13 July 2016 that the Emperor intended to abdicate in favor of his son, Crown Prince Naruhito.", "The Imperial Family has not had abdication since 1817.", "There was no plan for the monarch to abdicate according to senior officials within the Imperial Household Agency.", "The Imperial Household Law had no provisions for such a move.", "On August 8, 2016 the Emperor gave a rare televised address, where he emphasized his advanced age and declining health, which was interpreted as an indication of his intention to abdicate.", "The bill allowing Akihito to abdicate was issued by the Japanese government.", "The National Diet passed a one-off bill allowing Akihito to abdicate, and for the government to begin arranging the process of handing over the position to Crown Prince Naruhito.", "The 125th Emperor Akihito would abdicate on April 30, 2019, and the 126th Emperor Naruhito's reign would begin on May 1, 2019.", "The emperor and his wife moved out of the Imperial Palace on March 19, 2020, marking their first public appearance since the abdication.", "They moved into the Takanawa residence on March 31, 2020.", "Emperor Akihito had surgery for cancer.", "He was admitted to the hospital in 2011.", "In February of 2012 it was announced that the Emperor would be having a coronary examination and he had a successful heart bypass surgery in February of 2012", "In July of last year, he experienced nausea and dizziness due to insufficient blood flow to his brain.", "In January 2020, he lost consciousness and collapsed at his house, but no abnormality was found in his brain.", "The Emperor and his wife have five children, two sons and a daughter.", "Ichthyological research is an extension of his father's interest in marine biology and he is a published researcher.", "He has written for journals such as Gene, Ichthyological Research, and the Japanese Journal of Ichthyology.", "He wrote papers about the history of science during the Edo and Meiji eras, which were published in Science and Nature.", "In 2005, a new goby was named Exyrias akihito, and in 2007, a new goby was named Akihito.", "Akihito discovered two new species of goby fish.", "The journal published by the Ichthyological Society of Japan cataloged the discovery.", "Member of the Ichthyological Society of Japan, member of the Linnean Society of London, research associate of the Australian Museum, and member of the Zoological Society of London.", "As of 2006 this order has been abolished.", "The Democratic Republic of the Congo is now known as Zaire.", "The Royal Society King Charles II Medal Golden Pheasant Award of the Scout Association of Japan was one of the awards.", "The visits made up of December 31st are included in the list.", "The Emperor is not included in this table because Michiko did not include him in her official visits to Switzerland and Belgium.", "Akihito's patriline is the line from which he is descended father to son.", "Akihito is a member of the Imperial House of Japan because of his paternal descent.", "Modern historians don't know if the Imperial House of Japan Descent is related to Emperor Jimmu Emperor Keitai.", "450–534 Emperor Kinmei, 509–571 Emperor Bidatsu, 538–585 Prince Oshisaka, ca.", "556–?", "Emperor Jomei, Emperor Tenji, and Prince Shiki." ]

[ "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Emeritus Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito" ]

[ "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito", "Akihito" ]

[ "Josef Strzygowski (March 7, 1862 – January 2, 1941) was a Polish-Austrian art historian known for his theories promoting influences from the art of the Near East on European art, for example that of Early Christian Armenian architecture on the early Medieval architecture of Europe, outlined in his book, Die Baukunst der Armenier und Europa.", "He is considered a member of the Vienna School of Art History.", "Life \nStrzygowski was born in Biala, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (today part of Poland).", "His father was a cloth manufacturer, and Strzygowski initially intended to pursue the same trade, beginning an apprenticeship in a weaving plant in 1880.", "In 1882, however, he abandoned this career and enrolled at the University of Vienna.", "He soon transferred to the University of Munich, where he studied art history and completed a dissertation on the iconography of the Baptism of Christ, published in 1885 as Iconographie der Taufe Christi.", "For the next three years Strzygowski lived in Rome, where he completed a study of Cimabue und Rom (1887) (Cimabue and Rome), which emphasized the Byzantine sources of the Italian painter's work.", "Late in life he stated that this work led to the question which would define all of his subsequent scholarship: \"What is Rome, what, in reality, is Italian and European art?\"", "Following his Roman sojourn, Strzygowski travelled to Thessaloniki, Mount Athos, Saint Petersburg, and Moscow, thus developing a greater acquaintance with Byzantine and Russian art.", "In 1892 he was appointed to the faculty of the University of Graz, but in 1894 and 1895, he lived in Cairo, where he studied the early Byzantine and Islamic art of Egypt, and compiled a catalog of the Coptic art in the Cairo Museum.", "Upon his return he entered a period of intense scholarly activity, publishing numerous articles on Byzantine and Islamic art, fields in which he considered himself to be the pioneer.", "It was in the midst of this activity that Strzygowski published his first polemical work, Orient oder Rom: Beiträge zur Geschichte der spätantiken und frühchristlichen Kunst (1901) (The Orient or Rome: contributions to the history of late antique and early Christian art).", "Drawing on such diverse materials as Palmyrene art and sculpture, Anatolian sarcophagi, late antique ivories from Egypt, and Coptic textiles, Strzygowski argued, in overtly racial and often racist terms, that style change in late antiquity was the product of an overwhelming \"Oriental\" or \"Semitic\" influence.", "In one modern characterization of both the argument and its rhetorical tone, \"Strzygowski [presented] Hellas as a beautiful maiden who sold herself to an 'Old Semite' to be kept as the jewel of his harem.\"", "Orient oder Rom was explicitly framed as an attack on Die Wiener Genesis (1895), by the Viennese art historian Franz Wickhoff, which had posited a Roman origin for the late antique style, a thesis that was pursued further by Alois Riegl in his Spätrömische Kunstindustrie, which also appeared in 1901.", "The ensuing controversy continued for decades and, if it resulted in no clear resolution, significantly raised the prominence of late antique art as an academic field of study.", "In 1909, however, upon Wickhoff's death, Strzygowski was appointed as his successor at the University of Vienna, partly as a result of the breadth of his research, and partly as a result of intricate academic politics and (possibly) the advocacy of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.", "His appointment resulted in an enduring schism among Viennese art historians, pitting Strzygowski against Max Dvořák and Julius von Schlosser, which was exacerbated when Strzygowski established his own research institute within the university (the Wiener Institut or Erstes kunsthistorisches Institut).", "In Vienna Strzygowski continued to publish on a variety of topics, focusing particularly on the arts of Byzantium and Islam, but also treating Armenian, Norse, and Slavic subjects, among others.", "He also gave frequent and well-attended public lectures to audiences \"consisting partly, but not solely, of radical pan-German students and sycophants.\"", "Strzygowski's own radical pan-Germanism had already become clear in his popular Die bildende Kunst der Gegenwart (1907) (The visual art of the future), in which he praised the painting of Arnold Böcklin and called for a new German artist-hero to reject the heritage of classical antiquity and the Renaissance.", "It would not be possible to summarize all of the theses advanced by Strzygowski in the course of his career.", "Brief mention may be made of his controversy with Ernst Herzfeld over the origins of the Mshatta facade, in which Herzfeld's position was eventually proven to be correct; and his two-volume Die Baukunst der Armenier und Europa (1918) (The architecture of the Armenians and Europe), in which he claimed to have traced the origins of Gothic architecture to Armenia.", "Strzygowski retired from the University of Vienna in 1933, but in 1934 founded the Gesellschaft für vergleichende Kunstforschung (Society for comparative art history) to serve as a platform for his theories.", "He died in 1941 in Vienna.", "Legacy \n\nIn general Strzygowski's work was characterized by a reliance on formal comparisons at the expense of historical context, and by a pervasive exaltation of the peoples of the \"North\" and \"East\", with an attendant disdain for \"Mediterranean\" culture.", "If Strzygowski's erratic methodology have largely discredited his own scholarship, his breadth of geographical interest helped to establish Islamic art, (something which, incidentally, Ernst Gombrich denied in his conversations with Didier Eribon), and Jewish art as legitimate fields of study.", "Certain of his students (most notably Otto Demus, Fritz Novotny, and Ernst Diez) were successfully able to pursue these interests without subscribing to their teacher's ideology.", "Notes\n\nBibliography \n\nJ. Elsner, \"The birth of late antiquity: Riegl and Strzygowski in 1901,\" Art History 25 (2002), pp.", "358−79.", "F. Leonelli.", "Josef Strzygowski (1861—1942), Dmitry Ainalov (1862—1939) and the Question of Geographical Borders in the Theory of Art: The Possibility of a «Geographic Eye».", "Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art: Collection of articles.", "Vol.", "10.", "Ed: A. V. Zakharova, S. V. Maltseva, E. Iu.", "Staniukovich-Denisova.", "Moscow: Lomonosov Moscow State University / St. Petersburg: NP-Print, 2020, pp.", "609—617\nC. Maranci, Medieval Armenian Architecture: Constructions of Race and Nation (Louvain, 2001).", "S. Marchand, \"The rhetoric of artifacts and the decline of classical humanism: the case of Josef Strzygowski,\" History and Theory 33 (1994), pp.", "106–30.", "External links \n Strzygowski at the Biographical Dictionary of Art Historians\n Website of the Gesellschaft für vergleichende Kunstforschung (in German)\n\n1862 births\n1941 deaths\nPeople from Biała\nPeople from Austrian Silesia\n19th-century Austrian people\n20th-century Austrian people\nAustrian art historians\nAustrian architectural historians\nHistorians of Islamic art\nAustrian people of Polish descent\nArmenian studies scholars\nCorresponding Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America" ]

[ "Strzygowski was a Polish-Austrian art historian who was known for his theories promoting influences from the art of the Near East on European art.", "He is a member of the Vienna School of Art History.", "Life Strzygowski was born in Biala, Kingdom of Galicia.", "Strzygowski wanted to follow in his father's footsteps and began an apprenticeship in a weaving plant.", "He went to the University of Vienna after abandoning his career.", "He graduated from the University of Munich in 1885 with a degree in art history and a thesis on the iconography of the Baptism of Christ.", "Strzygowski lived in Rome for three years and studied the Byzantine sources of the Italian painter's work.", "\"What is Rome, what, in reality, is Italian and European art?\" was the question he asked late in life.", "Strzygowski was exposed to Byzantine and Russian art following his Roman sojourn.", "In 1894 and 1895, he lived in Cairo, where he studied the Byzantine and Islamic art of Egypt, and compiled a catalog of the Coptic art in the Cairo Museum.", "He entered a period of intense scholarly activity after his return, publishing numerous articles on Byzantine and Islamic art, fields in which he considered himself to be the pioneer.", "The Orient or Rome: contributions to the history of late antique was published in the midst of this activity by Strzygowski.", "Strzygowski argued that the style change in late antiquity was the result of an overwhelming Oriental.", "Strzygowski presented Hellas as a beautiful maiden who sold herself to an \"Old Semite\" to be kept as the jewel of his harem.", "The theory of a Roman origin for the late antique style was pursued further by Alois Riegl in his Sptrmische Kunstindustrie.", "The prominence of late antique art as an academic field of study was raised if there was no clear resolution to the controversy.", "Strzygowski was appointed as his successor at the University of Vienna in 1909, partly as a result of the breadth of his research, and partly as a result of intricate academic politics and the advocacy of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.", "Strzygowski established his own research institute within the university, pitting him against Max Dvok and Julius von Schlosser, who were both art historians.", "In Vienna Strzygowski continued to publish on a variety of topics, including the arts of Byzantium and Islam.", "He gave frequent and well-attended public lectures to audiences \"consisting partly, but not solely, of radical pan-German students and sycophants.\"", "Strzygowski's own radical pan-Germanism had already become clear in his popular Die bildende Kunst der Gegenwart (The visual art of the future), in which he praised the painting of Arnold Bcklin and called for a new German artist.", "It is not possible to summarize all of the theses advanced by Strzygowski.", "His controversy with Herzfeld over the origins of the Mshatta facade, in which Herzfeld's position was eventually proven to be correct, may be mentioned.", "The Gesellschaft fr vergleichende Kunstforschung was founded in 1934 to serve as a platform for Strzygowski's theories.", "He died in Vienna in 1941.", "Strzygowski's work was characterized by a reliance on formal comparisons at the expense of historical context and a disdain for \"Mediterranean\" culture.", "If Strzygowski's erratic methodology have largely discredited his own scholarship, his breadth of geographical interest helped to establish Islamic art, and Jewish art as legitimate fields of study.", "Some of his students were able to pursue their interests without being influenced by their teacher's ideology.", "J. Elsner wrote \"The birth of late antiquity: Riegl and Strzygowski in 1901.\"", "35879.", "F. Leonelli.", "The Question of Geographical Borders in the Theory of Art: The Possibility of a Geographic Eye was written by Josef Strzygowski.", "There are actual problems of theory and history of art.", "There is a new edition of Vol.", "10.", "A. V. Zakharova, S. V. Maltseva, and E. Iu are authors.", "Staniukovich-Denisova.", "NP-Print, 2020, pp.", "Medieval Armenian Architecture: Constructions of Race and Nation was written by C. Maranci.", "\"The rhetoric of artifacts and the decline of classical humanism\" was written by S. Marchand.", "106 to 30.", "The biography of Strzygowski can be found at the website of the Gesellschaft fr vergleichende Kunstforschung." ]

[ "Josef Strzygowski", "Strzygowski", "Strzygowski", "Josef Strzygowski", "Josef Strzygo" ]

[ "Strzygowski", "Life Strzygowski", "Strzygowski", "Strzygowski", "Strzygowski", "Strzygowski", "Strzygowski", "Strzygowski", "Josef Strzygowski", "Strzygowski" ]

[ "Youn Yuh-jung (, ; born June 19, 1947) is a South Korean actress, whose career in film and television spans over five decades.", "Her accolades include an Academy Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, a BAFTA Award, an Independent Spirit Award, and a nomination for a Critics' Choice Movie Award.", "She has starred in many South Korean television series and films.", "She gained international recognition for her role in Minari (2020).", "Her critically acclaimed portrayal of Soon-ja in the film made her the first Korean actress to win a Screen Actors Guild Award, Indie Spirit Award, British Academy Film Award, and the Academy Award, as well as the first to be nominated for a Critics' Choice Movie Award, all in the Best Supporting Actress category.", "By the late 1960s, Youn was a rising star in South Korea and won several awards for her role in Woman of Fire (1971).", "She retired from the spotlight for several years before returning to acting in the late 1980s.", "Besides Woman of Fire and Minari, Youn is known for her work in the South Korean films The Housemaid (2010), The Taste of Money (2012), The Bacchus Lady (2016), and Canola (2016).", "She is also known for her matriarch roles in the South Korean family drama series Men of the Bath House (1995), Be Strong Geum Soon (2005), Daughters-in-Law (2007), My Husband Got a Family (2012), and Dear My Friends (2016).", "In 2022, she will star in a television series Pachinko on Apple TV+.", "Early life\nYoun Yuh jung was born on June 19, 1947 in Kaesong (today in North Korea), Gyeonggi Province, and grew up in Seoul.", "Her father died when she was young.", "She has two sisters.", "Her sister Youn Yeo-soon is a former executive at LG Group.", "She attended high school at Ewha Girls' High School, and enrolled at Hanyang University majoring in Korean Language and Literature, when she passed the open auditions held by TBC in 1966.", "Youn has two sons, both of whom are Korean Americans.", "Career \nShe dropped out of college, and made her acting debut in the television drama Mister Gom in 1967.", "Youn shot to stardom in 1971 with two memorable portrayals of femme fatales.", "Her first film, Kim Ki-young's Woman of Fire, became a critical and commercial hit, for which she won Best Actress at the Sitges Film Festival.", "This was followed by the MBC historical drama Jang Hui-bin where she played the titular infamous royal concubine.", "Kim was considered Korea's first style-conscious, experimental director, and Youn did not balk in playing risque, provocative characters that explore the grotesque in the female psyche in collaborations with him such as The Insect Woman (1972) and Be a Wicked Woman (1990).", "Audiences found Youn's fast way of speaking and atypical appearance refreshing and she frequently took roles in TV dramas depicting a modern woman of the new generation, notably in Stepmother (1972) written by Kim Soo-hyun.", "At the peak of her career, Youn retired after she married singer Jo Young-nam in 1974, then immigrated to the United States.", "In 1984, she returned to Korea and permanently resumed her acting career.", "She and Jo divorced in 1987 and struggled to resume her acting career due to the stigma of divorce in South Korea.", "Making a comeback after taking a long break was an unusual feat for a Korean middle-aged actress.", "Although most actresses her age played clichéd self-sacrificing mothers or coarse ajummas, Youn's acting range led to her being cast in more complex, stylish, and independent roles.", "In A Good Lawyer's Wife (2003), she drew critical acclaim for her nonchalant acting as a mother-in-law who neglected her husband dying of liver cancer and enjoyed extramarital affairs.", "Her frank and confident persona again manifested itself in E J-yong's mockumentary Actresses (2009).", "Youn continued playing supporting roles in film and television, such as in The Housemaid (2010).", "She reunited with director Im Sang-soo for the fourth time in The Taste of Money (2012), as a cruel chaebol heiress at the center of the drama that unfolds and touches upon the themes of corruption, greed and sex.", "Youn said \"I don't mind being called an old actress, but I do worry about how to carry on my acting career without looking like an old fool.\"", "In 2013, she was cast as a loving mother to three loser children in Song Hae-sung's Boomerang Family.", "Later in the year, Youn appeared in her first reality show Sisters Over Flowers, a travel show shot in Croatia.", "After appearing on Sisters Over Flowers, Youn has stated that her public image became more positive.", "Youn starred in two leading roles in 2015: Kang Je-gyu's Salut d'Amour about the romance between an elderly supermarket employee and a flower shop owner, and Canola about a Jeju Island female diver who reunites with her long-lost granddaughter.", "Salut d'Amour was Youn's first collaboration with actor Park Geun-hyung since 1971.", "In 2020, she made her Hollywood debut in a supporting role as Soon-ja, a grandma of a Korean American family in rural Arkansas, in the American film Minari, for which she received critical recognition from over forty American regional critics awards, including wins from the National Board of Review and the Los Angeles Film Critics Association.", "Youn went on to become the first Korean actress to win an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, SAG Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role, and BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.", "She was also the first Asian actress to win an acting award in the motion pictures categories at the Screen Actors Guild Awards as well as the first Korean actress to win an Academy Award and first Asian actress to win an Academy Award since 1958 when Miyoshi Umeki won Best Supporting Actress for Sayonara.", "In April 2021, Film at Lincoln Center hosted a five film retrospective of her career.", "In September 2021, she was selected as one of the 100 most \"Influential People in the World\" in 2021 by the American weekly magazine TIME.", "She was named in the 'Titan' category.", "In 2021, Youn received the Order of Cultural Merit.", "Filmography\n\nFilm\n\nTelevision series\n\nVariety show\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nListicles\n\nState honors\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n \n \n\n1947 births\nLiving people\n20th-century South Korean actresses\n21st-century South Korean actresses\nBest Supporting Actress Academy Award winners\nBest Supporting Actress Asian Film Award winners\nBest Supporting Actress BAFTA Award winners\nIndependent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female winners\nOutstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners\nPeople from Gyeonggi Province\nPeople from Kaesong\nSouth Korean film actresses\nSouth Korean television actresses\nSouth Korean television personalities\nTime 100" ]

[ "Youn Yuh-jung is a South Korean actress who has been in film and television for over five decades.", "She received an Academy Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, a BAFTA Award, and a nomination for a Critics' Choice Movie Award.", "She has appeared in many South Korean films and television shows.", "She received international recognition for her role in Minari.", "Her portrayal of Soon-ja in the film made her the first Korean actress to win a Screen Actors Guild Award, as well as the first to be nominated for a Critics' Choice Movie Award, all in the Best.", "Youn was a rising star in South Korea and won several awards for her role in Woman of Fire.", "After several years in the spotlight, she returned to acting in the late 1980s.", "Youn is best known for her work in the South Korean films The Housemaid, The Taste of Money, and Canola.", "She is best known for her roles in the South Korean family drama series Men of the Bath House, Be Strong Geum Soon, and Dear My Friends.", "She will be starring in a television series on Apple TV+.", "Youn Yuh jung was born in 1947 in North Korea and grew up in South Korea.", "She lost her father when she was young.", "She has two sisters.", "Her sister is a former executive.", "She graduated from high school at Ewha Girls' High School and then went to Hanyang University to study Korean Language and Literature.", "Two of Youn's sons are Korean Americans.", "She made her acting debut in Mister Gom after dropping out of college.", "Youn had two memorable portrayals of femme fatales.", "Her first film, Kim Ki-Young's Woman of Fire, was a critical and commercial hit and she won Best Actress at the Sitges Film Festival.", "She played the notorious royal concubine in the MBC historical drama.", "Kim was considered Korea's first style-conscious, experimental director, and Youn did not want to play risque, provocative characters that explore the grotesque in the female psyche in collaboration with him.", "Audiences found Youn's fast way of speaking and atypical appearance refreshing and she frequently took roles in TV dramas depicting a modern woman of the new generation.", "Youn retired at the peak of her career after she married Jo Young-nam.", "She resumed her acting career after returning to Korea in 1984.", "She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "A Korean middle-aged actress made a comeback after taking a long break.", "Youn was cast in more complex, stylish, and independent roles because of her acting range.", "She was praised for her nonchalant acting as a mother-in-law who neglected her husband dying of cancer and enjoyed extramarital affairs in A Good Lawyer's Wife.", "In E J-yong's mockumentary Actresses, her frank and confident persona was present again.", "Youn played a supporting role in The Housemaid.", "She and Im Sang-soo worked together for the fourth time in The Taste of Money, as a cruel chaebol heiress at the center of the drama that unfolds and touches upon the themes of corruption, greed and sex.", "Youn said \"I don't mind being called an old actress, but I do worry about how to carry on my acting career without looking like an old fool.\"", "She was cast as a loving mother to three loser children in a movie.", "Youn appeared in her first reality show in Croatia.", "Youn stated that her public image became more positive after appearing on Sisters Over flowers.", "In 2015, Youn starred in two leading roles, one of which was about a romance between an elderly supermarket employee and a flower shop owner.", "Youn and Park Geun-hyung collaborated for the first time since 1971.", "In 2020, she made her Hollywood debut in a supporting role as Soon-ja, a grandma of a Korean American family in rural Arkansas, in the American film Minari, for which she received critical recognition from over forty American regional critics awards, including wins from the National Board of Review and the", "Youn became the first Korean actress to win an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role, and the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.", "She was the first Asian actress to win an acting award in the motion pictures categories at the Screen Actors Guild Awards as well as the first Korean actress to win an Academy Award.", "800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "She was selected as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2021.", "She was named in a category.", "The Order of Cultural Merit was given to Youn.", "State honors include: Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners Best Supporting Actress Asian Film Award winners Best Supporting Actress BAFTA Award winners" ]

[ "Youn Yu", "Youn", "Youn", "Jo Young" ]

[ "Youn Yuh j", "Youn", "Young", "Jo Young" ]

[ "Stephen Staunton (born 19 January 1969) is an Irish football manager, scout and former professional footballer.", "He played as a defender with two separate spells each with Premier League sides Aston Villa and Liverpool.", "He also played in the Football League for Bradford City, Crystal Palace, Coventry City and Walsall.", "He earned 102 caps for the Republic of Ireland national football team, captained his team to the knock-out stage of the 2002 FIFA World Cup and earned his place in the FIFA Century Club.", "After retiring, he served as Republic of Ireland national team coach prior to Giovanni Trapattoni.", "He also spent five months as manager of Darlington in Football League Two and has worked on the coaching staff at Leeds United and Sunderland.", "Career\n\nPre-Liverpool\nBorn in Dundalk, County Louth, Staunton was an accomplished all-round sportsman.", "He lived in Dundalk, County Louth, and attended the De La Salle College in the town.", "As well as playing soccer for his home club of Dundalk, he played Gaelic football, appearing for Louth's U-16 team and winning a Louth Senior Championship medal with Clan na Gael.", "He also played for his local team St Dominic's at underage level.", "Liverpool\nStaunton was spotted by Liverpool playing in Ireland for his home club of Dundalk as a 17-year-old and was signed on 2 September 1986 by manager Kenny Dalglish for a fee of £20,000.", "He spent the first two seasons in the reserves and even went on loan to Bradford City for eight games during the 1987–88 season as cover for the injured Karl Goddard.", "He made his Liverpool debut on 17 September 1988 in the 1–1 league draw with Tottenham Hotspur at Anfield.", "As a result of his impressive performance he remained in the side for the rest of the season, despite him being vastly inexperienced compared to the players around him who were defending a League championship title won the year before.", "Following on from his impressive debut he scored his first goal three days later on 20 September; however, his 80th-minute strike wasn't enough to prevent Arsenal winning the Centenary Trophy semi-final 2–1.", "An injury to captain Alan Hansen meant that regular left back Gary Ablett had to be shifted across to the centre of defence.", "Staunton was therefore given his chance and proved an impressive and consistent performer in a team of strong players, playing his part as Liverpool challenged for the title again.", "In the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster, which claimed the lives of 96 fans at the FA Cup semi-final on 15 April 1989, Staunton was among the players who comforted bereaved families and attended many of the funerals.", "He also put in an outstanding performance when the fateful FA Cup semi-final was rescheduled a month later, with Liverpool beating Nottingham Forest 3–1.", "Staunton played in the FA Cup Final at Wembley – he was substituted at the start of the extra-time period – as Liverpool defeated Merseyside rivals Everton 3–2.", "However, the season ended with disappointment when Liverpool lost the League title in a decider against Arsenal at Anfield.", "The Gunners needed to win by two clear goals and were 1–0 up with just seconds remaining.", "With virtually the last kick of the season Michael Thomas broke through the centre of the Reds defence to score thus stopping Liverpool gaining a second league and FA Cup double – something which no English club had yet achieved.", "The following year, Staunton was a frequent presence again as Liverpool reclaimed the League title.", "His first goals for Liverpool came in remarkable fashion on 4 October 1989 when he came on as a substitute in a League Cup tie against Wigan Athletic and scored a hat-trick.", "The following season he scored twice more; against Crewe Alexandra in the League Cup and Blackburn Rovers in the FA Cup.", "However 1990–91 was his final season with Liverpool before being astutely signed up by Aston Villa on 7 August 1991 for £1.1 million.", "New manager Graeme Souness was accused of misjudging the player's abilities, though the ruling for European ties possibly had a bearing, with Staunton being classed as a foreigner, of which no team was allowed to field more than four; the Bosman ruling (which included the abolishment of quotas for EU citizens on teams in member countries) was not passed until 1995.", "Aston Villa\n\nStaunton made a good impression on the Villa fans by marking his debut on 17 August with a goal in the 3–2 win over Sheffield Wednesday at Hillsborough.", "He soon became a regular in Villa's defence, alongside the likes of the legendary Villan Paul McGrath, as they finished seventh during the 1991–92 season.", "The following year he played an important role in the club's push for the title in the first Premier League season.", "Villa, in the end, lost out to Manchester United and had to settle for second place.", "The following season, he won a League Cup winners medal when he helped a wounded Villa gain revenge on Manchester United by beating them 3–1 (denying them a domestic treble).", "The League Cup medal completed his domestic medal set.", "In the 1994–95 season, despite the club's managerial problems, he had a fine season and regularly captained the side.", "The 1995–96 season was a mixed one for Staunton.", "He won another League Cup medal, this time as a non-playing substitute in the excellent 3–0 victory over Leeds United, but his playing time was limited due to a number of injuries.", "Over the next two seasons he was once again a regular in defence, playing his part in Villa's run to the UEFA Cup quarter finals in 1996–97.", "He also scored from a corner during his time at Villa.", "Meanwhile, in the league, he helped a transitional Villa team to a fifth-place finish in 1996–97 and seventh in 1997–98.", "Return to Anfield\nWith his contract set to expire at Villa, he gained a surprise move back to Liverpool on 3 July 1998 when joint managers Roy Evans and Gérard Houllier signed him on a free transfer.", "On 27 September 1999, during the Merseyside derby against Everton at Anfield, Staunton played the last 15 minutes of the game in goal after Sander Westerveld had been sent off for fighting with Francis Jeffers after Liverpool had used all three substitutes.", "He scored once in his second spell at Liverpool, his goal coming in a League Cup tie against Hull City in September 1999.", "His second spell on Merseyside lasted two years before he was told he could leave on a free transfer.", "After a brief loan spell at Crystal Palace, where he made six league appearances and scored once against Tranmere Rovers, he was recalled to Anfield to appear in his 148th and last game for the Reds: it came on 23 November 2000 in the 2–2 draw with Greek side Olympiakos in the UEFA Cup.", "Return to Villa Park\nOn 7 December 2000 he re-joined Aston Villa on another free transfer.", "He played in 14 of the club's remaining league fixtures and then featured regularly for a further two seasons.", "He scored once in his second spell at Villa, his goal coming in the Intertoto Cup against FC Zurich.", "Coventry City\nStaunton continued to play club football, plying his trade with Coventry City, moving there on 15 August 2003 on another free transfer.", "He made his début on 16 August 2003 in the 0–0 league draw with Walsall at Highfield Road.", "He remained with the Sky Blues until the summer of 2005, clocking up 75 appearances.", "Walsall\nStaunton decided not to renew his contract once it had expired, and instead joined Walsall on 2 August 2005.", "He played just 10 times for Walsall and also held the post of assistant coach until 16 January 2006, when he was appointed manager of the Republic of Ireland senior international side.", "He was captain of the Walsall side that defeated Blackpool 2–0 on New Year's Eve 2005, in what was his final game as a professional footballer at the end of a 20-year career.", "International career\nStaunton made his debut for the Republic of Ireland in the 4–0 friendly win over Tunisia.", "He went to Italy with Jack Charlton's squad as the Republic of Ireland competed in their first ever FIFA World Cup finals.", "Staunton, the youngest member of the squad, played in every match at left back (though by now at club level he had also proved his usefulness as a central defender or midfield player) as the Republic of Ireland progressed to the quarter finals, when they were beaten by the host nation.", "He also represented the Republic of Ireland at FIFA World Cup 1994 in the United States.", "Again, he played in each game as the Republic of Ireland succumbed in the second round to the Netherlands.", "The Republic of Ireland failed to qualify for both Euro 96 in England and the 1998 World Cup in France, though Staunton was still selected regularly for the team.", "The Republic of Ireland qualified for the 2002 World Cup held in Japan and South Korea following a playoff against Iran.", "Staunton captained the Irish team in the second leg in Tehran.", "Coach Mick McCarthy, who had been Staunton's captain at the country's first World Cup 12 years earlier, selected him for the squad and named him captain following the departure of Roy Keane from the squad.", "Again, Staunton played in every Republic of Ireland game of the tournament, with the 1–1 group match draw against Germany on 5 June proving to be a very special and historic occasion as he became the first Irishman to make 100 appearances for his country.", "Together with Gary Breen, he formed an impressive central defensive partnership in front of Shay Given.", "Staunton was the first footballer to have reached a century of caps for the Republic of Ireland national team, and as of the end of Ireland's qualifying campaign for the 2010 FIFA World Cup he was still the joint record holder with former teammates Shay Given and Kevin Kilbane, though both players (along with Robbie Keane) have since emulated Staunton's appearance record.", "Ireland's competition ended once more in the second round when they lost agonizingly to Spain in a penalty shoot-out after the game had finished 1–1.", "Staunton announced his retirement from international football immediately afterwards after setting a national record of 102 appearances.", "He is the only player to have played in every single one of Ireland's 13 World Cup finals games.", "On two occasions he scored directly from corner-kicks.", "The first of which came in a 2–0 victory over Portugal on 7 June 1992, during a US Cup game in Boston and the second came in a 3–0 defeat of Northern Ireland on 31 March 1993 during a World Cup qualifier in Dublin.", "Managerial career\n\nNational team\nFollowing the Republic of Ireland's failure to reach the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the tenure of manager Brian Kerr came to an end.", "A three-man Football Association of Ireland (FAI) subcommittee spearheaded by its former treasurer John Delaney was formed with the remit of appointing a capable successor to Kerr.", "Delaney assured the Irish public that a \"world class\" management team would be appointed to oversee Ireland's qualification campaign for the 2008 European Championship.", "After an initial flurry of rumours linking names of the calibre of Alex Ferguson, Terry Venables and Bobby Robson with the post, Staunton was released from his player/assistant manager role for Walsall on 12 January 2006 and was officially named as Kerr's replacement the following day, with former England manager Sir Bobby Robson supporting him in the role of International Consultant and with former Aston Villa teammate Kevin MacDonald as coach.", "Staunton was something of a shock appointment given the names that had been circulated and his own limited coaching and managerial experience.", "His international management career enjoyed a dream start, something Staunton called \"a bit of a fairytale\", when he led Ireland to an impressive 3–0 victory over Sweden on 1 March 2006 with Damien Duff, Robbie Keane (captaining the Republic of Ireland for the first time) and Liam Miller getting onto the score sheet.", "The victory over Sweden was followed by two friendly defeats, the first a disappointing 1–0 loss against Chile on 23 May 2006 and then a 4–0 thrashing by Holland at Lansdowne Road, Ireland's worst home reverse in 40 years.", "Prior to the Holland game, Staunton was confronted and threatened by a man outside the team hotel on Monday 14 August with a gun that turned out to be an imitation Uzi machine gun.", "The 31-year-old assailant was arrested at a nearby beach and released by police the following day.", "No physical harm was caused but the event was a public relations disaster for both Staunton and the FAI (this was not the first time an assailant had attacked members of the squad at that particular hotel).", "Shortly after this incident further embarrassment was caused by the revelation that the FAI had sent news of Ireland midfielder Andy Reid's recall to the national side to the player's former club Tottenham despite the fact that he was by then a Charlton player.", "It was against this backdrop that Staunton oversaw his first competitive match in charge as Republic of Ireland manager; a 1–0 defeat against Germany in Stuttgart, Ireland losing despite a battling performance.", "Staunton himself was sent off by the referee for kicking a water bottle onto the pitch in frustration during the second half.", "Worse was swiftly to follow.", "On 7 October 2006, in their second UEFA Euro 2008 qualifier, Ireland suffered a demoralising 5–2 defeat by lowly Cyprus in Nicosia.", "Staunton was watching from the stands, having been given a touchline ban for his sending-off in Germany.", "The defeat by Cyprus heaped additional pressure on the already beleaguered Staunton, who even at this early stage of his leadership was already facing calls for his resignation, ahead of Ireland's next game which was at home to the Czech Republic on 11 October.", "The FAI, when pressed on the matter, refused to deny that a poor result would result in the manager's immediate dismissal.", "An improved performance against the Czechs resulted in a 1–1 draw, a result that eased the pressure on Staunton to some extent.", "Staunton was seen to be emotional after the 5–0 victory over San Marino; it was to be the last match to be played on the old Lansdowne Road pitch.", "In the return fixture, a poor performance ensured the team needed a goal from Stephen Ireland four minutes into injury time to secure the three points with a final score of 2–1.", "Coming so close to dropping points against a team ranked 195th in the world at the time of the match immediately sparked further calls for the manager's resignation.", "Ireland returned to form with two successive 1–0 home victories over Wales and Slovakia which brought them close to contention for second place in Group D of the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying groups.", "Such was the surprise that greeted the results that RTÉ presenter Bill O'Herlihy concluded the coverage of the Slovakia game with the comment, \"Ireland are now in contention for qualification for Euro 2008. Who would have thought it?\"", "The upswing in form continued on 22 August 2007 with a 4–0 win in a non-competitive match against Denmark in Aarhus.", "Staunton was delighted with the results and headed into the next set of fixtures with Ireland placed third in the qualifying group.", "The victories, however, proved to be something of a false dawn as, over the space of five days in September, an injury-hit Ireland dropped five points from two games and saw their qualifying campaign effectively come to an end.", "Leading 2–1 away to Slovakia the team would emerge with just one point after an injury-time strike from Marek Cech cancelled their advantage.", "Staunton was disappointed by the performance but four days later, on 12 September, a 1–0 defeat to the Czech Republic in Prague crippled the qualifying campaign.", "A 0–0 draw with Germany on 13 October at Croke Park and a 1–1 draw at home to Cyprus in the same stadium four days later (during which a chorus of boos greeted the final whistle) secured qualification for both Germany and the Czech Republic.", "Ireland would not be competing in the 2008 European Championship.", "Amid the fans' dissatisfaction, many pundits commented that Staunton was now effectively on borrowed time and the FAI announced that an emergency meeting was to be called to discuss Staunton's position on 23 October.", "Prior to this, John Delaney gave an interview to RTÉ where he refused to publicly back the beleaguered manager and attempted to extricate himself from any responsibility for his role in Staunton's initial appointment.", "Staunton, for his part, refused to resign and publicly stated that he intended to see out the remainder of his four-year contract.", "On the evening of 23 October 2007, after initially indicating to reporters that the FAI meeting would take place in Dublin's Crown Plaza Hotel, where two executive rooms had been hired for use by the FAI, it emerged that Staunton had met the FAI in secret in the Radisson Hotel at Dublin airport where he made his case to be retained in the job.", "The FAI subsequently met in private discussion for six hours after which it was confirmed that Staunton's turbulent 21-month reign as international manager had come to an end.", "He was replaced by Don Givens who temporarily took charge of the national team until Giovanni Trapattoni's appointment as manager.", "Leeds United\nOn 4 February 2008, Staunton joined up with recently appointed Leeds United manager Gary McAllister for a training session, with a view to becoming McAllister's assistant manager at the club.", "He was given the post later that day.", "In his first month at Leeds, the club did not win a game, until a 1–0 victory on 1 March against Swindon Town.", "When McAllister was sacked by Leeds United in December 2008 after five consecutive defeats, Staunton also left the club.", "Darlington\nStaunton was appointed as a scout at Wolverhampton Wanderers under manager Mick McCarthy.", "In May 2009, it was reported that he had applied for the then vacant manager's seat at Port Vale.", "On 5 October 2009, he was announced as Darlington manager, to take over officially two days later following a Football League Trophy game against his previous club Leeds United.", "His contract was initially to take him to the end of the season, with Kevin Richardson appointed as his assistant manager.", "Staunton lost his first game in charge, 2–0 to Dagenham & Redbridge.", "On 21 March 2010, with Darlington bottom of the league and facing relegation to the Football Conference, Staunton was sacked as the Darlington manager.", "He had won just four games from his 23 league matches in charge, although his sacking was also put down to a record low crowd for a league game at the Darlington Arena of 1,463 against Barnet in Staunton's final match in charge.", "Sunderland\nStaunton was then handed a job as a scout at Sunderland on 22 August 2011.", "However, he was relieved of his role in 2013.", "Career statistics\n\nClub\n\nInternational\n\nManagerial\n\nHonours\n\nClub\nLiverpool\n Football League First Division: 1989–90\n FA Cup: 1988–89\n FA Charity Shield: 1988, 1990 (shared)\n\nAston Villa\n League Cup: 1993–94, 1995–96\n UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2001\n\nSee also\n List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nProfile at LFChistory.net\nThisisanfield.com Forgotten Heroes\n\nInformation on player\nBBC – Republic appoint Staunton as boss\n\n1969 births\nLiving people\nGaelic footballers who switched code\nLouth Gaelic footballers \nPeople from Drogheda\nSt Dominic's (Louth) Gaelic footballers\n\nAssociation footballers from County Louth\nAssociation football fullbacks\nRepublic of Ireland association footballers\nRepublic of Ireland international footballers\nRepublic of Ireland national football team managers\nRepublic of Ireland football managers\nRepublic of Ireland under-21 international footballers\nDundalk F.C.", "players\nLeague of Ireland players\nLiverpool F.C.", "players\nBradford City A.F.C.", "players\nAston Villa F.C.", "players\nCrystal Palace F.C.", "players\nCoventry City F.C.", "players\nWalsall F.C.", "players\nUEFA Cup winning players\nEnglish Football League players\nPremier League players\nDarlington F.C.", "managers\n1990 FIFA World Cup players\n1994 FIFA World Cup players\n2002 FIFA World Cup players\nFIFA Century Club\nLeeds United F.C.", "non-playing staff\nSunderland A.F.C.", "non-playing staff\nOutfield association footballers who played in goal\nAssociation football scouts\nFA Cup Final players" ]

[ "Stephen Staunton is an Irish football manager, scout and former professional footballer.", "He played as a defender for two different teams in the premier league.", "He played for several Football League teams.", "He captained his team to the knock-out stage of the 2002 World Cup and earned his place in the Century Club.", "Prior to Giovanni Trapattoni, he was the Republic of Ireland national team coach.", "He was the manager of Darlington in Football League Two for five months.", "Staunton was an accomplished all-round sportsman.", "He attended the De La Salle College in the town where he lived.", "He won a Louth Senior Championship medal with Clan na Gael, as well as playing Gaelic football for Louth's U-16 team.", "He played for St Dominic's when he was younger.", "Kenny Dalglish was the manager of the club when Staunton was signed for a fee of $20,000.", "He spent the first two seasons in the reserves and then went on loan to Bradford City for eight games in the 1987–88 season as cover for the injured Karl Goddard.", "He made his debut for the Reds in a 1–1 league draw with Spurs.", "Despite being vastly inexperienced compared to the players around him who were defending a League championship title, he remained in the side for the rest of the season.", "He scored his first goal three days later, but it wasn't enough to stop them from winning the trophy.", "Gary Ablett had to shift to the centre of defence because of an injury to Alan Hansen.", "Staunton was given his chance and proved to be an impressive and consistent performer in a team of strong players, playing his part as challenged for the title again.", "After the deaths of 96 fans at the FA Cup semi-final on 15 April 1989 at the Stadium of Light, Staunton was among the players who comforted families and attended many of the funerals.", "He put in a great performance when the FA Cup semi-finals were rearranged a month later.", "He played in the FA Cup Final at Wembley, but was taken off at the start of the extra-time period.", "The season ended with disappointment because of the League title loss.", "The team needed to win by two clear goals and they did.", "With virtually the last kick of the season, Michael Thomas broke through the centre of the Reds defence to score, preventing them from getting a second league and FA Cup double.", "In the following year, the Reds reclaimed the League title.", "On 4 October 1989 he came on as a substitute in a League Cup tie against Wigan Athletic and scored a hat-trick.", "He scored two more times in the FA Cup and the League Cup.", "He was signed up by Aston Villa on August 7, 1991, for just over $1 million.", "The ruling for European ties may have had an effect on the new manager, as he was accused of misjudging the player's abilities, though no team was allowed to field more than four.", "On his debut for Villa on August 17th, he scored a goal in the 3–2 win over Wednesday at Hillsborough to make a good impression on the fans.", "He became a regular in Villa's defence as they finished seventh in the 1991– 1992 season.", "He was involved in the club's push for the title in the first season of the premier league.", "Villa lost out to Manchester United and had to settle for second place.", "He won a League Cup winners medal when he helped a wounded Villa avenge their loss to Manchester United by beating them 3–1.", "His domestic medal set was completed by the League Cup medal.", "He captained the side in the 1994–95 season despite the club's managerial problems.", "The 1995–96 season was a mixed one for Staunton.", "He won another League Cup medal, this time as a non-playing substitute, but his playing time was limited due to a number of injuries.", "He was a regular in the Villa defence over the next two seasons, playing a part in the team's run to the UEFA Cup quarter finals in 1996.", "He scored from a corner at Villa.", "In the league, he helped a transitional Villa team to a fifth-place finish in 1996–97 and seventh in 1997–98.", "On July 3, 1998 Roy Evans and Gérard Houllier signed him for a free transfer after his contract at Villa expired.", "The last 15 minutes of the game were played in goal after a player was sent off for fighting with another player.", "He scored a goal in the League Cup against Hull City in 1999.", "He was told he could leave on a free transfer after two years.", "He played his last game for the Reds in the 2–2 draw with Greek side Olympiakos on November 23, 2000 after a brief loan spell at Crystal Palace.", "He came back to Villa Park on another free transfer.", "He played in 14 of the club's remaining league games over the course of two seasons.", "He scored a goal in the Intertoto Cup in his second spell at Villa.", "On a free transfer in August of 2003 he moved to Coventry City, where he continued to play club football.", "He made his debut in a 0–0 league draw with Walsall.", "He made 75 appearances for the Sky Blues.", "After his contract expired, Staunton joined Walsall on August 2, 2005, instead of renewing his contract.", "He was an assistant coach at the time he was appointed manager of the Republic of Ireland senior international side.", "In his final game as a professional footballer, he was captain of the Walsall side that defeated Blackpool 2–0 on New Year's Eve 2005.", "The Republic of Ireland defeated Tunisia 4–0 in a friendly.", "The Republic of Ireland competed in their first ever World Cup finals in Italy with him.", "As the Republic of Ireland progressed to the quarter finals, the youngest member of the squad, Staunton, played in every match at left back, though he had also proved his usefulness as a central defender or midfield player.", "He was a member of the Republic of Ireland at the 1994 World Cup.", "The Republic of Ireland lost in the second round to the Netherlands.", "The Republic of Ireland failed to qualify for Euro 96 in England and the 1998 World Cup in France, but Staunton was still selected for the team.", "The Republic of Ireland qualified for the 2002 World Cup after a playoff against Iran.", "The Irish team traveled to Tehran for the second leg.", "Mick McCarthy, who captained the country at the first World Cup in 888-269-5556 888-269-5556 888-269-5556 888-269-5556 888-269-5556 888-269-5556 888-269-5556 888-269-5556 888-269-5556 888-269-5556", "He became the first Irishman to make 100 appearances for his country when he played in the Republic of Ireland's 1–1 group match draw against Germany on 5 June.", "He formed 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299", "As of the end of Ireland's qualification campaign for the 2010 World Cup, Kevin Kilbane and Shay Given were still the joint record holders for the most caps for the Republic of Ireland.", "Ireland lost to Spain in a penalty shoot-out after the game had finished 1–1.", "After setting a national record for appearances, Staunton decided to retire from international football.", "He played in all 13 of Ireland's World Cup finals games.", "He scored from corner-kicks on two occasions.", "The first of which came in a 2–0 victory over Portugal on 7 June 1992 during a US Cup game in Boston and the second came in a 3–0 defeat of Northern Ireland on 31 March 1993 during a World Cup qualification game.", "The tenure of manager Brian Kerr came to an end after the Republic of Ireland failed to qualify for the 2006 World Cup.", "The Football Association of Ireland formed a subcommittee to find a successor to Kerr.", "Ireland's qualification campaign for the 2008 European Championship will be overseen by a world class management team.", "After an initial flurry of rumors linking names of the calibre of Alex Ferguson, Terry Venables and Bobby Robson with the post, Staunton was released from his player/assistant manager role for Walsall on 12 January 2006 and was officially named as Kerr's replacement the following day, with former England manager", "The appointment of Staunton was a bit of a shock given his limited coaching and managerial experience.", "It was a dream start to his international management career when he led Ireland to a 3–0 victory over Sweden in March of 2006 with Liam Miller leading the way.", "Ireland's worst home reverse in 40 years was the 4–0 loss to Holland in May of 2006 after the victory over Sweden.", "Staunton was confronted by a man outside of the team hotel with a gun that turned out to be an imitation Uzi machine gun, before the Holland game.", "The man was arrested at the beach and released the next day.", "The attack on the squad at the hotel was a public relations disaster for the FAI and it was not the first time an attacker had attacked members of the squad.", "The embarrassment was caused by the revelation that the FAI had sent the news of Andy Reid's recall to the national side to the player's former club.", "In his first match in charge of the Republic of Ireland, Staunton oversaw a 1–0 defeat against Germany in Stuttgart, Ireland losing despite a battling performance.", "During the second half, Staunton was sent off by the referee for kicking a water bottle onto the pitch.", "It was worse immediately.", "Ireland suffered a demoralising 5–2 defeat by Cyprus in their second Euro 2008 qualification match.", "He was given a touchline ban for his sending-off and was watching from the stands.", "Ahead of Ireland's next game against the Czech Republic, which was to be played at home on 11 October, Staunton was already facing calls for his resignation, even at this early stage of his leadership.", "The FAI refused to deny that a poor result would result in the manager's dismissal.", "An improved performance against the Czechs resulted in a 1–1 draw, which alleviated the pressure on Staunton.", "The 5–0 victory over San Marino was the last match to be played on the old Lansdowne Road pitch.", "The team needed a goal from Stephen Ireland four minutes into injury time to win the game and get the three points.", "There were calls for the manager's resignation after coming so close to dropping points against a team ranked 195th in the world.", "Ireland returned to form with two successive 1–0 home victories over Wales and Slovakia which brought them close to contention for second place in the group.", "Bill O'Herlihy concluded the coverage of the Slovakia game with the comment, \"Ireland are now in contention for qualification for Euro 2008, who would have thought it?\"", "On August 22, 2007, the upswing in form continued with a 4–0 win against the Danes.", "Ireland placed third in the group and was placed in the next set of games.", "Over the course of five days in September, Ireland dropped five points from two games and ended their qualification campaign.", "Leading 2–1 away to Slovakia, the team would emerge with just one point after an injury-time strike from Marek Cech.", "The qualification campaign was crippled by a 1–0 defeat to the Czech Republic on 12 September, four days after Staunton was disappointed by the performance.", "A 0–0 draw with Germany on 13 October at Croke Park and a 1–1 draw at home to Cyprus in the same stadium four days later secured qualification for both Germany and the Czech Republic.", "Ireland wouldn't be participating in the European Championship.", "An emergency meeting was to be held on October 23rd to discuss Staunton's position after many pundits commented that he was now effectively on borrowed time.", "John Delaney tried to extricate himself from responsibility for his role in the initial appointment of the manager when he refused to publicly back him.", "Staunton stated that he intended to see out the remainder of his contract, despite the fact that he refused to resign.", "On the evening of 23 October 2007, after initially indicating to reporters that the meeting would take place in Dublin's Crown Plaza Hotel, where two executive rooms had been hired for use by the FAI, it emerged that Staunton had met the FAI in secret in the Radisson Hotel at Dublin airport.", "After six hours of private discussion, it was confirmed that the 21-month reign as international manager had come to an end.", "Don Givens temporarily took charge of the national team until Giovanni Trapattoni's appointment as manager.", "On February 4, 2008, Gary McAllister and Steve Staunton joined up for a training session in a bid to become his assistant manager at the club.", "He got the post later that day.", "The club did not win a game in his first month, until a 1–0 victory on 1 March against Swindon Town.", "In December 2008 after five consecutive defeats, Staunton left the club.", "Mick McCarthy appointed Darlington Staunton as a scout.", "He applied for the manager's seat at Port Vale in May 2009.", "After a Football League Trophy game against his previous club, he was announced as the new manager of Darlington.", "Kevin Richardson was appointed as his assistant manager in order to take him to the end of the season.", "He lost his first game in charge.", "On 21 March 2010, with Darlington bottom of the league and facing the possibility of being demoted to the Football Conference, Staunton was dismissed as the manager.", "He had won just four games from his 23 league matches in charge, and his dismissal was due to a record low crowd for his final match in charge.", "Staunton was hired as a scout at Sunderland on August 22, 2011.", "He was relieved of his role.", "The Club International Managerial Honours include the FA Cup, the FA Charity Shield, and the Aston Villa League Cup.", "League of Ireland players", "The players are fromBradford City A.F.C.", "The players are from Villa F.C.", "The players are from Crystal Palace F.C.", "The players are from City F.C.", "The players are from the F.C.", "English Football League players and Darlington F.C.", "Managers 1990 World Cup players 1994 World Cup players 2002 World Cup players", "The staff at the A.F.C. are not playing.", "Football players who played in the FA Cup Final." ]

[ "Stephen Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton" ]

[ "Stephen Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton", "Steve Staunton", "Staunton", "Staunton" ]

[ "Sir Maurice Russell (2 February 1356 – 27 June 1416) of Kingston Russell, Dorset and Dyrham, Glos.", "was an English nobleman and knight.", "He was a prominent member of the Gloucestershire gentry.", "He was the third but eldest surviving son and heir of Sir Ralph Russell (1319–1375) and his wife Alice (died 1388).", "He was knighted between June and December 1385 and served twice as Knight of the Shire for Gloucestershire in 1402 and 1404.", "He held the post of Sheriff of Gloucestershire four times, and was Coroner and Justice of the Peace, Tax Collector and Commissioner of Enquiry.", "His land holdings were extensive in Gloucestershire, Somerset, Dorset, Berkshire and Buckinghamshire.", "He was descended from an ancient line which can be traced back to 1210, which ended on the death of his son Thomas, from his second marriage, as a young man without male issue.", "Most of his estates, despite having been entailed, passed at his death into the families of his two daughters from his first marriage.", "Family background\n\nIn 1626 the York Herald, William Le Neve, claimed descent for the family of Russell of Kingston Russell from a certain Norman knight, Hugo de Rosel, but this has since been shown to be fanciful, and in fact the family's earliest verifiable ancestor was living about 1200.", "The family was established at Kingston Russell in the parish of Long Bredy, near Swyre, in Dorset, at the start of the 13th century.", "About 1210 Sir John Russell (died c. 1224) held Kingston from King John (1199–1216) as half a hide by the serjeanty of being a marshal of the King's buttery on Christmas Day and at Whitsuntide, a service which had originated in the time of William the Conqueror.", "The tenure was later said to be that of telling out the King's chessmen and putting them away when the King had finished his game.", "Members of the family also held nearby Allington in Dorset from an early date, by serjeanty of presenting to the King a cup of wine at Christmas, yet it appears in fact to have been part of the Domesday fief of Turstin FitzRolf, which later became the barony of Newmarch.", "John Russell was Governor of Corfe Castle in Dorset in 1220/1 and sometime Constable of Sherborne Castle, Dorset.", "He married Rose Bardolph, a daughter of Thomas Bardolph and Adela (or Sybil) Corbet.", "Newmarch Inheritance\nOn the death in 1216 of his near neighbour in Dorset, James of Newmarch, of North Cadbury in Dorset, last of that family, John Russell had purchased the wardship of his two daughters and co-heiresses, Isabel and Hawise, which transaction received the approval of King Henry III in 1224.", "Isabel, the elder, he married to his son Ralph Russell in 1219, whilst he sold the marriage of Hawise to John de Bottrell.", "On the death of Bottrell, Hawise married secondly Nicholas de Moels, to whom her moiety of the property descended.", "Thus were the lands of the extensive Newmarch barony, originally the Domesday Book fiefdom of Turstin FitzRolf, standard bearer to William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings, then the fief of Wynebald de Ballon, a soldier friend of King William II, split in two between the husbands of the two co-heirs.", "To Moels went North Cadbury and Upton \"Moels\" (Berks., now Oxon.", "), whilst to Ralph Russell went Dyrham and a moiety of Aust, (Glos.", "), Horsington (Som.", "), Upton \"Russell\" (Berks., now Oxon.", "), Hardwick & Kimble (Bucks.)", "& other estates in Wiltshire.", "The Testa de Nevill entry for Dyrham was : \"Jame de Novo Mercato tenet in Dorham cum pertinenciis duos milites et dimidium\" (James of Newmarch held in Dyrham with appurtenances 2 ½ knights' fees).", "Gorges Inheritance\n\n(See main article: Gorges family)\n\nRalph Russell's and Isabel's son Sir William Russell died as a young man in 1310/11, but not without having inherited in 1298 the lands of his two elder brothers, James (who had a son Ralph, d. 1295, s.p.)", "and Robert (died s.p.", "1298).", "The Russell lands at Dyrham were in 1311 one of the largest arable demesnes in Gloucestershire, that is lands farmed in-hand, not let out to tenants, comprising 420 acres arable and 60 acres of meadow.", "William produced a male heir, Theobald (1303–1349), by his wife Jane Peverell (or poss.", "Katherine de Aula from which family the Russells inherited Yaverland, Isle of Wight).", "Thus, the infant Theobald, having lost father and grandfather, was granted by King Edward II in wardship to Ralph de Gorges, 1st Baron Gorges of Wraxall & Bradpole (Som.", "), Knighton (IoW), Tothill (Lincolnshire).", "In 1316, Theobald Russell, as a minor, was recorded as holding 8 manors; 2 in Glos., 1 in Wilts., 1 in Som.", "& 4 elsewhere.", "Gorges had a son, Ralph, 2nd Baron Gorges, and 3 daughters, Elizabeth, Eleanor, and Joan.", "He appears to have married his second daughter Eleanor to the young Theobald Russell.", "Before the death of the 2nd Baron without issue shortly after his father, clearly keen to see his family name and armorials continue, he formed the plan of bequeathing the Gorges estates to the younger son of his sister Eleanor Russell, on condition, apparently, that he should adopt the name and arms of Gorges.", "This is precisely what occurred when Theobald Russell II, 3rd son of Theobald and Eleanor, his 2nd elder brother William having died, adopted the name Gorges, and founded a revived Gorges line, which flourished, based at Wraxall, Somerset.", "(see Gorges family and Ferdinando Gorges).", "When, however, Theobald \"Gorges\" tried to adopt the Gorges arms, taken from the Morville heiress who had brought them Wraxall, he was challenged by the Warburton (or Warbleton) knight of Cheshire who happened to be serving with him at the Siege of Calais in 1346, who noticed they both bore the same arms on their shields, \"Lozengy or and azure\".", "The case was brought before the Earl Marshal, who adjudged on 19 July 1347 in favour of Warburton and forced Theobald Russell \"Gorges\" to add a \"chevron gules\" to the Morville arms as a difference.", "Thus the new Gorges arms became \"Lozengy or and azure, a chevron gules\", and one of the more celebrated and historic cases heard in the Earl Marshal's court was recorded.", "The ancient Gorges canting arms of \"Argent, a gurges azure\", gurges signifying, in Latin, a whirlpool, had been retained some generations before by the senior Gorges line seated at Tamerton Foliot, Devon, the cadet line having married the de Morville heiress.", "The eldest son of Theobald I, described as of Carisbrooke Castle, Isle of Wight, and Eleanor was Ralph Russell (died 13 February 1375), described as \"of the Isle of Wight\", the father of Sir Maurice Russell, the subject of the present article.", "First marriage to Isabel Childrey\n\nMaurice Russell, aged just 13, was married firstly in June 1369, to Isabel Childrey, daughter of Sir Edmund Childrey (died 1372)(or Chelrey) of Frethornes Manor in the parish of Childrey, Berkshire.", "Frethornes was a manor anciently held from the Newmarch family, and its tenant prior to Edmund was the \"de Frethorne\" family, which held other Newmarch lands in Gloucestershire and Somerset.", "Certainly Frethornes was part of the Newmarch moiety which had gone to the husband of Hawise, since the Bottreaux family, eventual heirs of Nicholas de Moels, were the overlords to Edmund.", "Sir Edmund was from a relatively new gentry family, though long resident within the parish of Childrey, which rose rapidly in his own person, from his profession as a lawyer.", "His armorials in 1368, even at the height of his career, were stated in contemporary documents to be \"unknown\", pointing to his family's lowly origins.", "These armorials can be seen on the funerary brass in Dyrham church, above Isabel's figure (see illustration).", "He began his public career in 1343.", "In 1348, he was a Commissioner of the Peace for Berkshire.", "In 1362, he was appointed a King's Serjeant-at-Law, rising to Justice of King's Bench in 1371, whereupon he was knighted.", "In 1355, he had begun to acquire property in Berkshire, at Watlingtons manor in West Hagbourne, Frethornes manor in Childrey Parish, South Fawley, Letcomb Bassett (Berks.)", "and Balsdon.", "On the marriage of Maurice Russell and Isabel, his father, Ralph Russell, settled upon them the manor of Dyrham.", "His lands in the Isle of Wight, comprising three manors, apparently were settled on the two elder brothers of Maurice who died without male issue, but do not appear to have descended to Maurice.", "Edmund Childrey's connection with Gloucestershire, and thus with Maurice Russell's father, may have developed as a result of his having been granted, in 1362, the wardship of the lands of William FitzWarin at Whityngton, Glos.", "In 1388, Sir Maurice Russell sold his ex-Newmarch Berkshire manor of Upton \"Russell\" to John Latton, who sold it in 1401 to Thomas Childrey (c. 1350–1407), MP for Berkshire in 1390 and 1406, brother-in-law to Maurice Russell and steward of the estates of Bishop William of Wykeham of Winchester .", "Becomes Ward on Father's Death\nMaurice's father, Ralph Russell, died on 13 February 1375, while Maurice was still a minor, aged 19, two years from his majority.", "He was granted in wardship to Sir Robert Assheton (died 1384), his father's cousin, soon to be appointed Treasurer of the Exchequer.", "Having reached his majority, in December 1377, Maurice took possession of his inheritance, following the early deaths of his two elder brothers, Theobald and John(both fl.", "1341), excepting the customary 1/3 dower share retained by his mother Alice, whose family name is unknown, apparently resident at Kingston Russell, who died on 16 March 1388.", "In 1382, Maurice leased the reversion of Kingston Russell, from his mother's death, to Walter Clopton for 20 marks p.a.", "Maurice also had a sister, Alice, who married into the Haket family, producing a son John Haket (died 1498).", "Inherits Assheton Lands\nSir Robert Assheton (senior) of Pitney, Somerset, had married Elizabeth de Gorges, eldest daughter of the first Baron Gorges.", "On the death of their son, Sir Robert Assheton (junior), without issue, in 1384, Maurice Russell inherited the former Gorges manors of Bradpole, and the hundred courts of Redhone and Beaminster Forum, in Dorset.", "Assheton's manor of Litton and Combe in Dorset were split, after some argument, between Russell and Sir Ralph Cheyne (died 1400), of Brooke in Westbury, Wilts., whose father, Sir William Cheyne, of Poyntington, Somerset, had married, as his second wife, Joan Gorges, the youngest daughter of the 1st Baron Gorges.", "Career\nMaurice Russell's career began in December 1385 in connection with the administration of Gloucestershire, when he was appointed, aged 29, tax collector for Glos., and again in March 1388.", "In the same year of 1385 he sold the former Newmarch manor of Hardwick, Bucks.", "to William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester, for the purpose of the founding of New College, Oxford, and also granted the Bishop an annual rent of £10 from the manor of Aust, Glos., during his wife's lifetime.", "Later, in 1400, his brother-in-law Thomas Childrey would become steward to the estates of Wykeham.", "He also sold the ancient Russell manor of Allington to John Roger I (died 1441), of Bridport and Bryanston, Dorset.", "Russell remained a very wealthy man as the assessments made in 1412 for the purposes of taxation make clear.", "His estates in Hampshire, Somerset, and Gloucesterhire were then said to be severally worth £40 p.a., whilst those in Dorset apparently gave him an annual income of £122 5s, making a total, no doubt under-declared, of over £242.", "In 1394, he was removed from the post of Coroner of Glos.", "for the reason that \"He dwells not in the county\", although most of his official positions related to that county.", "He made a loan of £40 to King Richard II in August 1397.", "He was clearly a supporter of King Richard, as he had married off his younger daughter to William le Scrope, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, one of the King's staunchest supporters, who was beheaded at Bristol, only 7 miles from Dyrham, by Henry Bolingbroke, in 1399.", "Russell, however, continued to serve in official positions in Gloucestershire after the usurpation of the throne, in 1399, by Henry IV.", "Indeed, he served as Knight of the Shire in 1402 and 1404.", "In 1403, he was among the prominent figures of Gloucestershire commissioned by the new King to select the best fighting men of the region to join the royal army in fighting the Welsh rebels under Owen Glendower, and, in the same year, he was appointed feoffee, by Sir John Luttrell, of the Somerset manor of East Quantoxhead.", "In 1408, he was involved in a dispute, of unknown cause, with the influential Sir Walter Hungerford, as a result of which both men were required to enter into recognizances for 1,000 marks each as surety that they would abide by the award of the Chancellor Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury.", "Tax Collector, Gloucestershire\nDecember 1385\nMarch 1388\n\nHigh Sheriff of Gloucestershire\n7 November 1390 – 21 October 1391\n9 November 1395 – 1 December 1396\n10 July 1400 – 8 November 1401\n5 November 1406 – 23 November 1407 (Duties included holding in Gloucester the Gloucestershire elections to Parliament of 1407)\n\nCoroner of Gloucestershire\n1 February 1392 – 6 February 1394\nbefore 14 February 1397\n\nKnight of the Shire, Gloucestershire\nGloucestershire (UK Parliament constituency)\n1402\nJanuary 1404\n\nJustice of the Peace, Gloucestershire\n18 June 1394 – February 1406\n4 July 1406 – February 1407\n\nCommissioner of Enquiry\nMay 1389, Concealments; Bristol, Devon, Glos., Som.", "May 1393, Disseisin, Glos.", "November 1398, Intimidation of a Jury\nJune 1399, Eviction\nMay, Nov. 1400, Trespass\nJuly 1401, Disseisin\nJuly 1403, Wastes\nFebruary 1406, Disseisin\nMarch 1406, Obstruction of a road\nJuly 1392, Arrest\nMar 1394, Oyer and Terminer, Bristol\nMar 1401, Oyer & Terminer, Glos., Worcs.", "May 1395 & Jan 1396, to take Assizes of Novel Disseisin, Glos., Som.", "October 1398, Survey estates of Lords Appellant of 1387–8, Berks., Glos., Oxon.", "December 1399 & Sept., Nov. 1403, Array, Glos.", "December 1401, Collection of Aid\nMay 1402, to make proclamation of Henry IV's Intention to Govern Well\nSeptember 1405, to raise royal loans\n\nSecond marriage to Joan Dauntsey\n\nBefore 1412, aged 56, Russell married 17-year-old Joan Dauntsey (c. 1395–1457), daughter of Sir John Dauntsey of Dauntsey, Wilts., by Elizabeth daughter and co-heiress of John Beverley of London, sister and eventual heiress of Sir Walter Dauntsey.", "Isabel Childrey had produced only 2 daughters for Russell, but now Joan produced a son and heir, Thomas (1412–1431).", "Thomas was aged only 4 at most when his father died in 1416, and was granted by King Henry V (1413–1422) in wardship to Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence (1387–1421), the King's eldest brother.", "Thomas married young, no doubt at the direction of Clarence, and had a daughter Margery Russell, but father and daughter both died, in mysterious circumstances, in 1431, Thomas aged about 18, certainly still a minor.", "The elderly Sir John Stradling (died 1435) of Glamorgan, Wales, obtained the marriage of Joan the young widow, yet omitted to obtain royal licence to marry a widow of a King's Tenant-in-chief, which Russell was regarding Dyrham and other manors, and was fined heavily in 1418 for his error.", "The marriage occurred possibly as a result of Stradling's connection to Sir Gilbert Denys, Russell's son-in-law originally from Glamorgan.", "On Denys's death in 1422, the wardship of his son and heir Maurice Denys, Russell's grandson, was granted to Sir Edward Stradling (died 1453) of St Donat's Castle, Glamorgan, nephew of Sir John Stradling.", "Joan married thirdly, after 1435, John Dewall, next to whom she was buried in Dauntsey church in 1457.", "Succession\n\nBy 1st wife Isabel Childrey, on marriage to whom, in 1369, Dyrham and other estates were entailed to the progeny of the marriage:\n(1) Margaret Russell (born c. 1383, died 1460) married twice:\n(1) c. 1404 as his 3rd wife, Sir Gilbert Denys (died 1422) of Siston, Gloucestershire.", "They had 3 sons, at least 1 daughter, including Maurice Denys (1409–1466).", "(2) John Kemys (died 1477).", "They had at least 1 son, Roger Kemys.", "(2) Isabel Russell (born c. 1386, died 1437) married 4 times:\n(1) William le Scrope, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, beheaded 1399 at Bristol by Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Lancaster.", "He was a staunch adherent to Richard II, and a zealous treasurer of the Exchequer.", "They had no issue.", "(2) Sir Thomas de la River (died 1406) of Tormarton & Acton Turville, Gloucestershire.", "They had one son, Maurice de la River, who inherited the Gorges manor of Bradpole, Dorset, which he sold in 1457 to the Earl of Ormonde.", "(3) Sir John Drayton (died 1417) of Nuneham Courtenay.", "They had two daughters, Joan Drayton, who married Drew Barantyne, her marriage having been purchased by Thomas Chaucer, 5 times Speaker of the House of Commons & son of the great poet Geoffrey Chaucer after Isabel and her fourth husband had sold the reversion of Drayton's manor of Nuneham Courtenay to him; and Elizabeth Drayton, who married 1stly Christopher Preston of Slapton, Northamptonshire, and 2ndly by 1437 John Wenlock, 1st Baron Wenlock, future Speaker of the House of Commons.", "(4) Stephen Hatfield (died 1461), Esquire.", "Isabel and Drayton sold their share in the Russell lands to Margaret and her husband Sir Gilbert Denys, whose family retained Kingston Russell until 1543, Dyrham until 1571 and Aust until after 1600.", "By 2nd wife Joan Dauntsey (c. 1395–1457):\nThomas Russell (born c. 1412, died 1431), ward of Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, married, wife's name unknown, at unknown date, had 1 daughter, Margery (died 1431/2).", "Before his death in 1416 Sir Maurice Russell had placed the bulk of his lands into the hands of feoffees to act as trustees for his son Thomas during his minority.", "These feoffees included Sir William Hankeford, Chief Justice; Robert Hill, Justice of the Common Pleas; Sir William Cheyne (died 1420) of Brooke, Wilts, son of Sir Ralph (died 1400) a cousin of Ralph Russell, Maurice's father; Robert Poyntz of Iron Acton & Robert Stanshawe, Glos.", "Gentry.", "On Thomas's death in 1431, much of the Russell lands descended to his half-sisters Margaret and Isabel and their families, mainly passing into the Denys family, which long continued to quarter the Russell arms, for example on the 1506 Denys brass at Olveston Church, Glos.", "and on the facade of Siston Court, Glos., c. 1550.", "Some of Thomas's lands, especially those in the Isle of Wight, were inherited by John Haket (died 1498), his first cousin, son of Alice Russell, his aunt.", "The Haket family seem to have been connected with Wolverton Manor within Brading parish, Isle of Wight.", "On the death of John Haket, his heir was his daughter Joan's husband, John Gilbert.", "Dyrham Brass\n\nThe monumental brass, created post-1416, of Sir Maurice Russell and his 1st wife Isabel Childrey is in the south chapel of St Peter's Church, Dyrham.", "It is over life-size, measuring 7 ft. 6in.", "by 3 ft.", "11in., set into a surviving section of floor covered with mediaeval tiles.", "Verse\nIt contains the following leonine verse below the feet of the subjects:\nMiles privatus, vita jacet hic tumulatus\nSub petra stratus, Morys Russell vocitatus\n\nIsobel spousa, fuit huius militis ista\nQue jacet absconsa, sub marmorea modo cista\n\nCeli solamen, Trinitas his conferat amen\nQui fuit et erit, concito morte perit\n\nThe coupling of stratus and vocitatus also feature on the tombstone of English design of Robert Hallam (died 1416), Bishop of Salisbury, at Constance Cathedral, Germany.", "Similar verse is shown on the contemporary brass of Sir Peter Courtenay (died 1405) at Exeter Cathedral, whose armoured figure is very similar to Russell's, which commences: Devoniae natus comes Petrusque vocatus.", "At least two renderings into English have been made of these verses, firstly by C. T. Davis, Monumental Brasses of Gloucestershire, 1899:\nEntomb-ed here bereft of life,\nBehold a noble knight,\nBeneath this stone he lieth prone,\nOnce Maurice Russell knight.", "And Isabel his loving spouse,\nIn marble rare enclosed,\nHidden from sight of earthly wight,\nHath here her limbs reposed.", "The joy of Heaven bestow on these,\nBlest Trinity of grace,\nPast present future death shall seize,\nWho are of mortal race.", "A second rendering was made by Raymond Gorges, History of the Family of Gorges, 1944:\nBereft of life a knight lies here,\nStark stark beneath this stone lies he,\nSir Maurice Russell chevalier.", "And by his side rests Isabel,\nHis wife in marble cold and drear.", "Their span is o'er Blest Trinity\nCelestial joys on them bestow,\nDeath called them as he calleth all\nAnd when Death summons each must go.", "A literal translation is as follows:\nA knight deprived of life lies here buried,\nUnder a stone prostrate, Maurice Russell called.", "That Isobel was wife of this knight,\nWho lies concealed in a marble casket.", "May the Trinity confer on these the comfort of Heaven Amen,\nWho was is and will be perishes with death having been spurred on.", "Description\nSir Maurice wears armour similar to that shown in the brasses of Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley (died 1417) at Wotton-under-Edge and of Sir Peter Courtenay (d.1405), KG, in Exeter Cathedral.", "The following description of the Dyrham brass is contained in Davis, C.T., op.cit.", ": He wears a bascinet helmet, camail and a habergeon of chain-mail, with back and breast plates and a jupon with a straight edge with plate armour over the arms and legs.", "The hands are protected by gauntlets which are plain at the wrists, where the lining is visible, and they are armed with only one row of gadlings.", "He wears no collar (i.e.", "Lancastrian et.", "alia).", "Gussets of mail are shown at the armpits, elbow joints, knees and feet.", "The jupon is confined to the hips by a horizontal baldric of square plates of metal richly chased and linked together, to which are attached the sword and misericorde.", "The misericorde, also called \"dagger of mercy\" or basilard, was used to give the coup de grace.", "It was a short dagger without a crossguard, worn on the right side, attached to the baldrick by a short cord or chain.", "The upper part of the sheath of the sword is ornamented with a rich tracery.", "The rowels of the spurs are clearly shown, his feet resting on a lion.", "Lady Russell wears the nebule head-dress, consisting of a caul of netting arranged in 3 rows on top of her head.", "Under the caul is a close-fitting embroidered cap, keeping the hair off the forehead.", "The head-dress conceals the ears and falls in a wavy line upon the shoulders, where the netting appears again.", "She is clothed in a mantle fastened by a cord.", "Above the hands are shown 5 buttons of the gown, cut higher than that of Lady Berkeley at Wotton.", "At her feet lies a little lap-dog with a collar of bells.", "The brasses are of fine quality and remain in excellent condition, the lack of wear due to years of protection from parishioners feet.", "Sources\nRoskell, J.S.", "(ed.)", "et alia, The History of Parliament: The House of Commons 1386–1421, 4 vols., Stroud, 1992.", "Vol.", "4, pp.", "251–253, Russell, Sir Maurice, biography by L.S.Woodger.", "Scott-Thomson, Gladys.", "Two Centuries of Family History (early history of the Russell family, Dukes of Bedford), London, 1930.", "Appendix D, pp.", "324–328, Pedigree of Russell of Kingston Russell.", "Gorges, Raymond & Brown, Frederick, Rev., FSA.", "The Story of a Family through Eleven Centuries, Illustrated by Portraits and Pedigrees: Being a History of the Family of Gorges.", "Boston, USA, (Merrymount Press privately published), 1944.", "Wiffen, Jeremiah Holmes Historical Memoirs of the House of Russell, (2 Vols.", "), vol.", "1, London, 1833, Russell of Dyrham, pp.142-155 (contains much inaccuracy)\nRound, J. Horace.", "Studies in Peerage and Family History, Vol.", "2, London, 1901, pp.250-279, The Origin of the Russells (a severe critique of Wiffen's work)\nDavis Cecil T., The Monumental Brasses of Gloucestershire, London, 1899, reprinted Bath, 1969, pp.", "25–28.", "Victoria County History, Berkshire, 1923, Vol.3: Parishes of Blewbury with Upton and Aston Upthorpe: Upton, pp.", "280–291.", "Victoria County History, Somerset (On-line texts in progress, Univ.", "of London, April 2007), North Cadbury.", "Victoria County History, Somerset, 1999, vol.7: Bruton, Horethorne & Norton Ferris Hundreds: Horsington, pp.", "119–131\nSanders, English Baronies, p. 68.", "(Newmarch)\nSaul, Nigel.", "Knights and Esquires: The Gloucestershire Gentry in the Fourteenth Century, Oxford, 1981\n\nReferences\n\n1356 births\n1416 deaths\nMedieval English knights\nHigh Sheriffs of Gloucestershire\nMaurice\nEnglish justices of the peace\nEnglish MPs 1402\nEnglish MPs January 1404\nMembers of the Parliament of England for Gloucestershire" ]

[ "Sir Maurice Russell lived in Kingston Russell and Dyrham.", "He was an English knight.", "He was a member of the gentry.", "He was the oldest surviving son and heir of Sir Russell and his wife Alice.", "He was knighted in December 1385 and twice served as Knight of the Shire for Gloucestershire.", "He was Coroner and Justice of the Peace, Tax Collector and Commissioner of Enquiry.", "His land holdings were extensive in a number of places.", "He was descended from an ancient line which began in 1210 and ended in the death of his son Thomas from his second marriage.", "His two daughters from his first marriage were the beneficiaries of most of his estates.", "In 1626 the York Herald published a story claiming that the family of Russell of Kingston Russell were descended from a Norman knight named Hugo de Rosel.", "The family was established at Kingston Russell in the 13th century.", "Kingston was held by Sir John Russell as a hide by the serjeanty of being a marshal of the King's butter on Christmas Day.", "The tenure was said to be telling out the King's chessmen and putting them away when he had finished his game.", "Allington was held by members of the family from an early date, and they presented the King with a cup of wine at Christmas, but it is thought to have been part of the Domesday fief of Turstin FitzRolf.", "The Governor of Corfe Castle was John Russell.", "Rose Bardolph is a daughter of Thomas Bardolph and Adela Corbet.", "John Russell purchased the wardship of his two daughters and co-heiresses, Isabel and Hawise, after the death of James of Newmarch in 1216, the last of that family.", "He sold the marriage of Hawise to John de Bottrell while he was married to Isabel.", "The moiety of the property descended when Hawise married Nicholas de Moels.", "Turstin FitzRolf, standard bearer to William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings, was the fief of Wynebald de Ballon, a soldier friend of King William.", "To Moels went North Cadbury and now Oxon.", "They went to Dyrham and a moiety of Aust.", "Horsington (Som.)", "Russell is now Oxon.", "Kimble and Hardwick are from Bucks.", "There are other estates in the area.", "The entry for Dyrham was from the Testa de Nevill.", "In 1298, Isabel's son Sir William Russell died as a young man, but did not inherit the lands of his two older brothers.", "Robert died s.p.", "1298)", "In 1311, the Russell lands at Dyrham were one of the largest arable demesnes in the country, with over 400 acres of arable and 60 acres of meadow.", "Theobald was produced by William's wife, Jane Peverell.", "The Russells had a family named the de Aulas.", "Theobald was granted wardship to the 1st Baron Gorges of Wraxall and Bradpole by King Edward II.", "Knighton and Tothill are in Lincolnshire.", "Theobald Russell was a minor in 1316 and held 8 manors.", "There are 4 other places.", "Gorges had a son, 2nd Baron Gorges, and 3 daughters, Elizabeth, Eleanor, and Joan.", "Theobald Russell is thought to have married his second daughter Eleanor.", "Shortly after his father's death, the 2nd Baron formed a plan to give the Gorges estates to his sister's son on condition that he should adopt.", "Theobald Russell II, 3rd son of Theobald and Eleanor, adopted the name Gorges, and founded a revived Gorges line, which flourished, based at Wraxall, Somerset.", "Gorges family and Ferdinando Gorges can be seen.", "Theobald \"Gorges\" was challenged by the Warbleton knight of Cheshire when he tried to adopt the Gorges arms.", "On 19 July 1347, the Earl Marshall ordered Theobald Russell \"Gorges\" to change the Morville arms as a result of the case brought before him.", "One of the more celebrated and historic cases heard in the Earl marshal's court was that of the new Gorges arms.", "The Gorges canting arms of \"Argent, a gurges azure\", gurges signifying, in Latin, a whirlpool, had been retained by the senior Gorges line before they married the de Mor.", "The father of Sir Maurice Russell, the subject of the present article, was the oldest son of Theobald I and Eleanor.", "Maurice Russell was married to Isabel Childrey, daughter of Sir Edmund Childrey, in the parish of Childrey.", "Edmund was the tenant of the manor which was once held by the Newmarch family.", "The overlords of Nicholas de Moels were part of the Newmarch moiety which went to the husband of Hawise.", "Sir Edmund was from a new gentry family and had been living in the parish of Childrey for a long time.", "Even 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266", "The funerary brass in Dyrham church has armorials above Isabel's figure.", "His public career began in 1343.", "He was a Commissioner of the Peace in 1348.", "He was knighted in 1371, after he was appointed a King's Serjeant-at-Law.", "Watlingtons manor in West Hagbourne was one of the properties he had begun to acquire in 1355.", "And Balsdon.", "Maurice Russell and Isabel were married in the manor of Dyrham.", "The two older brothers of Maurice who died without a male issue are thought to have settled on his lands in the Isle of Wight.", "The wardship of the lands of William FitzWarin in 1362 may have led to Edmund Childrey's connection with Gloucestershire.", "In 1388, Sir Maurice Russell sold his ex-Newmarch Berkshire manor to John Latton, who then sold it to Thomas Childrey.", "Maurice was a minor at the time of his father's death, two years older than his majority.", "He was granted wardship to Sir Robert Assheton, his father's cousin.", "Maurice took possession of his inheritance after the deaths of his two older brothers, Theobald and John.", "1341), excepting the 1/3 dower share retained by his mother Alice, who died on 16 March 1388.", "Maurice leased the reversion of Kingston Russell from his mother's death to Walter Clopton.", "John Haket was the son of Maurice and Alice.", "The oldest daughter of the first Baron Gorges was married to Sir Robert Assheton.", "Maurice Russell took over the former Gorges manors of Bradpole and the hundred courts of Redhone and Beaminster Forum after the death of their son, Sir Robert Assheton.", "The manor of Assheton was split after an argument between Russell and Sir William Cheyne, whose father had married.", "Maurice Russell's career began in December 1385 when he was appointed as a tax collector for Gloucestershire and again in March 1388.", "The Newmarch manor was sold in 1385.", "To William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester, for the purpose of the founding of New College, Oxford, and also granted the Bishop an annual rent of £10 from the manor of Aust, Glos., during his wife's lifetime.", "His brother-in-law Thomas Childrey became the steward to the estates of Wykeham in 1400.", "The ancient Russell manor of Allington was sold to John Roger I.", "The assessments made in 1412 for the purposes of taxation made clear that Russell was a very wealthy man.", "His estates in Hampshire, Somerset, and Gloucesterhire were said to be severally worth £40 p.a., whilst those in Dorset gave him an annual income of £122 5s, making a total, no doubt under-declared, of over £242.", "He was removed from the post of Coroner in 1394.", "Although most of his official positions related to that county, he dwells not in the county.", "He made a loan to King Richard II.", "He had married off his daughter to William le Scrope, one of the King's most ardent supporters, who was beheaded at Bristol by Henry Bolingbroke, only 7 miles from Dyrham.", "Russell continued to serve in official positions after the throne was taken by Henry IV.", "He was the Knight of the Shire in 1402 and 1404.", "He was appointed feoffee by Sir John Lut in 1403 after being commissioned by the new King to select the best fighting men of the region to join the royal army.", "In 1408 he was involved in a dispute with the influential Sir Walter Hungerford and both men were required to enter into recognizances for 1,000 marks each as surety that they would abide by the award of the Chancellor.", "The High Sheriff of Gloucester was held on 7 November 1390 to 21 October 1391 and on 10 July 1400 to 8 November 1401", "May 1393, Disseisin.", "Arrest Mar 1394, Intimidation of a Jury June 1399, Disseisin July 1403 and Obstruction of a road.", "The Assizes of Novel Disseisin will be taken on May 1 395 and Jan 1 395.", "Survey estates of lords Appellant of 1387–8 were located in Berks.", "December 1399 and Sept. 1403 were related.", "Collection of Aid May 1402 was used to proclaim Henry IV's intentions to govern well in September 1405.", "Isabel Childrey produced 2 daughters for Russell, but now Joan produced a son and heir, Thomas.", "King Henry V granted wardship to Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, when he was 4 years old, after his father died.", "Thomas married young, no doubt at the direction of Clarence, and had a daughter Margery Russell, but father and daughter both died, in mysterious circumstances, in 1431.", "Russell was not allowed to marry a widow of a King's Tenant-in-chief because Sir John had obtained the marriage of Joan the young widow.", "Russell's son-in-law, Sir Gilbert Denys, was originally from Glamorgan and may have been a factor in the marriage.", "The wardship of Denys's son and heir Maurice Denys, Russell's grandson, was granted to Sir Edward Stradling, the nephew of Sir John Stradling.", "Joan was buried next to John Dewall in Dauntsey church in 1477.", "Dyrham and other estates were involved in the marriage of Isabel Childrey to Margaret Russell.", "They had at least one daughter and at least 3 sons.", "John Kemys died.", "Roger Kemys was their only son.", "Isabel Russell was beheaded at Bristol by Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Lancaster.", "He was a fervent supporter of Richard II.", "They didn't have an issue.", "Sir Thomas de la River died in 1406.", "Maurice de la River sold the Gorges manor of Bradpole to the Earl of Ormonde in 1457.", "Sir John Drayton was from Nuneham Courtenay.", "They had two daughters, one of whom married Drew Barantyne, who was 5 times Speaker of the House of Commons, and the other of whom sold the manor of Nuneham to her fourth husband.", "Stephen Hatfield died in 1461.", "Margaret and her husband Sir Gilbert Denys held on to the Russell lands until after 1600.", "The husband of Joan Dauntsey was Thomas Russell, ward of Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence.", "Before his death in 1416, Sir Maurice Russell had left most of his lands to the feoffees to act as trustees for his son Thomas.", "They included Sir William Hankeford, Chief Justice, Robert Hill, Justice of the Common Pleas, and Sir William Cheyne, a cousin of Maurice's father.", "There is a person named Gentry.", "Much of the Russell lands descended to his half-sisters Margaret and Isabel and their families after Thomas's death in 1431.", "The facade of Siston Court was built in the 15th century.", "John Haket, Thomas's first cousin, was the son of Alice Russell, his aunt.", "The Haket family seem to have a connection with the manor.", "John Haket's heir was his daughter Joan's husband, John Gilbert.", "The south chapel of St Peter's Church in Dyrham contains the monumental brass of Sir Maurice Russell and his first wife Isabel Childrey.", "It is over 6in.", "by 3 feet.", "There is a section of the floor covered with mediaeval tiles.", "There is a leonine verse below the feet of the subjects.", "The verse on the brass of Sir Peter Courtenay is very similar to the one on Russell's.", "There are at least two versions of this verse that have been made into English.", "Hath here her limbs reposed, in marble rare enclosed, hidden from sight of earthly wight.", "The joy of Heaven is bestowed on these, who are mortal race.", "A second rendering was made by Raymond Gorges, History of the Family of Gorges, 1944: Bereft of life a knight lies here, Stark stark beneath this stone lies he, Sir Maurice Russell.", "Isabel, his wife in marble, rests by his side.", "When Death summons them, he called them as he calleth all, and they must go.", "Maurice Russell said that a knight deprived of life lies buried under a stone.", "The wife of this knight was buried in a marble casket.", "The comfort of Heaven, Who was is and will be perishes with death having been spurred on, may the Trinity confer on these.", "The armour Sir Maurice wears is similar to the armour shown in the brasses of Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley and Sir Peter Courtenay.", "The Dyrham brass is described in Davis, C.T.", "He wears a bascinet helmet, camail and a habergeon of chain-mail, with back and breast plates, and a jupon with plate armour over the arms and legs.", "The gauntlets on the hands are plain and there is only one row of gadlings.", "He doesn't wear a collar.", "Lancastrian et.", "Alia.", "The mail can be seen at the elbow joints, knees and feet.", "The jupon is confined to the hips by a horizontal baldric of square plates of metal richly chased and linked together, to which are attached the sword and misericorde.", "The misericorde was used to give the coup de grace.", "The dagger was attached to the baldrick by a short cord or chain and had a crossguard on the right side.", "The upper part of the sword's sheath has a rich tracery.", "His feet are resting on a lion.", "Lady Russell has a caul of net on top of her head.", "The embroidered cap under the caul keeps the hair off the forehead.", "The head-dress hides the ears and falls in a wavy line on the shoulders.", "The mantle is fastened by a cord.", "The buttons of the gown are higher than that of Lady Berkeley.", "There is a dog at her feet.", "The brasses are in excellent condition because of the years of protection from feet.", "J.S. is one of the sources.", "There is an ed.", "The History of Parliament: The House of Commons was published in 1992.", "There is a new edition of Vol.", "4, pp.", "L.S.Woodger wrote a biography of Sir Maurice.", "Gladys Scott-Thomson.", "The early history of the Russell family can be found in London in 1930.", "There is an Appendix D.", "There is a Pedigree of Russell of Kingston Russell.", "Gorges, Raymond & Brown, Frederick.", "The story of a family through eleven centuries is illustrated by portraits and genealogy.", "Merrymount Press was published in Boston, USA in 1944.", "The Historical Memoirs of the House of Russell have been published.", "vol.", "Russell of Dyrham pp. 142- 155 contains a lot of inaccuracy.", "There are studies in peerage and family history.", "The Origin of the Russells was a critique of the work by Davis Cecil T.", "25–28.", "The Victoria County History was published in 1923 and covers the Parishes of Blewbury.", "281–289.", "There are on-line texts in progress.", "North Cadbury is of London, April 2007)", "Victoria County History was published in 1999.", "The English Baronies, p.68.", "\"Newmarch\" is the name of Saul, the man.", "1356 births 1416 deaths Medieval English knights High Sheriffs of Gloucestershire Maurice English justices of the peace" ]

[ "Maurice Russell", "Maurice Russell", "Maurice Russell", "Maurice Russell", "Maurice", "Maurice", "Maurice Russell", "Maurice Russell", "Maurice Russell", "Maurice", "Maurice", "Maurice", "Maurice", "Maurice", "Maurice Russell", "Maurice Russell", "Maurice Denys", "Maurice Denys", "Maurice de", "Maurice Russell", "Maurice", "Maurice Russell", "Maurice Russell", "Maurice Russell", "Maurice Russell", "Maurice", "Maurice" ]

[ "Maurice Russell", "Maurice Russell", "Maurice Russell", "Maurice Russell", "Maurice", "Maurice Russell", "Maurice", "Maurice", "Maurice", "Maurice", "Maurice Russell", "Maurice Russell", "Maurice Denys", "Maurice de", "Maurice Russell", "Maurice", "Maurice Russell", "Maurice Russell", "Maurice Russell", "Maurice", "Maurice" ]

[ "Jean Garrigue (December 8, 1912, Evansville, Indiana – December 27, 1972, Boston, Massachusetts) was an American poet.", "Life\nGarrigue was born Gertrude Louise Garrigus on December 8, 1912, in Evansville, Indiana.", "Growing up, she was a dreamy and intelligent Midwestern girl drawn to art and the creative life.", "She lived in Indianapolis for much of her early life attended the University of Chicago, where she roomed with Marguerite Young, and did post-graduate study at the University of Iowa.", "When she first moved to New York City, she changed her name to Jean Garrigue.", "She eventually settled in New England where she wrote her first full-length publication, The Ego and the Centaur (1947).", "She travelled in Europe in 1953–54, 1957–58, and 1962–63 and this influenced much of her later writing.", "Garrigue deliberately avoided domestic comfort and happiness—she never married or settled into a lasting relationship, and she never had children—in favor of continuous contact with raw and extreme emotional experience.", "Her life intertwines with several important literary figures.", "She was a lover of writers: R.P.", "Blackmur, Alfred Kazin, Delmore Schwartz, and Stanley Kunitz among others.", "The most important relationship in her life was her lengthy, but troubled liaison with novelist Josephine Herbst, who died in 1969.", "In 1971, Garrigue was diagnosed with Hodgkin's disease.", "Work\n\nGarrigue edited a weekly newspaper in the late thirties, was a researcher at Collier's, edited a U.S.O.", "publication during World War II, and was an assistant editor of an aeronautical magazine The Flying Cadet.", "She also reviewed fiction for the New Republic.", "Garrigue's break as a poet came in 1941 when she was published in The Kenyon Review.", "She published her first collection in 1944, Thirty-six Poems and a Few Songs, in Five Young American Poets.", "Other collections include The Ego and the Centaur (1947) and The Monument Rose (1953), A Walk by Villa d'Este (1959) and Country Without Maps (1964)—both based on her travel experiences—New and Selected Poems (1967), and Studies for an Actress (1973).", "She received awards from The Kenyon Review for two pieces of fiction, a 1944 short story and the 1966 novella The Animal Hotel.", "Her other prose publications include Essays and Prose Poems (1970), and a study Marianne Moore (1965).", "Garrigue was an instructor of English literature at the University of Iowa (1942–43), Bard College (1951–52), Queens College (1952–53), The New School for Social Research (1955–56), the University of Connecticut (1960–61), and Smith College (1965-66).", "She also taught at the University of Washington, the University of California, Riverside, and Rhode Island College.", "She was a visiting poet at the University of Washington, Seattle, in 1970 and Poet-in-Residence at a number of colleges and universities, including the University of California, Riverside (1971).", "Garrigue held a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship, which allowed her to travel to Paris in 1954.", "In 1961 she was awarded a Guggenheim fellowship and was nominated for a National Book Award for Country Without Maps.", "Reception\nGarrigue lived, moved, taught, and wrote as an equal among the best-remembered poets of her generation.", "Yet almost as soon as she died, her life and work disappeared from critical and academic view.", "How this happened has puzzled her friends and admirers; Alfred Kazin has called it one of the most significant literary mysteries of the twentieth century.", "Part of the reason may be the intensity and unfashionability of her poems.", "Jarrell said that her work had \"the guaranteeing and personal queerness of a diary,\" and many others have remarked on its uniqueness and strangeness.", "Her poems often describe a process of seeing and present a tide of images and ideas associated with the object seen.", "Lee Upton, the author of the only critical study of Garrigue's work, remarked on her \"restless eye\": \"the eye is as the self pouring over surfaces and in effect 'reading' them,\" and many critics have observed the extravagance of her imagery.", "Her friend and sometime lover Stanley Kunitz described her as one \"whose art took the road of excess that leads to the palace of wisdom.", "She was our one lyric poet who made ecstasy her home.\"", "Garrigue's poems have dazzled her fellow poets but have puzzled lay readers.", "Bonne August has said, \"Garrigue is a 'difficult' poet, difficult in the formal demands she makes on the reader; difficult, too, in the demands she makes on her poetry: to take her past easy formulations, comfortable insights, or glib prescriptions, to the truth of thing.\"", "Jane Mayhall noted her drive to the \"dangerously deep levels of self.\"", "Garrigue did not belong to a poetic school or movement, and asserted intellectual, artistic, and emotional independence throughout her life.", "Theodore Roethke said that she trusted her own poetic instincts more than any poet he knew.", "Laurence Lieberman has said that \"There are rewards to be secured in reading her best poems of a kind that can be found in no other body of work.\"", "Those rewards include lyricism and technical brilliance, richness in the service of clarity.", "Harvey Shapiro wrote that \"Her way with language was Mozartean, breathtaking in its ability to ring change after change on a theme, Mozartean bursts of language, never leaving the subject, enabling the eye to see, clearly and more clearly, while delighting the ear with sound.\"", "Her poetic landscape is romantic, and her strategies are multiple.", "Garrigue was by nature a formal poet and used a wide range of traditional forms, borrowing from the metaphysicals and modernists alike.", "Her characteristic subjects are love and its discontents, the process of vision, morality and generosity, desire, feeling, and the imaginative power of women.", "A minor resurgence of interest in Garrigue's work occurred in the decade between 1982 and 1992.", "In 1982, the journal Twentieth-Century Literature devoted the better part of an issue to a symposium on her work, featuring commentary by both poets and scholars.", "In 1991, Lee Upton's monograph appeared.", "In 1992, a Selected Poems (Univ.", "of Illinois Press) volume brought her work back into print for the first time since Studies for an Actress appeared in 1973, a year after her death.", "In between, a handful of essays on her work, primarily by poets, also appeared.", "Still, Garrigue continues to escape the notice of the traditional critical establishment, with its preference for a classical simplicity and clarity, and of the more recent feminist critics, to whom she makes no overt appeal.", "Bibliography\n (Contributor) Five Young American Poets, third series, New Directions, 1944.", "The Ego and the Centaur (poems), New Directions, 1947, reprinted, Greenwood Press, 1972.", "(Contributor) Edwin Weaver, editor, Cross-Sections, L. B. Fischer, 1947.", "(Contributor) New World Writing, New American Library, 1952.", "The Monument Rose (poems), Noonday Press, 1953.", "A Water Walk by Villa d'Este (poems), St. Martins, 1959.", "Country without Maps (poems), Macmillan, 1964.", "Marianne Moore, University of Minnesota Press, 1965.", "The Animal Hotel (novella), Eakins, 1966.", "New and Selected Poems, Macmillan, 1967.", "(Editor) Translations by American Poets, Ohio University Press, 1970.", "Studies for an Actress and Other Poems, Macmillan, 1973.", "(Compiler) Love's Aspects: The World's Great Love Poems, Doubleday, 1975.", "Selected Poems, University of Illinois, 1992.", "(reference is for all titles)\n\nReferences\n\n1912 births\n1972 deaths\n20th-century American poets\nBisexual women\nBisexual writers\nLGBT people from Indiana\nWriters from Evansville, Indiana\nSmith College faculty\nAmerican women poets\n20th-century American women writers\nPoets from Indiana\nUniversity of Chicago alumni\nUniversity of Iowa alumni\nWriters from Indianapolis\nAmerican women academics\n20th-century LGBT people" ]

[ "Jean Garrigue died on December 27, 1972 in Boston, Massachusetts.", "On December 8, 1912, Life Garrigue was born in Indiana.", "She was drawn to art and the creative life as a child.", "She attended the University of Chicago, where she roomed with Marguerite Young, and did graduate study at the University of Iowa.", "She changed her name to Jean Garrigue when she moved to New York City.", "She wrote her first full-length publication, The Ego and the Centaur, in New England.", "She traveled to Europe in the late 50's and early 60's and this influenced her later writing.", "Garrigue avoided domestic comfort and happiness in favor of continuous contact with raw and extreme emotional experience.", "Her life is interwoven with several important literary figures.", "R.P. was a lover of writers.", "Blackmur, Alfred Kazin, Delmore Schwartz, and Stanley Kunitz are just a few.", "She had a troubled relationship with Josephine Herbst, who died in 1969.", "Garrigue was diagnosed with Hodgkin's disease in 1971.", "Work Garrigue was an editor of a weekly newspaper in the thirties.", "During World War II, he was an assistant editor of The Flying Cadet.", "She reviewed fiction for the New Republic.", "The Kenyon Review published Garrigue's poem in 1941.", "Thirty-six Poems and a Few Songs was her first collection.", "The Ego and the Centaur, The Monument Rose, A Walk by Villa d'Este, and Country Without Maps are all based on her travel experiences.", "She received awards for two pieces of fiction, a 1944 short story and a 1966 novella.", "Essays and Prose Poems is one of her prose publications.", "Garrigue taught English literature at the University of Iowa, Bard College, Queens College, The New School for Social Research, and the University of Connecticut.", "She taught at the University of Washington, the University of California, and Rhode Island College.", "She was a visiting poet at the University of Washington, Seattle in 1970 and Poet-in-Residence at the University of California, Irvine in 1971.", "Garrigue traveled to Paris in 1954.", "She was nominated for a National Book Award for Country Without Maps after being awarded a Guggenheim fellowship.", "Garrigue was an equal among the best-remembered poets of her generation.", "As soon as she died, her life and work disappeared from view.", "One of the most significant literary mysteries of the twentieth century has puzzled her friends and admirers.", "The unfashionability of her poems may be a part of the reason.", "Many people have remarked on the strangeness of Jarrell's work, which she said had the guaranteeing and personal queerness of a diary.", "She describes a process of seeing and presenting ideas associated with the object seen.", "The author of the only critical study of Garrigue's work remarked on her \"restless eye\", and many critics have observed the extravagance of her imagery.", "Stanley Kunitz said that her art took the road of excess that leads to the palace of wisdom.", "She was our only lyric poet and she made ecstasy her home.", "Garrigue's poems have puzzled lay readers.", "\"Garrigue is a difficult poet, difficult in the formal demands she makes on the reader; difficult, too, in the demands she makes on her poetry: to take her past easy formulations, comfortable insights, or glib prescriptions, to the truth of thing,\" said Bonne August.", "Jane Mayhall noted her drive to the dangerously deep levels of self.", "Garrigue claimed intellectual, artistic, and emotional independence throughout her life.", "He said that she trusted her own poetic instincts more than any other poet.", "\"There are rewards to be secured in reading her best poems of a kind that can be found in no other body of work,\" said Lieberman.", "There are rewards for technical brilliance and clarity.", "\"Her way with language was Mozartean, breathtaking in its ability to ring change after change on a theme, Mozartean bursts of language, never leaving the subject, enabling the eye to see, clearly and more clearly, while delighting the ear with sound,\" wrote Harvey Shapiro.", "Her landscape is romantic and INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals", "Garrigue was a formal poet and used a wide range of traditional forms.", "Her subjects are love and its discontents, the process of vision, morality and generosity, desire, feeling, and the imaginative power of women.", "Between 1982 and 1992 there was a small resurgence of interest in Garrigue's work.", "In 1982, the journal Twentieth-Century Literature devoted part of an issue to a symposium on her work, featuring commentary by both poets and scholars.", "Lee Upton's monograph was published in 1991.", "A Selected Poems was published in 1992.", "Studies for an Actress appeared in 1973, a year after her death, and brought her work back into print.", "A number of essays on her work appeared in between.", "Garrigue continues to escape the notice of the traditional critical establishment, with its preference for a classical simplicity and clarity, and of the more recent feminist critics, to whom she makes no overt appeal.", "Five Young American Poets, third series, New Directions, 1944.", "New Directions, 1947, is the source of The Ego and the Centaur.", "Cross-Sections was edited by Edwin Weaver.", "The New American Library was founded in 1952.", "Noonday Press published The Monument Rose in 1953.", "Villa d'Este wrote A Water Walk.", "Poems about country without maps.", "Moore is from the University of Minnesota.", "The Animal Hotel was built in 1966.", "New and Selected Poems was published in 1967.", "The Ohio University Press published translations by American Poets in 1970.", "Studies for an Actress and Other Poems was published in 1973.", "Love's Aspects: The World's Great Love Poems was published in 1975.", "Poems from the University of Illinois in 1992.", "There are references to 1912 births, 1972 deaths, and 20th-century American poets." ]

[ "Jean Garrigue", "Jean Garrigue" ]

[ "Jean Garrigue", "Jean Garrigue" ]

[ "Michael James Swanton (born 1939) is a British historian, linguist, archaeologist and literary critic, specialising in the Anglo-Saxon period and its Old English literature.", "Early life\nBorn in Bermondsey, in the East End of London, in childhood Swanton experienced the London blitz; he was an epileptic who suffered from bullying.", "A specific episode of this is referenced in Keith Richards's autobiography, Life.", "Disadvantaged, he failed the Eleven-plus, but was educated at a Modern, a Technical and then a Grammar school in South London.", "At the University of Durham, studying English he became chairman of the students' council and also of the Standing Congress of Northern Student Unions.", "At Bath, he was awarded M.Sc.", "in architecture; at Durham Ph.D. in archaeology and D.Litt.", "in arts.", "Career\nSwanton became an expert on Anglo-Saxon England.", "He first taught Beowulf at the University of Manchester, then Linguistics at the Justus Liebig University of Giessen in Germany and the French University of Lausanne in Switzerland, and finally Medieval Studies at Exeter, where he also acted as the university's Public Orator for several years.", "During the 1960s and 1970s he served as Honorary Editor of the Royal Archaeological Institute.", "In 1975 he founded the Exeter Medieval Texts & Studies series (seventy-nine titles to 2020).", "Reckoned an authority on Anglo-Saxon England, he was elected Fellow of both the Royal Historical Society and of the Society of Antiquaries.", "In retirement, he remains Emeritus Fellow of the Royal Historical Society and Emeritus Professor of Medieval Studies at Exeter University.", "He now lives in Devon, writing under noms de plume.", "Swanton’s own scholarly publications included translations of Beowulf, the Gesta Herewardi (a life of Hereward the Wake), the Vitae duorum Offarum (The Lives of Two Offas), and The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, as well as books on early English literature, art, architecture, and archaeology.", "Private life\nIn 1965, at Richmond upon Thames, Swanton married Averil Birch, who had also been chairman of the Durham University students' council, and they had three children: Oliver, Alexander & Richard.", "Publications\n1968-75: Ed.", "Summer Programmes (114th-121st) of The Royal Archaeological Institute (London).", "1970: The Dream of the Rood (University of Manchester) (Exeter University) (Liverpool University) \n1970: Ed.", "with Knapp, J. and Jevons, F., University Perspectives (University of Manchester) \n1970–76: Ed.", "The Archaeological Journal, 127-31 (Royal Archaeological Institute) \n1971: An Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (University of Exeter) (Liverpool University) \n1971–2008: Gen. Ed.", "Exeter Medieval Texts & Studies Series (University of Exeter with Chicago University Press)\n1973: Spearheads of the Anglo-Saxon Settlements (London: Royal Archaeological Institute) \n1974: A Corpus of Pagan Anglo-Saxon Spear-Types (Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 7) \n1975: Anglo-Saxon Prose (London: J. M. Dent) \"just the right amount of literal fidelity, with sufficient scholarship to satisfy the scholar without frightening the critic\" (THES) New and enlarged edition, 2017.", "1975: Ed.", "Studies in Medieval Domestic Architecture (London: Royal Archaeological Institute) \n1975: With Radford, C. A. R., Arthurian Sites in the West (University of Exeter) ) (Revised edition, 2002) \"An essential vademecum for the intelligent layman\" (Cornish Banner).", "1977: Exploring Early Britain (Wakefield: EP Publishing) \n1978: Beowulf (University of Manchester) \"The most readable, accurate literal translation that has yet appeared\" (Anglia).", "1978: With Glasscoe, M., Medieval Woodwork in Exeter Cathedral (Dean and Chapter of Exeter) \n1979: Roof-bosses and Corbels of Exeter Cathedral (Dean and Chapter of Exeter) \n1981: Medieval Art in Britain: a select bibliography (London) \n1982: Crisis and Development in Germanic Society 700 – 800: Beowulf and the burden of kingship (Gôppingen: Kümmerle Verlag) \n1984: Three Lives of the Last Englishmen (Garland Library of Medieval Literature, vol.", "10, Ser.", "B) (New York: Garland ) The life of King Harold Godwinson – The life of Hereward the Wake (repr.", "Medieval Outlaws, ed.", "Ohlgren, T., 1998, pp.", "12–60) – The life of Bishop Wulfstan.", "1986: St. Sidwell, an Exeter Legend (Exeter: Devon Books), \n1987: English Literature before Chaucer (Harlow: Longman), \n1991: Exeter Cathedral, a Celebration; foreword by HRH The Prince of Wales (Dean and Chapter of Exeter) \n1996: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (London: J. M. Dent) revised as The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles (Phoenix Press, London) \"probably the most important book that will be published this spring\" (Irish Times); \"another heroic work of scholarship\" (Guardian); \"supplanting all its predecessors\" (Medium Aevum).", "1996: Opening the Franks Casket (University of Leicester) ; transl.", "as:\n1997: Le Couvercle du Coffret d'Auzon, Levée (Université de Lausanne)\n2002: English Poetry before Chaucer (University of Exeter) (Liverpool University) \n2010: The Lives of Two Offas: Vitae Offarum Duorum (Crediton: The Medieval Press) \"accomplished and highly useful ... solid scholarly work\" (Journal of English and Germanic Philology).", "2017: Anglo-Saxon Prose: Revised and Enlarged (Gloucester: The Choir Press)\n\nArticles (omitting reviews)\n1964: 'The Wife's Lament and The Husband's Message, a reconsideration', Anglia, Zeitschrift für Englische Philologie, 82, 269–290.", "1966: 'An Anglian cemetery at Londesborough', Yorkshire Archaeological Journal, 41, 262-86.", "1967: 'Des soudures décorées en gueule de loup de l'Âge Ténèbres', Revue d'Histoire de la Sidérurgie, 7, 315–27.", "1967: 'An early Alamannic brooch from Yorkshire', The Antiquaries Journal, 47, 43–50.", "1968: 'The Battle of Maldon: a literary caveat', Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 97, 441–450.", "1969: 'Ambiguity and anticipation in The Dream of the Rood', Neuphilologische Mitteilungen, 79, 407–424.", "1969: 'A rune-stone from Victoria Cave, Settle, Yorkshire', Medieval Archaeology, 12, 211–14.", "1970: 'Bishop Acca and the cross at Hexham', Archaeologia Aeliana, 4th Series, 48, 157–68.", "1972: 'Castle Hill, Bakewell', Derbyshire Archaeological Journal, 92, 16–27.", "1973: 'A pre-Conquest sculptural fragment from Rochester Cathedral', Archaeologia Cantiana, 88, 201–03.", "1974: 'A \"lost\" crop-mark site at Westenhanger', Archaeologia Cantiana, 88, 203–07.", "1974: 'Finglesham Man: a documentary postscript', Antiquity, 48, 313–14.", "1976: 'A fragmentary Life of St Mildred and other Kentish royal saints', Archaeologia Cantiana, 91, 15–27.", "1976: 'Une version perdue du Catholicon de Jean Lagadeuc', Études Celtiques, 15, 599–605.", "1976: 'Eine wenig bekannte Fassung von Aelfric's Glossar', Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen, 213, 104–107.", "1976: 'The tutor midwife: a concentrated study in the humanities', Studies in Higher Education, I, 169-78.", "1976: '\"Daneskins\": excoriation in early England', Folklore, 87, 21–28.", "1977: 'Heroes, heroism and heroic literature', Essays and Studies, NS.", "30, 1–21.", "1978: 'Address to New Students, September 1977', University of Exeter Newsletter, 79, 1–7.", "1979: 'A mural palimpsest from Rochester Cathedral', The Archaeological Journal, 136, 125–35.", "1979: 'The \"dancer\" on the Codford cross', Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History, Oxford, pp.", "139–48.", "1979: 'A medieval statue from Upton', Lincolnshire History and Archaeology, 14, 81.", "1980: 'The manuscript illustration of a helmet of Benty Grange type', Journal of the Arms and Armour Society, 10, 1–5.", "1980: 'Church archaeology in Devon', Archaeology of the Devon Landscape, Exeter, Devon County Council pp.", "81–95.", "1980: 'Middle English \"Leteworth\": an unnoticed tenement-descriptor', Nomina, 4, 75–77.", "1980: 'Two foundation deposits from Devon churches', Bulletin of the Council for British Archaeology Churches Committee, 13, 24–26.", "1980: 'An inventory of pre-Reformation church bells in Devonshire, lost or destroyed 1860–1980', International Buildings Record Bulletin, 2, sect.", "4.", "1980: 'An eye-witness account of the restoration of Exeter Cathedral lady-chapel, 1820', Devon and Cornwall Notes and Queries, 34, 284-85.", "1980–84: The Churches of Central Exeter: History and Architecture, Parish of Central Exeter, Devon.", "1982: With Pearce, S., 'Lustleigh, South Devon: its inscribed stone, its churchyard and its parish', The Early Church in Western Britain and Ireland, British Archaeological Reports, 102, Oxford, pp.", "139–44.", "1982: 'Early graves beneath the choir of Exeter Cathedral', Bulletin of the International Society for the Study of Church Monuments, 7, 121–26.", "1983: 'Some Exeter Cathedral documents', Report and Transactions of the Devonshire Association, 115, 123–31.", "1983: '\"A ram and a ring\", Gamelyn 172 et sequ.", "', English Language Notes, 20, 8–10.", "1983: 'A fifteenth-century cabalistic memorandum formerly in Morgan MS 775', The Harvard Theological Review, 76, 259–61.", "1986–91: Honorary Degree Orations delivered by The Public Orator, 1986, et seq., University of Exeter, 1986–91.", "1988: 'Die altenglische Judith: weiblicher Held oder frauliche Heldin', in Beck, H.", "ed., Heldensage und Heldendichtung im Germanischen, Berlin, pp.", "289–304.", "1989: With Goulstone, J., 'Carry on Cricket – The Duke of Dorset's 1789 Tour', History Today, 39, 18–23.", "1989: 'Library Costs', Times Higher Educational Supplement, 10 November 1989.", "1990: 'Team Believers', Times Higher Educational Supplement, 16 February 1990.", "1990: 'A further manuscript of The Siege of Jerusalem', Scriptorium, 44, 103–04.", "1990: 'The decoration of Ernulf's nave', Friends of Rochester Cathedral Report, 1989/90, 11–18.", "1992: 'A dividing book club of the 1840s: Wadebridge, Cornwall', Library History, 9, 106–21.", "1992: 'Warum sollte der Trojaner \"base\" sein?", "', Shakespeare Jahrbuch, 128, 132–35.", "1994: 'A readership (and non-readership) for Martin Chuzzlewit, 1843–44', Dickens Quarterly, 11, 115–26, 161–71.", "1995: 'The Bayeux Tapestry: epic narrative, not stichic but stitched', in Le Saux, F., ed., The Formation of Culture in Medieval Britain, Lewiston, NY, pp.", "149–69.", "; transl.", "as:\n1996: 'Gobelen iz Baio: Epicheskoe skazanie ne v stikhakh, no v vyshivke', Mirovoe Drevo, 4, 47–62.", "2000: 'King Alfred's ships: text and context', Anglo-Saxon England, 28, 1–22.", "2017: 'Ethelred the Unready's gift to parturient women: an agate touch-stone said to ease childbirth', De Partu (online).", "Notes \n\n1939 births\nAlumni of the University of Bath\nAcademics of the University of Exeter\nAcademics of the University of Manchester\nAnglo-Saxon studies scholars\nBritish historians\nLiving people\nWriters from London\nEnglish translators\nFellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London\nAlumni of St Cuthbert's Society, Durham" ]

[ "Michael James Swanton is a British historian, linguist, archaeologist and literary critic who focuses on the Anglo-Saxon period and its Old English literature.", "Growing up in the East End of London, Swanton was an epileptic who was bullied.", "In Life, there is a reference to an episode of this.", "He failed the Eleven-plus but was educated at a Technical and a Modern school.", "He became chairman of the students' council at the University of Durham while studying English.", "He was awarded a degree at Bath.", "In archaeology and D.Litt.", "In the arts.", "Swanton became an expert on Anglo-Saxon England.", "He taught Beowulf at the University of Manchester, Linguistics at the Justus Liebig University of Giessen in Germany and the French University of Lausanne in Switzerland, and Medieval Studies at the University of Exeter.", "He was an Editor of the Royal Archaeological Institute during the 1960s and 1970s.", "The Medieval Texts & Studies series was founded in 1975.", "He was elected Fellow of both the Royal Historical Society and the Society of Antiquaries because of his authority on Anglo-Saxon England.", "He is still an Emeritus Professor of Medieval Studies at the University.", "He is writing under noms de plume.", "The Gesta Herewardi (a life of Hereward the Wake), the Vitae duorum Offarum (The Lives of Two Offas), and The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle were all published by Swanton.", "In 1965, Swanton married Averil Birch, who was also chairman of the Durham University students' council, and they had three children: Oliver, Alexander and Richard.", "There were publications from 1968-75.", "The Royal Archaeological Institute has summer programmes.", "The University of Manchester and the Exeter University produced The Dream of the Rood.", "University of Manchester (University of Manchester Perspectives) 1970–6: Ed.", "1971: An Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was published in The Archaeological Journal.", "The Spearheads of the Anglo-Saxon Settlements is part of the Medieval Texts & Studies Series.", "1975, Ed.", "The Revised edition of \"An essential vademecum for the intelligent layman\" was published in 2002.", "Exploring Early Britain was published in 1977 and Beowulf was published in 1978.", "1978: With Glasscoe, M., Medieval Woodwork in Exeter Cathedral.", "10, Ser.", "The life of King Harold Godwinson was written by Garland.", "The ed. of medieval outlaws.", "Ohlgren, 1998, pp.", "The life of a bishop.", "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was written by The Prince of Wales.", "The Franks Casket was opened in 1996.", "In 1997: Le Couvercle du Coffret d'Auzon, Levée.", "The Wife's Lament and The Husband's Message, a reconsideration, was published in 1964.", "The Yorkshire Archaeological Journal published 'An Anglian cemetery at Londesborough' in 1966.", "The Revue d' Histoire de la Sidérurgie was published in 1967.", "An early Alamannic brooch from Yorkshire was published in 1967.", "'The Battle of Maldon: a literary caveat' was published in 1968.", "'Ambiguity and anticipation in The Dream of the Rood' was written in 1969.", "Medieval Archaeology published 'A rune-stone from Victoria Cave, Settle, Yorkshire' in 1969.", "The 4th Series, 'Bishop Acca and the cross at Hexham', was published in 1970.", "The journal 'Castle Hill, Bakewell' was published in 1972", "The 'pre-Conquest sculptural fragment from Rochester Cathedral' was published in 1973.", "In 1974 there was a \"lost\" crop-mark site at Westenhanger.", "'Finglesham Man: a documentary postscript' was written in 1974.", "The life of St Mildred and other Kentish royal saints was described in 1976.", "The 'Une version perdue du Catholicon de Jean Lagadeuc' was published in 1976.", "'Eine wenig bekannte Fassung von Aelfric's Glossar' was written in 1976.", "The tutor midwife was a study in the humanities.", "Folklore, 87, 21–28, \"Daneskins: excoriation in early England\".", "'Heroes, heroism and heroic literature' was written in 1977.", "30, 1–21.", "The address to new students was published in 1978.", "The Archaeological Journal published 'A mural palimpsest from Rochester Cathedral' in 1979.", "The \"dancer\" on the Codford cross was written in 1979.", "141–49.", "Lincolnshire History and Archaeology, 14, 81, published 'A medieval statue from Upton' in 1979.", "The manuscript illustration of a helmet of Benty Grange type was published in 1980.", "The Archaeology of the Devon Landscape was published in 1980.", "81–95.", "'Middle English \"Leteworth\": an unnoticed tenement-descriptor', Nomina, 4, 75–77.", "The Bulletin of the Council for British Archaeology Churches Committee was published in 1980.", "The International Buildings Record Bulletin, 2, sect, had an inventory of pre-Reformation church bells.", "4.", "'An eye-witness account of the restoration of the Exeter Cathedral lady-chapel, 1820' was published in 1980.", "The Churches of Central Exeter: History and Architecture was published in 1980.", "The Early Church in Western Britain and Ireland, British Archaeological Reports, was published in 1982.", "141–42.", "The Bulletin of the International Society for the Study of Church Monuments was published in 1982.", "The Report and Transactions of the Devonshire Association was published in 1983.", "\"A ram and a ring\" was written in 1983.", "English Language Notes, 20, 8–10.", "The Harvard Theological Review published a fifteenth-century memo in 1983.", "The Public Orator delivered Honorary Degree Orations in 1986–91.", "In Beck, H., in 1988, 'Die altenglische Judith: weiblicher Held und frauliche Heldin'.", "Heldensage und Heldendichtung im Germanischen, Berlin, pp.", "289–4.", "History Today published 'Carry on Cricket - The Duke of Dorset's 1789 Tour' in 1989.", "The Times Higher Educational Supplement published 'Library Costs' in 1989.", "The Times Higher Educational Supplement was published in 1990.", "A further manuscript of The Siege of Jerusalem was written in 1990.", "The Friends of Rochester Cathedral Report on the decoration of Ernulf's nave was published in 1990.", "Library History 9, 106–21: 'A dividing book club of the 1840s: Wadebridge, Cornwall'.", "1992: Warum sollte der Trojaner?", "Shakespeare Jahrbuch, 128, 132–35.", "Dickens Quarterly, 11, 115–26, 161–7 was published in 1994.", "'The Bayeux Tapestry: epic narrative, not stichic but stitched', in Le Saux, F., ed., The Formation of Culture in Medieval Britain, Lewiston, NY, pp.", "149–69.", "; transl.", "'Gobelen iz Baio: Epicheskoe skazanie ne v stikhakh, no v vyshivke' was written in 1996.", "'King Alfred's ships: text and context' was published in 2000.", "'Ethelred the Unready's gift to parturient women: an agate touch-stone said to ease childbirth', De Partu.", "Alumni of the University of Bath, the University of Exeter, and the University of Manchester were born in 1939." ]

[ "Michael James Swanton", "Swanton", "Swanton", "Swanton" ]

[ "Michael James Swanton", "Swanton", "Swanton" ]

[ "Nathan Tyson (born 4 May 1982) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for Alfreton Town, on loan from Chesterfield.", "He represented the England under-20 team in February 2003.", "A pacey, left-footed forward, he began his career at Reading, where he made his first team debut in April 2000.", "He had loan spells at Maidenhead United, Swansea City, Cheltenham Town, and Wycombe Wanderers, before he joined Wycombe Wanderers on a permanent transfer in March 2004.", "He averaged a goal every two games for Wycombe, and was sold on to Nottingham Forest for a £675,000 fee in January 2006.", "He spent five and a half seasons with Forest, and helped the club to win promotion out of League One in 2007–08.", "He moved on to Derby County in June 2011, and was loaned out to Millwall in January 2013.", "He signed with Blackpool in September 2013, and was loaned out to Fleetwood Town and Notts County after failing to win a first team place at Blackpool.", "He joined Doncaster Rovers in July 2014, and spent two seasons with the club before moving to Kilmarnock in 2016 for a year.", "Club career\n\nReading\nTyson began his career at Reading as part of the youth academy, and made his first team debut on 29 April 2000, coming on as an 80th-minute substitute for Darius Henderson in a 1–1 draw with Bury at Gigg Lane.", "In August 2001, he joined Swansea City of the Third Division on an initial one-month loan.", "On 29 September, he was sent off for a foul on goalkeeper Stuart Brock two minutes after coming on as a substitute in a 2–0 win over Kidderminster Harriers at Aggborough, though manager Colin Addison said that he intended to appeal the decision as Tyson was \"only a fraction from taking the ball\".", "Tyson scored his first goal in the Football League on 23 October, helping the \"Swans\" to a 2–0 win over Darlington at Vetch Field.", "He returned to the Third Division towards the end of the 2001–02 season, joining Cheltenham Town on loan in March 2002.", "Manager Steve Cotterill signed him to help the club push for the play-offs, and Tyson scored one goal from one start and seven substitute appearances in the league, but did not feature in the play-offs as the \"Robins\" went on to secure promotion with a 3–1 victory over Rushden & Diamonds in the play-off final.", "Reading were promoted into the First Division in 2002, and Tyson managed to earn himself a place in the \"Royals\" first team in the 2002–03 season, scoring his first goal for the club in a 2–1 victory over Derby County on 28 December.", "Reading qualified for the play-offs at the end of the campaign, though Tyson was sent off in the play-off semi-final first leg defeat to Wolverhampton Wanderers after fouling Paul Butler and then using abusive language.", "Wycombe Wanderers\nIn December 2003, Tyson joined Second Division side Wycombe Wanderers on a short-term loan, although had to return to Reading early the next month for treatment on a knee injury.", "After impressing manager Tony Adams, Tyson was signed for an undisclosed transfer fee in March 2004 and agreed a two-year contract.", "He finished as the club's top-scorer during the 2004–05 season with 22 goals in 42 league appearances, and also won the club's Player of the Year award.", "During the close season, Tyson was the subject of three bids from Sheffield Wednesday, all of which were turned down by Wycombe.", "He began the 2005–06 season with 13 goals in 19 games, making him the top-scorer in the English leagues at the end of September.", "He was named as the League Two Player of the Month for August, having scored six times in six games.", "Sheffield Wednesday had a £700,000 bid accepted in October, but Tyson rejected the move.", "Tyson stated that he was \"flattered\" and said \"I'm not worth that.", "How many houses can you buy for £750,000?\"", "He was also linked with moves to Wolverhampton Wanderers and Hull City.", "His goal glut was quickly followed by a run of six games without a goal, which led manager John Gorman to claim that \"his attitude has been fantastic and he'll bounce straight back\".", "Nottingham Forest\nIn November 2005, Tyson joined League One side Nottingham Forest on loan until January, at which point he signed a permanent deal with the club for a fee of £675,000.", "He ended the 2005–06 campaign with ten goals in 28 appearances.", "He was injured just minutes into Forest's opening game of the 2006–07 season against Bradford City on 5 August, which kept him out of action for three months.", "On 9 December, he scored an eight-minute first half hat-trick in a 4–1 win over Crewe Alexandra at Gresty Road.", "He ended the season with nine goals in 30 games.", "He scored 12 goals in 39 league and cup competitions in the 2007–08 season, helping Forest to secure runners-up spot in League One and thereby win promotion to the Championship.", "In May 2008, he was the subject of a £750,000 bid from Bristol City, which was rejected.", "In January 2009, Tyson signed a new contract to keep him at the City Ground until the summer of 2011.", "On 22 January, he scored a volleyed goal to help Forest to beat Premier League side Manchester City 3–0 in the Third Round of the FA Cup.", "On 29 August 2009, Tyson waved a Nottingham Forest flag in front of the Derby fans after the final whistle of a 3–2 East Midlands derby victory.", "He was defended by manager Billy Davies but received a fine of £5,000 and a two-game suspended ban for the incident.", "He scored just four goals in 75 appearances in the 2009–10 and 2010–11 seasons, though was often only entering the game as a substitute.", "He left the club in May 2011 after rejecting the offer of a new contract.", "Derby County\nIn June 2011, Tyson signed a three-year contract with Derby County.", "He made his \"Rams\" debut in a 2–1 win over former club Nottingham Forest on 17 September.", "However, he made only two brief appearances in the first half of the 2011–12 season after struggling with groin problems.", "He scored his first goal for the club in the opening game of the 2012–13 season against Scunthorpe United in the League Cup on 14 August, a match which Derby drew 5–5 and lost 7-6 on penalties.", "He scored his first league goal four days later, in a 2–2 draw with Sheffield Wednesday.", "After the match it was reported that fellow Championship side Huddersfield Town were interested in signing Tyson on loan.", "Tyson fell down the first team pecking order at Derby behind Conor Sammon, Chris Martin, Johnny Russell, and Mason Bennett.", "On 16 January 2013, Tyson joined Millwall on loan until the end of the 2012–13 season.", "Manager Kenny Jackett said that \"he has experience of the division [Championship], which at times we've lacked, and he brings pace to our front line\".", "He made his \"lions\" debut as a half-time substitute in a 2–0 home defeat against Burnley on 19 January; during this game he picked up ligament damage, with an initial prognosis before a scan ruling him out for a month.", "He failed to score and only managed four appearances as he struggled with injuries during his time at The Den.", "He was transfer listed by Derby in May 2013.", "He stated that he was unhappy at finding this fact out through the media and said that manager Nigel Clough did not tell him that he was placed on the transfer list.", "Blackpool\nIn September 2013, Tyson joined Championship club Blackpool on a free transfer, signing a one-year contract with an option of a second.", "On 21 November 2013, Nathan joined League Two side Fleetwood Town on loan until 1 January 2014.", "On 3 March 2014, he joined League One side Notts County on an initial one-month loan, which was later extended until the end of the season.", "He failed to score in either of his loan spells or for his parent club in a total of 25 appearances in the 2013–14 season.", "Doncaster Rovers\nIn July 2014, Tyson signed a one-year contract with League One club Doncaster Rovers after impressing on a three-week trial.", "He triggered a one-year contract extension in April 2015, and said he \"rediscovered his love for football\" playing under Paul Dickov.", "He scored a hat-trick on the last day of the 2014–15 season, in a 5–2 win over Scunthorpe United at the Keepmoat Stadium on 3 May.", "This took him to a final tally of 14 goals in 44 games in all competitions to finish the season as the club's top-scorer, and he was also voted the club's Player of the Year.", "He then scored seven goals in 36 games in the 2015–16 season as Rovers were relegated into League Two.", "He lost his first team place to new-signing Gary McSheffrey in March 2016, and manager Darren Ferguson agreed to activate a release in Tyson's contract in June 2016 despite the striker only signing a new one-year contract three months earlier.", "He joined Port Vale on trial in July 2016, and manager Bruno Ribeiro told the media that he would sign the player if the club's finances allowed it.", "Kilmarnock\nTyson signed for Kilmarnock on 12 September 2016, having agreed a contract to the end of the 2016–17 season.", "Kilmarnock announced in their match programme on 5 April 2017 that Tyson had been released from his contract.", "Wycombe Wanderers (second spell)\nOn 3 July 2017, Wycombe Wanderers announced that Tyson had returned to the club on trial.", "After playing in some of Wycombe's pre-season friendlies, it was announced on 25 July 2017 that Tyson had signed a one-year deal to return to Wycombe.", "On 23 April 2018, Tyson signed a one-year extension keeping him at Wycombe Wanderers until the summer of 2019.", "Chesterfield\nHe was released by Wycombe at the end of the 2018–19 season.", "Then went on to sign on for Chesterfield following the 2020-21 season.", "On 22 January 2022, Tyson signed for Alfreton Town on a one-month loan from Chesterfield.", "International career\nOn 6 February 2003, Tyson scored both goals for England under-20's in a 2–1 win over Germany.", "Style of play\nSpeaking in 2002, Cheltenham Town manager Steve Cotterill stated that \"he is very quick and his main asset is his pace\".", "Writing for The Guardian in October 2005, David Pleat said that \"as a speedy, left-footed goalscorer Tyson is a rarity in the modern game\" who made \"well-timed runs\", particularly for through balls, and had determination to chase lost causes.", "Personal life\nTyson was a cousin to Mark Philo, who also played professional football for Wycombe Wanderers.", "In a 2005 interview, Tyson stated that he had a superstition that led to him dressing on his left side first, liked the music of Usher, and had an interest in cars.", "Career statistics\n\nHonours\n\nClub\nNottingham Forest\nFootball League One runner-up: 2007–08\n\nIndividual\nFootball League Two Player of the Month: August 2005\nDoncaster Rovers Player of the Year: 2014–15\n\nReferences\n\n1982 births\nLiving people\nSportspeople from Reading, Berkshire\nBlack British sportspeople\nEnglish footballers\nEngland youth international footballers\nAssociation football forwards\nAssociation football wingers\nReading F.C.", "players\nMaidenhead United F.C.", "players\nSwansea City A.F.C.", "players\nCheltenham Town F.C.", "players\nWycombe Wanderers F.C.", "players\nNottingham Forest F.C.", "players\nDerby County F.C.", "players\nMillwall F.C.", "players\nBlackpool F.C.", "players\nFleetwood Town F.C.", "players\nNotts County F.C.", "players\nDoncaster Rovers F.C.", "players\nKilmarnock F.C.", "players\nChesterfield F.C.", "players\nAlfreton Town F.C.", "players\nEnglish Football League players\nIsthmian League players\nScottish Professional Football League players\nFootballers from Berkshire" ]

[ "Nathan Tyson is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for Alfreton Town.", "He was a member of the England under-20 team.", "He made his first team debut in April 2000 at Reading, a pacey, left-footed forward.", "He joined the club on a permanent transfer in 2004.", "He averaged a goal every two games for Wycombe before he was sold to Forest.", "He helped the club win promotion out of League One in 2007, after spending five and a half seasons with Forest.", "He was on loan to Millwall from Derby County.", "After failing to win a first team place at Blackpool, he was sent out on loan to two other teams.", "He spent two seasons with Doncaster after joining the club in July of 2014).", "Tyson made his first team debut for Reading on April 29, 2000 when he came on as an 80th-minute substitute in a 1–1 draw with Bury.", "He joined the Third Division club on an initial one-month loan.", "Tyson was sent off for a foul on goalkeeper Stuart Brock two minutes after coming on as a substitute in a 2–0 win over Kidderminster Harriers at Aggborough.", "Tyson scored his first goal in the Football League on October 23, helping the \"Swans\" to a 2–0 win over Darlington at Vetch Field.", "He rejoined the Third Division at the end of the 2001–02 season.", "Tyson scored one goal from one start and seven substitute appearances in the league, but did not feature in the play-offs as the \"Robins\" went on to secure promotion.", "In the 2002–03 season, Tyson scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 victory over Derby County, earning him a place in the \"Royals\" first team.", "Reading qualified for the play-offs at the end of the season, but Tyson was sent off in the play-off semi-final first leg defeat to Wolves after using abusive language.", "Tyson had to return to Reading early the next month for treatment on a knee injury he sustained while on a short-term loan to the Second Division side.", "Tyson was signed for an undisclosed transfer fee in March 2004, after impressing Tony Adams.", "He won the club's Player of the Year award after scoring 22 goals in 42 league appearances during the 2004–05 season.", "Tyson was the subject of three bids from Wednesday, all of which were turned down.", "He was the top scorer in the English league at the end of September with 13 goals in 19 games.", "He scored six times in six games in August and was named the League Two Player of the month.", "Tyson rejected the £700,000 bid from Wednesday.", "Tyson said that he was not worth it.", "How many houses can you buy?", "He was rumored to be moving to Hull City.", "His goal glut was followed by a run of six games without a goal, which led manager John Gorman to claim that \"his attitude has been fantastic and he'll bounce back\".", "Tyson signed a permanent deal with the club in January of 2005, after he joined the club on a loan.", "He ended the 2005–06 campaign with ten goals.", "He was out of action for three months after he was injured in the opening game of the 2006–07 season.", "On 9 December, he scored an eight-minute first half hat-trick in a 5–1 win over the Alex at Gresty Road.", "He had nine goals in 30 games.", "He scored 12 goals in 39 league and cup competitions in 2007, helping Forest to win promotion to the Championship.", "He was the subject of a £750,000 bid from Bristol City in May 2008.", "Tyson signed a new contract to stay at the City Ground until the summer of 2011.", "He scored a volleyed goal to help Forest beat Manchester City in the third round of the FA Cup.", "Tyson waved a Forest flag in front of the Derby fans after the final whistle of the Derby match.", "Billy Davies defended him but he was fined and banned for two games.", "He scored four goals in 75 appearances in the two seasons, but only entered the game as a substitute.", "He left the club in May of 2011.", "Tyson signed a three-year contract with Derby County.", "He made his \"Rams\" debut in a 2–1 win over Forest.", "He made two brief appearances in the first half of the season after struggling with groin problems.", "He scored his first goal for the club in the opening game of the 2012–13 season against Scunthorpe United in the League Cup, Derby drew 5–5 and lost on penalties.", "He scored his first goal four days later.", "Tyson was reported to be interested in going on a loan to another Championship side.", "Tyson was a part of the first team at Derby.", "Tyson joined Millwall on loan until the end of the 2012–13 season.", "He brings pace to our front line because he has experience of the division.", "He was ruled out for a month after picking up a knee injury in the half-time substitution in the 2–0 home defeat against Burnley on January 19th.", "During his time at The Den, he struggled with injuries and failed to score.", "He was transferred by Derby in May.", "He said that he was not told that he was on the transfer list by the manager.", "Tyson joined the club on a free transfer and signed a one-year contract with an option of a second.", "Nathan was on loan to League Two side Fleetwood Town from November to January.", "He joined League One side Notts County on an initial one-month loan, which was later extended until the end of the season.", "He failed to score in either of his loan spells or for his parent club in a total of 25 appearances.", "Tyson signed a one-year contract with Doncaster Rovers after impressing on a three-week trial.", "He got a one-year contract extension in April 2015, and said he rediscovered his love for football playing under Paul Dickov.", "He scored a hat-trick on the last day of the season, in a 5–2 win over Scunthorpe United at the Keepmoat Stadium on 3 May.", "He finished the season with 14 goals in 44 games and was voted the club's Player of the Year.", "He scored seven goals in 36 games as the team was demoted to League Two.", "Tyson only signed a new one-year contract three months before he lost his first team place to Gary McSheffrey and the manager agreed to release him from his contract.", "Bruno Ribeiro told the media that he would sign the player if the club's finances allowed it.", "Tyson signed for Kilmarnock on September 12th, 2016 and will be with the club for the rest of the season.", "Tyson was released from his contract by Kilmarnock.", "Tyson came back to the club on a trial.", "It was announced on July 25th that Tyson had signed a one-year deal to return to the club.", "Tyson signed a one-year extension at the end of April.", "He was released at the end of the season.", "After the 2020-21 season, I signed on for Chesterfield.", "Tyson joined Alfreton Town on a one-month loan from Chesterfield.", "Tyson scored two goals for England under-20's in a win over Germany.", "He is very quick and his main asset is his pace.", "Tyson is a rarity in the modern game, as a left-footed scorer, who made well- timed runs, particularly for through balls, and had determination to chase lost causes.", "Tyson was a cousin of Mark, who was a professional football player.", "Tyson stated in a 2005 interview that he had a superstition that led to him dressing on his left side first, that he liked the music of Usher, and that he had an interest in cars.", "Football League One runner-up: 2007–08 Individual Football League Two Player of the Month: August 2005 Doncaster Rovers Player of the Year", "The players are from Maidenhead United F.C.", "The players are fromSwansea City A.F.C.", "The players are from Cheltenham Town F.C.", "The players of the club.", "The players are from the Forest F.C.", "The players are from Derby County.", "The players are from Millwall F.C.", "The players are from Blackpool.", "The players are from Fleetwood Town F.C.", "The players are from Notts County F.C.", "The players are from Doncaster.", "The players are from Kilmarnock F.C.", "The players are from Chesterfield F.C.", "The players are from Alfreton Town F.C.", "Isthmian League players and Scottish Professional Football League players." ]

[ "Nathan Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Nathan", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson" ]

[ "Nathan Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Nathan", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson", "Tyson" ]

[ "Norbert Pümpel (born 1956 in Innsbruck, Austria) is a visual artist who lives and works in Drosendorf an der Thaya/Austria.", "Biography \nNorbert Pümpel's artistic career began with concept art at the end of the 1970s.", "He decided not to attend an academy of art and instead studied mathematics, physics, and philosophy (without graduating).", "As an autodidact, he developed pictorial concepts at the interface with the sciences.", "\"For decades, Pümpel has been addressing philosophical and scientific questions, which are given pictorial form in his conceptual-oriented art.", "His thinking is determined by problems of time and space that have been an intensive subject of art since the early 20th century, the materiality of manifestations, questions of quantum physics and the theory of probability.\"", "(Christoph Bertsch, 2007) His works have included entropic drawings (starting in 1976), laser projects (1980) and work on the theory of black holes (1981) and Schrödinger's cat paradox (2005/2008).", "From 1992 to 2002, member of the Cultural Council of the Tyrolean Provincial Government.", "In 2008 he moved to Götzis/Vorarlberg/Austria.", "In 2010 he was awarded the Golden Decoration of Honor for Services to the Republic of Austria.", "From 2010 to 2016 he was chairman of the Professional Association of Visual Artists in Vorarlberg.", "2011 Opening of a new studio in Hohenems, Austria.", "[2]\" 2016 Cross of Honor of the Province of Tyrol 2020 Relocation to Drosendorf an der Thaya, studio in the Bergamtshaus.", "University teaching \n 1981: Lecture at the Sky Art Conference Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Mass.", "1991: Lecture on Sculpture Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck\n 1994/95 Lecture Space in Contemporary Art Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck\n\nIntroduction \nReality has evaporated\n\n“Since the 1970s he has developed an art that operates at the interface of natural science, philosophy and theology, circling – on continually spiraling paths of thought – the old question of the possibility and the limits of human knowledge and, by extension, orbiting the potential of the image and its powers compared with reality.\"", "(Harald Kimpel, 2011)\nWhat are at first questions of physics give way more and more to problems of philosophy and the theory of knowledge.", "It is evident that the artist, as a part of the universe, reflects on it and on himself: “Part of Universe Reflecting Part of Universe” (2004), a series of small diptychs first shown in the “Kraftwerk Peripher” exhibition organized by Christoph Bertsch in the Imst/Au power station.", "Some of the works now form part of the Liaunig Collection.", "Peace policy is a frequent topic in Norbert Pümpel’s work, starting with the monumental drawing “Probability Statement on a Guernica in the Late 20th Century” (1982).", "“In 1982, when N. Pümpel developed an infinite panorama of entropy under the title ‘Probability Statement on a Guernica in the Late 20th Century’, he simultaneously defined the beginning and endpoint for his future art.", "So completely had the artist eliminated the visible with his radical statement about the potential consequences of theory become practice, so fundamentally destroyed all form in shaping shapelessness, that – having depicted the irreversible state of chaos – there remained nothing capable of depiction.", "The very framework of matter had shattered and been dissolved once and for all in universal disorder.", "At an early point in his biography, therefore, the artist had adopted an extreme position with his views of nothingness, with an uncompromising message that could not but call into question any further form of constructive work.” (Harald Kimpel, 1990)\nThe nuclear threat is also a recurrent subject with Pümpel the physicist.", "In 1989 he created the first Scientific Disaster Series (1990), his first ash works on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.", "Between 2009 and 2011, too, Pümpel created large-format paper works under the title “Nuclear Solstice” on the subject of the nuclear tests conducted in the 1940s and 50s.", "Five large works from this group are now in the Liaunig Collection.", "In his latest series of works, entitled “Condensates”, Pümpel returns to the working methods of the natural sciences, employing laboratory-style test series to develop self-organizing image systems.", "“The works describe states of probability, blurring all spatial structures in new aggregate states and creating a liquid, fleeting, wave-dynamic image of the world.” (Harald Kimpel, 2014)\nFrom 1992 to 2002 Member of the Cultural Council of the Tyrolean State Government.", "In 2008 he moved to Götzis/Vorarlberg/Austria.", "In 2010 he was awarded with the Gold Medal for Merit to the Republic of Austria.", "From 2010 to 2016 he was a member of the Executive Board of the Professional Association of Visual Artists in Vorarlberg.", "2011 opened a new studio in Hohenems, Austria.", "Major works \n\n Hammerschlag Nr.", "2, 1978 Series in three parts; ca.", "90 x 190 cm, exhibited: Galerie Krinzinger Innsbruck (A) 1979, and Bregenz Palais Thurn und Taxis, 1979; published in: Peter Weiermair, Medium Zeichnung, Allerheiligenpresse Innsbruck 1979, and J.M.", "Seebacher, Wahrnehmen, Palais Thurn und Taxis, Bregenz, 1979 (Grphic Collection Albertina Vienna)\n Stars and Stripes Projekt, 1981 6 Picture groups of four parts, mixed media and collage on primed paper, 100 x 276 cm to 100 x 1075 cm, exhibited and published in \"Künstler aus Tirol\", Pécsi Galéria, Pecs (Hungary), 1986; (Public art collection in the center of Alpbach: Schrödinger hall)\n Probability Statement to a Guernica in the Late 20th Century, 1982 24 parts- Installation, 291 x 929,6 cm; exhibites ati \"Zukunftsräume – Bildwelten und Weltbilder der Science Fiction\", curated by Harald Kimpel, Orangerie, Kassel (Germany), 29.", "4. bis 17.", "6.", "1984 and \"Zukunftsräume – Bildwelten und Weltbilder der Science Fiction\" Erlangen(G), Städtische Galerie in summer 1984 and also at \"Die Vertikale Gefahr.", "Luftkrieg in der Kunst\" [zum 50.", "Jahrestag der Zerstörung Kassels], documenta- Halle Kassel, 24.", "9. bis 31.", "10.", "1993 as well as at the personal exhibition \"Wahrscheinliche Aussage zu einem Guernica des späten 20.", "Jahrhunderts\" at the Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck, 28.", "1. bis 20.", "2.", "2005 published in: Die vertikale Gefahr, Luftkrieg in der Kunst, Marburg 1993 and in Zona Ovest, Skarabäus Studienverlag, Innsbruck, Wien, München 2007 und in Kunst in Tirol, P: Naredi-Rainer, L. Madersbacher, Innsbruck 2007\n Das Große Stadion, 1983 mixed media on primed paper, 3 parts: 126 x 210 cm.", "Exhibited 1984 at „Orwell und die Gegenwart“ in the Museum des 20.", "These more clearly structured pictorial universes are suggestive of atmosphere and landscapes with sometimes clear and sometimes diffuse horizons.", "What is uncertain is whether this world is liquid, gaseous or solid.", "It is the image of a world that defies classification or equation with a specific region.", "And in general, the indeterminate and fortuitous form part of the working method of Norbert Pümpel, in whose studio the sheets of paper and canvases develop over weeks and months as in a test series in a laboratory.", "The artist seems to set in motion processes for organisation and decision-making.", "He uses oils, bitumen and various solutions on very thin Chinese rice paper and on canvas.", "Objects on Wittgenstein, 2011 – 2013\n\n Fleeting Memorials, 2012 – 2015\nNorbert Pümpel's series of Fleeting Memorials are approximately square works on paper of different sizes measuring between about 30 x 33 cm and 46 x 43 cm.", "They comprise two sheets of Wenzhou paper and bear a ten-digit number and a date.", "The number refers to the number of human beings on earth at the time of completion of the work.", "The works are subject to visible change in the course of time.", "Thanks to the materials used, the paper and the colours darken in the first twenty, thirty years.", "The paper will start to become brittle until, after a hundred years or so, it will perhaps disintegrate.", "The processes cannot be calculated precisely as they depend on environmental factors relating to the air, humidity and light\n \n\n Condensates 2013 – 2015\nNorbert Pümpel bases his latest series of works on thoughts on Bose-Einstein condensation: the unorthodox behavioural pattern displayed by matter in an ultra-cold state.", "At such temperatures, quantum effects can for the first time be observed on a macroscopic scale and described as a wave function.", "A discontinuous view of the world is replaced by a continuum of superfluid material in the form of an oscillation with no defined localisation.", "The artist's works describe states of probability in new aggregate states blurring all spatial structures and offering a liquid, fleeting, wave-dynamic image.", "(Harald Kimpel, Kassel 2013, translated by Chris Marsh)\n\n Objects 2016 - 2017\n\nExhibitions \n\nSince 1978 exhibitions in Europe, USA and Japan:\n1979 Europa 79, Stuttgart/Ger.", "Curated by Hans-Jürgen Müller, Ursula Schurr and Max Hetzler, with Tony Cragg, Sandro Chia, Francesco Clemente and others\n1984 Orwell und die Gegenwart, Museum of the 20th Century in Vienna/A, with Jochen Gerz, Jörg Immendorff, Robert Morris, Roy Lichtenstein and others; (Katalog)\n1985 Wahrscheinliche Bilder, First one man museum exhibition in the State and Municipal Art Collections, the Bellevue Palace, Kassel, Germany.", "1992 Concept Space, Shibukawa, Japan\n1993 Die Vertikale Gefahr.", "Der Luftkrieg in der Kunst, Kassel documenta Halle, with Günther Uecker, Gerhard Richter, Arnulf Rainer and others;\n1996 Dies ist kein Bild, Galerie St. Barbara Osterfestival Innsbruck/A\n1997 Entgegen – religion.gedächtnis.körper, Graz, with Anish Kapoor, Roman Opalka, Joseph Beuys;\n1999 Objective and Observed Files, Concept Space, Shibukawa, Japan\n2002 Micro Stills, Concept Space, Shibukawa, Japan\n2003 Sharjah Art Museum and Expo Centre, Sharja/ Unites Arab Emirates, 6th International Art Biennial, in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates\n2005 Probability Statement to Guernica in the Late 20th Century, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck (Austria)\n2006 SCIENTIFIC DISASTER – The Hiroshima and Nagasaki Paintings, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck (Austria)\n2007 Zona Ovest, Biblioteca National, Turin/Italy with Lois and Franziska Weinberger, Peter Kogler, Elmar Trenkwalder, Flatz, Gottfried Bechtold and others.", "Curator: Christoph Bertsch, (catalog),\n2011 Schädelstätten Hamlet Syndrom, Marburg/Germany, Kunstverein, curated by Harald Kimpel\n2011 No-one in Paradise, Imst Städtische Galerie Theodor von Hörmann\n2012 Realität und Abstraktion 2.", "Konkrete und reduktive Tendenzen ab 1990, Museum Liaunig, Neuhaus/Suha (Austria)\n 2012: Accrochage, Galerie Lindner, Vienna, Austria (a.o.", "First time the Fleeting Memorials are shown in Japan\n2017 Modell der Wirklichkeit, Kunstraum Pettneu (Austria)\n2018/2019 Innsbruck, Kunstraum, Wir deuten sie also, und sehen sie, wie wir sie deuten!", "2019/2020 Innsbruck, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Schönheit vor Weisheit – Das Wissen der Kunst, die Kunst der Wissenschaft\n 2020/2021 Dornbirn, VAI Vorarlberger Architekturinstitut Konstruktion Explosion Asche\n 2021 Neuhaus/Suha, Museum Liaunig Tour de Force - Punkt, Linie, Farbe auf dem Weg durch die österreichische Kunst nach 1945\n\nHonours \n : Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria (2010)\n Ehrenkreuz des Landes Tirol (2016)\n\nPublications \nZum Werk von Norbert Pümpel erschienen zahlreiche Kataloge und Publikationen, darunter\n Harald Kimpel (Hrsg.)", "Hamlet Syndrom Schädelstätten.", "Ausstellungskatalog, Jonas Verlag, 2011, ISBN 978-3-89445-454-8\n Silvia Höller (Hrsg.)", "Begegnungen.", "Dialoge.", "Einblicke.", "Ausstellungskatalog, Haymon Verlag, 2011, ISBN 978-3-85218-716-7\n Elisabeth Walde (Hrsg.)", "Bildmagie und Brunnensturz.", "Visuelle Kommunikation von der klassischen Antike bis zur aktuellen medialen Kriegsberichterstattung, Studienverlag, 2009, ISBN 978-3-7065-4686-7\n Paul Naredi-Rainer, Lukas Madersbacher (Hrsg.)", "Kunst in Tirol: Band 2 Vom Barock bis in die Gegenwart, Tyrolia Verlag, 2007, ISBN 978-3-7022-2775-3, Athesia Verlag, 2007, ISBN 978-88-8266-332-2\n Christoph Bertsch, Zona Ovest: Ausstellungskatalog, Skarabäus Studienverlag, 2007, ISBN 978-3-7082-3224-9\n Christoph Bertsch (Hrsg.)", "Kraftwerk peripher.", "Kraftwerk Kunst, Ausstellungskatalog, Edizioni Medizea, 2004, ISBN 88-900171-7-1; Skarabäus Studienverlag, 2004, ISBN 3-7082-3160-0\n Norbert Pümpel, micro stills: Ausstellungskatalog, Concept Space Shibukawa Japan, 2002\n Silvia Eiblmayr, Thomas Feuerstein, Variable Stücke: Strukturen.", "Referenzen.", "Algorithmen, Triton Verlag, 2002, ISBN 3-85486-138-9\n Christoph Bertsch, Collezione Tirolo: Ausstellungskatalog, (Italienisch) Edizioni Medicea, 1998, ISBN 88-900171-2-0\n Silvie Aigner, Peter Baum, Realität und Abstraktion 2 Konkrete und reduktive Tendenzen ab 1980, Museum Liaunig, Neuhaus/Suha, 2012 ISBN 978-3-9502610-9-7\n Harald Kimpel (Hrsg.)" ]

[ "Norbert Pmpel is a visual artist who lives and works in Austria.", "At the end of the 1970s, Pmpel began his artistic career with concept art.", "He did not attend an academy of art and instead studied mathematics, physics, and philosophy.", "He developed concepts at the interface with the sciences.", "Pmpel has been addressing scientific and philosophical questions in his art for decades.", "His thinking is determined by problems of time and space that have been an intensive subject of art since the early 20th century, as well as questions of quantum physics and the theory of probability.", "His works include entropic drawings, laser projects, and work on the theory of black holes.", "Member of the Cultural Council of the Tyrolean Provincial Government from 1992 to 2002.", "He moved to Austria in 2008.", "He received the Golden Decoration of Honor for Services to the Republic of Austria in 2010.", "He was the chairman of the Professional Association ofVisual Artists from 2010 to 2016", "There is a new studio in Hohenems, Austria.", "The Cross of Honor of the Province of Tyrol 2020 was relocated to the studio in the Bergamtshaus.", "The Sky Art Conference was hosted by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.", "Reality has evaporated since the 1970s when he developed an art that operates at the interface of natural science, philosophy and theology.", "Problems of philosophy and the theory of knowledge are more and more related to the first questions of physics.", "The artist, as a part of the universe, reflects on it and on himself in a series of small diptychs.", "Some of the works are part of the Liaunig Collection.", "The monumental drawing \"Probability Statement on a Guernica in the Late 20th Century\" was drawn by Pmpel.", "N. Pmpel defined the beginning and end of his art when he created an infinite panorama of entropy in 1982.", "Having depicted the irreversible state of chaos, the artist's radical statement about the potential consequences of theory became practice, so fundamentally destroyed all form in shaping shapelessness, that there remained nothing capable of depiction.", "In universal disorder, the framework of matter was shattered and dissolved.", "At an early point in his biography, the artist had adopted an extreme position with his views of nothingness, with an uncompromising message that could not but call into question any further form of constructive work.", "The first Scientific Disaster Series was created in 1989.", "Pmpel created large-format paper works on the subject of the nuclear tests conducted in the 1940s and 50s.", "The Liaunig Collection has five large works from this group.", "Pmpel uses a laboratory-style test series to develop self-organizing image systems in his latest work.", "The works describe states of probability, blur all spatial structures in new aggregate states and create a liquid, fleeting, wave-dynamic image of the world.", "He moved to Austria in 2008.", "He received the Gold medal for Merit from the Republic of Austria.", "He was a member of the Executive Board of the Professional Association ofVisual Artists.", "There is a new studio in Hohenems, Austria.", "Major works Hammerschlag Nr.", "The series was in three parts.", "The Galerie Krinzinger Innsbruck (A) and Bregenz Palais Thurn und Taxis were published in 1979.", "Palais Thurn und Taxis, Bregenz, 1979 is part of the Grphic Collection Albertina Vienna.", "4.", "6.", "In summer 1984 there was a Stdtische Galerie and also at \"Die Vertikale Gefahr\".", "\"Luftkrieg in der Kunst\"", "Documenta- Halle Kassel, 24.", "9.", "10.", "The personal exhibition \"Wahrscheinliche Aussage\" took place in 1993.", "There are Jahrhunderts at the Ferdinandeum.", "1.", "2.", "In Marburg 1993 and in Zona Ovest in 2007, the vertikale Gefahr was published.", "There was an exhibit in the Museum des 20.", "There are more clearly structured universes that are suggestive of atmosphere and landscapes.", "Is this world liquid, gaseous or solid?", "It is the image of a world that defies classification.", "The studio sheets of paper and canvases develop over weeks and months in a test series in a laboratory as part of the working method of Norbert Pmpel.", "The artist seems to set processes in motion.", "He uses oils and other solutions on Chinese rice paper and canvas.", "Fleeting Memorials are approximately square works on paper of different sizes, measuring between 30 x 33 cm and 46 x 43 cm.", "They have a ten-digit number and a date on two sheets of paper.", "At the time of completion of the work, the number is referred to as the number of human beings on earth.", "Changes in the course of time are what the works are subject to.", "The paper and the colors don't stay the same for long because of the materials used.", "After a hundred years or so, the paper will become brittle.", "The processes can't be calculated precisely as they depend on environmental factors relating to the air, humidity and light Condensates.", "For the first time, quantum effects can be observed on a macroscopic scale and described as a wave function.", "A continuous view of the world is replaced by a continuum of superfluid material with no defined localisation.", "The artist's works describe states of probability in new aggregate states that blur all spatial structures and offer a liquid, fleeting, wave-dynamic image.", "There have been exhibitions in Europe, USA and Japan since 1978.", "The Museum of the 20th Century in Vienna/A was put together by Hans-Jrgen Mller, Ursula Schurr, and Max Hetzler.", "Concept Space, Shibukawa, Japan in 1992.", "In 1996 there was a documenta Halle with Gnther Uecker and others.", "The exhibition No-one in Paradise, Imst Stdtische Galerie Theodor von Hrmann wascurated by Harald Kimpel.", "The Museum Liaunig, Neuhaus/Suha is in Austria.", "The Fleeting Memorials are shown for the first time in Japan.", "Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Schnheit, ist das Wissen der Kunst.", "Hamlet Syndrom Schdelsttten.", "Silvia Hller (Hrsg.) is a publisher.", "Begegnungen.", "There is a dialoge.", "Einblicke.", "Haymon Verlag published a book titled \"Ausstellungskatalog\" in 2011.", "Bildmagie und Brunnensturz.", "Paul Naredi-Rainer and Lukas Madersbacher wrote Visuelle Kommunikation von der klassischen Antike.", "Band 2 Vom Barock in die Gegenwart was published in 2007.", "There is a peripher.", "Micro stills: Concept Space Shibu were created by Norbert Pmpel.", "Referenzen.", "Silvie Aigner, Realitt und Peter Baum are authors." ]

[ "Norbert Pümpel", "Norbert Pümpel", "Pümpel", "Norbert", "Pümpel", "Pümpel", "Norbert", "Pümpel", "Norbert", "Pümpel", "Norbert", "Pümpel", "Norbert", "Pümpel" ]

[ "Norbert Pmpel", "Norbert", "Norbert" ]

[ "Lucio Battisti (5 March 1943 – 9 September 1998) was an influential Italian singer-songwriter and composer.", "He is widely recognized for songs that defined the late 1960s and 1970s era of Italian songwriting.", "Battisti released 18 studio albums from 1969 to 1994, with a significant portion of this catalogue translated into Spanish (various albums), English (one album), French (two albums), and German (one album).", "He was known to be an extremely reserved artist, performing only a small number of live concerts during his career.", "In 1978 he announced that he would speak to the public only through his musical work, limiting himself to the recording of studio albums and disappearing from the public scene.", "Biography\n\nMusician and composer\nBattisti was born in Poggio Bustone, a small town in the province of Rieti (northern Lazio), and moved with his family to Rome in 1950.", "A self-taught guitarist, Battisti made his debut as musician in the 1960s, performing in local bands in Rome, Naples and later in Milan, where he joined I Campioni (The Champions), the support band of then famous singer Tony Dallara.", "He also travelled abroad as a working musician in Germany and the UK, where he absorbed blues, soul, and the music of Bob Dylan, The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Animals, and Jimi Hendrix, among others, introducing those influences into Italian pop music.", "In Milan he found the support of the French talent scout Christine Leroux, who worked for the Ricordi music label.", "Under Leroux's wing, Battisti penned three sizeable hits in 1966 for other artists (\"Per una lira\" for Ribelli, \"Dolce di giorno\" for Dik Dik, and \"Uno in più\" for Riki Maiocchi).", "Leroux also introduced Battisti to lyricist Giulio Rapetti, better known as Mogol.", "Though not impressed at first by Battisti's music, Mogol later declared to have started the collaboration after recognizing Battisti's humble, though determined, desire to improve his work.", "Mogol also pushed Ricordi to allow Battisti to sing his own songs: Battisti's voice became the focal point of his strength and originality.", "As a singer, he made his debut with the song \"Per una lira\" in 1966: despite the song's poor success (only 520 copies sold throughout Italy)), it allowed him to begin building his career as a singer.", "Battisti continued to write for others during the late 1960s: the US rock group The Grass Roots scored a hit with one of Battisti's compositions, \"Balla Linda\" (translated as \"Bella Linda\"), which earned Battisti fourth place in the Cantagiro, a then-popular Italian popular music competition.", "In 1967, English band The Hollies—featuring Graham Nash—recorded a Battisti song in Italian, \"Non prego per me\".", "In 1969, Battisti's song \"Il Paradiso\" was covered by the group Amen Corner as \"(If Paradise Is) Half as Nice\", hitting the number-one spot on the UK singles chart.", "Success as a solo singer in 1970s – The Mogol-Battisti duo\n\nIn 1969, Battisti took part in the Festival of Sanremo, with the song \"Un'avventura\", and his popularity began to increase.", "His first hit was \"Acqua azzurra, acqua chiara\", which won the Festivalbar.", "The same year, Ricordi issued Battisti's self-titled debut album.", "During this successful year he met Grazia Letizia Veronese, whom he later married and lived with until his death.", "Forming a strong and highly successful duo with lyricist Mogol, Battisti continued to issue solo albums on a regular basis throughout the 1970s.", "In almost every case they reached the highest places in his country's charts, and are regarded as classics of Italian pop music (\"musica leggera\").", "He also became a popular presence on television.", "In 1970 Battisti won Festivalbar for the second time in a row, with the song \"Fiori rosa, fiori di pesco\", and he and Mogol started to collaborate with vocalist Mina, who sang some of their most-acclaimed songs.", "In December, Ricordi issued Battisti's second LP, Emozioni, a compilation of previously released singles.", "Battisti was really angry about this, as he had composed a concept album called Amore e non-amore, but his label chose to release the compilation rather than the album, which was considered to be too experimental and advanced for the Italian audience.", "Amore e non-amore was eventually released in July 1971, but to preserve their creative freedom, Battisti and Mogol moved over to Numero Uno, one of Italy's first independent record labels, founded by them in 1969.", "In the same year English band Love Affair| recorded the song \"Wake Me I Am Dreaming\", a cover of \"Mi ritorni in mente\".", "The new label released Umanamente uomo: il sogno (1972) followed by the even more successful Il mio canto libero (1972).", "The latter topped the Italian charts for 8 weeks: one of its songs – \"Io vorrei, non vorrei, ma se vuoi\" – was later recorded by Mick Ronson with lyrics translated by David Bowie, as \"Music Is Lethal\" (on the album Slaughter on 10th Avenue).", "The song \"Il mio canto libero\" has remained one of the most popular songs among Italians.", "Another successful album was Il nostro caro angelo (1973).", "U.S. magazine Billboard nominated Battisti \"Italian Personality of the Year\" in 1972, defining him \"singer, composer, music publisher of international fame, has elevated Italian audience's taste and strengthened the market\".", "Anima latina (1974) is considered Battisti's most complex and multi-layered work, a new personal approach to progressive rock with an increased attention to rhythms and increasingly cryptic lyrics by Mogol; nonetheless, their work enjoyed a good success, remaining for 13 weeks at number one in Italian chart.", "Lucio Battisti, la batteria, il contrabbasso, eccetera, released in 1976 and including the hit \"Ancora tu\", was an even bigger success; many of the songs clearly showing the artist's interest in the then-emerging Disco sounds and production values that would have a large influence on his three subsequent albums.", "In 1977 he released Io tu noi tutti.", "He also relocated to Los Angeles, and issued an album, Images, that featured some of his biggest hits re-recorded in English.", "However, the attempt to equal his European success in the United States failed.", "In 1978 Battisti released Una donna per amico: recorded in London and produced by Geoff Westley, it was his best-selling LP.", "This was followed in 1980 by Una giornata uggiosa, produced by the same team.", "It contained Battisti's last great success, \"Con il nastro rosa\".", "Considered one of the duo's best compositions, it featured a long guitar solo by Phil Palmer.", "Battisti's songs written with Mogol continue to be covered by international artists; a more recent example is Tanita Tikaram's \"And I Think of You\" (\"E penso a te\").", "Battisti, a rather shy person, had always been reluctant to talk about himself and his work.", "In the early 1980s he declared he would no longer make public appearances nor release any interviews: in his words \"[he was going to] speak no more, since an artist must communicate with the public only through his work\".", "In some very rare occasions, though, he appeared as a TV guest in other countries such as France, Switzerland and Germany, and only after 1982 can his vow be considered completely fulfilled, with a perseverance similar to that of J. D. Salinger and other famous recluses.", "\"Second period\"\n\nIn 1981 Battisti broke the partnership with Mogol, switching to a more experimental inspiration based often on electronic instruments.", "The LPs of his \"second period\", starting from E già of 1982 (with lyrics by his wife), received a mixed reception from both critics and audiences.", "Mogol started to work with Riccardo Cocciante; in 1990, he declared he had not listened to Battisti's LPs for many years.", "From 1986, starting with Don Giovanni, to 1994, the lyrics on Battisti's albums were written by the poet Pasquale Panella.", "Don Giovanni combined a return to classic \"Battistian\" melodies with lyrics which some felt were weird and often seemingly meaningless.", "Others, however, understood the lyrics to be cryptic, an intellectual mind game of sorts.", "Don Giovanni had a reasonable success in Italy.", "The following L'apparenza (1988), however, again contained rather impervious lyrics; its success was worse than the one had by Don Giovanni, in chart position as well as in sales volumes.", "La sposa occidentale (1990) was released for CBS, and marked another fall in sales and success.", "The declining sales were hardly a concern for Battisti: it was rumoured that in the 1990s he was earning 4–5 billion lire a year (approximately 3 million Euro in 2006) solely from author rights of his 1970s songs.", "Battisti's last albums were Cosa succederà alla ragazza (1992) and Hegel (1994).", "Death\nOn 9 September 1998, Battisti died in a Milan hospital.", "The New York Times said the cause was cancer.", "He was also said to have been suffering from glomerulonephritis.", "The news spread quickly throughout the country, generating an unprecedented wave of emotion for the singer-songwriter.", "He was later buried in the cemetery of Molteno, the town where he had spent his last years with his family.", "Several compilations of his best tracks have surfaced after Battisti's death, including 2000's Battisti and 2001's Canzoni d'amore.", "His catalogue is published by BMG Music Publishing.", "Influence and praise\nThrough the years, Battisti consolidated his status as one of the most well-known Italian singers.", "His songs remain immensely popular in Italy, and are often performed live by other professional musicians.", "The minor planet 9115 Battisti was named in his memory.", "It was discovered by two Italian astronomers at the Sormano Astronomical Observatory in northern Italy near his home-town.", "In a interview, David Bowie claimed to consider Lucio Battisti his absolute favourite Italian artist and the greatest singer in the world along with Lou Reed.", "He also translated a song of his, Io vorrei...", "Non vorrei... Ma se vuoi, for Mick Ronson's debut album.", "Bowie aside, other international celebrities expressed their esteem for Battisti.", "For example, Paul McCartney, Pete Townshend and Laura Pausini.", "Discography\n\nAlbums\n\nSingles\n\nEnglish language recordings\nA few of his songs were translated into English.", "The album Images was the only official worldwide release, however in Britain a single was published with two other translations: \"Baby It's You\"(\"Ancora tu\") and \"Lady\" (\"Donna selvaggia donna\").", "A full translation of the album Una donna per amico, to be called Friends, which had the above songs, was recorded but never published.", "The two songs and the album were translated and produced by Frank Musker.", "All the songs were translated by Frank Musker.", "\"Baby it's You\" – shorter version\n \"And I Think of You\" – previous hit \"E penso a te\", different from the tribute by Tanita Tikaram\n \"Take it as it Comes\" – \"Prendila così\"\n \"Lady\" – slightly different from released version\n \"Day to Day\" – \"Perché no\"\n \"Afraid of Falling\" – \"Aver paura di innamorarsi troppo\"\n \"Pain is Gone\" – \"Nessun dolore\"\n \"A Woman as a Friend\" – \"Una donna per amico\"\n \"Let's Go See a Movie\" – \"Al cinema\"\n \"Pain is Gone\" and \"A woman as a Friend\" were recorded twice.", "The first version of \"Pain is Gone\" places an emphasis on bongos and the chorus sings \"Nessun dolore\" in the background; the second version has an English repetition in the background.", "The only major difference between the two \"A Woman as a Friend\" versions is the second verse.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n www.luciobattisti.info – Discography and others information about the singer\n Full discography\n\n1943 births\n1998 deaths\nPeople from the Province of Rieti\nItalian male singer-songwriters\n20th-century Italian male singers\nDeaths from cancer in Lombardy" ]

[ "Battisti was an influential Italian singer and composer.", "The late 1960s and 1970s era of Italian writing was defined by his songs.", "A significant portion of Battisti's catalogue was translated into Spanish, English, French, and German.", "He only performed a small number of live concerts during his career.", "He announced in 1978 that he would only speak to the public through his musical work, and that he would disappear from the public scene.", "Battisti was born in Poggio Bustone, a small town in the province of Rieti, and moved to Rome with his family in 1950.", "A self-taught guitarist, Battisti made his debut as a musician in the 1960s, performing in local bands in Rome, Naples and later in Milan, where he joined I Campioni, the support band of Tony Dallara.", "He was a musician in Germany and the UK, where he absorbed the music of Bob Dylan, The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Animals, and Jimi Hendrix, among others.", "Christine Leroux was the French talent scout who supported him in Milan.", "Battisti wrote three big hits in 1966 for other artists, including \"Dolce di giorno\" for Dik Dik and \"Uno in pi\" for Riki Maiocchi.", "Battisti was introduced to Rapetti by Leroux.", "Mogol declared to have started the collaboration after recognizing Battisti's desire to improve his work, even though he wasn't impressed by Battisti's music.", "Battisti's voice became the focal point of his strength and originality because Ricordi allowed him to sing his own songs.", "Despite the song's poor success, it allowed him to begin building his career as a singer.", "The US rock group The Grass Roots scored a hit with one of Battisti's compositions, \"Balla Linda\", which earned Battisti fourth place in the Cantagiro.", "The Hollies recorded a song in Italian called \"Non prego per me\".", "Amen Corner covered Battisti's song \"If Paradise Is Half as Nice\" in 1969 to hit the number-one spot on the UK singles chart.", "Battisti's popularity began to increase in 1969 after he took part in the Festival of Sanremo with his song \"Un'avventura\".", "His first hit was \"Acqua azzurra, acqua chiara\".", "Ricordi issued Battisti's self-titled debut album.", "He met Grazia Letizia Veronese, whom he married and lived with until his death.", "Battisti continued to issue solo albums on a regular basis throughout the 1970s.", "They are considered classics of Italian pop music and reached the highest places in his country's charts.", "He was a popular presence on television.", "Battisti and Mogol collaborated with vocalist Mina, who sang some of their most acclaimed songs, after Battisti won Festivalbar for the second time in a row.", "Ricordi issued Battisti's second album, Emozioni, a collection of previously released singles.", "Battisti was angry about this, as he had composed a concept album called Amore e non-amore, but his label chose to release the compilation rather than the album, which was considered to be too experimental and advanced for the Italian audience.", "Amore e non-amore was released in July 1971, but Battisti and Mogol moved over to Numero Uno, one of Italy's first independent record labels, to preserve their creative freedom.", "The English band Love Affair recorded a song called \"Wake Me I Am Dreaming\" in the same year.", "Both Umanamente uomo: il sogno and il mio canto libero were released by the new label.", "One of the songs on the album was recorded by Mick Ronson and written by David Bowie.", "One of the most popular songs in Italy is \"Il mio canto libero\".", "The album was called Il nostro caro angelo.", "Battisti was nominated for \"Italian Personality of the Year\" in 1972 by the U.S. magazine. Battisti was described as a \"singer, composer, music publisher of international fame, has elevated Italian audience's taste and strengthened the market\".", "Battisti's most complex and multi-layered work, a new personal approach to progressive rock with an increased attention to rhythms and increasingly cryptic lyrics by Mogol, their work enjoyed a good success, remaining for 13 weeks at number one in Italian chart.", "The hit \"Ancora tu\" was one of the songs that showed the artist's interest in the then-emerging Disco sounds and production values.", "Io tu noi tutti was released in 1977.", "Some of his biggest hits were re- recorded in English for his new album, Images.", "The attempt to equal his success in Europe failed.", "Battisti's best-selling album was recorded in London and produced by Westley.", "This was produced by the same team in 1980.", "\"Con il nastro rosa\" was Battisti's last great success.", "One of the duo's best compositions featured a long guitar solo by Phil Palmer.", "International artists have covered Battisti's songs, including Tanita Tikaram's \"And I Think of You\".", "Battisti was reticent to talk about himself and his work.", "He declared in the early 1980s that he would no longer make public appearances or give interviews, since he needed to communicate with the public through his work.", "He appeared as a TV guest in other countries such as France, Switzerland and Germany, and only after 1982 can his vow be considered fulfilled, with a perseverance like that of J. D. Salinger.", "Battisti switched to a more experimental inspiration based on electronic instruments in the second period.", "The second period of his life received mixed reviews from both critics and audiences.", "Mogol didn't listen to Battisti's music for many years, but he started working with Cocciante in 1990.", "The lyrics on Battisti's albums were written by the poet Pasquale Panella.", "Don Giovanni combined a return to classic \"Battistian\" melodies with lyrics which some felt were weird and meaningless.", "The lyrics were thought to be an intellectual mind game.", "Don Giovanni did well in Italy.", "The success of the following L'apparenza was worse than that of Don Giovanni in both sales and chart position.", "Another fall in sales and success was marked by the release of La sposa occidentale.", "The author rights of Battisti's 1970s songs were said to have earned him 4–5 billion lire a year in the 1990s.", "Battisti's last two albums were Cosa succeder alla ragazza and Hegel.", "Battisti died in a Milan hospital.", "The cause was cancer according to the New York Times.", "He was said to have been suffering from glomerulonephritis.", "A wave of emotion was generated by the news as it spread throughout the country.", "He was buried in the town of Molteno, where he had spent his last years with his family.", "2000's Battisti and 2001's Canzoni d'amore are two of his best tracks.", "His catalogue is published by a publisher.", "Battisti was one of the most well-known Italian singers.", "His songs are popular in Italy, and are often performed live by other professional musicians.", "He named the planet Battisti.", "Two Italians discovered it at the Sormano Astronomy Observatory in northern Italy.", "In an interview, David Bowie claimed that he was the greatest singer in the world along with Lou Reed.", "He also translated a song of his.", "For Mick Ronson's debut album.", "Other international celebrities expressed their admiration for Battisti.", "They include Paul McCartney, Pete Townshend and Laura Pausini.", "Some of his songs were translated into English.", "The album Images was the only official worldwide release, however in Britain a single was published with two other translations: \"Ancora tu\" and \"Lady\".", "A full translation of the album was recorded but never published.", "Frank Musker produced the two songs and the album.", "Frank Musker translated the songs.", "\"And I Think of You\" is a shorter version of the previous hit \"E penso a te\".", "The first version of \"Pain is Gone\" has an emphasis on bongos and the second version has an English repetition in the background.", "The second verse is the only difference between the two versions.", "Discography and other information about the singer can be found at www.luciobattisti.Info." ]

[ "Lucio Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Lucio", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Lucio" ]

[ "Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti", "Battisti" ]

[ "Maurice Margarot (1745–1815) is most notable for being one of the founding members of the London Corresponding Society, a radical society demanding parliamentary reform in the late eighteenth century.", "Early life\n\nMaurice Margarot was the son of a wine and general merchant, also named Maurice, and his wife Catherine.", "Born in 1745, he lived most of his childhood in London, but his father's work caused the family to travel widely: he was baptized in Portugal at the British Factory Chaplaincy, in Lisbon, on 27 August 1749; educated at the University of Geneva in Switzerland.", "He and his father were both involved in a campaign to free John Wilkes from prison in 1769.", "Margarot followed his father in business and political interest.", "Living in France during the French Revolution in 1789, Margarot had acquaintances among the revolutionary leaders.", "He was inspired (as well as further radicalized) by the French people and the revolution, and returned to England in 1792, where he followed Thomas Hardy into the London Corresponding Society to further the cause of reform.", "In May 1792, the Society elected Margarot as its chairman.", "Margarot's signature, along with Hardy's, were present on all the early publications by the London Corresponding Society, and this continued for several years.", "The publications called for fiscal and electoral reform as well as shorter parliaments.", "In November 1793, Margarot and Joseph Gerrald were chosen to attend the Edinburgh Convention organized by the Friends of the People Society - ostensibly a meeting for reformers, but seen as a threat and an attempt to establish an illegal government by William Pitt the Younger's ministry at the time.", "Margarot and Gerrald stood out during the debate and authorities selected them to be charged with sedition.", "Trial and transportation\n\nIn December 1793, Margarot was arrested and charged with involvement in seditious practices.", "The trial overseen by Thomas Elder in his capacity as Chief Magistrate of Edinburgh in January 1794 was notable due to mob demonstrations in Margarot's favor.", "At his trial, Margarot defended himself with a speech described by the judge, Lord Braxfield, as itself being \"sedition\".", "He was found guilty, and along with four other radicals (later known as the \"Scottish Martyrs to Liberty\") was transported to New South Wales in May 1794 in the convict ship Surprize.", "Margarot was joined by his wife, but almost immediately a controversial and still mysterious set of events overtook the prisoners.", "Late in the voyage, Captain Patrick Campbell of the Surprize claimed to have been informed of a plan for mutiny and locked up several of the prisoners he was carrying, including Thomas Fyshe Palmer and William Skirving.", "The source for this claim was information provided by this ships' superintendent of convicts William Baker, a British loyalist who had taken a strong dislike to the four Scotsmen.", "Margarot was not locked up, and in his Narrative of the Sufferings of T.F.", "Palmer and William Skirving (1794) Palmer claimed that Margarot was in league with Campbell.", "No hearings were held, however, when the Surprize reached New South Wales later in the year.", "In New South Wales\n\nUpon arriving in Sydney, Margarot at once demanded his freedom from Lieutenant-Governor Francis Grose (British Army officer).", "Maurice maintained that the process of transportation should discharge his sentence.", "His request was denied and although he had to remain in the colony, he was not liable for compulsory labour.", "As a political prisoner, Margarot enjoyed more freedom than other convicts and with his wife started a small farm.", "In letters to Colonial Office and friends he criticized the officers' power in New South Wales and urged the British government to re-evaluate it.", "He was mentioned in a report of rebellion in September and October 1800 due to multiple claims of sedition.", "Margarot fell into further trouble with authorities, for example, claiming at several points to have been appointed by the British government to report on the mis-governance of the young penal colony.", "His home became a center for seditious events that included radical convicts and the Society of United Irishmen.", "Months later, Governor Philip Gidley King seized Margarot's papers, which contained republican sentiments, evidence of conspiracy with the Irish, and a forewarning of Australia succeeding America as a chief power in the world.", "His most notable run-in was in 1804, when he was suspected of involvement in the Castle Hill Rebellion run by the United Irishmen.", "Shortly after this, he was briefly sent to hard labor at the Newcastle, New South Wales settlement.", "He arrived early in 1806.", "The following years until his return to England in 1810 are blank.", "Later life and death\nFollowing his and his wife's return to England, Margarot served as a witness in Parliamentary hearings concerning mis-governance and corruption in New South Wales (such as that which led to the Rum Rebellion), and his own sentence that he claimed was unjust in length.", "He stood witness before the 1812 parliamentary committee on transportation, where he continued his pursuit against the officers from New South Wales.", "He published two pamphlets upon his return to England that marked his return to an interest in British politics.", "The pamphlets are Thoughts on Revolution (Harlow, 1812) and Proposal for a Grand National Jubilee (Sheffield, nd).", "Both put forward old radical themes as well as how desirable it would be to base an economy on a local farmer and to restrict commerce to a minimum.", "He died in December 1815 in extreme poverty, and under continued government suspicion as a pro-French radical.", "By that time, many domestic British radicals also held Margarot in suspicion, primarily because of Palmer's accusations concerning the mutiny.", "He was buried in Old St. Pancras Churchyard in London.", "His name is listed on Burdett Coutts memorial there amongst the interments with no marker.", "Reputation\nIn the early years of the Chartist movement, Francis Place and others (including, earlier, Thomas Hardy) sought to rehabilitate Margarot's reputation, as plans went forwards for monuments to the martyrs in Edinburgh, and in London.", "The monuments stand today at the Old Calton Burial Ground, on Calton Hill, Edinburgh, and in Nunhead Cemetery, London.", "The commemoration of the sacrifices made by Scottish Martyrs became a key touchstone of Chartist publicity.", "See also\nList of convicts transported to Australia\n\nReferences\n\nSee also\n\n1745 births\n1815 deaths\nEnglish activists\nPeople from Devon\nConvicts transported to Australia" ]

[ "One of the founding members of the London Corresponding Society was Maurice Margarot.", "Maurice and his wife Catherine were the son and daughter of a wine and general merchant.", "He was born in 1745 and lived most of his childhood in London, but his father's work caused the family to travel a lot and he was christened in Portugal on August 27th, 1749 at the British Factory Chaplaincy.", "He and his father were involved in the campaign to free John Wilkes.", "His father was involved in business and politics.", "During the French Revolution, Margarot had acquaintances with some of the leaders.", "He returned to England after the revolution in France and joined the London Corresponding Society to further the cause of reform.", "In May 1792, the society elected Margarot as its chairman.", "All the early publications by the London Corresponding Society had the signature of Margarot along with that of Hardy.", "Fiscal and electoral reform as well as shorter parliaments were called for by the publications.", "The Edinburgh Convention organized by the Friends of the People Society in November 1793 was seen as a threat and an attempt to establish an illegal government by William Pitt the Younger's ministry.", "Authorities charged Margarot and Gerrald with sedition after they stood out during the debate.", "In December 1793, Margarot was arrested and charged with involvement in seditious practices.", "The trial overseen by Thomas Elder in his capacity as Chief Magistrate of Edinburgh in January 1794 was notable due to mob demonstrations in Margarot's favor.", "At his trial, the judge described Margarot's speech as \"sedition\".", "After being found guilty, he and four other radicals were taken to New South Wales in a convict ship.", "A controversial and still mysterious set of events overtook the prisoners after Margarot was joined by his wife.", "Captain Patrick Campbell locked up several of the prisoners he was carrying, including Thomas Fyshe Palmer and William Skirving, because he claimed to have been informed of a plan for mutiny.", "The source of this claim was the information provided by William Baker, a British loyalist who had taken a strong dislike to the four Scotsmen.", "In his Narrative of the Sufferings of T.F., Margarot was not locked up.", "According to Palmer and William Skirving, Campbell was in league with Margarot.", "There were no hearings when the surprize reached New South Wales.", "After arriving in New South Wales, Margarot demanded his freedom from Lieutenant-Governor Francis Grose.", "The process of transportation should discharge Maurice's sentence.", "Although he had to remain in the colony, he was not liable for compulsory labour.", "As a political prisoner, Margarot enjoyed more freedom than other convicts and he and his wife started a small farm.", "He criticized the officers' power in New South Wales and urged the British government to reexamine it.", "He was mentioned in a report of rebellion in September and October of 1800.", "Margarot claimed to have been appointed by the British government to report on the mis-governance of the young penal colony.", "His home became a center for seditious events, including radical convicts and the Society of United Irishmen.", "Governor Philip Gidley King seized Margarot's papers, which contained republican sentiment, evidence of a conspiracy with the Irish, and a forewarning of Australia succeeding America as a chief power in the world.", "He was suspected of being involved in the Castle Hill Rebellion, which was run by the United Irishmen.", "He was sent to hard labor at the New South Wales settlement.", "He arrived early in the 18th century.", "The years after his return to England are blank.", "After his and his wife's return to England, Margarot served as a witness in Parliamentary hearings concerning mis-governance and corruption in New South Wales, and his own sentence that he claimed was unjust in length.", "He was a witness before the parliamentary committee on transportation in 1812.", "He returned to an interest in British politics after publishing two pamphlets.", "There are two pamphlets, Thoughts on Revolution and Proposal for a Grand National Jubilee.", "The old radical themes as well as how desirable it would be to restrict commerce to a minimum were put forward by both.", "He died in extreme poverty and was suspected of being a pro-French radical.", "British radicals held Margarot in suspicion because of Palmer's accusations about the mutiny.", "He was buried in London.", "There is no marker on the Burdett Coutts memorial where his name is listed.", "In the early years of the Chartist movement, Francis Place and others sought to rehabilitate Margarot's reputation, as plans went forward for monuments to the martyrs in Edinburgh and London.", "There are monuments at the Old Calton Burial Ground in Edinburgh and Nunhead Cemetery in London.", "The commemoration of the sacrifice made by Scottish Martyrs became a key focus of Chartist publicity.", "Also see the list of convicts transported to Australia." ]

[ "Maurice Margarot", "Maurice Margarot", "Maurice", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Maurice", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Margarot" ]

[ "Maurice Margarot", "Maurice", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Maurice", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Margarot", "Margarot" ]

[ "María García Granados y Saborío (1860 – May 10, 1878), also known as La Niña de Guatemala (\"The Girl of Guatemala\"), was a Guatemalan socialite, daughter of General Miguel García Granados, who was President of Guatemala from 1871 to 1873 and whose house served as a gathering for the top artists and writers of the time.", "María was also niece and granddaughter of María Josefa García Granados, an influential poet and journalist of the time.", "When Cuban poet and patriot José Martí came to Guatemala in 1877, he was invited to General Garcia Granados gatherings and fell in love with Maria there, but could not act on this love because he was already engaged to marry Ms. Carmen Zayas Bazán.", "María died in 1878, shortly after learning that Martí had married, and he immortalized her in his 1891 poem La Niña de Guatemala.", "History \n \n\nMartí came to Guatemala at age 24 from Mexico, where he had professional success as a journalist and writer and had reunited with his family after his deportation from Spanish Cuba (1871–1875).", "In Guatemala he met the dramatic actress Eloisa Agüero and eventually got engaged to his future wife, Carmen.", "Actually, Martí arrived to Central America after becoming disappointed with the authoritarian Mexican rule of Porfirio Díaz.", "Upon arriving to Guatemala he wrote a critical view of the inferiority that women had been subject to in that country: in an article entitled 'The new codes \", published in Progreso, on April 22, 1877 he made the following reflection upon request of Joaquin Macal -Secretary of Foreign Affairs of Guatemala at the time-: \"What is the first of the colonial ballasts from the deposed legislation?", "The absolute power that bestial husbands had over the venerable wife; it practically gives husbands parental rights over women.", "The law of heaven, is not capable of knowing the law of land?\"", "So he focused on the Guatemalan ladies' walking indolent, glances caste, dressed as women of the village, with braids lying on the mantle, they call shawl; hand counting idle floating mantle tips infant joys or sorrows of his first mistress'; and when found Maria -more cosmopolitan and illustrated- he was immediately infatuated with her.", "It appears that María was not the standard shy and vulnerable Guatemalan girl: Guatemalan publications of the time talk about her relatively active participation as a musician and singer outside her home, in public artistic activities organized by societies and institutions where she coincided with Martí.", "Apparently she was a very popular youth within the city's high society of the time; María was then the footsteps of her aunt and grandmother Maria Josefa, who had died in 1848 and had been a superb poet and journalist, very influential in the Conservative governments of Guatemala.", "Martí was known in Guatemala as \"Doctor Torrente\" due to his great speaking ability and charisma and also taught María at the Central American Academy for Girls June 1877, months after his arrival in this Central American nation in March 1877.", "Here are some descriptions of Maria Garcia Granados:\n\n MB Martínez: \"She was a young interesting.", "I took Martí to a costume ball, that occurred in the García Granados household, two days after [first] arriving to Guatemala; we were both standing in one of the beautiful lounges, watching couples parade [when we saw coming] arm in arm two ladies sisters.", "Martí then asked me: \"Who's that girl dressed like an Egyptian?\"", "\"It is Maria, daughter of General\" [I said].", "Then, I galantly stopped her and introduced her to my friend and countryman Martí, and electrical sparks ignited \" \n José María Izaguirre:\" She was tall, slender and graceful: her hair was black as ebony, rich, crisp and smooth as silk; her face -without being supremely beautiful- was sweet and friendly; her deep black and melancholic eyes, veiled by long lashes, revealed an exquisite sensitivity.", "Her voice was gentle and harmonious, and their ways so gentle, it was not possible to treat her without falling in love for her.", "She also played piano admirably, and when her hand slipped with abandonment by the keyboard, she poured out notes that seemed out of her soul and impress her listeners' José María Izaguirre, a Cuban who lived in Guatemala at the time was principal of the then highly prestigious Central National High School for Boys and had appointed Marti as professor of literature and composition exercises.", "Besides dealing with teaching activities, Izaguirre, organized artistic and literary evenings which Martí attended frequently.It was there where he met Maria on April 21, 1877: then a gracious teenager, seven years younger than him.", "Her father, General Miguel García Granados had been president a few years ago and enjoyed great prestige in the Guatemalan society during Barrios government; soon he became friends with the Cuban immigrant and often invited him home to play chess.", "In late 1877, Martí went to Mexico and returned until early next year, already married to Carmen.", "What happened after his marriage and return has been commented at length by those who witnessed the incident and by generations of Guatemalan and Cuban intellectuals afterwards.", "Death and legend \n\nOn May 10, 1878 María García Granados y Saborio died, which would lead to a sad tale inspired by the frustrated love between the Cuban poet and national hero José Martí and her.", "Martí left his sadness reflected in the 'poem IX' of his Versos sencillos, which is titled La Niña de Guatemala.", "In addition to the verses of Martí, other documentation that partially clarify the episode include: \n Two other poems, which Martí devoted to María before her death \n Some evidence of common friends \n A small message that María sent to the Cuban when he returned married from Mexico \n A letter to his friend Manuel Mercado in which Marti painfully remembered María.", "A character in Marti's only novel.", "Guatemala, 1877\n \n\nBy the time Martí managed to publish Versos sencillos in 1891, Carmen had left and took their son with her after a visit in New York City; Carmen sailed for Havana in secret, for which he requested the cooperation of the Spanish authorities, producing an irreversible separation and the final estrangement from his son.", "Martí then wrote to a friend: \"And to think I sacrificed poor thing, María, for Carmen, who has climbed the stairs of the Spanish consulate to beg for protection from me.\".", "Marti hinted in his Poema IX something more sinister than death from sadness: allegorically, he implies the suicide of the rejected lover:\n\n Poem IX\n\nThe legend originated as a result of a straight interpretation of the poem.", "Although it persists, there is no documented evidence of sufficient weight able to prove that María García Granados attempted against her own life or even died product of a depressive psychological state.", "An interview with a descendant of the García Granados family, sheds light on the family version -transmitted by oral tradition- that says that María, although with a cold, agreed to go swimming with her cousin, which was usual for them, perhaps to distract herself from the sadness in which she was plunged after the return of Martí.", "After the ride, María's condition worsened and she died from a disease of the airways that she was already suffering.", "Posthumous tribute \n\nAfter her death, several poems appeared in the Guatemalan press as a posthumous tribute, where the authors confess the admiration that she had awakened in them.", "José María Izaguirre, for example, proposed to strengthen the myth of death for love: \"When Martí returned with Carmen he did not return to the general's house, for the feeling was deeply rooted in María's soul, and she was of those that easily forget.", "Her passion was locked in this dilemma: be satisfied, or die.", "Unable to get the first, he had only the second option left.", "Indeed, her nature was declining gradually, a continuous sigh consumed, and despite the care of the family and the efforts of science, after staying a few days in bed without uttering a complaint, her life extinguished like the scent of a lily \".", "In 2013, on occasion of the 160th anniversary of José Martí's birth, the Cuban embassy in Guatemala located the tomb of Maria in the Guatemala City General Cemetery and in a special ceremony with Guatemalan diplomats unveiled a commemorative plaque to the girl Guatemala.", "To that could make this tribute, the Department of Cultural Heritage of Guatemala placed where rested the remains of the girl who fell in love with Cuban hero, and an account of how her remains ended up at Cementerio General was performed as she had initially been buried in the cemetery which was located in the back of the Metropolitan Cathedral, which was closed in 1881 for being in the center of the city, forcing families to move their deceased to the one that was built on the outskirts.", "In the tribute the Cuban ambassador made a comparison between the friendship and love that existed between María and Martí and the friendship among the peoples of Guatemala and Cuba.", "Legends about her grave \n\nAfter she was honoured in 2013, some Guatemala City General Cemetery staff members were interviewed and reported that even before the placement of the plaque, her tomb was one of the most visited in the Cemetery, especially by young Guatemalan ladies asking for her help in matters of love.", "They also reported stories about the apparitions of a sad looking young lady asking that Maria's grave should be decorated with flowers.", "Notes and references\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n1860 births\n1878 deaths\n19th-century Guatemalan people\nPeople from Guatemala City\nBurials in Guatemala" ]

[ "Mara Granados y Saboro, also known as La Nia de Guatemala, was the daughter of a former President of the country.", "Mara was the niece and granddaughter of an influential poet and journalist.", "Even though he fell in love with Maria when he came to Guatemala in 1877, he couldn't marry her because he was already engaged.", "After learning that he had married Mara, he wrote a poem about her.", "After being deported from Spanish Cuba at the age of 18, History Mart came to Guatemala at the age of 24 and went on to have a successful career as a journalist and writer.", "He got engaged to his future wife, Carmen, after meeting the dramatic actress, Eloisa Agero.", "The man arrived to Central America because he was disappointed with the Mexican rule.", "The Secretary of Foreign Affairs requested that he reflect upon an article he wrote when he arrived in Guatemala: \"The new codes\", published in Progreso, on April 22, 1877.", "The power that bestial husbands had over the venerable wife gave them parental rights over women.", "Is the law of heaven capable of knowing the law of land?", "He focused on the Guatemalan ladies' walking indolent, glances caste, dressed as women of the village, with braids lying on the mantle, and when found Maria, he was more cosmopolitan.", "Mara was a musician and singer outside of her home, in public artistic activities organized by societies and institutions, and she was not the typical shy and vulnerable girl.", "Mara was very popular within the city's high society and her aunt and grandmother were very influential in the Conservative governments of the time.", "Mara was taught by Mart at the Central American Academy for Girls in June 1877, months after he arrived in this Central American nation.", "MB Martnez said she was a young interesting.", "Two days after arriving to Guatemala, I took Mart to a costume ball in the Garca Granados household, where we were both standing in one of the beautiful lounges, watching couples parade.", "I was asked \"Who's that girl dressed like an Egyptian?\"", "I said that it was Maria, daughter of General.", "I introduced her to my friend and countryman, José Mara Izaguirre, who was tall, slender and graceful.", "It was not possible to treat her without falling in love with her.", "When she lost her hand on the piano, she poured out notes that seemed out of her soul and impress her audience, which was a Cuban named José Mara Izaguirre.", "The place where he met Maria on April 21, 1877 was where Izaguirre organized artistic and literary evenings.", "During Barrios government, her father was president and enjoyed great prestige in the society, but soon became friends with a Cuban immigrant and invited him home to play chess.", "After marrying Carmen, Mart went to Mexico and came back early next year.", "The aftermath of his marriage and return has been commented upon by those who witnessed it and by generations of Cuban and Guatemalan intellectuals afterwards.", "The sad tale was inspired by the love between the Cuban poet and national hero José Mart and Mara Granados y Saborio, who died on May 10, 1878.", "The 'poem IX' of his Versos sencillos is called La Nia de Guatemala.", "There are two other poems, which Mart devoted to Mara before her death, and a small message that Mara sent to the Cuban when he returned married from Mexico.", "A character in a novel.", "By the time Versos sencillos was published in 1891, Carmen had left and taken their son with her after a visit to New York City, for which she requested the cooperation of the Spanish authorities.", "\"To think I sacrificed poor Mara for Carmen, who has climbed the stairs of the Spanish consulate to beg for protection from me\", wrote Mart in a letter to a friend.", "The legend of the suicide of the rejected lover is based on a straight interpretation of the poem.", "There isn't enough evidence to prove that Mara Granados tried to kill herself or that she died from a mental state.", "An interview with a descendant of the Garca Granados family sheds light on the family version that Mara agreed to go swimming with her cousin even though she had a cold.", "Mara died from a disease of the airways that she was already suffering from after the ride.", "Several poems appeared in the Guatemalan press as a posthumous tribute, where the authors confess their admiration for her.", "The myth of death for love was proposed by José Mara Izaguirre.", "She had a dilemma: be satisfied or die.", "He had only one option left after being unable to get the first.", "Despite the care of the family and the efforts of science, after staying a few days in bed without uttering a complaint, her life ended like the scent of a lilies.", "On the occasion of the 160th anniversary of José Mart's birth, the tomb of Maria was located in the Guatemala City General Cemetery and a plaque was unveiled to the girl.", "The remains of the girl who fell in love with the Cuban hero were placed at Cementerio General and an account of how she ended up there was performed.", "The friendship between Mara and Mart and the friendship between the people of Cuba were compared by the Cuban ambassador in the tribute.", "Her tomb was one of the most visited in the cemetery before the plaque was placed, especially by young ladies asking for her help in matters of love.", "They reported that a sad looking young lady asked that Maria's grave be decorated with flowers.", "There are references to births and deaths in the 19th century." ]

[ "María García Granados y Saborío", "Miguel García Granados", "María", "María Josefa García Granados", "Carmen Zayas Bazán", "María", "María", "María", "María", "García Granado", "José María", "José María", "Miguel García", "Granados", "María García", "Granados", "y Saborio", "María", "María", "María", "María", "María García", "García Granado", "María", "María", "José María", "María", "María" ]

[ "Mara Granados y Saboro", "History Mart", "Mara Granados", "y Saborio" ]

[ "Eduardo Reck Miranda (born 1963) is a Brazilian composer of chamber and electroacoustic pieces but is most notable in the United Kingdom for his scientific research into computer music, particularly in the field of human-machine interfaces where brain waves will replace keyboards and voice commands to permit the disabled to express themselves musically.", "Biography\n\nEarly life\nMiranda was born in Porto Alegre, Brazil.", "As one of the largest cities in Southern Brazil and a cultural, political and economical center, Porto Alegre had significant influence on Miranda's music.", "Education\nIn the early 1990s, Miranda attended the University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS) in Brazil where he received a degree in Data Processing Technology in 1985.", "Miranda then attended the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) where he studied music composition.", "Desiring to learn more about music technology and experience more of the world, Miranda made his way to the United Kingdom, where he started his post-graduate research studies at the University of York.", "At York, he developed an in-depth study into musical composition using cellular automata.", "In 1991, he received his MSc in Music Technology from York.", "After receiving his MSc, Miranda went briefly to Germany to study algorithmic composition at the Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie in Karlsruhe.", "In 1992, Miranda gained admittance to the Faculty of Music of the University of Edinburgh in Scotland where he obtained his PhD in the combined fields of music and artificial intelligence in 1995.", "For his doctoral thesis, he focused on musical knowledge representation, machine learning of music and software sound synthesis.", "Experiences\nAfter receiving his PhD, Miranda worked at the Edinburgh Parallel Computing Centre (EPCC).", "At EPCC, he developed Chaosynth, an innovative granular synthesis software that uses cellular automata to generate complex sound spectra.", "In the mid-1990s, Miranda joined the Department of Music at the University of Glasgow, where he lectured music technology and electroacoustic music composition for a number of years.", "Then he moved to Paris, to take up a research position at Sony Computer Science Laboratory in the late 1990s.", "At Sony, Miranda conducted research aimed at gaining a better understanding of the fundamental cognitive mechanisms employed in sound-based communication systems.", "This research led Miranda to focus on the evolution of the human ability to speak and the role of our musical capacity in the development of spoken languages.", "While at Sony, Miranda filed patents in the field of speech processing and made scientific contributions in the fields of speech synthesis, evolutionary music (computational) and cognitive neural modeling.", "In the early 2000s he was appointed Visiting Professor of Interactive Media Arts at MECAD (School of Media Arts and Design) in Barcelona and Adjunct Associate Professor of Computer Science at the American University of Paris.", "In 2003 Miranda moved to the University of Plymouth in the UK where he presently is a full Professor in Computer Music and Head of the Interdisciplinary Centre for Computer Music Research (ICCMR).", "He is also an active associate member of the Computer Music Lab at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), in his native town of Porto Alegre.", "Musical compositions\nMiranda's musical compositions have been broadcast and performed in a number of concerts and festivals worldwide, including the Festival Latino-Americano de Arte e Cultura (Brasília, 1987), the Encompor (Porto Alegre, 1988–89, 1995), the International Symposium for Electronic Arts (Minneapolis, 1993), the Festival Elektronischer Frühling (Vienna, 1993–94), and the Ciclo Acusmático (Bogotá, 1995).", "His music has won prizes and distinctions in Europe and South America, including awards at the Concours International de Musique Électroacoustique de Bourges (1994), the Concurso de Composição de Londrina (Brazil, 1995) and the Concorso Internazionale Luigi Russolo di Musica Elettroacustica (Italy, 1995, 1998).", "A review of his latest solo CD Mother Tongue, in The Wire magazine, reads, \"These are immensely sophisticated pieces that constitute an electronic global music of convincingly organic simplicity.\"", "Scientific research\nMiranda is an active researcher in the field of Artificial Intelligence in Music.", "He is currently conducting research into neuroscience of music and into simulations of biological natural processes in music origins and evolution.", "Miranda has turned to artificial life models to coax computers into composing music.", "Just as IBM's Deep Blue showed the world a computer can play chess as well as a human master, Miranda aims to demonstrate a computer program able to compose original music.", "So far, neural networks have succeeded in imitating distinct musical styles, but truly original compositions have remained elusive.", "Miranda is tackling this problem with an orchestra of virtual musician agents who interact to compose original music.", "Published works\n\nPrint (language)\n\nPublished books\n Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(1998).", "Computer Sound Synthesis for the Electronic Musician.", "Focal Press, publisher.", "Miranda, Eduardo Reck, editor.", "(1999).", "Música y Nuevas Tecnologias: Perspectivas para le Siglo XXI.", "Publisher: L’Angelot.", "ISBN\n Miranda, Eduardo Reck, editor.", "(2000).", "Readings in Music and Artificial Intelligence.", "Publisher: Routledge.", "Miranda, Eduardo.", "(2001).", "Composing Music with Computers.", "Publisher: Focal Press.", "Miranda, Eduardo.", "(2002).", "Computer Sound Design: Synthesis Techniques and Programming.", "Publisher: Focal Press.", "Second edition.", "Miranda, Eduardo Reck, and Wanderley, Marcelo.", "(2006).", "New Digital Musical Instruments: Control And Interaction Beyond the Keyboard.", "Publisher: A-R Editions, Inc.", "Published book chapters\n(See Computer Music Research publications)\n Miranda, E. R. (2005).", "\"Musique de la Vie Artificiel\", L. Poissant (Ed.", "), Art et Biotechnologies.", "Montreal, Canada: Presses de l'Universite du Quebec.", "Todd, P. and Miranda, E. R. (2005).", "\"Putting some (artificial) life into models of musical creativity\", I. Deliege and G, Wiggins (Eds.", "), Musical creativity: Current research in theory and practice.", "London, UK: Psychology Press.", "(To appear)\n\nPublished research papers\nMiranda's papers have been published by many international journals, including Evolutionary Computation, Brain and Language, Digital Creativity, Contemporary Music Review, Computer Music Journal, Journal of New Music Research, Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, Leonardo, Leonardo Music Journal, and Organized Sound.", "Samples of published journal papers\n Miranda, E. R. (2006).", "\"Artificial Phonology: On Synthesising Disembodied Humanoid Voice for Composing Music with Surreal Languages\", Leonardo Music Journal, 15.", "Miranda, E. R. and Matthias, J.", "(2005).", "\"Granular Sampling using a Pulse-Coupled Network of Spiking Neurons\", In F. Rothlauf et al.", "(Eds.)", "EvoWorkshops 2005, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3449, pp.", "539–544.", "Berlin: Springer-Verlag.", "Miranda, E. R. and Brouse, A.", "(2005).", "\"Interfacing the Brain Directly with Musical Systems: On developing systems for making music with brain signals \", Leonardo, 38(4):331–336.", "Valsamakis, N. and Miranda, E. R. (2005).", "\"Iterative Sound Synthesis by means of Cross-Coupled Digital Oscillators\", Digital Creativity.", "16(2):79–92.", "Miranda, E. R., Roberts, S. and Stokes, M. (2004).", "\"On Generating EEG for Controlling Musical Systems\", Biomedizinische Technik, 49(1):75–76.", "Miranda, E. R. (2004).", "\"At the Crossroads of Evolutionary Computation and Music: Self-Programming Synthesizers, Swarm Orchestras and the Origins of Melody\", Evolutionary Computation, Vol.", "12, No.", "2. pp.", "137–158.", "Miranda, E. R., Kirby, S. and Todd, P. (2003).", "\"On Computational Models of the Evolution of Music: From the Origins of Musical Taste to the Emergence of Grammars\", Contemporary Music Review, Vol.", "22, No.", "3, pp.", "91–111.", "Miranda, E. R., Sharman, K., Kilborn, K., Duncan, A.", "(2003).", "\"On Harnessing the Electroencephalogram for the Musical Braincap\", Computer Music Journal, Vol.", "27, No.", "2, pp.", "80–102.", "Miranda, E. R. (2003).", "\"On the Music of Emergent Behaviour: What can Evolutionary Computation Bring to the Musician?", "\", Leonardo, Vol.", "36, No.", "1, pp.", "55–58.", "Miranda, E. R. (2003).", "\"On the evolution of music in a society of self-taught digital creatures\", Digital Creativity, Vol.", "14, No.", "1, pp.", "29–42.", "Westerman, G. and Miranda, E. R. (2003).", "\"Modelling the Development of Mirror Neurons for Auditory-Motor Integration\", Journal of New Music Research, Vol.", "31, No.", "4, pp.", "367–375.", "Westerman, G. and Miranda, E. R. (2003).", "\"A New Model of Sensorimotor Coupling in the Development of Speech\", Brain and Language, Vol.82, No.2, pp.", "393–400.", "Samples of published conference papers\nMiranda, E. R. and Tikhanoff, V. (2005).", "\"Musical Composition by an Autonomous Robot: An Approach to AIBO Interaction\".", "Proceedings of TAROS 2005 – Towards Autonomous Robotic Systems, London (UK).", "Miranda, E. R. and Brouse, A.", "(2005).", "\"Toward Direct-Computer Musical Interfaces\", Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on New Instruments for Musical Expression (NIME¹05), Vancouver, BC, Canada.", "Miranda, E. R., Brouse, A., Boskamp, B. and Mullaney, H. (2005).", "\"Plymouth Brain-Computer Music Interface Project: Intelligent Assistive Technology for Music-Making\", Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference 2005, Barcelona (Spain).", "Miranda, E. R. and Maia Jr., A.", "(2005).", "\"Granular Synthesis of Sounds Through Markov Chains with Fuzzy Control\", Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference 2005, Barcelona (Spain).", "Miranda, E. R. and Zhang, Q.", "(2005).", "\"Composition As Game Strategy: Making Music by Playing Board Games Against Evolved Artificial Neural Networks\", Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference 2005, Barcelona (Spain).", "Miranda, E. R., Manzolli, J. and Maia Jr, A.", "(2005).", "\"Granular Synthesis of Sounds through Fuzzyfied Markov Chains\", Proceedings of IX National Convention of the Audio Engineering Society, São Paulo (Brazil).", "Alvaro, J. Miranda, E. and Barros, B.", "(2005).", "\"EV Ontology: Multilevel Knowledge Representation and Programming\", Proceedings of the 10th Brazilian Symposium of Musical Computation (SBCM), Belo Horizonte (Brazil).", "Coutinho, E., Miranda, E. R., and da Silva, P. (2005).", "\"Evolving Emotional Behaviour for Expressive Performance of Music\", Proceedings of Intelligent Virtual Agents 2005 (LNCS 3661–0497), Kos (Greece).", "Coutinho, E., Gimenes, M., Martins, J. and Miranda, E. R. (2005).", "\"Computational Musicology: An Artificial Life Approach\", Proceedings of the 2nd Portuguese Workshop on Artificial Life and Evolutionary Algorithms Workshop, Covilhã (Portugal).", "Coutinho, E. Miranda, E. R. and Cangelosi, A.(2005).", "\"Towards a Model for Embodied Emotions\", Proceedings of the Workshop on Affective Computing: Towards Affective Intelligent Systems (AC 2005), Covilhã (Portugal).", "Gimenes, M., Miranda, E. R. and Johnson, C. (2005).", "\"A Memetic Approach to the Evolution of Rhythms in a Society of Software Agents\", Proceedings of the 10th Brazilian Symposium of Musical Computation (SBCM), Belo Horizonte (Brazil)\nGimenes, M., Miranda, E. R. and Johnson, C. (2005).", "\"Towards an intelligent rhythmic generator based on given examples: a memetic approach\", Proceedings of the Digital Music Research Network Summer Conference.", "University of Glasgow, Glasgow, (UK).", "Livingstone, D. and Miranda, E. (2005).", "\"Orb3 Adaptive Interface Design for Real time Sound Synthesis & Diffusion within Socially Mediated Spaces\", Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on New Instruments for Musical Expression (NIME'05), Vancouver, BC, Canada.", "Livingstone, D. and Miranda, E. (2005).", "\"ORB3 – Musical Robots within an Adaptive Social Composition System\" Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference 2005, Barcelona (Spain).", "Miranda, E. R. (2004).", "\"Artificial Life and the Evolution of Music\", Proceedings of International Symposium on Music & Science, Coimbra, Portugal.", "Burraston, D., Edmonds, E., Livingstone, D. and Miranda, E. R. (2004).", "\"Cellular Automata in MIDI based Computer Music\".", "Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference, Miami (USA).", "Livingstone, D. and Miranda, E. R. (2004).", "\"Composition for Ubiquitous Responsive Environments\", Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference, Miami (USA).", "Martins, J. P. M., Pereira, F., Miranda, E. R. and Cardoso, A.", "(2004).", "\"Enhancing Sound Design with Conceptual Blending of Sound Descriptors\", Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Creativity (CC'04) – European Conference on Case-Based Reasoning (ECCBR), Technical Report 142–04, pp.", "243–255, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain).", "Miranda, E. R. (2003).", "\"Musical Applications of Evolutionary Computing: From Sound Design to Evolutionary Musicology\", Proceedings of Colloquium Past, Present and Future of Technology in Music, IPEM – Dept.", "of Musicology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, pp.", "40–53.", "Musical compositions\n\nOrchestral music\n Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(1987).", "Atmos, string orchestra\n Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(1993).", "Entre o Absurdo e o Mistério, small orchestra\n\nChamber music\n Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(1986).", "Parábula, piano, xylophone.", "Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(1987).", "Anátema, flute, oboe, clarinet.", "Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(1989).", "Zenrinbau, berimbau ensemble.", "Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(1989).", "Mônadas, percussion ensemble.", "Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(1996).", "Wee Batucada Scotica, string quartet.", "Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(1996).", "Suíte para Vibrafone, vibraphone.", "Electroacoustic music \n Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(1988).", "Efervescência em 2 Movimentos, tape.", "Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(1989).", "Azteka, tape.", "Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(1991).", "Noises, tape.", "Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(1992).", "The Turning of the Tide, prepared violin, tape.", "Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(1993).", "Gestures, tape.", "Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(1993).", "Deep Resonance, tape.", "Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(1993).", "Ítalo Calvino takes Jorge Borges on a taxi journey in Berlin, tape.", "Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(1994).", "Olivine Trees, tape.", "Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(1991–1995).", "Electroacoustic Sambas I-X, tape.", "Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(1995).", "Goma Arábica, tape.", "Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(1997).", "Requiem per una veu perduda, mezzo-soprano, tape, live electronics.", "Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(1999).", "Grain-Streams, piano, tape, live electronics.", "Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(2001).", "Le Jardin de Jérôme, tape.", "Discography\n Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(1995).", "Olivine Trees.", "(Simpósio Brasileiro de Computação e Música: NUCOM01).", "Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(1996).", "Goma Arábica.", "(Sociedade Brasileira de Música Eletroacústica: SBME01).", "Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(1998).", "Electroacoustic Samba X.", "(OOdiscs: 45).", "Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(1998).", "Requiem per una veu perduda.", "(Organised Sound: 3/3).", "Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(1999).", "Electroacoustic Sambas II-III.", "(IMEB/UNESCO/CIME: LDC 278068/69).", "Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(2000).", "Electroacoustic Samba I.", "(Leonardo Music Journal: 10).", "Miranda, Eduardo Reck (composer).", "(2004).", "Mother Tongue.", "Audio CD.", "Label: Sargasso Records.", "ASIN: B00029LO8G\n\nSee also\n\nAIBO \nAlgorithmic composition\nArtificial intelligence\nArtificial life\nBrain-computer interface\nCanadian Electroacoustic Community\nCellular automata\nChamber music\nComputer music\nContemporary music\nEEG\nElectroacoustic music\nElectroencephalophone\nElectronic music\nEvolutionary computing\nEvolutionary music\nGranular synthesis\nHuman-computer interaction\nCognitive neuroscience of music\nNeural engineering\nNeuroprosthetics\nneuroscience of music\nOrigins of music\nParallel computing\nRobotics\nSound synthesis\nSpeech synthesis\n\nFootnotes and references\n\nExternal links\n\n Faculty homepage\n\n1963 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Rio Grande do Sul\nBrain–computer interfacing\nBrazilian composers\nHuman–computer interaction\nNeural engineering\nNeuroprosthetics\nAcademics of the University of Plymouth\nCellular automatists\nBritish people of Brazilian descent\nBrazilian expatriates in the United Kingdom\nBrazilian people of German descent\nAlumni of the University of Edinburgh\nAlumni of the University of York" ]

[ "In the United Kingdom, Eduardo Reck Miranda is most well known for his research into computer music, where brain waves will replace keyboards and voice commands to allow the disabled to express themselves.", "Miranda was born in Porto Alegre, Brazil.", "Porto Alegre is one of the largest cities in Southern Brazil and is a cultural, political and economical center.", "In 1985 Miranda received a degree in Data Processing Technology from the University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos in Brazil.", "Miranda studied music composition at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul.", "Miranda went to the United Kingdom to learn more about music technology and experience more of the world.", "He studied musical composition using cellular automata at York.", "He received his masters degree in music technology from York in 1991.", "Miranda went to Germany to study at the Zentrum fr Kunst und Medientechnologie.", "In 1992 Miranda was admitted to the Faculty of Music of the University of Edinburgh in Scotland where he obtained his PhD in 1995 in the field of music and artificial intelligence.", "His thesis was about machine learning of music and software sound synthesis.", "Miranda worked at the Edinburgh Parallel Computing Centre after receiving his PhD.", "He developed a software that uses cellular automata to generate sound.", "Miranda lectured about music technology and music composition at the University of Glasgow for a number of years.", "He moved to Paris in the late 1990s to work at the Sony Computer Science Laboratory.", "Miranda conducted research at Sony to gain a better understanding of the cognitive mechanisms used in sound-based communication systems.", "Miranda focused on the evolution of the human ability to speak and the role of our musical capacity in the development of spoken languages.", "Miranda made scientific contributions in the fields of speech synthesis, cognitive neural modeling and evolutionary music while she was at Sony.", "In the early 2000s he was appointed Visiting Professor of Interactive Media Arts at the School of Media Arts and Design in Barcelona and an Associate Professor of Computer Science at the American University of Paris.", "Miranda moved to the University ofPlymouth in the UK in 2003 where he is now a full Professor in Computer Music and Head of the Interdisciplinary Centre for Computer Music Research.", "He is an associate member of the Computer Music Lab at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul.", "Musical compositions Miranda's have been broadcast and performed in a number of concerts and festivals around the world.", "His music has won prizes and distinctions in Europe and South America.", "A review of his latest solo CD Mother Tongue, in The Wire magazine, reads, \"These are immensely sophisticated pieces that constitute an electronic global music of convincingly organic simplicity.\"", "Miranda is an active researcher in the field of Artificial Intelligence.", "He is researching neuroscience of music and simulations of natural processes in music.", "Artificial life models have been used to encourage computers to compose music.", "Miranda wants to demonstrate a computer program that can compose music, just as IBM's Deep Blue showed the world a computer can play chess.", "Neural networks have succeeded in imitating different musical styles, but they have not been able to create original compositions.", "Miranda is using virtual musician agents to create original music.", "The books Miranda and Eduardo Reck have been published.", "The year 1998.", "There is a sound synthesizer for the electronic musician.", "Focal Press is a publisher.", "Eduardo Reck is an editor.", "There was a report in 1999.", "Msica y Nuevas Tecnologias: Perspectivas.", "L'Angelot was the publisher.", "Eduardo Reck is the editor.", "The year 2000.", "There are readings in music and artificial intelligence.", "There is a publisher by the name of Routledge.", "Eduardo Miranda.", "The year 2001.", "Music is being created with computers.", "The publisher is Focal Press.", "Eduardo Miranda.", "There was a report in 2002.", "Synthesis techniques and programming are used in computer sound design.", "The publisher is Focal Press.", "Second edition.", "Miranda, Eduardo Reck, and Wanderley are related.", "They did it in (2006).", "Control and interaction beyond the keyboard are new digital musical instruments.", "The publisher is A-R Editions, Inc.", "There are published book chapters about computer music research.", "L. Poissant wrote \"Musique de la Vie Artificiel\".", "Art and Biotechnologies.", "Presses de l'Universite du Quebec are located in Montreal, Canada.", "Todd, P. and Miranda, E. R.", "I. Deliege and G wrote about putting some artificial life into models of musical creativity.", "Current research in theory and practice of musical creativity.", "The Psychology Press is located in London, UK.", "Miranda's papers have been published in many international journals, including Evolutionary Computation, Brain and Language, Digital Creativity, Contemporary Music Review, Computer Music Journal, Journal of New Music Research, and Organized.", "There are samples of published journal papers.", "\"Artificial phonology: On Synthesising Disembodied Humanoid Voice for Creating Music with Real Languages\" was published in the Leonardo Music Journal.", "J. Miranda, E. R. and 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884", "The year 2005.", "Sampling using a pulse-coupled network of sphinx.", "The article is titled \" (Eds.)", "The lecture notes in computer science were published in 2005.", "541–541.", "Springer-Verlag is in Berlin.", "E. R. and A. Miranda.", "The year 2005.", "Leonardo wrote \"Interfacing the Brain Directly with Musical Systems: On developing systems for making music with brain signals\".", "N. and Miranda collaborated on a project.", "\"Iterative Sound Synthesis by means of Digital Oscillators\", Digital Creativity.", "16 (2):79.", "R., Roberts, S.", "The article \"On Generating EEG for Controlling Musical Systems\" was published in the Biomedizinische Technik.", "E. R. Miranda.", "There are self-programming synthesizer, swarm orchestra and the origin of melody in Evolutionary Computation.", "No. 12", "pp.", "137–158", "R., Kirby, S. and Todd, P.", "Computational models of the evolution of music can be found in the Contemporary Music Review.", "22, No.", "pp.", "91–111.", "R., K., Kilborn, K., Duncan, A.", "There are1-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-6556", "The Computer Music Journal has a piece titled \"On Harnessing the Electroencephalogram for the Musical Braincap\".", "27, No.", "2, pp.", "80–102.", "E. R. Miranda.", "Evolutionary computation can bring to the musician.", "Leonardo, Vol.", "36, No.", "1, pp.", "55–58", "E. R. Miranda.", "\"On the evolution of music in a society of self-taught digital creatures\".", "14, No.", "1, pp.", "29–42.", "Westerman, G. and Miranda, E.R.", "The Journal of New Music Research has a paper titled \"Modelling the Development of Mirror Neurons for Auditory-Motor Integration\".", "31, No.", "4, pp.", "372–373.", "Westerman, G. and Miranda, E.R.", "\"A New Model of Sensorimotor Coupling in the Development of Speech\" was published in Brain and Language.", "393–400", "The conference papers were published in 2005.", "A musical composition by a robot is an approach to interaction.", "The Proceedings of TAROS 2005 were held in London.", "E. R. and A. Miranda.", "The year 2005.", "The 5th International Conference on New Instruments for Musical Expression was held in Canada.", "Miranda, R., Brouse, A., Boskamp, B. and Mullaney, H.", "The \"Plymouth Brain-Computer Music Interface Project: Intelligent Assistive Technology for Music- Making\" was presented at the International Computer Music Conference 2005.", "Miranda, E. R. and Maia Jr.", "The year 2005.", "The International Computer Music Conference 2005 was held in Barcelona, Spain.", "R. and Q.", "The year 2005.", "The International Computer Music Conference was held in Barcelona, Spain.", "Miranda, E. R., Manzolli, J. and Maia Jr, A.", "The year 2005.", "The IX National Convention of the Audio Engineering Society was held in So Paulo, Brazil.", "J. Miranda, E. and Barros are related.", "The year 2005.", "\"EV Ontology: Multilevel Knowledge Representation and Programming\" was presented at the 10th Brazilian Symposium of Musical Computation.", "The authors are Coutinho, Miranda, and da Silva.", "The \"Evolving Emotional Behaviour for Expressive Performance of Music\" was published in 2005.", "E. R., Gimenes, M., Martins, J. and Miranda were authors.", "The 2nd Portuguese Workshop on Artificial Life and Evolutionary Algorithms was held in Covilh, Portugal.", "E. R., E. Miranda, and A.", "The workshop on Affective Computing: Towards Affective Intelligent Systems was held in Covilh, Portugal.", "Gimenes, Miranda, E. R. and Johnson are related.", "\"A Memetic Approach to the Evolution of Rhythms in a Society of Software Agents\" was published in the 10th Brazilian Symposium of Musical Computation.", "\"An intelligent rhythmic generator based on given examples: a memetic approach\" is the title of the Digital Music Research Network Summer Conference.", "The University of Glasgow is located in the UK.", "Livingstone, D. and Miranda, E.", "The 5th International Conference on New Instruments for Musical Expression (NIME'05) was held in Vancouver, BC, Canada.", "Livingstone, D. and Miranda, E.", "The International Computer Music Conference 2005 was held in Barcelona, Spain.", "E. R. Miranda.", "The International Symposium on Music & Science was held in Coimbra, Portugal.", "D., Livingstone, D., and Miranda, E.R. were authors.", "TheCellular Automata is in computer music.", "The International Computer Music Conference was held in Miami.", "Livingstone, D. and Miranda, E.R.", "The International Computer Music Conference was held in Miami.", "M., Pereira, F., Miranda, E. R. and Cardoso, A.", "They did it in 2004.", "\"Enhancing Sound Design with Conceptual Blending of Sound Descriptors\" is part of the workshop on Computational Creativity.", "The Complutense de Madrid is located in Spain.", "E. R. Miranda.", "\"Musical Applications of Evolutionary Computing: From Sound Design to Evolutionary Musicology\" was published in the past.", "There is a monograph on musicology at the University of Ghent in Belgium.", "40–54.", "Musical compositions by Eduardo Reck.", "The year 1987.", "Eduardo Reck is a member of the string orchestra Miranda.", "The year 1993", "Small orchestra Chamber music Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "The year 1986.", "The xylophone is Parbula.", "Eduardo Reck, Miranda.", "The year 1987.", "Antema is a flute, oboe, and clarinet.", "Eduardo Reck, Miranda.", "The year 1989.", "The berimbau ensemble is called Zenrinbau.", "Eduardo Reck, Miranda.", "The year 1989.", "Mnadas is a percussion ensemble.", "Eduardo Reck, Miranda.", "The year 1996.", "The string quartet is called Wee Batucada Scotica.", "Eduardo Reck, Miranda.", "The year 1996.", "Sute para vibrafone.", "Eduardo Reck is a musician.", "The year (1988).", "Afervescncia em 2 Movimentos, tape.", "Eduardo Reck, Miranda.", "The year 1989.", "Azteka, tape.", "Eduardo Reck, Miranda.", "The year 1991.", "Tapes, noises.", "Eduardo Reck, Miranda.", "The year 1992.", "There is a violin, tape, and the turning of the tide.", "Eduardo Reck, Miranda.", "The year 1993", "There are gestures and tape.", "Eduardo Reck, Miranda.", "The year 1993", "Tapes, deep resonance, tape.", "Eduardo Reck, Miranda.", "The year 1993", "talo Calvino takes a man on a taxi ride.", "Eduardo Reck, Miranda.", "The year (1994).", "There are trees with tape.", "Eduardo Reck, Miranda.", "The year 1991.", "The Sambas I-X is a tape.", "Eduardo Reck, Miranda.", "(1995).", "Goma Arbica has tape.", "Eduardo Reck, Miranda.", "The year 1997.", "Live electronics, opera per una veu perduda, opera per una veu perduda, opera per una veu perduda, opera per una veu perduda, opera per una veu perduda, opera per una ve", "Eduardo Reck, Miranda.", "There was a report in 1999.", "Grain-streams, piano, tape, live electronics.", "Eduardo Reck, Miranda.", "The year 2001.", "The Jardin de Jérme has tape.", "Discography Miranda, Eduardo Reck.", "(1995).", "The trees are called olivine.", "Simpsio Brasileiro de Computao e Msica.", "Eduardo Reck, Miranda.", "The year 1996.", "Goma Arbica.", "The Sociedade Brasileira de Msica Eletroacstica is located in Brazil.", "Eduardo Reck, Miranda.", "The year 1998.", "The Samba X has an electronic sound system.", "There are 45 oodiscs.", "Eduardo Reck, Miranda.", "The year 1998.", "The funeral was per una veu perduda.", "3/3 is organised sound.", "Eduardo Reck, Miranda.", "There was a report in 1999.", "The second and third edition of the Electroacoustic Sambas.", "The LDC is under the auspices of theIMEB/UNESCO/CIME.", "Eduardo Reck, Miranda.", "The year 2000.", "There is a sound called the Electroacoustic Samba I.", "The Leonardo Music Journal was published.", "Eduardo Reck is the composer.", "They did it in 2004.", "Mother tongue.", "There is an audio CD.", "There is a label called sargasso records.", "ASIN: B00029LO8G is also known as the Artificial intelligence composition." ]

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[ "Eduardo Reck Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Eduardo Reck", "Eduardo Reck", "Eduardo Reck", "Eduardo Miranda", "Eduardo Miranda", "Miranda", "Eduardo Reck", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", ". Miranda", ". Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", ". Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", ". Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", "Miranda", ". Miranda", "Eduardo Reck", "Eduardo Reck", "Miranda", "Eduardo Reck", "Eduardo Reck", "Eduardo Reck", "Eduardo Reck", "Eduardo Reck", "Eduardo Reck", "Eduardo Reck", "Eduardo Reck", "Eduardo Reck", "Eduardo Reck", "Eduardo Reck", "Eduardo Reck", "Eduardo Reck", "Eduardo Reck", "Eduardo Reck", "Eduardo Reck", "Eduardo Reck", "Eduardo Reck", "Eduardo Reck", "Miranda", "Eduardo Reck", "Eduardo Reck", "Miranda", "Eduardo Reck", "Eduardo Reck", "Eduardo Reck", "Eduardo Reck", "Eduardo Reck" ]

[ "Thomas Knyvett (1596–1658) was an English JP and Royalist during the English Civil War\n\nBiography\n\nThomas Knyvett (III) was born in the early summer of 1596 and soon baptized on 10 June.", "Thomas was born to his father Sir Thomas Knyvett (II), who served as a Member of Parliament for Norfolk in 1593, and his mother Elizabeth, daughter and coheir of Nathaniel Bacon of Stiffkey.", "Sir Thomas II died in September 1605, leaving the nine year old Thomas III as sole heir to his grandfather Sir Thomas Knyvett I's estate.", "Elizabeth's father, Nathaniel Bacon, also had no surviving sons, making Elizabeth coheir to her father's estate, along with the young Thomas III.", "Thomas III matriculated to Emmanuel College, Cambridge as a Fellow-Commoner in November 1612, where he received his B.A.", "two years later in 1614.", "Thomas came into most of his property four year later at the death of his grandfather Sir Thomas I in February 1618, and the younger Thomas spent nearly a decade in various lawsuits over his inheritance.", "After leaving Cambridge, Thomas worked as a lawyer in Norfolk and London, while maintaining his various estates.", "He inherited and kept an extensive library, which several antiquarians utilized over the years, including William Le Neve and John Spelman.", "He met his future wife Katherine Burgh sometime after leaving Cambridge, and the two married on 28 February 1620.", "They had six children together; Elizabeth (1620–1621); Thomas (April – November 1622); John (1623–1673); Thomas (b.", "1625); Nathaniel (d. February 1626); and Muriel (b.", "May 1627).", "Thomas appears as a loving father and husband in his surviving correspondence.", "He referred to all of his children with nicknames - Buss for Elizabeth, Muss for Muriel, Tom for Thomas, and Jack for John.", "Thomas wrote most of his letters while in London or Norwich on business, and he often expressed a longing for his wife, along with affectionate titles, closings and playful teasing.", "Thomas gained several minor bureaucratic positions within the Royal government over the next few decades.", "Knyvett was likely a Groom to Prince Charles in 1624, and intended to follow Charles and the Duke of Buckingham to Spain to aid in negotiating the Spanish Match.", "His trip was stayed in late April 1623, and after the failure of the match, the trip was canceled altogether.", "After Charles I's ascension in 1625, Knyvett was summoned to become a member of the Knights of the Bath.", "The honor would have cost Knyvett over £500, so he refused the honor and attempted to revive his de jure title of the Baron Berners.", "The title had been dormant since his ancestor John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners died in 1533.", "Thomas would maintain his claim to the Barony for several years, but never succeed in obtaining it.", "In 1632, Knyvett received the post of the Porter of the Mint, a post that had been held by his grandfather Sir Thomas.", "Four years later, Thomas is recorded as serving as a Justice of the Peace for the county Norfolk.", "In matters of religion, Thomas was an unremarkable traditionalist.", "During the interlude between the Bishops' Wars, Thomas stated that he went \"to Church now to learn the old way to heaven,\" as opposed to the more radical preaching heard by \"Parliament men.\"", "A few weeks later, Thomas was required by Parliament, as a Justice of the Peace, to present the names of people who refused to receive Communion, then known as recusants.", "Parliament ordered that the recusants be charged and prosecuted for their recusantry at the next Assizes, and Thomas dutifully complied in January 1641.", "Parliament's order was an extension of the Ecclesiastical Canons issued in 1640 by Archbishop Laud and the Convocation of Canterbury that stated that every Bishop send out writs de excommunicato capiendo once a year.", "Bishops and JPs used this writ to punish and fine recusants who had refused to reconcile with the church after an given period of time.", "Sometime after presenting his list of recusants for Norfolk, Thomas and a fellow JP Henry Cogan, petitioned Archbishop Laud, asking for forgiveness for proceeding in the writs before their commissions had been properly issued.", "Thomas' commission was corrected, and he proceeded with what little of the proceedings he could before the outbreak of military hostilities six months later.", "As order deteriorated in the spring of 1641, Thomas was in London reporting on the trial of the Earl of Strafford and the imprisonment of Laud.", "Early stirrings of Thomas' loyalty to the crown come across in his letters, where he sympathizes with Strafford, and remarks that Strafford was a man \"of so unmovable a temper,\" against the \"bad cause\" of his opponents.", "After the outbreak of open warfare between Charles and Parliament, Thomas was a known Royalist sympathizer, and refused a Captain's commission to serve in the Parliamentary forces.", "During the initial years of hostilities, Parliament tried to solidify their occupation of East Anglia.", "One of the leading Colonels in the area, Oliver Cromwell took action to purge Norwich and the surrounding towns of Royalists.", "Cromwell, among others, wrote to the Deputy-Lieutenants for Norfolk that he feared that \"the Papists in Norfolk are solicited to rise presently upon you,\" and proceeded to travel through East Anglia with around one thousand soldiers swept through Norfolk to the ports of Lowestoft and King's Lynn.", "Thomas Knyvett was just unlucky enough to be trying to escape to the Netherlands through Lowestoft.", "The townsmen of Lowestoft also happened to get wind of Cromwell's coming and tried to mount a Royalist resistance against him.", "However, the port fell quickly, with Knyvett inside.", "Knyvett surrendered peacefully, but was taken as a prisoner of war, along with several other Royalist gentlemen.", "Thomas spent the next several months in and out of confinement, ending in prison in Windsor Castle in April 1643.", "By August, Thomas was in London attempting to prevent the seizure of his lands.", "Parliament had passed sequestration ordinances that allowed them to seize the property and estates of convicted Royalists, and the victims had to pay hefty fines to retrieve their estates.", "Thomas succeeded in postponing his hearing while he enlisted the help of friends, and eventually gained a recommendation from the Earl of Manchester, a prominent Parliamentarian General.", "Eventually in August 1644, almost fifteen months since his capture, Thomas' fine was lifted and he was restored to his property.", "Thomas attempted to remain silent and neutral through the remainder of the conflict, though he remained staunchly loyal to the King, stating in 1648 that a publication had to be by Charles I because \"a counterfeit would never have had that power of my passion that this had.", "I wish forty thousand stout well-armed men had however the same sense of it.\"", "Thomas only crops up again twice before he died in 1658.", "In 1655, he had a spat with one of his tenants, Richard Cosen, a Quaker, when Thomas extorted \"a mare and a colt\" from Cosen, which exceeded the debt Cosen owed Thomas.", "Thomas wrote at the time that \"mony I can gyt none\" as his tenants could not afford to pay their rents, and Thomas could not afford to pay the decimation tax.", "The decimation tax was reintroduced in 1655 when Parliament renewed efforts to sequester property from Royalists, and Thomas was again a target in Norfolk.", "Thomas enlisted the help of no one less than the Protector Oliver Cromwell to aid in exempting him from the seizures.", "Thomas claimed that he had no knowledge of the plot in Lowestoft, had never raised arms against Parliament or the Commonwealth, and that he had been discharged in 1644.", "Cromwell attempted to intercede, but to no avail.", "Thomas died two years later in 1658.", "References\n\n1596 births\n1658 deaths\nAlumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge\n5" ]

[ "Thomas Knyvett was an English JP and Royalist during the English Civil War.", "Sir Thomas Knyvett, who served as a Member of Parliament for Norfolk in 1593, is the father of Thomas.", "The nine year old Thomas III is the sole heir to the estate of his grandfather Sir Thomas Knyvett I.", "Elizabeth was heir to her father's estate along with the young Thomas III.", "In November 1612 Thomas III received his B.A. atEmmanuel College, Cambridge.", "In 1614 and two years later.", "The younger Thomas spent a decade in various lawsuits over his inheritance after he came into most of his property four years after his grandfather's death.", "Thomas worked as a lawyer in Norfolk and London after leaving Cambridge.", "Several antiquarians used his library over the years, including William Le Neve and John Spelman.", "After leaving Cambridge, he met his future wife, who he married on February 28, 1620.", "They had six children together, Elizabeth, Thomas, John, and Thomas.", "February 1626; and Nathaniel.", "May 1627).", "In his surviving correspondence, Thomas appears to be a loving father and husband.", "He referred to his children as Buss, Muss, Tom, and Jack.", "Thomas wrote most of his letters while in London orNorwich on business, and he often expressed a longing for his wife, along with affectionate titles, closings and playful teasing.", "Over the next few decades, Thomas gained several minor bureaucratic positions.", "Prince Charles and the Duke of Buckingham were likely to follow Knyvett to Spain to help negotiate the Spanish Match.", "The trip was canceled after the match because it was stayed in late April 1623.", "After Charles I's ascension in 1625, Knyvett was summoned to become a member of the Knights of the Bath.", "The de jure title of the Baron Berners would have cost Knyvett over 500 dollars and he refused the honor.", "John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners died in 1533.", "Thomas never succeeded in getting his claim to the Barony.", "The post of Porter of the Mint was held by Knyvett's grandfather, Sir Thomas.", "In four years, Thomas became a Justice of the Peace for Norfolk.", "Thomas was not a big fan of religion.", "Thomas stated that he went to Church to learn the old way to heaven, as opposed to the more radical preaching heard by \"Parliament men.\"", "The names of people who refused to receive communion were to be presented by Thomas as a Justice of the Peace.", "Parliament ordered that the recusants be charged and prosecuted for their recusantry at the next Assizes, and Thomas dutifully complied in January 1641.", "Parliament's order was an extension of the Ecclesiastical Canons that stated that every Bishop must send out writs de excommunicato once a year.", "This writ was used to fine and punish people who refused to reconcile with the church.", "Sometime after presenting his list of recusants for Norfolk, Thomas and a fellow JP Henry Cogan petitioned Archbishop Laud, asking for forgiveness for proceeding in the writs before their commission had been properly issued.", "After the commission was corrected, Thomas proceeded with less proceedings than he could have before the hostilities began.", "In the spring of 1641, Thomas was in London reporting on the trial of the Earl of Strafford and the imprisonment of Laud.", "Early stirrings of Thomas' loyalty to the crown come across in his letters, where he sympathizes with a man who was against the \"bad cause\" of his opponents.", "Thomas refused a Captain's commission to serve in the Parliamentary forces because he was a Royalist sympathizer.", "Parliament tried to solidify their occupation of East Anglia during the initial years of hostilities.", "Oliver Cromwell, one of the leading Colonels in the area, took action to purge the towns of Royalists.", "Cromwell wrote to the deputy- lieutenants of Norfolk that he feared that the Papists in Norfolk were going to rise and that he was going to travel through East Anglia with around one thousand soldiers to the ports of King's Lynn and Lowestoft.", "Thomas Knyvett was trying to get to the Netherlands through Lowestoft.", "The townsmen of Lowestoft tried to mount a Royalist resistance against Cromwell.", "The port fell quickly with Knyvett inside.", "Knyvett was taken as a prisoner of war after surrendering peacefully.", "After several months in and out of confinement, Thomas was sentenced to prison in Windsor Castle.", "In August, Thomas was in London trying to stop the seizure of his lands.", "The victims of Royalists who were convicted had to pay hefty fines to get their estates back.", "Thomas got a recommendation from the Earl of Manchester, a prominent Parliamentarian General, after postponing his hearing.", "Almost fifteen months after his capture, Thomas' fine was lifted and he was restored to his property.", "Through the rest of the conflict, Thomas remained loyal to the King and stated that a publication had to be by Charles I because \"a counterfeit would never have had that power of my passion that this had.\"", "I would like for forty thousand stout well-armed men to have the same sense of it.", "Before he died in 1658, Thomas only crops up twice.", "In 1655, he had a spat with one of his tenants, Richard Cosen, when Thomas extorted \"a mare and a colt\" from Cosen, which exceeded the debt Cosen owed Thomas.", "Thomas couldn't afford to pay the decimation tax because his tenants couldn't afford to pay their rents.", "Parliament renewed efforts to sequester property from Royalists in 1655, and Thomas was once again a target in Norfolk.", "Oliver Cromwell aided in exempting Thomas from the seizures.", "Thomas claimed that he had never raised arms against Parliament or the Commonwealth and that he had been discharged in 1644.", "To no avail, Cromwell tried to intercede.", "Two years later, Thomas died.", "There were births and deaths of alumni of the college." ]

[ "Thomas Knyvett", "Thomas Knyvett", "Thomas", "Thomas Knyvett", "Thomas II", "Thomas III", "Thomas Knyvett", "Thomas III", "Thomas III", "Thomas", "Thomas I", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Baron Bern", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas Knyvett", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas" ]

[ "Thomas Knyvett", "Thomas Knyvett", "Thomas", "Thomas III", "Thomas Knyvett", "Thomas III", "Thomas III", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Baron Bern", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas Knyvett", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas" ]

[ "General José María Flores (1818, New Spain – 1866) was an officer in the Mexican Army and was a member of la otra banda.", "He was appointed Governor and Comandante General pro tem of Alta California from 1846 to 1847, and defended California against the Americans during the Mexican–American War.", "Mexican–American War\nCaptain José María Flores arrived in California in 1842.", "He was a secretary for Governor Manuel Micheltorena.", "He was a captain in Comandante General José Castro's military army.", "In August, 1846, Castro sent Flores to deliver a message to Stockton stating that Castro was willing to accede to the wishes of the United States.", "Stockton did not recognize Castro's authority and rejected it.", "Castro, seeing no alternative, fled California.", "Governor Pío Pico followed shortly thereafter.", "Flores and other military officers were left behind in Los Angeles.", "Stockton placed Lieutenant Archibald H. Gillespie in charge of Los Angeles.", "Gillespie exerted tyrannical control of the populace.", "Californios, upset by Gillespie's iron grip, assembled a force to retake Los Angeles.", "Captain José María Flores, one of the officers, was chosen to act as comandante general.", "Captain José Antonio Carrillo was made second in command, while Captain Andrés Pico, as comandante de escuadrón, ranked third.", "Battle of Chino\nFlores's troops outnumbered Gillespie's.", "Flores demanded that the Americans leave.", "In September, 1846, Gillespie agreed to leave Los Angeles.", "Gillespie sent for Benjamin Wilson in the San Bernardino area to bring a force of American sympathizers to aid in securing Los Angeles.", "Word reached José del Carmen Lugo that Wilson was looking for Lugo in order to arrest him.", "Lugo put together a Californio militia and went after Wilson.", "The two forces met at the Battle of Chino.", "Afterward Lugo took forty prisoners and turned them over to Flores.", "Flores asked Lugo to join forces with him, but Lugo declined.", "Flores wanted to send the prisoners to Mexico City, but many people opposed the idea.", "Benjamin Wilson sent a message to Gillespie asking him to leave California completely.", "On October 4, 1846, Gillespie left San Pedro.", "A few Chino prisoners were exchanged for Californio prisoners.", "Flores began reclaiming California.", "Flores dispatched Manuel Garfias to retake Santa Barbara.", "Garfias accomplished his mission without a fight.", "Manuel Castro was sent to secure the north.", "He occupied San Luis Obispo.", "Francisco Rico was sent south to retake San Diego.", "He did not make it there, because he was recalled back to Los Angeles.", "Rico sent a few Californios to watch over San Diego and to keep the Americans at bay.", "Flores now had control of California from Santa Luis Obispo to San Diego, but his army had few arms and little ammunition.", "All male inhabitants of Southern California were asked to become soldiers.", "However, only about 200 men were kept in active service.", "On October 6, 1846, 420 Americans, including 203 United States Marines, led by Captain William Mervine landed at San Pedro.", "Flores dispatched José Antonio Carrillo with fifty Californio Lancers to meet the advancing American forces, while remaining regular military forces remained to secure Los Angeles.", "Battle of Dominguez Rancho\nOn October 7, 1846, the American forces advanced to the Spanish adobe buildings of the Dominguez Rancho.", "Flores and some of his troops joined Carrillo's forces, mostly local Californio cattle ranchers, to engage Mervine's forces.", "On October 8 they defeated the marines in a one-hour battle, killing four while suffering zero casualties, and driving the Americans back to San Pedro Bay.", "This was the Battle of Dominguez Rancho, and in history, one of the few times US Marines have ever been defeated in battle.", "This victory was also a high-water mark for the Californios' control of their territory.", "Comandante general\nOn October 26, 1846, Flores called the Departmental Assembly of California into session and reorganized the remaining California government.", "On November 1 Flores became the temporary governor and comandante general.", "On December 3, Francisco Rico and José Antonio Carrillo revolted against Flores.", "Flores was placed under arrest for his alleged scheme against the Chino prisoners and for allegedly stealing war funds.", "Flores decided not to send the Chino prisoners to Mexico City and no evidence was found in regards to the missing funds.", "On December 5 he was restored to power.", "Rico and Carrillo were jailed for the revolt, but released shortly afterward.", "Battle of San Pasqual\nFlores needed help from the national Mexican government.", "He sent Captain Antonio Coronel and a few men to Sonora to get reinforcements.", "En route the men learned of General Stephen W. Kearny’s advance.", "A messenger was sent to Flores.", "Flores sent Andrés Pico to encounter the Americans.", "The Battle of San Pasqual soon followed.", "After the victorious battle, Flores requested that Pico return to Los Angeles, but to leave men in the south to watch the American movements.", "After the battle a few Californios were killed at the Pauma Massacre.", "Flores sent José del Carmen Lugo and his militia to Temecula to avenge the killings.", "The Temecula Massacre soon followed.", "By January 4, 1847, Stockton and Kearny had joined forces (totalling 660 men) and were marching towards the Los Angeles area.", "In the north, John Charles Fremont was advancing with 320 men south towards Los Angeles.", "Flores sent messengers requesting a truce lasting until eventual word from Mexico City about an end to the war.", "It was a delay tactic.", "Stockton refused.", "He requested unconditional surrender.", "He stated that all would be given amnesty except Flores, who would be shot or taken prisoner.", "Battle of Rio San Gabriel\nOn January 8, 1847, Stockton's army encountered Flores's Californios at the Battle of Rio San Gabriel.", "The Americans won a hard-fought battle and Flores regrouped.", "Battle of La Mesa\nOn January 9, 1847, Flores's troops encountered Stockton's forces one last time at the Battle of La Mesa.", "By January 12, Flores's troops offered a flag of truce.", "On January 10, 1847, Flores left Los Angeles and stayed at Los Verdugos.", "He held a final council, in which he decided to leave California.", "He transferred command to Andrés Pico and departed that night, the 11th, for Sonora.", "Before leaving Los Angeles he released all of the prisoners.", "References\n\n \n \n\nCalifornios\nGovernors of Mexican California\nMexican military personnel of the Mexican–American War\nPeople of the Conquest of California\n1818 births\n1866 deaths\n19th-century Mexican people\n19th-century American politicians" ]

[ "A member of la otra banda, General José Mara Flores was an officer in the Mexican Army.", "During the Mexican–American War, he was appointed Governor and Comandante General of Alta California.", "The Mexican–American War Captain arrived in California in 1842.", "He worked for the governor.", "He was a captain in the military.", "Castro sent a message to Flores in August of 1846 stating that he was willing to accept the wishes of the United States.", "Castro's authority was rejected by Stockton.", "Castro fled California because he saw no alternative.", "Governor Po Pico followed.", "Military officers were left behind in Los Angeles.", "The lieutenant was placed in charge of Los Angeles.", "The populace was taken over by Gillespie.", "Californios assembled a force to take back Los Angeles.", "The comandante general was chosen to be Captain José Mara Flores.", "The comandante de escuadrn, Captain Andrés Pico, was ranked third.", "Chino Flores's troops won the battle.", "Flores wanted the Americans to leave.", "In September of 1846, he agreed to leave Los Angeles.", "A force of American sympathizers was sent to the San Bernardino area to aid in securing Los Angeles.", "Wilson was looking for Lugo in order to arrest him.", "The Californio militia was put together by Lugo.", "At the Battle of Chino, the two forces met.", "Forty prisoners were taken by Lugo and turned over to Flores.", "Flores asked Lugo to join him, but he didn't.", "Many people opposed the idea of Flores sending the prisoners to Mexico City.", "Benjamin Wilson sent a message asking him to leave California.", "On October 4, 1846, he left San Pedro.", "Californio prisoners were exchanged for a few Chino prisoners.", "Flores reclaimed California.", "Flores sent Garfias to take back Santa Barbara.", "Without a fight, Garfias accomplished his mission.", "Castro was sent to protect the north.", "He was in San Luis Obispo.", "Francisco Rico was sent to take back San Diego.", "He was recalled back to Los Angeles.", "Rico sent Californios to watch over San Diego to keep the Americans at bay.", "Flores had control of California from Santa Luis Obispo to San Diego, but his army had little weaponry.", "The men of Southern California were asked to join the military.", "About 200 men were in active service.", "The United States Marines led by Captain William Mervine landed at San Pedro.", "While regular military forces remained in Los Angeles, Flores dispatched José Antonio Carrillo with fifty Californio Lancers to meet the American forces.", "On October 7, 1846, the American forces advanced to the Spanish adobe buildings of the Dominguez Rancho.", "Mervine's forces were engaged in a fight with Flores and some of his troops.", "Four marines were killed in a one-hour battle on October 8 and the Americans were driven back to San Pedro Bay.", "One of the few times the US Marines have ever been defeated in battle was in the Battle of Dominguez Rancho.", "The Californios' control of their territory was marked by this victory.", "The Departmental Assembly of California was reorganized on October 26, 1846.", "Flores became the comandante general on November 1.", "The two men revolted against Flores on December 3.", "Flores was accused of stealing war funds and was placed under arrest.", "There was no evidence of missing funds when Flores decided not to send the Chino prisoners to Mexico City.", "He was restored to power on December 5.", "Rico and Carrillo were released after being jailed for the revolt.", "The national Mexican government helped with the Battle of San Pasqual Flores.", "Captain Antonio Coronel was sent to Sonora to get reinforcements.", "The men learned of Kearny's advance.", "A person was sent to Flores.", "Flores sent Pico to meet the Americans.", "The Battle of San Pasqual took place.", "Pico was asked to return to Los Angeles but to leave men in the south to watch the Americans.", "The Pauma massacre resulted in the deaths of a few Californios.", "The killings were avenged by Flores and his militia.", "The massacre in Temecula followed.", "By January 4, 1847, Stockton and Kearny had joined forces and were marching towards the Los Angeles area.", "In the north, John Charles Fremont was moving towards Los Angeles.", "Flores requested a truce until Mexico City told him about an end to the war.", "It was a delay tactic.", "The person refused.", "He asked for a complete surrender.", "The only person who would be shot or taken prisoner would be Flores.", "The Battle of Rio San Gabriel took place on January 8, 1847.", "The Americans won the battle and Flores regrouped.", "The Battle of La Mesa took place on January 9, 1847, and was the last time Flores's troops faced off against Stockton's forces.", "The flag of truce was offered by Flores's troops.", "On January 10, 1847, Flores left Los Angeles and stayed at Los Verdugos.", "He decided to leave California after holding a final council.", "He left that night, the 11th, to go to Sonora.", "All of the prisoners were released before he left Los Angeles.", "Californios Governors of Mexican California Mexican military personnel of the Mexican–American War People of the Conquest of California." ]

[ "José María Flores", "José María Flores", "José Castro", "Flores", "Flores", "José María", "Flores", "José Antonio", "Flores", "José del", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "José Antonio", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "José Antonio", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "José del", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores" ]

[ "José Mara Flores", "Flores", "José Mara", "Florescu", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "José Antonio", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores", "Flores" ]

[ "Geoffrey D. Lehmann (12 January 1904 – 15 April 1994) was a religious and medical missionary founded and built the Herbertpur Christian Hospital along with his wife Monica Lehmann, in the Herbertpur village, located in the Doon Valley in India in 1936.", "The hospital is now operated as the EHA Herbertpur Christian Hospital and includes the nursing school.", "The aim of his mission was to spread the Christian faith among a largely Hindu and Muslim population in Herbertpur and surrounding areas as well as to provide medical care and treatment at extremely cheap or no cost to the villagers.", "Lehmann was born in 1904 in London and attended prep school as a child.", "He later trained as an engineer from Oxford University, after which he pursued medicine from the same university.", "Lehmann specialized in ophthalmology and tropical medicine, but carried out a wide range of surgical and consultation treatments in the Herbertpur Hospital.", "He also served as the Chairman of Board of Governors at Wynberg Allen School.", "Early Life \nLehmann was born on 12 January 1904 near the Alexandra Palace in London, England.", "His family resided on a farm near Sherwood in Nottinghamshire, where they raised chickens, ducks, turkeys, cows and more animals.", "As a child, Lehmann's parents tried to raise him with wholesome experiences, as he enjoyed many different past-times such as: watching the Queen's servants on the royal grounds, enjoying nature, and watching the family's chauffeur turn on their steam engines.", "Growing up, Lehmann was a member of England's Children's Special Service Mission, a youth evangelism group also referred to as CSSM.", "Lehmann took interest in the missionaries who frequented his childhood home.", "However, after a bad encounter with a Scandinavian worker, Lehmann decided that he no longer want to be a missionary.", "As a young boy, Lehmann believed in the Christian doctrine, but he did not like that parents tend to over-shelter their children from the world.", "Education \nLehmann attended the Plymouth Brethren Primary School, a prep school which was operated by strict adherent of the Plymouth Brethren.", "Lehmann was sufficiently exposed to Christian teachings as part of his primary education.", "He trained as an engineer in the Oxford University and graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in civil and mechanical engineering.", "He then trained in medicine from Liverpool University Medical School and travelled to the US to intern at the Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital to study with Dr. Chester Mayo.", "Lehmann practiced corneal grafting at Boston Hospital before returning to Liverpool to study tropical medicine.", "Personal life \nAs the age of twelve, Lehmann met Monica Allen while on a holiday.", "They had become good friends, but Lehmann initially had no thought of marrying Monica, as she wanted to one day return to India as a missionary.", "When finishing up his doctorate education in engineering, Lehmann felt a sudden need of a spiritual refresher.", "He decided to attend the Keswick convention, where the speakers discussed the global need for medical missionaries.", "At the time, Lehmann felt like God was speaking to him and that this was his calling.", "When Lehmann came to this realization, he realized that he and Monica must have been destined to be with each other, as Monica dreamed of being a missionary from a young age.", "Lehmann and Monica had three daughters and one son.", "Their first child, Priscilla Ruth, was born in Kachhwa.", "Petronella Anna was born in March 1937, Donald in May 1940, and Susana Joan in December 1946.", "At a young age, both Priscilla and Petrinilla were sent to London as there were no school in Herbertpur to educate them.", "Missionary work \nOn their arrival in India, Dr. Lehmann and his wife first worked in a hospital in Kachhwa.", "Lehmann worked in Kacchwa for 18 months where his daily routine included operations in the mornings and afternoon with routine check-ups in between and language study in the evening.", "In Kachhwa, the Lehmanns distributed Christian literature for a small fee.", "The Lehmanns established the Herbertpur Hospital in November 1936, in Herbertpur village, 25 miles away from Dehradun.", "The hospital became popular amongst locals in a short period of time and was visited by over 2000 people daily shortly after its opening.", "The hospital was mainly visited by low-income people from backward classes but catered to people from all socio-economic classes including Brahmins, farmers and merchants.", "By 1937, the Lehmanns built a larger building for the hospital and treated nearly 3000 patients a day along with their staff.", "During the second world war, the hospital was closed for nearly a year due to limitation of staff and because Dr. Lehmann was himself asked to serve in the war front.", "The hospital reopened in 1954, with two operating theaters, special eye wards, male and female general wards, midwifery and tuberculosis block and private rooms.", "Dr. Lehmann carried out treatments as complex as cataract removal surgery, appendectomy, and blood infection treatments at the Herbertpur Hospital.", "In addition to medical services, the hospital also exposed to patients to Christianity during their stay in the hospital.", "Gospel service was carried out daily in the hospital yard by the hospital's evangelist, Mr.", "Mall.", "Lehmann also often included himself in the service for he felt that his involvement would mean a lot to the patients and would help in strengthening their beliefs.", "Dr. Lehmann along with his wife also established a number of schools in the region.", "These also served as establishments for congregation.", "Dr. Lehmann also worked with the Evangelical Alliance Mission and served as the chairman on board of governors for the Wynberg Allen School.", "This school provided education to children form displaced Tibetan families living in the Himalayan valley.", "Opposition \nThroughout his time in India, Lehmann faced opposition for trying to convert Indians to Christianity.", "In general, there was a lack of enthusiasm about Christianity—even from local Christians—as Indians did not like talking about the crucifixion.", "From time to time, the hospital and the school were able to influence locals to convert, however, when the villagers would return to their home, some inevitable turned away from Christianity due to the local opposition and resistance.", "Multiple parties pressured missionaries in India, such as the Arya Samahajhists, one of the more violent group of protesters.", "At one point, even the District Magistrate told Lehmann that they would close down his hospital if he continued to preach about Christianity, as he was considered to be taking advantage of those who needed medical help.", "Despite the opposition, Lehmann continued to preach and distributed Christian literature and films to connect with the people.", "Most medical evangelists gave full attention to their medical work and left missionary work for the local evangelists.", "However, Lehmann believed that paying attention to people's souls was just as important as healing them physically, and took a liking to the title \"Missionary Medic.\"", "Legacy \nThe Herbertpur Hospital became a member of the Emmanuel Hospital Association (EHA) in 1973 and continues to serve patients across the Doon valley to this day.", "The Lehmanns established the Herbertpur Trust to encourage national evangelism programs.", "Dr. Geoffrey Lehmann's life and work were the subject of The Himalayan Heartbeat, a book written by Ken Anderson, which was published in 1965.", "References \n\n1904 births\n1994 deaths\nChristian medical missionaries\nChristian missionaries in India\n20th-century English medical doctors\nAlumni of the University of Oxford\nEnglish Christian missionaries" ]

[ "The Herbertpur Christian Hospital was built in the Doon Valley of India in 1936 by the religious and medical missionary, and his wife, Monica.", "The nursing school is included in the EHA Herbertpur Christian Hospital.", "The aim of his mission was to spread the Christian faith among a largely Hindu and Muslim population in Herbertpur and surrounding areas as well as to provide medical care and treatment at extremely cheap or no cost to the villagers.", "He attended prep school when he was a child.", "He pursued medicine at the same university where he trained as an engineer.", "In the Herbertpur Hospital, Lehmann carried out a wide range of surgical and consultation treatments.", "He was the Chairman of the Board of Governors at Wynberg Allen School.", "On January 12 1904, Early Life Lehmann was born in London, England.", "He and his family lived on a farm with chickens, ducks, turkeys, cows and more animals.", "As a child, his parents tried to raise him with wholesome experiences, such as watching the Queen's servants on the royal grounds, enjoying nature, and watching the family's chauffeur turn on their steam engines.", "He was a member of the England's Children's Special Service Mission.", "The missionaries frequented his childhood home.", "He decided that he no longer wanted to be a missionary after a bad encounter with a worker.", "As a young boy, he believed in the Christian doctrine, but he didn't like the way parents hid their children from the world.", "The prep school that Education Lehmann attended was operated by the strict adherent of thePlymouth Brethren.", "As part of his primary education, Lehmann was exposed to Christian teachings.", "He graduated from the Oxford University with a Bachelor of Science degree in civil and mechanical engineering.", "He went to the US to intern at the Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital to study medicine with Dr. Chester Mayo.", "After practicing at Boston Hospital, he returned to study tropical medicine.", "Monica Allen and Lehmann met while on a holiday.", "They had become good friends, but as Monica wanted to return to India as a missionary, Lehmann initially had no thought of marrying her.", "After finishing up his engineering degree, he needed a spiritual refresh.", "The speakers at the Keswick convention talked about the need for medical missionaries.", "At the time, he felt like God was speaking to him.", "As Monica dreamed of being a missionary at a young age, he realized that he and Monica were destined to be with each other.", "Monica had five children, three daughters and one son.", "Their first child was born in Kachhwa.", "Donald was born in May 1940, Petronella Anna was born in March 1937, and Susana Joan was born in December 1946.", "There wasn't a school in Herbertpur at the time, so the two girls were sent to London at a young age.", "After arriving in India, Dr. Lehmann and his wife worked in a hospital.", "In Kacchwa, he worked for 18 months where his daily routine included operations in the morning and afternoon and routine check-ups in the evening.", "The Lehmanns gave out Christian literature for a small fee.", "25 miles away from Dehradun, the Herbertpur Hospital was established in 1936.", "The hospital became popular with locals in a short period of time and was visited by over 2000 people daily.", "The hospital caters to people from all socio-economic classes, including Brahmins, farmers and merchants.", "The hospital was built in 1937 and treated over 3000 patients a day.", "Due to the limitation of staff, the hospital was closed for nearly a year during the second world war.", "The hospital had two operating theaters, special eye wards, male and female general wards, and a block of private rooms.", "Cataract removal surgery, appendectomy, and blood infections were some of the treatments carried out by Dr. Lehmann at the Herbertpur Hospital.", "During their stay in the hospital, patients were exposed to Christianity.", "The hospital's Evangelist, Mr., carried out the service in the hospital yard.", "There is a mall.", "He included himself in the service because he felt that his involvement would mean a lot to the patients and help strengthen their beliefs.", "A number of schools were established by Dr. Lehmann and his wife.", "These were establishments for the congregation.", "Dr. Lehmann was on the board of governors for the Wynberg Allen School.", "The displaced Tibetan families live in the Himalayan valley.", "During his time in India, he faced opposition for trying to convert Indians to Christianity.", "Indians did not like talking about the crucifixion and there was a lack of enthusiasm about Christianity.", "In the past, the hospital and the school were able to get locals to convert, however, when the villagers came back to their home, they turned away from Christianity due to the local opposition and resistance.", "One of the more violent groups of protesters in India was pressured by multiple parties.", "As he was considered to be taking advantage of those who needed medical help, the District Magistrate threatened to close the hospital if he continued to preach about Christianity.", "Christian literature and films were distributed to connect with the people despite the opposition.", "Most medical missionaries gave their full attention to their medical work and left missionary work for the locals.", "He liked the title \"Missionary Medic\" because he believed paying attention to people's souls was just as important as healing them physically.", "The Herbertpur Hospital became a member of the EHA in 1973, and continues to serve patients in the Doon valley.", "The Herbertpur Trust was established by the Lehmanns.", "The Himalayan Heartbeat, a book written by Ken Anderson, was about the life and work of Dr.", "There were Christian missionaries in India in the 20th century." ]

[ "Geoffrey D", ". Lehmann", "Monica Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Donald", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", ". Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Geoffrey Lehmann" ]

[ "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Education Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Donald", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann", "Lehmann" ]

[ "Edward Sedgwick (November 7, 1889 – March 7, 1953) was an American film director, writer, actor and producer.", "Early life\nHe was born in Galveston, Texas, the son of Edward Sedgwick, Sr. and Josephine Walker, both stage actors.", "At the age of four, young Edward Sedgwick joined his show business family in what was then the Sedgwick Comedy Company, a vaudeville act, doing a \"singing speciality\".", "He played child parts and did vaudeville acts until he was seven, when he was given his first comedy part, that of an Irish immigrant, in a comedy written by his father called Just Over.", "During this time, he was only on stage during the summer months.", "In winter his father took him back to Galveston and sent him to school.", "He graduated from St. Mary's University of Galveston, and was then sent to the Peacock Military Academy in San Antonio, from which he graduated with the rank of first lieutenant.", "After graduation, he seriously contemplated a military life but the lure of the stage proved stronger and so he rejoined his father's company, now known as \"The Five Sedgwicks.\"", "The troupe consisted of his parents, himself and his two sisters.", "Forced to close the act through the father's illness, Sedgwick went into musical comedy and soon had a company of his own, known as \"The Cabaret Girls,\" produced, directed and managed by himself.", "The company was very successful, and it was only after repeated offers from Romaine Fielding that he was induced, at the end of his third successful season, to disband his company and become a film-actor.", "The two other family members were Edward's twin sisters Eileen and Josie, who both later pursued successful silent-movie acting careers.", "Sedgwick broke into films as a comedian in 1915, frequently cast as a zany baseball player.", "He then became a serial director six years later in 1921, and moved on to the Tom Mix western unit.", "Sedgwick's love of baseball came in handy for the ballpark sequences of Mix's Stepping Out, Buck Jones’ Hit and Run, William Haines’ Slide, Kelly, Slide, Buster Keaton’s The Cameraman, and Robert Young’s Death on the Diamond.", "Career\nSedgwick signed with MGM in the late 1920s.", "There, he found a kindred spirit in fellow baseball buff Buster Keaton.", "Sedgwick (known informally as \"Ed\" or \"Junior\") directed most of Keaton's MGM features: The Cameraman, Spite Marriage, Free and Easy, Doughboys (in which Sedgwick appears on screen as a dumb soldier), Parlor, Bedroom and Bath, Speak Easily, and What!", "No Beer?.", "In 1936 Sedgwick briefly became a producer-director at Hal Roach Studios.", "There, he made Mister Cinderella and Pick a Star, both starring Jack Haley.", "The latter film featured a guest appearance by Laurel and Hardy.", "He directed the 1938 film The Gladiator starring Joe E. Brown and Dickie Moore.", "By the 1940s, Sedgwick had fewer opportunities to direct.", "When Laurel and Hardy returned to MGM in late 1942, Sedgwick was chosen to direct them in Air Raid Wardens.", "It was his last assignment for five years, but he remained on the MGM payroll, sharing an office with the almost-as-idle Buster Keaton.", "In 1948, Keaton, employed as a gagman for Red Skelton, had suggested that Sedgwick would be an ideal director for the upcoming A Southern Yankee.", "But Sedgwick was not up to the challenge: though he received sole directorial credit, S. Sylvan Simon directed the film in its entirety.", "Sedgwick's final released film was Universal's Ma and Pa Kettle Back on the Farm.", "Sedgwick's 1923 silent film The First Degree was long thought to have been a lost film until a complete copy was discovered at the Chicago Film Archives, part of a collection of agricultural films donated from Peoria, IL.", "Chicago Film Archives has preserved and digitally transferred the film.", "Death\n \nSedgwick died of a heart attack in North Hollywood, California at the age of 63.", "He is buried in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City.", "Filmography\n\n Fantômas (1920)\n Live Wires (1921)\n The Rough Diamond (1921)\n Bar Nothing (1921)\n Boomerang Justice (1922)\n The Bearcat (1922)\n The Flaming Hour (1922)\n Chasing the Moon (1922)\n Do and Dare (1922)\n Out of Luck (1923)\n Romance Land (1923)\n Single Handed (1923)\n The Gentleman from America (1923)\n Dead Game (1923)\n Shootin' for Love (1923)\n The First Degree (1923)\n Blinky (1923)\n The Ramblin' Kid (1923)\n The Thrill Chaser (1923)\n Hook and Ladder (1924)\n Ride for Your Life (1924)\n 40-Horse Hawkins (1924)\n Broadway or Bust (1924)\n The Sawdust Trail (1924)\n Hit and Run (1924)\n The Ridin' Kid from Powder River (1924)\n The Hurricane Kid (1925)\n The Saddle Hawk (1925)\n Let 'er Buck (1925)\n Lorraine of the Lions (1925)\n The Phantom of the Opera (1925)\n Two-Fisted Jones (1925)\n The Runaway Express (1926)\n Tin Hats (1926)\n The Flaming Frontier (1926)\n Under Western Skies (1926)\n There You Are!", "(1926)\n Slide, Kelly, Slide (1927)\n The Bugle Call (1927)\n Spring Fever (1927)\n West Point (1927)\n Circus Rookies (1928)\n The Cameraman (1928)\n Spite Marriage (1929)\n Free and Easy (1930)\n Estrellados (1930)\n Doughboys (1930)\n Remote Control (1930)\n Parlor, Bedroom and Bath (1931)\n Maker of Men (1931)\n A Dangerous Affair (1931)\n The Big Shot (1931)\n The Passionate Plumber (1932)\n Speak Easily (1932)\n What!", "No Beer?", "(1933)\n Horse Play (1933)\n Saturday's Millions (1933)\n The Poor Rich (1934)\n I'll Tell the World (1934)\n Death on the Diamond (1934)\n Here Comes the Groom (1934)\n Father Brown, Detective (1934)\n Murder in the Fleet (1935)\n The Virginia Judge (1935)\n Mr. Cinderella (1936)\n Pick a Star (1937)\n Riding on Air (1937)\n Fit for a King (1937)\n The Gladiator (1938)\n Burn 'Em Up O'Connor (1939)\n Beware Spooks!", "(1939)\n So You Won't Talk (1940)\n Air Raid Wardens (1943)\n Easy to Wed (1946)\n A Southern Yankee (1948)\n Excuse My Dust (1951)\n Ma and Pa Kettle Back on the Farm (1951)\n I Love Lucy (1953)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1889 births\n1953 deaths\nMale actors from Texas\nFilm producers from Texas\nAmerican male silent film actors\nAmerican male screenwriters\nBurials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City\nPeople from Galveston, Texas\nFilm directors from Texas\n20th-century American male actors\nScreenwriters from Texas\n20th-century American male writers\n20th-century American screenwriters" ]

[ "Edward Sedgwick was an American film director, writer, actor and producer.", "He was the son of Edward Sedgwick, Jr. and Josephine Walker.", "Edward Sedgwick joined his show business family at the age of four when he joined the Sedgwick Comedy Company, a singing act.", "When he was seven, he was given his first comedy part, that of an Irish immigrant, in a comedy written by his father.", "He was only on stage during the summer.", "He was sent to school by his father in the winter.", "He graduated from the Peacock Military Academy in San Antonio with the rank of first lieutenant.", "After graduation, he contemplated a military career but the lure of the stage proved stronger and he rejoined his father's company, now known as \"The Five Sedgwicks.\"", "His parents, himself and his sisters were part of the troupe.", "Forced to close the act through the father's illness, Sedgwick went into musical comedy and soon had a company of his own, known as \"The Cabaret Girls,\" produced, directed and managed by himself.", "The company was very successful, and it was only after repeated offers from Romaine Fielding that he was forced to disband his company and become a film-actor.", "The two other family members were Edward's twin sisters.", "In 1915, he broke into films as a comedian and was frequently cast as a baseball player.", "He became 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "The ballpark sequence of Mix's Stepping Out, Buck Jones' Hit and Run, William Haines' Slide, Kelly's The Cameraman, and Robert Young's Death on the Diamond were all based on Sedgwick's love of baseball.", "MGM signed Career Sedgwick in the late 1920s.", "He found a similar spirit in another baseball fan.", "The Cameraman, Spite Marriage, Free and Easy, Doughboys, Parlor, Bedroom and Bath, Speak Easily, and What! were some of the MGM features directed by \"Ed\" or \"Junior\".", "No beer?", "Hal Roach Studios had a brief stint with a producer-director in 1936.", "Mister Cinderella and Pick a Star were both made there.", "The film featured a guest appearance by two people.", "The Gladiator was directed by him.", "There were less opportunities to direct by the 1940s.", "When they came back to MGM in late 1942, they were directed by Sedgwick.", "He remained on the MGM payroll despite it being his last assignment.", "In 1948, when he was a gagman for Red Skelton, Keaton suggested that Sedgwick would be a good director for the movie A Southern Yankee.", "S. Sylvan Simon directed the film in its entirety, even though he received sole directorial credit.", "Universal's Ma and Pa Kettle Back on the Farm was Sedgwick's last film.", "The 1923 silent film The First Degree was thought to have been lost until a complete copy was found at the Chicago Film Archives.", "The film has been preserved by the Chicago Film Archives.", "Death Sedgwick died of a heart attack at the age of 63.", "He is buried in a cemetery.", "Live Wires, The Rough Diamond, Bar Nothing, Boomerang Justice, The Bearcat, The Flaming Hour, Chasing the Moon, Do and Dare, and Single Handed are films from the 1920s.", "888-548-5870 888-548-5870, 888-548-5870, 888-548-5870, 888-548-5870, 888-548-5870, 888-548-5870, 888-548-5870, 888-548-5870, 888-548-5870, 888-548-5870, 888-548-5870, 888-548-5870, 888-548-5870, 888-548-5870, 888-548-5870, 888-548-5870, 888-548-5870, 888-548-5870, 888-548-5870, 888-548-5870, 888-548-5870, 888-548-5870, 888-548-5870, 888-548-5870, 888-548-5870, 888-548-5870, 888-548-5870, 888-548-5870, 888-548-5870", "No beer?", "The Poor Rich (1934) I'll Tell the World (1934) Death on the Diamond (1934) Here Comes the Groom (1934) Father Brown, Detective (1934) Murder in the Fleet (1935) Mr.", "References include \"So You Won't Talk\", \"Excuse My Dust\", \" Ma and Pa Kettle Back on the Farm\", and \"I Love Lucy\"" ]

[ "Edward Sedgwick", "Edward Segwick", "Edward Sedgwick", "Edward", "Sedgwick", "Sedgwick" ]

[ "Edward Sedgwick", "Edward Sedgwick", "Edward Sedgwick", "Edward", "Sedgwick", "Career Sedgwick", "Death Sedgwick" ]

[ "Kadyr Yusupov (, ; born 18 December 1951) is currently held in prison in Uzbekistan on charges of treason.", "The UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention and several prominent international NGOs called for his immediate release and rehabilitation.", "Yusupov is a retired career diplomat from Uzbekistan, who served as his country's Chargé d'affaires in Austria, Slovakia and Hungary from 2006 until 2009.", "He simultaneously held the post of the Permanent Representative of Uzbekistan to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, UN and other international organizations in Vienna.", "Early life \n\nKadyr Yusupov was born in Olmazar, a village outside Tashkent, Uzbek SSR to a working-class family.", "In 1970 he began his studies at the Tashkent State Institute of Oriental Studies, graduating in 1976 with a degree in Arabic studies.", "From 1976 to 1982, he worked as interpreter at diplomatic missions in Libya and Iraq.", "Diplomatic career \n\nIn 1982 Yusupov joined the diplomatic service of the then regional Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Tashkent.", "From 1987 until 1991 he worked as First Secretary at the embassy in Khartoum, Sudan.", "With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 Yusupov returned to the now independent Uzbekistan.", "Later that year he won a place at the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation in Moscow and graduated in 1993.", "In 1994 he was posted to Austria as Uzbekistan's Counsellor.", "From 1995-1999, he was appointed as the Head of Asia Department at the Uzbek Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Tashkent.", "During his tenure he was part of an international team of experts negotiating for peaceful settlement in Afghanistan as part of the Six plus Two Group on Afghanistan, operating under the aegis of the UN.", "From 1999-2002, Yusupov worked as Counsellor and Deputy Head of Mission at the Embassy of Uzbekistan in London.", "From 2006-2009 he was Chargé d'affaires in Vienna.", "He left the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 2009, and has since been working in the private sector advising foreign businesses on investments in Uzbekistan.", "Arrest \n\n \n\nYusupov suffered from long-term mental health issues, with symptoms of schizophrenia.", "On December 3, 2018, following a psychotic episode Yusupov attempted suicide by jumping under a metro train at the Pushkin station in Tashkent.", "He survived with a broken collarbone and a brain injury.", "On December 10, the State Security Service of Uzbekistan detained Yusupov on charges of treason under article 157 of the Uzbek Criminal Code.", "He denied the charges.", "A closed trial in Tashkent started on June 24, 2019.", "Allegations of mistreatment \n\nYusupov's lawyer Allan Pashkovskiy alleges that the State Security Service of Uzbekistan engaged in violations of procedures and used psychological torture against Yusupov between December 2018 until April 2019, including denial of medication and threats of sexual violence against his family.", "Complaints were filed to the Ombudsman for Human Rights in Uzbekistan, National Human Rights Centre, Presidential Administration, the Prosecutor General and the State Security Service.", "On June 14, 2019, the Prosecutor General Office denied all allegations of torture against Yusupov.", "Deputy Prosecutor General Erkin Yuldashev said in the press conference that following an internal investigation, the office established 'no facts of psychological and physical torture in relation to Yusupov... and that we are responsible for the outcome of this decision'.", "International response\n\nHuman Rights groups \n\nOn June 11, 2019, Human Rights Watch (HRW) issued a press release urging the Uzbek authorities to release Kadyr Yusupov.", "The press release stated: \n\nOn June 21, 2019, International Partnership for Human Rights (IPHR) and Association for Human Rights in Central Asia included Yusupov's case in the ongoing EU-Uzbekistan Human Rights Dialogue in Brussels.", "United Nations \n\nYusupov's case is currently being reviewed by the Special procedures of the United Nations Human Rights Council.", "On 25th May, 2021, The United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention adopted a legal opinion No.", "3/2021 concerning Kadyr Yusupov (Uzbekistan).", "Having reviewed legal arguments from both sides, the Working Group determined that Kadyr Yusupov has been arbitrarily detained by the government of Uzbekistan since December 2018, in contravention of articles 3, 8, 9, 10, 11 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and articles 2(3), 9, 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.", "The Working Group requested the government of Uzbekistan to immediately release, provide remedies and compensation to Kadyr Yusupov, and report back to the United Nations Human Rights Council within 6 months.", "It further requested the government to take appropriate measures against those responsible for the violation of Kadyr Yusupov’s rights.", "At present, the government of Uzbekistan has not complied with the UN Working Group's decision.", "Geoffrey Robertson, QC, a human rights barrister and founder of Doughty Street Chambers, represented Kadyr Yusupov at the UN.", "He said:\n\nMedia \n\nOn June 12, 2019, Alec Luhn, foreign affairs correspondent for the British newspaper The Daily Telegraph published an article about Yusupov's arrest.", "BBC Uzbek Service and Radio Liberty published online articles in Uzbek and Russian.", "Uzbek news portal Kun.uz ran a series of investigative articles.", "On June 25, the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung published a feature by Silke Begalke, titled 'Usbekistan: Netter Versuch' (English: 'Uzbekistan: Nice try') alleging human rights violations by the new government of Uzbekistan.", "On July 11, Peter Leonard of Eurasianet published a piece about Yusupov's detention, entitled: 'Former diplomat crushed by Uzbekistan's broken justice system'.", "On August 4, Agnieszka Pikulicka-Wilczewska of the Al Jazeera printed an article on another case of treason charge in Uzbekistan, that of Andrey Kubatin - an academic imprisoned in Uzbekistan in 2017.", "Yusupov's case was mentioned alongside.", "On August 30, Kadyr Yusupov's eldest son, Babur appeared on Sky News with Adam Boulton for an interview on his father's arrest and trial.", "Yusupov's case has also been mentioned in relation to the closure of the Jaslyk Prison by The Diplomat and The Economist.", "From 2020 until 2021, several prominent newspapers have covered the developments in the case of Kadyr Yusupov.", "Those include: Financial Times, The Times, The Telegraph, The Diplomat, The Economist and others.", "Institutional investors in Uzbekistan \n\nOn July 13, 2021, Laurence Fletcher of the Financial Times published an in-depth article on Western financial institutions and funds investing into sovereign bonds of countries with poor human rights records.", "Belarus, Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were singled out and Kadyr Yusupov's imprisonment and torture were described in detail.", "The article raised the issue of human rights within the ESG sphere, and greenwashing by western corporations professing to uphold principles of responsible investment.", "On August 7, a follow up article appeared in the paper's 'On Wall Street' column.", "Governments \n \nBritish MP Greg Hands has said of Yusupov's detention: 'British Government are continuing to monitor this case closely'.", "Hands went on to publicly state his long-term interest in the human rights situation in Uzbekistan, and his active involvement in Yusupov's case.", "The Baroness Stern CBE, a member of the House of Lords and advocate for reforms of criminal justice, also commented on the case.", "Baroness Stern visited Uzbekistan in 2016 on an official visit\n\nTrial and imprisonment \nKadyr Yusupov's closed trial in Tashkent started on June 24, 2019.", "According to his family and lawyer, following publication of articles in Western media, he was once again denied access to Escitalopram antidepressant medication by the prison authorities.", "On January 8, 2020, Kadyr Yusupov was sentenced to five and a half years in prison.", "He is held in Prison Colony No.4 in Navoi, a prison infamous for its brutal treatment of inmates.", "References\n\nFurther reading\n\n U.S. Mission in Uzbekistan (March 14, 2019).", "'Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2018: Uzbekistan'.", "Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor.", "Retrieved June 20, 2019.", "Stroehlein, Andrew; Swerdlow, Steve (March 8, 2019).", "'Beyond Samarkand: Can Uzbekistan Turn Its Nascent Reform Efforts into a Clear Break with Its Brutal Past?'", "Human Rights Watch.", "Retrieved June 20, 2019.", "Amnesty International Public Statement (February 14, 2018).", "'Uzbekistan: Investigate Torture of Journalist.'", "Amnesty International.", "Retrieved June 20, 2019.", "1951 births\nPermanent Representatives to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe\nUzbekistani diplomats\nPeople from Tashkent Region\nPeople imprisoned on charges of terrorism\nLiving people" ]

[ "Kadyr Yusupov is currently held in a prison in Uzbekstan on charges of treason.", "The UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention called for his release.", "From 2006 to 2009, Yusupov was the Chargé d'affaires in Austria, Slovakia and Hungary.", "He was the Permanent Representative of Uzbekistan to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.", "Kadyr Yusupov was born to a working class family in Olmazar, a village outside of Tashkent.", "He graduated with a degree in Arabic studies from the Tashkent State Institute of Oriental Studies in 1976.", "He worked as an interpreter in Libya and Iraq from 1976 to 1982.", "The diplomatic career of Yusupov began in 1982.", "He was the First Secretary at the embassy in Sudan from 1987 to 1991.", "After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, Yusupov returned to his homeland.", "He graduated from the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation in 1993.", "He was posted to Austria in 1994.", "He was the Head of the Asia Department at the Uzbek Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 1995-1999.", "He was part of an international team of experts negotiating for a peaceful settlement in Afghanistan as part of the Six plus Two Group on Afghanistan.", "Yusupov worked at the Embassy of Uzbekistan in London from 1999 to 2002.", "He was the Chargé d'affaires in Vienna from 2006 to 2009.", "He left the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 2009, but is still working in the private sector.", "Arrest Yusupov had long-term mental health issues.", "Yusupov attempted suicide by jumping under a metro train at the Pushkin station.", "He had a broken collarbone and a brain injury.", "On December 10, Yusupov was taken into custody by the State Security Service of Uzbekistan.", "The charges were denied by him.", "There was a closed trial in Tashkent.", "The lawyer for Yusupov claims that the State Security Service of Uzbekstan used psychological torture against Yusupov between December of last year and April of this year.", "The National Human Rights Centre, the Presidential Administration, the Prosecutor General and the State Security Service received complaints.", "All allegations of torture against Yusupov were denied by the Prosecutor General Office.", "Erkin Yuldashev said in the press conference that there were no facts of psychological and physical torture found in relation to Yusupov.", "Human Rights Watch issued a press release urging the Uzbek authorities to release Kadyr Yusupov.", "The press release stated that Yusupov's case was included in the ongoing EU-Uzbekistan Human Rights Dialogue.", "The United Nations Yusupov's case is being reviewed by the United Nations Human Rights Council.", "The United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention adopted a legal opinion.", "There is a report about Kadyr Yusupov (Uzbekistan).", "The Working Group found that Kadyr Yusupov has been arbitrarily imprisoned by the government of Uzbekistan since December of last year, in violation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.", "The Working Group requested the government of Uzbekstan to immediately release, provide remedies and compensation to Kadyr Yusupov, and report back to the United Nations Human Rights Council within 6 months.", "The government was requested to take appropriate measures against those responsible for violating Kadyr Yusupov's rights.", "The UN Working Group's decision has not been complied with by the government of Uzbekistan.", "Kadyr Yusupov was represented at the UN by a human rights barrister.", "Alec Luhn, foreign affairs correspondent for The Daily Telegraph, published an article about Yusupov's arrest.", "Radio Liberty published online articles in both Russian and Uzbek.", "Kun.uz ran investigative articles.", "On June 25, the German newspaper Sddeutsche Zeitung published a feature by Silke Begalke, titled \"Uzbekistan: Netter Versuch\" (English: \"Uzbekistan: Nice try\").", "Peter Leonard wrote a piece about the case of Yusupov, who was a former diplomat.", "An article on a case of treason in Uzbekistan was printed on August 4 by the Al Jazeera.", "The case of Yusupov was mentioned.", "The eldest son of Kadyr Yusupov appeared on Sky News with Adam Boulton to talk about his father's trial.", "Yusupov's case was mentioned in relation to the closing of the Jaslyk Prison.", "The case of Kadyr Yusupov has been covered by several newspapers.", "Financial Times, The Times, The Telegraph, TheDiplomat, The Economist and others are included.", "The Financial Times published an in-depth article on Western financial institutions and funds investing into bonds of countries with poor human rights records.", "Kadyr Yusupov's imprisonment and torture were described in detail.", "The issue of human rights and greenwashing by western corporations were raised in the article.", "The paper's 'On Wall Street' column had a follow up article.", "The British Government are keeping a close eye on the case of Yusupov.", "He went public with his interest in the human rights situation in Uzbekistan and his involvement in Yusupov's case.", "The Baroness is a member of the House of Lords and advocates for reforms of criminal justice.", "The trial and imprisonment of Kadyr Yusupov began on June 24, 2019.", "His family and lawyer say that he was denied access to his medication again after the publication of articles in Western media.", "Kadyr Yusupov was sentenced to five and a half years in prison on January 8, 2020.", "Prison Colony No.4 in Navoi is notorious for its brutal treatment of inmates.", "The U.S. Mission in Uzbekistan was read on March 14, 2019.", "There are country reports on human rights practices.", "There is a Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor.", "June 20, 2019.", "Swerdlow, Steve, is on March 8, 2019.", "Is it possible for Uzbekistan to turn its reform efforts into a clear break with its past?", "Human Rights Watch.", "June 20, 2019.", "The public statement was made by theAmnesty International.", "Investigate the torture of a journalist.", "There is an organization calledAmnesty International.", "June 20, 2019.", "Permanent Representatives to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe were born in 1951." ]

[ "Kadyr Yusupov", "Kadyr Yusupov", "Kadyr", "Kadyr", "Kadyr", "Kadyr", "Kadyr", "Yusupov", "Yusupov", "Kadyr", "Yusupov", "Yusupov", "Kadyr", "Kadyr", "Kadyr", "Yusupov", "Kadyr" ]

[ "Kadyr Yusupov", "Kadyr Yusupov", "Yusupov", "Yusupov", "Kadyr", "Yusupovsu", "Kadyr", "Kadyr", "Kadyr", "Kadyr", "Kadyr", "Yusupov", "Kadyr", "Kadyr", "Kadyr", "Yusupov", "Kadyr", "Kadyr" ]

[ "Mahmoud Hafeth (Arabic: محمود حافظ) (January 10, 1912 - December 23, 2011) was a pioneering Egyptian scientist in entomology and former president of the Egyptian Scientific Academy and the Arabic Language Academy in Cairo.", "He is the first Egyptian to obtain a doctorate in entomology, and the second Egyptian to combine the presidency of the Arabic Language Academy and the Academic of sciences, after the Dean of Arabic Literature, Taha Hussein.", "He died one week after the Academic of sciences fire, following protests in Cairo.", "His upbringing and study \nMahmoud Hafez was born on January 10, 1912, to a family with a long history in the struggle against British colonialism.", "His father established what was known as the \"Kingdom of Faraskour\", which was formed in Damietta to expel the English, and he was forced to sell all his possessions to spend on national work, until the Egyptian leader Saad Zaghloul paid 50 pounds to help his son complete his education.", "Mahmoud Hafez began his education at Farskour kuttab, where he memorized the Qur’an.", "However, he left the school and moved to Cairo to complete his education at the Saeidia High School, based on his mother's desire.", "Then he graduated from the Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Fouad I University at the time, in 1935 and was appointed as a lecturer there, where he obtained a master's degree in 1938.", "Then a doctorate degree in entomology in 1940, and he was the first Egyptian to obtain this degree.", "He continued his pioneering research at the University of London and the University of Cambridge in England in 1953, where he was appointed as a Chair Professor of the Department of Entomology at the University, and when he returned to Cairo, he was appointed as Vice Dean of the Faculty of Science in 1964.", "His professional life \nMahmoud Hafeth contributed to the establishment of the Department of Insects and Plant Protection at the National Research Center and worked on developing it and preparing its researchers and a research unit at the Atomic Energy Authority and the Regional Center for Radioisotopes.", "He contributed to developing the Vector Research Institute at the Ministry of Health, setting up research programs for it, overseeing its implementation, and preparing scientific cadres in it.", "He also participated in the planning of research at the level of the Republic during his tenure as the Undersecretary of the Ministry of Scientific Research, and participated in more than fifty international conferences in biological sciences, entomology and pest control, as well as in the history of science.", "He has also given many lectures at European, American, African and Asian universities as a visiting professor there\n\nIn addition to this scientific activity, he had a religious activity, as he worked as Secretary General of the Islamic Hidaya Association with the late Sheikh Muhammad Al-Khader Hussein, Sheikh of the former Al-Azhar Mosque for seventeen years..", "Academic of sciences \nMahmoud Hafeth was appointed as an undersecretary for the Supreme Council for Scientific Research, as an undersecretary for the Ministry of Scientific Research in 1968, after which he returned as head of the entomology department until 1972, then he became a full-time professor at the college.", "And he was chosen as an expert in the Academic of sciences in the committee of biology and agricultural sciences, then he was chosen as a member of the Academic of sciences in the year 1977 AD, in the place vacated by the death of Dr. Murad Kamel, then vice president of the Academic of sciences in 1996 AD until 2005 AD, then the president of the Academic of sciences from 2005 AD.", "Since Dr. Mahmoud Hafeth was chosen as a member of the Scientific Academy, he has actively contributed to the activity of the Academy, in its council and conference, and in the work of the committees for which he works as a rapporteur, namely the Committee of Biological Sciences and Agriculture, the Committee of Chemistry and Pharmacy, as well as his membership in the Awards Committee and the Geology and Petroleum Committees.", "Dr. Mahmoud Mukhtar said about him on the day of his reception (March 21, 1977 AD): \"A bright figure who carried the torch of knowledge and education for a long time with faithfulness and adequacy, and was encrusted with pearls of the true religion and the blessed Arabic language.\"", "(Complex Journal C 39).", "Academy of the Arabic Language \nMahmoud Hafeth's involvement in the Arabic Language Academy goes back to 1956, when he was cooperating with Nazir Bey, a member of the Academy, in translating some terms into Arabic.", "Then he was chosen as an expert in the complex in 1964.", "Hafeth participated in many council committees before he was unanimously elected vice president of the council in 1996, and then he succeeded Shawqi Deif in chairing the council in 2005 after his unanimous election as well.", "This unanimity did not happen in the history of the council.", "Thus, Hafeth became the first scholar in the history of the complex to occupy the chair of the presidency in it.", "And through the Arabic Language Academy, he conducted dozens of studies on scientific dictionaries, the Arabization of science, and participated in translating and Arabizing thousands of terms, through the committees of biology, agriculture, chemistry, pharmacy, and oil.", "Hafeth defended Arabic from the accusation that it does not understand modern sciences, considering it a \"falsehood\", calling for continuous effort to Arabize sciences, including medicine.", "He also warned of the widening gap between the new generations and the Arabs, considering the reason for this to be the spread of foreign schools that are not interested in Arabic.", "his activities at the national level \n\n Vice president of the Arabic Language Academy in Cairo until 2005, then its president until his death in 2011.", "President of the Egyptian Scientific Academy until his death, as he is the only Egyptian who won the honor of presiding over the two societies (the Academy of the Arabic Language and the Egyptian Scientific Academy) at the same time.", "Member of the National Council for Education and Scientific Research.", "Member of the Academy of Scientific Research and Technology Council.", "President of the Egyptian Society for the History of Science.", "President of the Egyptian Society of Entomology.", "President of the Egyptian General Scientific Society (Egyptian Scientific Union).", "Chairman of the National Committee for Biological Sciences at the Academy.", "Chairman of the AASTMT's State Awards Appreciation Committee and Mubarak Prize in Basic Sciences.", "Member of the Egyptian Society for Scientific Culture and former president.", "Member of the Egyptian Academy of Sciences and former president.", "Founding member of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology and former president.", "his activities at the international level \n\n Member and Fellow of the Islamic Academy of Sciences.", "(Amman - Jordan).", "Member and Fellow of the African Academy of Sciences.", "(Nairobi - Kenya).", "Member and Fellow of the Third World Academy of Sciences.", "(Trieste - Italy).", "Honorary member of the Russian Entomology Society.", "Distinguished Member of the American Entomological Society.", "Fellow of the Royal Society of Entomology, London.", "Member of the International Federation of Biological Sciences (Paris).", "Member of the International Organization for Biological Pest Control (Paris).", "Member of the Council of the International Union for the History of Science (Liège - Belgium).", "Founding member of the International Center for Insect Ecology and Physiology (Nairobi - Kenya).", "Honorary member of the Permanent Council of International Entomology Conferences and the International Plant Protection Council (Beijing - China).", "Consultant to the International Organization for World Health on the subject of disease vectors.", "His death \nAlthough he did not know anything about the destruction and burning of the scientific complex, fate chose to be his departure from life, after the death of the place where he spent his life, as he died on Friday morning, at the age of nearly 100 years.", "And d. Mahmoud spent about a month in a coma inside Qasr Al-Aini Hospital, meters away from the Scientific Complex, which witnessed a devastating fire a week before his death, following clashes between the demonstrators and members of the Egyptian army.", "The late wife said in a press statement, \"Thank God that he was in a coma during the fire in the compound in which the doctor spent his life.\"", "Awards and honors obtained \n\n Mubarak Prize in Science for the year 1999 AD.", "The State Appreciation Prize in Science for the year 1977.", "Gold medal for his outstanding scientific efforts with a certificate of appreciation from the Academy of Scientific Research and Technology in 1978.", "Two certificates of merit from the USDA and the U.S.", "Naval Research Center for their pioneering research in agricultural and medicinal pests (1972, 1987).", "Medal of Merit, first class, 1978.", "Medal of Sciences and Arts, first class, 1981.", "His writings\n\nScientific \nHe has many great books in the field of biology, namely:\n\n General Zoology Textbook.", "Animal anatomy textbook.", "Foundations of Zoology.", "Insects.", "Prepared the section on zoology in the Arab Scientific Encyclopedia.", "In addition, he has reviewed several translated reference books, including:\n\n History of biology.", "Bee world.", "He also participated in translating the \"Comoten\" dictionary in the life sciences with Dr. Ahmed Ammar.", "The scientific periodicals filled with much of his research (163 papers) in the field of entomology and zoology, and he supervised many master's and doctoral theses in this field.", "Linguistic \n\n The lectures he gave in the complex are:\n Arabic language in the service of biology.", "(Complex Journal C 43).", "Academy of the Arabic language and the language of science.", "(Complex Magazine C 53).", "The Arabic language in public and university education institutions and the means for promoting it.", "(Complex Journal C 65).", "The Egyptian Society for Scientific Culture, its history and achievements.", "(Complex Magazine C 75).", "Our specialized scientific dictionaries between originality and contemporary.", "(Journal of Complex J.", "Translation between the past and the present and its role in transferring science to the Arabic language.", "(Complex Journal C 78).", "The issue of Arabization in Egypt.", "(Journal of Complex C 84).", "It was published in the complex as well as the specialized scientific dictionaries that he participated in preparing:\n\n Opinions on the issue of higher and university Arabization.", "The issue of Arabization in Egypt.", "The Academy of the Arabic Language, a summary of its history and achievements.", "My words are with immortals.", "References \n\n1912 births\n2011 deaths\nAcademics of the University of Cambridge\nCairo University alumni\nCairo University faculty" ]

[ "The former president of the Egyptian Scientific Academy and the Arabic Language Academy was a pioneer in entomology.", "He is the second Egyptian to combine the presidency of the Arabic Language Academy and the Academic of sciences, after the Dean of Arabic Literature.", "He died a week after the Academic of sciences fire.", "On January 10, 1912, he was born to a family with a long history in the struggle against British colonialism.", "The Kingdom of Faraskour was formed in Damietta to expel the English, and the Egyptian leader paid 50 pounds to help his son complete it.", "Farskour kuttab was where Hafez began his education.", "His mother wanted him to finish his education at the Saeidia High School so he left the school and moved to Cairo.", "He obtained a master's degree in 1938 from the Faculty of Science, Cairo University, where he graduated in 1935.", "He was the first Egyptian to get a doctorate degree in entomology.", "He was appointed as the Vice Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of Cairo in 1964, after being appointed as a Professor of Entomology at the University of London and the University of Cambridge in England.", "The establishment of the Department of Insects and Plant Protection at the National Research Center was one of the things that he worked on.", "He was involved in the creation of the Vector Research Institute at the Ministry of Health.", "He participated in more than fifty international conferences in biological sciences, entomology and pest control, as well as in the history of science, during his tenure as the Undersecretary of the Ministry of Scientific Research.", "He has given many lectures at European, American, African and Asian universities as a visiting professor, as well as working as Secretary General of the Islamic Hidaya Association with the late Sheikh Muhammad Al-Khader Hussein.", "After he returned as head of the entomology department at the college, he became a full-time professor.", "He was chosen as an expert in the Academic of sciences in the committee of biology and agricultural sciences in the year 1977 AD, in the place where the vice president of the Academic died.", "Since he was chosen as a member of the Scientific Academy, Dr. Hafeth has contributed to the activity of the Academy, in its council and conference, and in the work of the committees for which he works as a rapporteur.", "\"A bright figure who carried the torch of knowledge and education for a long time with faithfulness and adequacy, and was encrusted with pearls of the true religion and the blessed Arabic language,\" said Dr. Mukhtar on the day of his reception.", "The journal is calledComplex Journal C 39.", "Hafeth worked with Nazir Bey, a member of the Academy, to translate some terms into Arabic.", "He was an expert in 1964.", "In 1996, Hafeth was unanimously elected vice president of the council, and in 2005, he succeeded Shawqi Deif in chairing the council after his unanimous election.", "The history of the council did not show unanimity.", "Hafeth was the first scholar to occupy the chair of the presidency in the history of the complex.", "He conducted dozens of studies on scientific dictionaries, the Arabization of science, and participated in the translation of thousands of terms through the committees of biology, agriculture, chemistry, pharmacy, and oil.", "Hafeth defended Arabic from the accusation that it does not understand modern sciences, calling for continuous effort to Arabize sciences.", "The spread of foreign schools that are not interested in Arabic is the reason for the widening gap between the new generations and the Arabs.", "He was the president of the Arabic Language Academy in Cairo until his death in 2011.", "The only Egyptian who won the honor of presiding over both the Academy of the Arabic Language and the Egyptian Scientific Academy at the same time was the President of the Egyptian Scientific Academy.", "The National Council for Education and Scientific Research has a member.", "The Academy of Scientific Research and Technology Council has a member.", "The Egyptian Society for the History of Science has a president.", "The Egyptian Society of Entomology has a president.", "The Egyptian General Scientific Society has a president.", "The Chairman of the National Committee for Biological Sciences is at the Academy.", "The chairman of the AASTMT's State Awards Appreciation Committee.", "The former president of the Egyptian Society for Scientific Culture.", "The former president of the Egyptian Academy of Sciences.", "A founding member of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology.", "He is a member and fellow of the Islamic Academy of Sciences.", "Amman is from Jordan.", "A member of the African Academy of Sciences.", "Nairobi is in Africa.", "Member of the Third World Academy of Sciences.", "Trieste is located in Italy.", "A member of the Russian Entomology Society.", "A member of the American Entomological Society.", "A member of the Royal Society of Entomology.", "Member of the International Federation of Biological Sciences.", "A member of the International Organization for Biological Pest Control.", "Member of the Council of the International Union for the History of Science.", "A founding member of the International Center for Insect Ecology and Physiology.", "The International Plant Protection Council is a member of the Permanent Council of International Entomology Conferences.", "The International Organization for World Health has a consultant on the subject.", "After the death of the place where he spent his life, fate chose to be his departure from life, even though he didn't know anything about the destruction and burning of the scientific complex.", "After a devastating fire a week before his death, d. Mahmoud spent about a month in a coma inside Qasr Al-Aini Hospital, meters away from the Scientific Complex.", "He was in a coma during the fire in the compound in which the doctor spent his life, thanks to the late wife.", "The Mubarak Prize in Science was awarded in 1999.", "The State Appreciation Prize in Science was awarded in 1977.", "He received a gold medal from the Academy of Scientific Research and Technology in 1978.", "There are two certificates of merit from the U.S.", "The Naval Research Center pioneered research in agricultural pests.", "The first class of the medal of merit.", "The first class of the medal of sciences and arts.", "He has a lot of books in the field of biology.", "An animal textbook.", "There are foundations of zoology.", "There are insects.", "The section on zoology was prepared.", "The History of biology is one of the translated reference books he has reviewed.", "Bee world.", "He helped translate the \"Comoten\" dictionary in the life sciences.", "He supervised many master's and doctorate theses in the field of entomology, and he had a lot of research in the scientific periodicals.", "Arabic language in the service of biology is one of theLinguistic lectures he gave.", "The journal is calledComplex Journal C 43.", "The language of science and the language of Arabic.", "The magazine is calledComplex Magazine C 53.", "The Arabic language is used in education institutions.", "The journal is calledComplex Journal C 65.", "The history and achievements of the Egyptian Society for Scientific Culture.", "The magazine is calledComplex Magazine C 75.", "There are dictionaries for originality and contemporary.", "The Journal of Complex J. is a journal.", "Science can be transferred to the Arabic language from the past to the present.", "The journal is calledComplex Journal C 78.", "There is an issue of Arabization in Egypt.", "The Journal of Complex C 84.", "The opinions on the issue of higher and university Arabization were published in the complex as well as the specialized scientific dictionaries that he participated in.", "There is an issue of Arabization in Egypt.", "The Academy of the Arabic Language has a history and achievements summary.", "My words are with people.", "The University of Cairo Cambridge University alumni have died." ]

[ "Mahmoud Hafeth", "Mahmoud Hafez", "Mahmoud Hafez", "Mahmoud", "Mahmoud", "Mahmoud", "Mahmoud", "Mahmoud", "Mahmoud" ]

[ "Mahmoud" ]

[ "Wendell Rodricks (28 May 1960 – 12 February 2020) was an Indian fashion designer and author based in the Indian state of Goa.", "He was also an activist for social causes, the environment, and gay rights.", "In 2014, the Government of India conferred upon him its fourth-highest civilian award, the Padma Shri.", "Early life\nRodricks was born on 28 May 1960 to the Goan Catholic family of Greta and Felix in Parel, Bombay.", "He was the eldest brother to Robin, Chester and Joel.", "The original surname of the family was \"Rodrigues\", but changed to \"Rodricks\" after a misspelling during his grandfather's time.", "He grew up in Mahim and attended St. Michael's High School in Mahim.", "After completing school, he took a graduate diploma in catering.", "After this, he joined as assistant director of the Royal Oman Police (ROP) Officers Club in the city of Muscat in 1982.", "However, he did not pursue these professions but moved to fashion designing.", "He began by using his savings to study fashion in Los Angeles and Paris.", "Career\n\nFashion\nRodricks began his career in fashion by designing for Garden Vareli, Lakmé Cosmetics and DeBeers.", "When in Paris with his first portfolio in hand, he was advised to put \"your country in your clothes\".", "He launched his own label in 1989 with his first show held at the Regal Room of the Oberoi Hotel, Mumbai.", "His first collection consisted of twelve ensembles, with model Mehr Jesia.", "Out of these, only six were complete outfits.", "He did not have enough funds for supplying all models with shoes or bottoms for their organza tunics.", "Henceforth, Rodricks' work involved a wide range of fashion, from lecturing on world costume history (at SNDT Women's University) to fashion journalism and styling for international advertising campaigns.", "He was the first Indian designer to be invited to IGEDO (the world's largest garment fair) in 1995; the first Indian designer to open the Dubai Fashion Week in 2001; and was invited to present at the Paris Fashion Week Pret a Porter salon in 2007.", "He was a fellow design member of the Fashion Design Council of India.", "Rodricks was known for pioneering the idea of resort wear and for advocating eco-friendly fashion.", "In 2010, he revived the traditional Goan attire of the kunbi sari.", "He convinced Pratibha Patil, Priyanka Gandhi and Sonia Gandhi to be its patrons, thus increasing the cost from a meagre Rs.", "700 to more than Rs.", "7000, for the benefit of the weavers.", "He was also a part of the khadi movement, and even promoted it at the world's largest organic fair, BioFach, at Nuremberg, Germany, in 2011 when he was invited there.", "In 2017, he presented a collection for plus-size women at the Lakme Fashion Week in 2017.", "Rodricks dressed many over the decades.", "When his close friend Lisa Ray decided to get married in 2012, she chose a gown designed by him.", "In 2014, he paid tribute to actress Rekha at the Wills Lifestyle India Fashion Week (WIFW), on the occasion of her 60th birthday.", "Rodricks helped Deepika Padukone, who had been modelling with him for roughly two years then, grab her role in Om Shanti Om by recommending her to Malaika Arora, who in turn recommended her to Farah Khan in 2007.", "He also helped Anushka Sharma, launching her as a model in his 2007 Les Vamps Show at the Lakme Fashion Week and encouraged her to move to Mumbai when she was just 18 years old.", "In 2016, he announced his retirement from his label, to concentrate on his museum.", "He handed over creative control to his student, Schulen Fernandes, who first worked with him in 1999.", "Acting\nRodricks made cameo appearances in the 2003 film Boom and in the television play True West in 2002.", "He also played himself in the 2008 film Fashion.", "Writing\nRodricks contributed to journals of travel and art, and wrote about food, especially Goan cuisine.", "Later in 2012, Rodricks released his autobiography, titled The Green Room.", "It came about as the result of a writing challenge by a fellow author.", "In 2017, he released Poskem: Goans in the Shadows.", "It is a work of fiction about poskem, orphans taken in by well-off Goan families, who were employed as servants.", "The book features illustrations by Mario Miranda.", "Other pursuits\nFrom 1993 on Rodricks resided in a 450-year-old house in Colvale, named \"Casa Dona Maria\".", "In 2016, he and his husband moved to a smaller house nearby to convert the larger one into a museum of Goan fashion, named the \"Moda Goa Museum and Research Centre\".", "The museum was slated to open to the public in March 2020.", "Rodricks worked on collecting exhibits for it since 1998, when he began his research into Goa's costumes and clothing.", "He had since collected 800 exhibits, ranging from an original pano bhaju, to Reita Faria's bathing suit (which won her the title of Miss World in 1966), to an apsara found in a nearby field dating to a Buddhist monastery from the 7th century.", "Rodricks was also one of the speakers at TEDxPanaji 2019.", "Activism\nRodricks wrote a column in the Goa-based monthly Goa Today, where he often raised issues of social concerns and the environment.", "In the mid-2000s, he began a mailing list with Margaret Mascarenhas, urging citizens to report cases of lack of waste management.", "He spoke out against the IRFW (India Resort Fashion Week) in 2012 stating that it \"damages the environment\".", "In 2018, he started a helpline for the LGBTQ community with the help of Ruby Almeida, the co-chair of Global Network of Rainbow Catholics.", "In 2019, he petitioned against the demolition of a 100-year-old church in Colvale, Goa.", "He had previously closed one of his boutiques in a resort owned by a mine owner, in protest of the illegal mining in Goa.", "He also unsuccessfully campaigned against the cutting down of six mango trees to make a highway in Colvale, citing that they were more than 200 years old.", "Wendell Rodricks was a patron of the KASHISH Mumbai International Queer Film Festival, the annual LGBTQ film festival in Mumbai, and instituted an award for Best Poster Design in 2012 and continued to support the award every year.", "He also picked the winning entry every year as the Honorary Judge, with his keen aesthetic eye.", "Awards\n Padma Shri in 2014\n Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et Lettres () in 2015\n Rainbow Warrior Award in 2014 by KASHISH Mumbai International Queer Film Festival\n\nReception\nIn December 2016, Rodricks displayed his collection of the history of Goan costumes at the Serendipity Arts Festival.", "However, Goa University's professor and head of the history department Dr. Pratima Kamat pointed out historical inaccuracies in the text displayed alongside the exhibits.", "In 2018, Rodricks accused Payal Khandwala, whom he had previously mentored, of copying his technique of pleating the fabric.", "Personal life\nRodricks was actively homosexual since he was 19 years old, and married a wealthy French businessman named Jerome Marrel in a Civil solidarity pact in Paris in 2002.", "He had met Marrel in Oman through a friend who set them up while Rodricks was working there for the Royal Oman Police (ROP) Officers Club in 1983.", "Rodricks credited Marrel for his success as a fashion designer, in his autobiography, The Green Room.", "They both loved travelling and had visited over 150 countries together.", "Rodricks was raised Roman Catholic, but his same-sex marriage incurred automatic excommunication.", "He was the godfather of Arhaan Khan, the son of the film-maker Arbaaz Khan and his ex-wife Malaika Arora.", "Rodricks played a large role in forming the career of Arora and remained close to her and her family.", "Rodricks lived and worked in Bombay (Mumbai) until the 1993 Bombay bombings, following which he moved to his ancestral village of Colvale in Goa.", "He lived there with his husband Marrell and their pet dogs.", "He donated towards the improvement of the village and started a scholarship for the toppers of the schools of the village, in memory of his parents.", "Death\nRodricks died on 12 February 2020 at his home in Colvale, Goa, at the age of 59.", "On 13 February, the Goa Police announced that they were still investigating the cause of his death, although it was allegedly reported that he had been suffering from a prolonged illness.", "A close friend of his reported that he had died due to heart failure during an afternoon nap.", "His funeral was held on 13 February at the St Francis of Assisi Church, Colvale.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n \n\n2020 deaths\n1960 births\nArtists from Goa\nIndian Roman Catholics\nIndian male fashion designers\nGay men\nLGBT fashion designers\nLGBT people from India\nLGBT Roman Catholics\nRecipients of the Padma Shri in other fields\nChevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres" ]

[ "Indian fashion designer and author, Wendell Rodricks, was born in 1960 and died in 2020.", "He was an activist for gay rights.", "The Government of India gave him the fourth-highest civilian award.", "Rodricks was born to a Goan Catholic family in Bombay.", "He was the oldest of the three brothers.", "The family's original name was \"Rodrigues\", but it was changed to \"Rodricks\" during his grandfather's time.", "He attended St. Michael's High School in Mahim.", "He took a graduate degree in Catering.", "He became the assistant director of the ROP Officers Club in 1982.", "He moved to fashion designing after not pursuing these professions.", "He used his savings to study fashion in Los Angeles and Paris.", "Rodricks began his career as a fashion designer.", "He was told to put his country in his clothes in Paris.", "He started his own label in 1989 with his first show in Mumbai.", "His first collection consisted of twelve outfits.", "Only six of them were complete outfits.", "He didn't have enough money to give all models with shoes or bottoms.", "Rodricks' work ranged from lecturing on world costume history to fashion journalism and styling for international advertising campaigns.", "He was the first Indian designer to be invited to IGEDO, the world's largest garment fair, in 1995; the first Indian designer to open the Dubai Fashion Week in 2001; and the first Indian designer to present at the Paris Fashion Week Pret a Porter salon in 2007.", "He was a member of the Fashion Design Council of India.", "Rodricks advocated eco-friendly fashion and pioneered the idea of resort wear.", "The traditional Goan attire of the kunbi sari was revived in 2010.", "He convinced the Gandhis to be patrons, thus increasing the cost from a measly Rs.", "700 to more than Rs.", "For the benefit of the weavers.", "He was invited to speak at the world's largest organic fair, BioFach, in Nuremberg, Germany, in 2011.", "He presented a collection for plus-size women at the Lakme Fashion Week.", "Rodricks dressed a lot over the years.", "Lisa Ray chose a gown designed by him when she got married.", "On the occasion of Rekha's 60th birthday, he paid tribute to her at the Wills Lifestyle India Fashion Week.", "In order to get her role in Om Shanti Om, Rodricks recommended her to Malaika Arora, who in turn recommended her to Farah Khan.", "He encouraged her to move to Mumbai when she was just 18 years old, after launching her as a model in his Les Vamps Show at the Lakme Fashion Week.", "He retired from his label in order to focus on his museum.", "He handed over creative control to his student.", "In the 2003 film Boom and in the television play True West, acting Rodricks made brief appearances.", "He played himself in the film.", "Rodricks wrote about food and travel in journals.", "The Green Room was released in 2012 by Rodricks.", "It was the result of a writing challenge.", "He released Poskem: Goans in the Shadows.", "The story is about orphans taken in by well-off Goan families who were employed as servants.", "Mario Miranda illustrations are in the book.", "Rodricks lived in a 450-year-old house in Colvale.", "He and his husband moved to a smaller house near the larger one to convert it into a museum of Goan fashion.", "The museum was supposed to open to the public in March 2020.", "Since 1998, Rodricks has been collecting exhibits for it.", "Reita Faria's bathing suit that won her the title of Miss World in 1966 is one of 800 exhibits he has collected.", "Rodricks was a speaker at the event.", "Rodricks wrote a column about social concerns and the environment in the monthly magazine.", "He started a mailing list with Margaret Mascarenhas to encourage citizens to report cases of lack of waste management.", "In 2012 he spoke out against the India Resort Fashion Week.", "The co-chair of the Global Network of Rainbow Catholics helped start a helpline for the LGBTQ community.", "He petitioned against the demolition of a church.", "He closed one of his boutiques in a resort owned by a mine owner in protest of illegal mining.", "He tried to stop the cutting down of six mango trees because they were more than 200 years old.", "The KASHISH Mumbai International Queer Film Festival, the annual LGBTQ film festival in Mumbai, instituted an award for Best Poster Design in 2012 and continued to support the award every year.", "Every year, he picked the winning entry as the Honorary Judge.", "In December 2016 Rodricks displayed his collection of Goan costumes at the Serendipity Arts Festival.", "The text displayed alongside the exhibits was pointed out to be inaccurate by the professor and head of the history department.", "Payal Khandwala was accused by Rodricks of copying his technique of pleating the fabric.", "Rodricks was a homosexual since he was 19 years old and married a wealthy French businessman in a Civil solidarity pact in Paris in 2002.", "He met Marrel through a friend who set them up while Rodricks was working for the ROP.", "In his book, The Green Room, Rodricks credited Marrel for his success as a fashion designer.", "They traveled to over 150 countries together.", "Rodricks was excommunicated because of his same-sex marriage.", "Arhaan Khan is the son of the film-maker Arbaaz Khan and his ex-wife Malaika Arora.", "Rodricks played a large role in forming the career of Arora and remained close to her and her family.", "After the 1993 Bombay bombings, Rodricks moved to his ancestral village of Colvale.", "He lived there with his wife.", "He donated towards the improvement of the village and started a scholarship in memory of his parents.", "Death Rodricks died at his home in Colvale, India, at the age of 59.", "The cause of his death was still being investigated by the police, although it was reported that he had been suffering from a long illness.", "A close friend of his said that he died of heart failure during an afternoon nap.", "His funeral was held in Colvale.", "There are links to deaths of 1960 births and 2020 deaths of gay men and Roman Catholics." ]

[ "Wendell Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Wendell Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks" ]

[ "Wendell Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks", "Rodricks" ]

[ "Dario Gradi, MBE (born 8 July 1941) is an Italian-English former amateur football player, coach and manager.", "He was associated for more than 36 years with Crewe Alexandra, where he was variously manager, director of football and director of the Academy, until October 2019.", "Gradi played as an amateur for clubs in the London area (and won an England amateur cap); he then took on various coaching roles in the region.", "His first major managerial success was achieved with Wimbledon after which he briefly managed Crystal Palace in 1981.", "Gradi had a 24-year first spell as manager of Crewe between 1983 and 2007.", "He stepped down from his managerial role in 2007, handing first-team responsibilities to Steve Holland, and became technical director.", "At that time, Gradi was the longest-serving manager of an English football league club.", "After two further spells as Crewe manager, he finally stepped down in November 2011 to focus on the club's youth system, after managing Crewe in 1,359 first team games.", "In late 2016, as the United Kingdom football sexual abuse scandal expanded, Gradi's roles at Crewe at the time of alleged offences in the 1980s and at Chelsea in the early 1970s were the subject of media scrutiny.", "The Chelsea allegations led to Gradi being suspended by The Football Association in November 2016.", "Gradi denied any wrongdoing and in February 2017 was planning an appeal against his FA suspension.", "However, he was heavily criticised by Chelsea's inquiry report, published in August 2019, and in the FA's Sheldon Report, published in March 2021 - when the FA said Gradi (who had retired from all football roles in October 2019) was \"effectively banned for life\" from football \"for safeguarding reasons\".", "While accepting he had been suspended indefinitely from certain activities, Gradi said he had not been banned.", "Early life and playing career\nBorn to an Italian father (who died when Dario was still a child) and an English mother, Gradi moved to London, aged four, when his mother returned after the Second World War in 1945.", "He attended Glyn Grammar School in Epsom, and trained as a teacher of physical education at what is now Loughborough University from 1960 to 1963 (where he played for the university's first XI football team, alongside Bob Wilson and Barry Hines), before returning to teach at his former school.", "By this time he had already played as an amateur for Sutton United and for Tooting & Mitcham United in the early 1960s.", "He was later capped once for England's amateur side (playing in the team's British Amateur Championship tie against Scotland in Dundee in September 1967).", "He later rejoined Sutton United, playing in the FA Amateur Cup Final against North Shields in April 1969, and in the club's FA Cup 4th round tie against Leeds United in January 1970.", "Gradi also played for Wycombe Wanderers, long before the club became fully professional.", "Coaching career\nAfter a period of teaching, Gradi became a London regional coach for the FA; this caused him to lose his amateur status and become ineligible to continue his playing career.", "He had a spell coaching at east London's Senrab F.C., and was appointed assistant coach at Chelsea in 1971 at the age of just 29.", "This was followed by coaching posts at Derby County (first team coach, 1977–78), and, later, a two-year spell at Leyton Orient (youth team coach, 1981–83).", "Managerial career\n\nSutton United\nGradi managed Sutton United from 1976 to 1977.", "Wimbledon\nHe took over as manager of Wimbledon in January 1978, helping the Plough Lane side win their first promotion from the Football League Fourth Division in 1978–79, although they were relegated at the first attempt.", "They were well on course for an immediate return to the Football League Third Division when in February 1981 an offer came for Gradi to manage struggling Football League First Division side Crystal Palace.", "Palace chairman Ron Noades had only recently left Wimbledon himself and saw Gradi as the ideal man to save his new purchase from relegation.", "Crystal Palace\nGradi's time at Selhurst Park was not a success, as he failed to save Crystal Palace from relegation and he resigned the following November after a disappointing start to the 1981–82 season.", "Crewe Alexandra\nAfter a spell coaching at Leyton Orient, Gradi returned to management on 9 June 1983, when he accepted an offer to manage Crewe Alexandra, a team who regularly finished near the bottom of the Fourth Division and had been forced to apply for re-election on several occasions in order to avoid slipping into the Northern Premier League and, since its creation in 1979, the Football Conference.", "His first season signings included Mark Leonard from Tranmere Rovers, John Crabbe from Hereford United and David Pullar from Exeter City as Gradi looked to build an academy structure to develop players that could be sold to help fund the player development programme.", "Among his first transfer successes were Dave Waller (sold to Shrewsbury Town), Gary Blissett (sold to Brentford) and Geoff Thomas (sold to Crystal Palace); gradually the club moved forward.", "In 1988–89, after six seasons of steady progress, they won promotion to end 25 years in the league's basement division.", "Gradi signed a then unheard of ten-year contract with Crewe.", "They went back down again two years later, but in 1994 won promotion to Division Two and three years after that they reached Division One for the first time in their history.", "Shortly after the 1994 promotion, Gradi became the League's longest-serving manager.", "By 2002 he was one of just two managers, the other being Alex Ferguson, to have held their position since before 1990.", "He later joined the club's Board of Directors.", "Gradi's contract with Crewe was one of the most controversial in the football league; it included a clause giving him a percentage of the profit on any player sold to another club.", "Talent spotting\n\nHis keen eye for spotting and rearing young talent is what has gained him some recognition in football.", "He entered into discussions with Portugal's Benfica over the vacant managerial spot in the 1980s, and was linked with the post of FA Technical Director in 1996.", "During the 1980s and 1990s Gradi helped launch the careers of many players who went on to play top division and international football.", "These include David Platt, Rob Jones, Geoff Thomas, Danny Murphy, Ashley Ward, Wayne Collins, Seth Johnson, Robbie Savage and Neil Lennon.", "Platt was the most successful of these players, captaining England on many occasions and also helping Arsenal win the double at the end of his playing career.", "Gradi's success continued into the 2000s, when he helped players including Rob Hulse, Dean Ashton, David Vaughan, Michael O'Connor, Billy Jones, Nicky Maynard and Ashley Westwood.", "Crewe Alexandra won the PFA Bobby Moore Fair Play trophy 12 times in 15 years during Gradi's reign.", "End of managerial career\nOn 20 April 2007, Gradi announced that with effect from 1 July he would relinquish first-team responsibilities, becoming technical director while gradually handing over to new first-team coach Steve Holland, with Neil Baker remaining as assistant manager.", "Gradi was then the longest serving manager of an English football league club.", "Gradi told the club website:\nI didn't want to be a 75-year-old manager working seven days a week, 52 weeks a year.", "That is not healthy for the future of the club.", "I will probably drop dead doing the job at some point but I wanted to put that day off a bit.", "This is a better way to do things, to introduce this gradual transition because it will take some of the workload off me.", "On 18 November 2008, Gradi resumed control of Crewe's first team on a caretaker basis after a poor start to the 2008–09 season under Steve Holland had left the club bottom of League One.", "He was in charge for just over a month before Gudjon Thordarson was announced as his successor on Christmas Eve 2008.", "Gradi remained in charge of the team for two games during the Christmas period, with Thordarson taking over on 29 December.", "Following the sacking of Thordarson on 2 October 2009, Gradi was again reinstated as caretaker manager which the board of directors then stated would be until further notice.", "After returning as manager in 2009, on 10 November 2011 it was announced that Gradi had chosen to step down as manager, returning to his position as Director of Football.", "Gradi's then assistant manager Steve Davis, who had played for Crewe under Gradi from 1983 to 1987, was appointed as manager with immediate effect.", "Gradi announced his retirement from all positions at Crewe Alexandra on 7 October 2019, at the age of 78.", "Honours and tributes\nIn January 1998, Gradi was awarded an MBE for services to football.", "In 2003 he was made an Honorary Freeman of the Borough of Crewe and Nantwich and in the same year was awarded an honorary doctorate by Loughborough University.", "In 2004, Gradi won the PFA Merit Award and was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame for his services to football.", "In 2011 at the Football League Awards Gradi was again honoured by his peers as he won the 'Outstanding Contribution to League Football' for his work at Crewe.", "A street in Crewe, Dario Gradi Drive, is named in his honour.", "The winning school in the Surrey Schools Football Association's boys under-13s competition receive the Dario Gradi Trophy.", "UK football sexual abuse scandal\n\nOn 16 November 2016, former Crewe defender Andy Woodward revealed that he had been the victim of child sexual abuse by former football coach Barry Bennell (convicted in 1998) at the club in the 1980s.", "Subsequently, six other individuals contacted the police, and on 22 November, The Guardian reported that Crewe teammate Steve Walters had been another of Bennell's victims.", "As Gradi had been manager at the time of the abuse, and as one attack was reported to have taken place at Gradi's home but without his knowledge, Gradi was pressed to \"say more about what he knew and when.\"", "On 24 November, Gradi released a statement saying he knew nothing of Bennell's crimes:\n\nI would like to express sympathy to the victims of Barry Bennell not only at Crewe Alexandra, but at other clubs in the North West.", "The first I knew of Barry Bennell's crimes was when he was arrested in the United States in 1994.", "I knew nothing of his crimes before this time when he was employed by us.", "No-one at the Football Club knew of Bennell's crimes until his arrest in 1994 and his subsequent prosecution in the United Kingdom.", "The football club also co-operated fully with the authorities in 2003.", "The club are in the process of a review and I won't be making any further comment until this is finalised.\"", "Also on 24 November, another ex-Crewe academy graduate Danny Murphy talked to the Evening Standard about Gradi:\n\nHe was an amazing, generous, caring guy but he would never cross boundaries.", "I felt comfortable in his company.", "I felt safe in his home and under his guardianship.", "The more time I spent at Crewe, I notice the caution he exercised within his role.", "... For example, he wouldn't come into the bedroom to wake you up but he would always shout through the door.", "...", "I hate the fact that he might be doubted in any way or even remotely linked to such negativity and bad things.", "My experience is totally the opposite.", "...", "I believe that if he had known what Barry Bennell had been doing, he would have put a stop to it.", "Similar character references were provided by former Crewe trainee, later Crewe Chronicle (and Cheshire Live) journalist, Peter Morse, and former defender David Wright.", "On 3 December, The Independent reported an allegation from a former Chelsea youth player (later named as Eamonn Manners) that Dario Gradi, then Chelsea's assistant manager, visited the player's family's home to \"smooth over\" a complaint of sexual assault against Chelsea chief scout Eddie Heath in 1974.", "Gradi responded with a statement:\n\nAside from denying any wrongdoing, it would be inappropriate and unfair on all parties to comment piecemeal through the media at this time in connection with historic allegations.", "Suffice to say, I will do everything within my power to assist all investigatory authorities into what is becoming a wide-ranging and important enquiry into historic sexual abuse.", "On 6 December 2016, the Football Association announced the terms of reference of a review to be conducted by Clive Sheldon QC, and said Dario Gradi would be among the first to be asked questions over the \"smoothing over\" allegation.", "In connection with these allegations, on 11 December 2016, the FA announced that it had suspended Gradi.", "Gradi subsequently said he had been notified by the FA of his interim suspension from football on 25 November, and reiterated \"that I will do everything within my power to assist all investigatory authorities.\"", "On 7 December, the BBC reported that the mother of a former Crewe youth team player wrote an anonymous letter to Dario Gradi in 1989–90, asking him to investigate \"inappropriate\" behaviour whereby a member of staff \"took lots of boys into his room overnight\" during a weekend away in Blackpool.", "In February 2017, it was reported that Gradi planned to appeal against his FA suspension from football, feeling he had been left \"in limbo\", but, a year later, he remained suspended from football.", "On 27 February 2018, claims were made that, in 2001, a former Crewe Alexandra employee was asked by a senior official at the club to help wipe pornography off Gradi's home computer, which had been viewed by a group of Irish Under-13 players at his house.", "In February 2019, The Guardian reported on a nine-page statement from Dario Gradi about what he knew regarding Barry Bennell.", "Gradi admitted to encouraging a close player-coach culture and to not making detailed background checks about Bennell because Crewe was trying to poach him from Manchester City \"on the quiet\".", "Club chairman John Bowler said Crewe had not appreciated the dangers of football being used as a means for a paedophile to prey on young boys (\"documented procedures that are now in place for the protection of minors were not in place at that time\"), while Gradi had not made detailed inquiries into Bennell's background (\"He did not have any specific coaching qualifications but none were required and at the time the FA did not publish any guidance on child protection\").", "However, former club secretary Gill Palin had been uncomfortable about Bennell.", "In August 2019, Chelsea's board apologised \"unreservedly\" for allowing Eddie Heath, a \"prolific and manipulative sexual abuser\", to operate \"unchallenged\".", "Its inquiry, led by barrister Charles Geekie QC, was also critical of former assistant manager Gradi.", "He was accused of failing to tell senior club staff about a sexual conduct allegation concerning Heath made by the parent of a young player.", "Gradi denied trying to \"smooth over\" the matter in a meeting with the boy's father and said he had reported the allegations to Chelsea manager Ron Suart.", "Gradi was accused by Geekie of giving \"somewhat unlikely and unconvincing\" evidence; Geekie also rejected Gradi's claim to have reported the matter to more senior staff, saying \"this was a significant personal failure by Mr Gradi.", "It was a lost opportunity to expose Mr Heath and prevent further abuse.\"", "The FA's 700-page Sheldon report was published on 17 March 2021, identifying failures to act adequately on complaints or rumours of sexual abuse at eight professional clubs including Crewe.", "Considering whether senior club people knew about Bennell, Sheldon concluded they had not received specific reports of abuse (a conclusion also reached by Cheshire constabulary).", "However, Norman Rowlinson, John Bowler and Hamilton Smith had discussed concerns about inappropriate behaviour; \"... during Bennell's time at the Club, there were rumours circulating about [Bennell] and his sexual interest in children which were heard by some of the Club's staff, including Dario Gradi.\"", "The club \"should have done more to check on the well-being of the boys\", Sheldon said.", "Regarding the Chelsea allegations, Sheldon could not decide whether Gradi had informed the club's acting manager, Ron Suart, of concerns raised at a meeting with the player's father, but, either way, Sheldon said Gradi's or Suart's responses were inadequate.", "The FA's CEO Mark Bullingham said Gradi was \"effectively banned for life\" from football; the FA legal director said it was \"for safeguarding reasons\" but that was \"as far as we can go\".", "Child abuse survivors charity The Offside Trust called for Gradi to be stripped of his MBE, and for the Professional Footballers' Association and Football Hall of Fame to revoke other honours.", "On 19 March 2021, Gradi apologised, saying: \"I wish to express my deepest sympathy for the survivors and their families.", "I sincerely and personally regret that the harm being caused to these young people was not discovered at the time.", "I apologise for not recognising any signs of abuse at the time.\"", "He also asserted that he had not been banned from all football-related activity - \"this is not the case\" he said.", "\"I am suspended indefinitely from certain specified activities with players under the age of 18 years and whilst I do not agree with it, I understand how the decision was arrived at.\"", "Managerial statistics\n\n1Gradi was absent from his post between 22 September and 17 October 2003, due to heart surgery.", "Assistant manager Neil Baker took charge of the team for this period (P6, W0, D1, L5).", "See also\nList of football managers with most games\nList of longest managerial reigns in association football\n\nReferences\n\n Conn, David (2005) The Beautiful Game?", ": Searching for the Soul of Football.", "Random House.", "ISBN: 9780224064361.", "External links\n\nEnglish Football Hall of Fame Profile\n\n1941 births\nLiving people\nFootballers from Milan\nEnglish footballers\nAssociation football defenders\nItalian footballers\nEnglish people of Italian descent\nItalian people of English descent\nTooting & Mitcham United F.C.", "players\nSutton United F.C.", "players\nLoughborough University F.C.", "players\nEnglish football managers\nItalian football managers\nSutton United F.C.", "managers\nWimbledon F.C.", "managers\nCrystal Palace F.C.", "managers\nCrewe Alexandra F.C.", "managers\nChelsea F.C.", "non-playing staff\nMembers of the Order of the British Empire\nAlumni of Loughborough University\nEnglish Football Hall of Fame inductees\nEnglish Football League managers" ]

[ "Gradi is an Italian-English former amateur football player, coach and manager.", "He was the manager, director of football and director of the Academy at the time.", "Gradi was an amateur for clubs in the London area and won an England amateur cap.", "After briefly managing Crystal Palace in 1981, he achieved his first major managerial success with Wimbledon.", "Gradi was the manager of Crewe for 24 years.", "Steve Holland became technical director after he stepped down from his managerial role.", "Gradi was the longest-serving manager of a football club.", "He stepped down as manager of the club in November 2011 to focus on the club's youth system after managing 1,358 first team games.", "In late 2016 as the United Kingdom football sexual abuse scandal expanded, Gradi's roles at the time of alleged offenses in the 1980s and 1970s were the subject of media scrutiny.", "Gradi was suspended by The Football Association in November of 2016 because of the allegations.", "Gradi was 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "Gradi was banned for life from football by the FA in March 2021, after he retired from all football roles in October.", "Gradi said he had not been banned.", "Gradi moved to London when he was four years old after his mother came back from the Second World War.", "He taught physical education at his former school and played for the university's first XI football team, alongside Bob Wilson and Barry Hines, before returning to teach at his former school.", "He played for Tooting &Mitcham United as an amateur in the early 1960s.", "He was a member of the England's amateur side that played in the British Amateur Championship tie against Scotland in 1967.", "He played in the FA Amateur Cup Final against North Shields in 1969 and in the club's FA Cup 4th round tie against Leeds United in 1970.", "Gradi played for the club before they became professional.", "Gradi lost his amateur status and became ineligible to continue his playing career after becoming a London regional coach for the FA.", "He was an assistant coach at Chelsea in 1971 at the age of 29, having previously been a coach at Senrab F.C.", "After this, there was a two-year spell at Leyton Orient as a youth team coach.", "Gradi was the manager of Sutton United from 1976 to 1977.", "Wimbledon won their first promotion from the Football League Fourth Division in 1978–79, despite being demoted at the first attempt.", "In February 1981 Gradi was offered the chance to manage Crystal Palace, who were struggling in the Football League First Division.", "Ron Noades, the chairman of Palace, only recently left Wimbledon and saw Gradi as the ideal man to save his new purchase.", "Crystal Palace Gradi's time at Selhurst Park was not a success, as he failed to save Crystal Palace from the drop and he resigned the following November after a disappointing start to the 1981– 1982 season.", "Gradi returned to management on June 9, 1983, when he accepted an offer to manage a team that had been forced to apply for re-election several times in order to avoid slipping.", "Gradi looked to build an academy structure to develop players that could be sold to help fund the player development programme in his first season.", "The club moved forward after the first transfer successes of Dave Waller, Gary Blissett, andGeoff Thomas.", "After six seasons of steady progress, they were promoted to the league's basement division.", "Gradi signed a ten-year contract with Crewe.", "They reached Division One for the first time in their history after promotion to Division Two in 1994, but went back down again two years later.", "Gradi became the League's longest-serving manager after the 1994 promotion.", "He was one of two managers, the other being Alex Ferguson, who had held their position since 1990.", "He joined the Board of Directors.", "Gradi had a clause in his contract that gave him a percentage of the profit on any player sold to another club.", "He has gained some recognition in football for spotting and rearing young talent.", "He was linked with the post of FA Technical Director in 1996 after entering into discussions with Portugal's Benfica over the vacant managerial spot in the 1980s.", "Gradi helped launch the careers of many players who went on to play international and top division football.", "David Platt, Rob Jones, Geoff Thomas, Danny Murphy, Wayne Collins, and Neil Lennon are included.", "The most successful of these players was Platt, who captained England many times and helped win the double at the end of his playing career.", "Gradi helped a number of players in the 2000s.", "Gradi's reign saw the win of the Bobby Moore Fair Play trophy 12 times.", "Gradi announced on 20 April that he would give up first-team responsibilities and become technical director from 1 July, with Neil Baker remaining as assistant manager.", "Gradi was the longest serving manager of a football club.", "Gradi told the club website that he didn't want to be a 75-year-old manager.", "That is not good for the club.", "I wanted to put that day off so that I wouldn't have to do it again.", "The gradual transition will take some of the workload off me and this is a better way to do it.", "Gradi took charge of the first team on a temporary basis after a poor start to the 2008–09 season left the club bottom of League One.", "He was in charge for just over a month before he was replaced.", "Gradi was in charge of the team for two games during the Christmas period, while Thordarson was in charge for one.", "The board of directors stated that Gradi would remain as interim manager until further notice.", "Gradi returned to his position as Director of Football after stepping down as manager.", "Steve Davis, Gradi's assistant manager from 1983 to 1987, was appointed as the new manager with immediate effect.", "Gradi announced his retirement from all of his positions at the age of 78.", "Gradi was honoured for his services to football in 1998.", "In 2003 he was made an iwth the iwth the iwth the iwth the iwth the iwth the iwth the iwth the iwth the iwth the iwth the iwth the iwth the", "Gradi was in the English Football Hall of Fame for his services to football.", "Gradi won the 'Outstanding Contribution to League Football' at the Football League Awards in 2011.", "There is a street named after him.", "The Dario Gradi Trophy is given to the winning school in the boys under-13s competition.", "Andy Woodward, a former football player at the club, revealed that he had been sexually abused by Barry Bennell when he was a child.", "On 22 November, The Guardian reported that Steve Walters, a teammate of Bennell's, had been one of his victims.", "As Gradi had been manager at the time of the abuse, and as one attack was reported to have taken place at Gradi's home but without his knowledge, Gradi was pressed to \"say more about what he knew and when.\"", "Gradi said in a statement that he knew nothing of Bennell's crimes and sympathized with the victims.", "Barry Bennell was arrested in the United States in 1994.", "I didn't know about his crimes before he was employed by us.", "Bennell's crimes were not known to the Football Club until his arrest in 1994.", "In 2003 the football club cooperated fully with the authorities.", "I won't be making any further comments until the review is complete.", "Danny Murphy, an ex-Crewe academy graduate, spoke about Gradi to the Evening Standard.", "I was comfortable in his company.", "I felt safe in his home.", "I notice that he exercised caution in his role.", "He wouldn't come into the bedroom to wake you up, but he would shout through the door.", "...", "I don't like the fact that he might be doubted because of bad things.", "My experience is completely different.", "...", "If he knew what Barry Bennell was doing, he would have stopped it.", "The character references were provided by a number of people, including a former defender and a journalist.", "On 3 December, The Independent reported an allegation from a former Chelsea youth player that Dario Gradi, then the assistant manager, visited the player's family's home to \"smooth over\" a complaint of sexual assault against the chief.", "Gradi said that it would be unfair to comment on historic allegations piecemeal in the media.", "I will do everything in my power to assist investigators in their inquiry into historic sexual abuse.", "On December 6, 2016 the Football Association announced the terms of reference of a review and said that Gradi would be the first to be asked questions over the \"smoothing over\" allegation.", "Gradi was suspended by the FA on 11 December 2016 in connection with these allegations.", "Gradi said that he would do everything in his power to assist investigators and that he had been notified by the FA of his interim suspension from football.", "The mother of a former Crewe youth team player wrote an anonymous letter to Gradi in 1989–90, asking him to investigate \"inappropriate\" behavior whereby a member of staff \"took lots of boys into his room overnight\" during a weekend away.", "In February of last year it was reported that Gradi was going to appeal against his FA suspension, but he remained suspended from football.", "In 2001, a former employee of the club was asked by a senior official at the club to help wipe pornography off Gradi's home computer, which had been viewed by a group of Irish Under-13 players at his house.", "The Guardian reported on a statement from Gradi about Barry Bennell.", "Gradi admitted to encouraging a close player-coach culture and to not making detailed background checks about Bennell because Crewe was trying to steal him from Manchester City.", "The chairman of the club said that the dangers of football being used as a means for a paedophile to prey on young boys were not appreciated by the club.", "Gill Palin was uncomfortable with Bennell.", "The board apologized \"unreservedly\" for allowing Eddie Heath to operate \"unchallenged\".", "The inquiry led by Charles Geekie was critical of Gradi.", "He was accused of failing to tell senior club staff about a sexual conduct allegation made by the parent of a young player.", "Gradi denied trying to \"smooth over\" the matter in a meeting with the boy's father and said he had reported the allegations to Ron Suart.", "Gradi was accused by Geekie of giving \" somewhat unlikely and unconvincing\" evidence, and Geekie also rejected Gradi's claim to have reported the matter to more senior staff.", "It was a missed opportunity to expose Mr. Heath and prevent further abuse.", "The FA published a 700-page report on failures to act on complaints or rumors of sexual abuse at eight professional clubs.", "The conclusion was reached by the Cheshire constabulary that senior club people had not received specific reports of abuse.", "During Bennell's time at the Club, there were whispers about his sexual interest in children which were heard by some of the Club's staff.", "The club should have done more to check on the well-being of the boys.", "Regardless of whether Gradi informed the club's acting manager, Ron Suart, of concerns raised at a meeting with the player's father, or not, Sheldon said Gradi's or Suart's responses were inadequate.", "Mark Bullingham, the CEO of the FA, said Gradi was \"effectively banned for life\" from football, but the legal director of the FA said that was \"as far as we can go\".", "Child abuse survivors charity The Offside Trust called for Gradi to be stripped of his MBE and for the Professional Footballers' Association and Football Hall of Fame to do the same.", "Gradi apologized on 19 March 2021, saying: \"I wish to express my deepest sympathy for the survivors and their families.\"", "The harm being caused to these young people was not discovered at the time.", "I apologize for not seeing signs of abuse at the time.", "He said that he had not been banned from all football-related activities.", "I am suspended indefinitely from certain activities with players under the age of 18 years and whilst I do not agree with it, I understand how the decision was arrived at.", "Managerial statistics 1Gradi was absent from his post due to heart surgery.", "Neil Baker was the assistant manager for this period.", "List of longest managerial reigns in association football", "There is a search for the soul of football.", "There is a Random House.", "The name of the book is: 9780064361.", "There are links to the English Football Hall of Fame.", "The players are from Sutton United F.C.", "The players are from the university.", "Football managers from England and Italy.", "Managers at Wimbledon F.C.", "Crystal Palace F.C. is managed by managers.", "The managers are from Crewe Alexandra F.C.", "F.C. is the name of the club's managers.", "The Order of the British Empire Alumni of the English Football Hall of Fame have non-playing staff." ]

[ "Dario Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradiradi", "Gradi", "Dario", "Gradi", "Dario", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Dario", "Dario", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Dario", "Gradi", "1Gradi" ]

[ "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradiio", "Dario", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "Gradi", "GradGradi" ]

[ "Precious Wilson (born 18 October 1957 in Spanish Town, Jamaica) is a Jamaican soul singer.", "Background\nPrecious Wilson started out as a backing singer for the all-male group Eruption.", "The group enjoyed their first minor success when they won a talent competition in 1975, and then went on to record the song \"Let Me Take You Back in Time.” Shortly after, the lead singer left the group, and Precious Wilson stepped forward to front the band.", "The group relocated to Germany in 1976.", "The following year while on the road touring in Germany, Eruption was introduced to German producer Frank Farian who booked them to work with Boney M as their backing band, and as their support act on Boney M's first European tour.", "Frank Farian then went on to sign them to Boney M.'s label, Hansa Records, Farian released the single \"Party Party\" but it was their disco cover version of Ann Peebles' \"I Can't Stand the Rain\" from their first album which broke big, giving them a UK No.", "5 hit and a US No.", "18 hit.", "After a second album and another hit single with Neil Sedaka's \"One Way Ticket\" (UK #9), Precious Wilson left the group to pursue her solo career.", "Solo career\nWilson's debut single as a solo artist was a cover version of Sam & Dave's \"Hold On I'm Coming\", released in August 1979.", "Produced by Frank Farian and set to a funky disco-beat, the single reached No.", "45 in the Dutch charts.", "The song was also included in Boney M's fourth album Oceans of Fantasy which also yielded a guest performance by Wilson on the opening track \"Let It All Be Music\".", "She co-wrote several tracks, including the title song of her debut album We Are on the Race Track, also produced by Farian, was completed during 1980 on Hansa Records.", "It was released in October, heralded by the single \"Cry to Me\" which Wilson performed on TV, backed by the band that she created called Sky Train.", "The single reached number 3 in Switzerland.", "The album's second single, \"We Are on the Race Track\", reached No.", "11 in Switzerland in early 1981.", "In October 1981, she released a cover version of \"I Need You\" which peaked at No.", "6 in Switzerland where her popularity was lingering.", "In Germany, it reached No.", "39.", "In the summer of 1982, the electro-pop track \"I Don't Know\" was released, followed by her second album All Coloured in Love.", "The album was released with a different track selection in the UK, Italy and France under the name Red Light followed by several different single releases in the various territories.", "Hot on the heels of the then Aerobic craze and Farian's success with the album Aerobic Fitness Dancing, the theme song \"Let's Move Aerobic (Move Your Body)\" was rush-released with Wilson's vocals in March 1983.", "Her third album Funky Fingers, consisting of two side-long medleys of soul standards, was released in December 1983.", "In 1985, she signed with Jive Records and teamed up with multiple producer teams for the album, including American songwriter, Monte Moir, a musician and songwriter, best known as a member of The Time.", "The following year Wilson released several singles; \"I'll Be Your Friend\" (a U.S. Top 40 R&B hit), the theme song from the Michael Douglas movie The Jewel of the Nile (the sequel to the movie Romancing The Stone), and \"Nice Girls Don't Last\" (\"Love Can't Wait\" in the U.S.).", "In 1986, she contributed to the charity album titled The Anti-Heroin project: It's a live-in world, singing among others on the title track as well as on \"Waiting in the Dark\" and a song called \"Something Better\" with Kim Wilde and Darryl Pandy.", "A dance cover of Jerry Butler's \"Only the Strong Survive\" in 1987, produced by Stock Aitken Waterman.", "Precious has toured the former USSR on the invitation of the Soviet Cultural Ministry.", "The 55 date concert tour was arranged in six Soviet Republics, performing to full capacity audiences at each venue.", "She was the first black UK based female artiste to have undertaken such an extensive tour in the then USSR in 1988.", "As well as having the talent for a variety of television and stage work she astounded theatre land with the hit musical Blues in the Night.", "Other performances include shows in Monte Carlo, numerous concert tours in both Eastern Europe including the Kremlin, and continental Europe.", "She has participated in a Royal Variety Show in the presence of HM Queen Elizabeth of the UK, and a member of the Saudi royal family.", "Over the years she has made guest appearances and associated studio productions with artists such as Paul McCartney, Elton John, James Brown, Boney M, Michael Bolton, Little Richard and she also recorded along with Sir Cliff Richard on The Kendrick Collection by Graham Kendrick.", "After another of her co-written songs, was the single \"I May Be Right 4U\" in 1990.", "She achieved two small hit singles in the early 1990s with a cover of Sheila and B.", "Devotion's \"Spacer\" (a hit single in France, 1992) and a cover of Donna Summer's \"I Feel Love\" (a UK No.", "19 hit single with techno group Messiah, 1992).", "Since then, Wilson has been touring extensively internationally, and also frequently tours as Eruption featuring Precious Wilson.", "Precious Wilson appeared on Channel 4, First Dates (6 June 2017) Series 8 Episode 8.", "In 2018, Wilson was one of 12 co-authors of a book titled Mission Critical Messengers: How To Deliver A Difference.", "Discography\n\nAlbums\n We Are On the Race Track (October 1980)\n All Coloured in Love (July 1982) – released as Red Light in France and UK.", "Funky Fingers (December 1983)\n Precious Wilson Jive Records (1986)\n\nSingles\n\nFilmography\nPrecious Wilson along with the other members of Eruption, and Boney M were all featured in the 1979 German movie \"Disco Fever\".", "She performed 'Raising my family' and 'The night the music died' on programme called Coeur En Fête, broadcast on LIVE on 16 March 1983 channel TSR1, Switzerland, 23:25\n\nSee also\n List of disco artists (L-R)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Precious Wilson Official site\n Frank Farian Official site\n Frank Farian FanClub\n Biography and discography at Rateyourmusic.com\n Further discography\n\n1957 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Spanish Town\n20th-century Jamaican women singers\nHansa Records artists" ]

[ "Precious Wilson is a Jamaican soul singer.", "The all-male group Eruption had a backing singer named Precious Wilson.", "After winning a talent competition in 1975, the group went on to record a song called \"Let Me Take You Back in Time.\" Shortly after, the lead singer left the group, and Precious Wilson stepped forward to front the band.", "The group moved to Germany in 1976.", "While on the road touring in Germany, Eruption was introduced to German producer Frank Farian who booked them to work with Boney M as their backing band and as their support act on his first European tour.", "The disco cover version of \"I Can't Stand the Rain\" from their first album broke big and was released by Frank Farian.", "5 hit and a US No.", "18 hits.", "After a second album and a hit single, Precious Wilson left the group to pursue her solo career.", "Wilson's first single as a solo artist was a cover of Sam & Dave's \" Hold On I'm Coming\".", "The single was produced by Frank Farian.", "45 is in the Dutch charts.", "Wilson performed \"Let It All Be Music\" on the opening track of the fourth album by Boney M.", "The title song of her debut album, We Are on the Race Track, was co-written by her and was produced by Farian.", "The single \"Cry to Me\" was released in October and was backed by the band she created called Sky Train.", "The single was the number 3 in Switzerland.", "\"We Are on the Race Track\" was the second single from the album.", "In early 1981 there were 11 in Switzerland.", "She released a cover version of \"I Need You\" in October 1981.", "Her popularity lingered in Switzerland.", "It reached the top in Germany.", "39.", "Her second album All Coloured in Love was released in the summer of 1982.", "The album was released with a different track selection in the UK, Italy and France under the name Red Light, followed by several different single releases in the various territories.", "The theme song \"Let's Move Aerobic (Move Your Body)\" was released in March 1983 on the heels of Farian's success with the album Aerobic Fitness Dancing.", "She released her third album, Funky Fingers, in December 1983.", "Monte Moir, best known as a member of The Time, was one of the producers on the album.", "The theme song from the Michael Douglas movie The Jewel of the Nile and \"Nice Girls Don't\" were released by Wilson.", "She contributed to the charity album \"The Anti-Heroin project: It's a live-in world, singing among others on the title track as well as on \"Waiting in the Dark\" and a song called \"Something Better\" with Kim Wilde and Darryl Pandy.", "Stock Aitken Waterman produced a dance cover of \"Only the Strong Survive\" in 1987.", "Precious was invited by the Soviet Cultural Ministry to tour the former USSR.", "The 55 date concert tour performed to full capacity audiences in six Soviet Republics.", "She was the first black UK based female artiste to go to the USSR in 1988.", "She had the talent for a variety of television and stage work, as well as the hit musical Blues in the Night.", "Concerts in both Eastern Europe and continental Europe include shows in Monte Carlo.", "She was at a Royal Variety Show in the presence of a member of the Saudi royal family.", "Over the years she has made guest appearances and associated studio productions with artists such as Paul McCartney, James Brown, Boney M, Michael Bolton, Little Richard and she also recorded with Sir Cliff Richard.", "\"I May Be Right 4U\" was one of her co-written songs.", "She had two small hit singles in the early 1990s.", "\"Spacer\" is a hit single in France and a cover of Donna Summer's \"I Feel Love\" is a UK No.", "Messiah had a 19 hit single.", "Since then, Wilson has toured internationally and frequently tours as Eruption featuring Precious Wilson.", "On June 6, 2017, Precious Wilson appeared on First Dates.", "Wilson co-authored a book called Mission Critical Messengers: How To Deliver A Difference.", "The albums were released as Red Light in France and the UK.", "Precious Wilson, along with the other members of Eruption, and Boney M, were all featured in the 1979 German movie \"Disco Fever\".", "She performed 'Raising my family' and 'The night the music died' on a programme called Coeur En Fte." ]

[ "Precious Wilson", "Precious Wilson", "Precious Wilson", "Precious", "Wilson", "Wilson", "Wilson", "Wilson", "Wilson", "Wilson", "Wilson", "Precious", "Wilson", "Precious", "Wilson", "Wilson", "Precious", "Wilson", "Precious", "Wilson" ]

[ "Precious Wilson", "Precious Wilson", "Precious Wilson", "Precious", "Wilson", "Wilson", "Wilson", "Wilson", "Wilson", "Precious", "Wilson", "Precious", "Wilson", "Wilson", "Precious", "Wilson" ]

[ "Charles Munch (; born Charles Münch, 26 September 1891 – 6 November 1968) was an Alsatian French symphonic conductor and violinist.", "Noted for his mastery of the French orchestral repertoire, he was best known as music director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra.", "Life and career\nMunch was born in 1891 in Strasbourg, Alsace.", "The son of organist and choir director Ernst Münch, he was the fifth of six children.", "He was the brother of conductor Fritz Münch and the cousin of conductor and composer Hans Münch.", "Although his first ambition was to be a locomotive engineer, he studied violin at the Strasbourg Conservatoire.", "His father, Ernst, was a professor of organ at the Conservatoire and performed at the cathedral; he also directed an orchestra with his son Charles in the second violins.", "After receiving his diploma in 1912, Charles studied with Carl Flesch in Berlin and Lucien Capet at the Conservatoire de Paris.", "He was conscripted into the German army in World War I, serving as a sergeant gunner.", "He was gassed at Péronne and wounded at Verdun.", "Though most of his career was accomplished in France and in the United States, Munch considered that \"as an Alsacian and as a musician, [he was] purely and profoundly German, but that [he was] a friend of many countries and first and foremost a musician and a conductor\".", "In 1920, Munch became professor of violin at the Strasbourg Conservatoire and assistant concertmaster of the Strasbourg Philharmonic Orchestra under Joseph Guy Ropartz, who directed the conservatory.", "In the early 1920s he was concertmaster for Hermann Abendroth's Gürzenich Orchestra in Cologne.", "He then served as concertmaster of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra under Wilhelm Furtwängler and Bruno Walter from 1926 to 1933.", "At the age of 41, Munch made his conducting debut in Paris on 1 November 1932.", "Munch's fiancée, Geneviève Maury, granddaughter of a founder of the Nestlé Chocolate Company, rented the hall and hired the Walther Straram Concerts Orchestra.", "Munch also studied conducting with Czech conductor Fritz Zweig, who had fled Berlin during his tenure at Berlin's Krolloper.", "Following this success, Munch conducted the Concerts Siohan, the Lamoureux Orchestra, the new Orchestre Symphonique de Paris, the Biarritz Orchestra (Summer 1933), the Société Philharmonique de Paris (1935 to 1938), and the Orchestre de la Société des concerts du Conservatoire (1937 to 1946).", "He became known as a champion of Hector Berlioz, and befriended Arthur Honegger, Albert Roussel, and Francis Poulenc.", "During these years, Munch gave first performances of works by Honegger, Jean Roger-Ducasse, Joseph Guy Ropartz, Roussel, and Florent Schmitt.", "He became director of the Société Philharmonique de Paris in 1938 and was featured in the French epic Les Enfants du Paradis, filmed (1945) during the German occupation of Paris.", "For two years, he taught conducting at the École Normale de Musique (from 1937 to 1939).", "One of his pupils there was also Czech composer-conductor Vítězslava Kaprálová.", "Munch remained in France conducting the Conservatoire Orchestra during the German occupation, believing it best to maintain the morale of the French people.", "He refused conducting engagements in Germany and also refused to perform contemporary German works.", "He protected members of his orchestra from the Gestapo and contributed from his income to the French Resistance.", "For this, he received the Légion d'honneur with the red ribbon in 1945 and the degree of Commandeur in 1952.", "In Boston\n\nMunch made his début with the Boston Symphony Orchestra on 27 December 1946.", "He was its Music Director from 1949 to 1962.", "Munch was also Director of the Berkshire Music Festival and Berkshire Music Center (Tanglewood) from 1951 through 1962.", "He led relaxed rehearsals which orchestra members appreciated after the authoritarian Serge Koussevitzky.", "Among his pupils at Tanglewood was Serge Fournier.", "Munch also received honorary degrees from Boston College, Boston University, Brandeis University, Harvard University, and the New England Conservatory of Music.", "He excelled in the modern French repertoire, especially Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel, and was considered to be an authoritative performer of Hector Berlioz.", "However, Munch's programs also regularly featured works by composers such as Bach, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Schumann, Brahms, and Wagner.", "His thirteen-year tenure in Boston included 39 world premieres and 58 American first performances, and offered audiences 168 contemporary works.", "Fourteen of these premieres were works commissioned by the Boston Symphony and the Koussevitzky Music Foundation to celebrate the Orchestra's 75th Anniversary in 1956.", "(A 15th commission was never completed.)", "Munch invited former Boston Symphony music director Pierre Monteux to guest conduct, record, and tour with the orchestra after an absence of more than 25 years.", "Under Munch, guest conductors became an integral part of the Boston Symphony's programming, both in Boston and at Tanglewood.", "Munch led the Boston Symphony on its first transcontinental tour of the United States in 1953.", "He became the first conductor to take them on tour overseas: Europe in 1952 and 1956, and East Asia and Australia in 1960.", "During the 1956 tour, the Boston Symphony was the first American orchestra to perform in the Soviet Union.", "The Boston Symphony under Munch made a series of recordings for RCA Victor from 1949 to 1953 in monaural sound and from 1954 to 1962 in both monaural and stereophonic versions.", "Selections from Boston Symphony rehearsals under Leonard Bernstein, Koussevitzky, and Munch were broadcast nationally on the NBC Radio Network from 1948–1951.", "NBC carried portions of the Orchestra's performances from 1954–1957.", "Beginning in 1951, the BSO was broadcast over local radio stations in the Boston area.", "Starting in 1957, Boston Symphony performances under Munch and guest conductors were disseminated regionally, nationally, and internationally through the Boston Symphony Transcription Trust.", "Under Munch, the Boston Symphony appeared on television.", "The first BSO television broadcast was under Bernstein in 1949 at Carnegie Hall.", "Orchestre de Paris\nMunch returned to France and in 1963 became president of the École Normale de Musique.", "He was also named president of the Guilde française des artistes solistes.", "During the 1960s, Munch appeared regularly as a guest conductor throughout America, Europe, and Japan.", "In 1967, at the request of France's Minister of Culture, André Malraux, he founded the first full-time salaried French orchestra, the Orchestre de Paris, and conducted its first concert on 14 November 1967.", "The following year, he died of a heart attack suffered at his hotel in Richmond, Virginia while on an American tour with his new orchestra.", "His remains were returned to France where he is buried in the Cimetière de Louveciennes.", "EMI recorded his final sessions, including Ravel's Piano Concerto in G, with this orchestra, and released them posthumously.", "Books\nIn 1955, Oxford University Press published I Am a Conductor by Munch in a translation by Leonard Burkat.", "It was originally issued in 1954 in French as Je suis chef d'orchestre.", "The work is a collection of Munch's thoughts on conducting and the role of a conductor.", "D. Kern Holoman wrote Munch's first biography in English, Charles Munch.", "It was published by Oxford University Press in 2011.", "Recordings\nMunch's discography is extensive, both in Boston on RCA Victor and at his various European posts and guest conducting assignments on various labels, including English Decca, EMI, Nonesuch, Erato and Auvidis-Valois.", "He began making records in Paris before the war, for EMI.", "Munch then made a renowned series of Decca Full Frequency Range Recordings (FFRR) in the late 1940s.", "After several recordings with the New York Philharmonic for Columbia, Munch began making recordings for RCA Victor soon after his arrival in Boston as Music Director.", "These included memorable Berlioz, Honegger, Roussel, and Saint-Saëns tapings.", "His first stereophonic recording with the Boston Symphony, in Boston's Symphony Hall in February 1954, was devoted to a complete version of The Damnation of Faust by Hector Berlioz and was made simultaneously in monaural and experimental stereophonic sound, although only the mono recording was released commercially.", "The stereo tape survives only fragmentarily.", "The monaural version of this recording was added to the Library of Congress's national registry of sound.", "Among his final recordings in Boston was a 1962 performance of César Franck's symphonic poem Le chasseur maudit.", "Upon Munch's return to Paris, he made Erato disks with the Orchestre Lamoureux, and with the Orchestre de Paris he again recorded for EMI.", "He also made recordings for a number of other companies including Decca/London.", "A number of Munch's recordings have been available continuously since their original releases, among them Saint-Saëns's Organ Symphony and Ravel's Daphnis and Chloe.", "RCA reissued Munch Conducts Berlioz in a multi-disc set, including all of their Munch recordings.", "BMG/Japan has issued two different editions of Munch's RCA Victor recordings on CD, 1998 and 2006.", "The latter was made up of 41 CDs and encompassed all but a handful of Munch recordings with the Boston Symphony.", "in 2016, Sony released all of Munch's Columbia and RCA Victor recordings including performances by the Boston Symphony Orchestra, New York Philharmonic, and Philadelphia Orchestra.", "Many of these had never been officially released on compact disc.", "In 2018, Warner Classics issued a comprehensive CD box set of Munch's recordings, drawn from their archives of the labels of the former EMI group.", "Eloquence Australia released a CD box set of Munch's complete DECCA recordings in 2020.", "Television \nThe Boston Symphony appeared on television with Munch locally on WGBH-TV, Boston, and nationally through a syndicated series.", "NHK broadcast throughout Japan the opening concert of the Boston Symphony's tour of Japan in 1960.", "Munch also appeared on film or television with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Czech Philharmonic, the Hungarian Radio and Television Orchestra, the Orchestre National de l'ORTF, and the Orchestre de Radio-Canada.", "Several of these performances have been issued on DVD.", "Sources\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n Société des concerts du Conservatoire\n\nCharles Munch at the Bach Cantatas website\n František Sláma (musician) Archive.", "More on the history of the Czech Philharmonic between the 1940s and the 1980s: Conductors\n\n1891 births\n1968 deaths\nPeople from Strasbourg\nFrench people of German descent\n20th-century French conductors (music)\nFrench male conductors (music)\nFrench classical musicians\nGrammy Award winners\nPeople from Alsace-Lorraine\nConservatoire de Paris alumni\nAcademics of the École Normale de Musique de Paris\n20th-century French male musicians\nGerman military personnel of World War I" ]

[ "Charles Mnch was an Alsatian French conductor and violinist.", "He was best known for his work as music director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra.", "In 1891, Munch was born in Strasbourg, Alsace.", "The organist and choir director's son was the fifth of six children.", "He was related to conductor and composer Hans Mnch.", "He studied violin and wanted to be a locomotive engineer.", "His father was an organist at the cathedral and directed an orchestra with his son in the second violins.", "Charles studied in Berlin, Berlin, and the Conservatoire de Paris after receiving his degree in 1912.", "He was a sergeant in the German army during World War I.", "He was wounded at Verdun.", "Though most of his career was done in France and the United States, he was a friend of many countries and a musician and a conductor.", "The assistant concertmaster of the Strasbourg Philharmonic Orchestra under Joseph Guy Ropartz was the professor of violin at the Strasbourg Conservatoire.", "He was concertmaster for the Grzenich Orchestra in Cologne in the early 1920s.", "He was the concertmaster of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra from 1926 to 1933.", "His conducting debut was in Paris on 1 November 1932 at the age of 41.", "The hall was rented by Genevive Maury, granddaughter of a founder of the Nestlé Chocolate Company.", "During his time in Berlin, Zweig fled the city and studied with Munch.", "The Lamoureux Orchestra, the Orchestre Symphonique de Paris, the Biarritz Orchestra, and the Orchestre de la Société des were all conducted by Munch.", "He befriended many people, including Arthur Honegger, Albert Roussel, and Francis Poulenc.", "The first performances of works by Honegger, Jean Roger-Ducasse, Joseph Guy Ropartz, and Florent Schmitt took place during these years.", "During the German occupation of Paris, he was the director of the Philharmonique de Paris.", "He taught conducting for two years at the cole Normale de Musique.", "Vtzslava Kaprlov was one of his students.", "During the German occupation of France, Munch remained in France to conduct the Conservatoire Orchestra.", "He refused to perform contemporary German works.", "He contributed from his income to the French Resistance and protected his orchestra from the Gestapo.", "The degree of Commandeur was given to him in 1952.", "On December 27, 1946, he made his debut with the Boston Symphony Orchestra.", "He was the Music Director from 1949 to 1962.", "From 1951 to 1962, he was the Director of the Tanglewood Music Center.", "The orchestra members appreciated the relaxed rehearsals that he led.", "Serge Fournier was one of his students.", "Boston College, Boston University, Brandeis University, Harvard University, and the New England Conservatory of Music all gave him degrees.", "He was considered to be an authoritative performer and excelled in the modern French repertory.", "Some of the works that were featured in the programs were by composers such as Mozart and Beethoven.", "His thirteen-year tenure in Boston included 39 world premieres and 58 American first performances.", "The Boston Symphony and the Koussevitzky Music Foundation commissioned 14 new works to celebrate the Orchestra's 75th anniversary in 1956.", "A 15th commission was never completed.", "Pierre Monteux was invited to guest conduct, record, and tour with the orchestra after an absence of more than 25 years.", "The guest conductors were an important part of the Boston Symphony's programming.", "The first transcontinental tour of the United States was led by Munch.", "Europe, East Asia and Australia were the first places he took them on tour.", "The Boston Symphony was the first American orchestra to perform in the Soviet Union.", "From 1949 to 1953, the Boston Symphony made a series of recordings inmonaural and stereophonic versions for RCA Victor.", "From 1948 to 1951, selections from Boston Symphony rehearsals were broadcast on the NBC Radio Network.", "Some of the Orchestra's performances were aired by NBC.", "In the Boston area, the BSO was broadcast over local radio stations.", "The Boston Symphony performances were disseminated nationally and internationally through the Boston Symphony Transcription Trust.", "The Boston Symphony was on television.", "Bernstein was in charge of the first BSO television broadcast.", "The president of the cole Normale de Musique was Orchestre de Paris Munch.", "He was the president of the Guilde Fran des artistes solistes.", "During the 1960s, he was a guest conductor in America, Europe, and Japan.", "The Orchestre de Paris was founded in 1967, at the request of France's Minister of Culture, André Malraux.", "He died of a heart attack while on an American tour with his new orchestra.", "He is buried in France in the Cimetire de Louveciennes.", "His final sessions were recorded with this orchestra and released posthumously.", "I Am a Conductor was published in 1955 by Oxford University Press.", "In French it was called Je suis chef d'orchestre.", "The work is about conducting and the role of a conductor.", "Charles Munch's first biography was written in English.", "It was published in 2011.", "At his various European posts, as well as guest conducting assignments on various labels, including English Decca, EMI, Nonesuch, Erato and Auvidis-Valois, Munch's discography is extensive.", "He started making records in Paris before the war.", "The Decca Full Frequency Range Recordings (FFRR) were made by Munch in the late 1940s.", "After several recordings with the New York Philharmonic for Columbia, Munch began making recordings for RCA Victor.", "The tapings included Honegger, Roussel, and Saint-Sans.", "His first stereophonic recording with the Boston Symphony was devoted to a complete version of The Damnation of Faust and was made simultaneously in monaural and experimental stereophonic sound, although only the mono recording was released commercially.", "The stereo tape does not survive very long.", "The Library of Congress has a national registry of sound.", "A 1962 performance of Le chasseur maudit was one of his final recordings.", "After returning to Paris, he made Erato disks with the Orchestre Lamoureux and Orchestre de Paris.", "Decca/London was one of the companies he made recordings for.", "Saint-Sans's Organ symphony is one of the recordings that have been available continuously since their original releases.", "All of their recordings are included in the multi-disc set.", "There are two different editions of the recordings on CD.", "All but a few of the recordings with the Boston Symphony were included in the latter.", "The Boston Symphony Orchestra, New York Philharmonic, and Philadelphia Orchestra performed on the Columbia and RCA Victor recordings.", "Many of these were never released on a compact disc.", "Warner Classics drew from their archives of the labels of the former EMI group to create a comprehensive CD box set of Munch's recordings.", "The CD box set was released in 2020.", "The Boston Symphony appeared on television through a syndicated series.", "The opening concert of the Boston Symphony's tour of Japan was broadcasted by NHK.", "The Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Czech Philharmonic, the Hungarian Radio and Television Orchestra, the Orchestre National de l'ORTF, and the Orchestre de Radio-Canada were all featured on film or television.", "Several of these performances have been released on DVD.", "Frantiek Slma has an archive of links to external sources.", "More on the history of the Czech Philharmonic between the 1940s and the 1980s." ]

[ "Charles Munch", "Charles Münch", "Munch", "Charles", "Charles", "Munchsa", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Charles Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Munchz", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Charles Mu" ]

[ "Charles Mnch", "Munch", "Charles", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Charles Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch", "Munch" ]

[ "Joshua Earl Patrick Phillips (born March 17, 1984) is an American who was convicted of murder as a child.", "In November 1998, when he was 14 years old, Phillips killed Maddie Clifton, his 8-year-old friend and neighbor.", "The following year, he was sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.", "Phillips stated that he killed Clifton to stop her from crying after she was accidentally struck with a baseball while they were playing, and that he feared punishment from his abusive father.", "Although elements of Phillips' story are disputed, officials who were involved in his prosecution have subsequently expressed contrition over the severity of his sentence.", "Phillips is eligible for re-sentencing in 2023.", "Early life\nPhillips was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania, on March 17, 1984, to Steve and Melissa Phillips.", "Steve, a drug addict and alcoholic, was violent towards Phillips and Melissa, who both reported living in fear of him.", "Steve imposed strict rules on his son, got angry if he had other children in the house when he was not around, and particularly disliked young girls; Melissa said she never understood why her husband disliked girls.", "In November 1998, Phillips was 14 years old and living with his family in Jacksonville, Florida.", "Neighbors described Phillips as \"quiet and friendly\".", "According to Maddie Clifton's mother, Phillips and her daughter were friends and she never had any reason to be afraid of him.", "Phillips had no arrests or history of violence prior to the murder.", "His school teacher said he was a popular student who did not stand out, describing him as fun and silly.", "Murder of Maddie Clifton\nAccording to Phillips, on November 3, 1998, he was home alone when Maddie Clifton, who lived across the road from the Phillips, came to his house asking him to come outside and play baseball.", "Phillips agreed, even though he was not allowed to have friends over while his parents were not home.", "As the two were playing baseball, Phillips accidentally hit the ball into Clifton's eye, causing her to bleed, cry, and scream.", "Phillips panicked, knowing his father Steve would be home soon and fearing his reaction.", "Phillips dragged Clifton into his house, saying that the clothing came off Clifton's lower body as he did so.", "He hit her with the baseball bat to stop her from screaming before putting her under the base of his bed.", "When Steve returned home, Phillips interacted with him for a period of time before returning to his room.", "When Phillips discovered that Clifton was still alive and moaning under his bed, he removed the mattress, cut her throat, and stabbed her in the chest seven times with the knife from a Leatherman tool, killing her.", "Clifton's disappearance was reported around 5:00pm that day.", "Police and volunteers searched for Clifton for six days; Phillips participated in the search.", "He later stated he spent the following week living in denial, saying, \"I was putting myself in a fantasy world that nothing had happened.", "That was my defense mechanism for everything when I was a kid.", "I never made the decision... to ignore it.", "I just did.\"", "On November 10, Melissa Phillips went into her son's room and noticed a wet spot on the floor.", "She searched the room and found Clifton's body, immediately leaving the house to report the incident to the police.", "Phillips was arrested later that day at his school, and confessed to the murder within hours.", "Prosecutors disputed some parts of Phillips's story.", "State Attorney Harry Shorstein suggested the murder may have been sexually motivated, saying that Phillips had talked about sexual matters with both Maddie Clifton and her older sister.", "The autopsy found no evidence of sexual assault, though prosecutors argued the lack of dirt and sand on Clifton's body did not support Phillips's assertion that her clothes came off as he dragged her into his room.", "Prosecutors also noted that no blood was found in the backyard, or on the baseball that Phillips said had struck Clifton, and argued that this did not support his version of events.", "Trial\nPhillips was tried as an adult.", "The trial was moved from Duval County, Florida to Polk County over concerns about the publicity in Jacksonville.", "Phillips's lawyer, Richard D. Nichols, did not call a single witness for the defense, a move the prosecutors later said was a surprising and risky strategy.", "Nichols intended to base much of the defense on a closing argument to the jury, where he stated Clifton's death was \"an act that began as an accident and deteriorated through panic that bordered on madness\".", "According to Phillips, Nichols never attempted to question him over the events of the murder, and only played chess with him when visiting him in prison prior to the trial.", "Melissa Phillips disagreed with Nichols's strategy, though Steve insisted on letting the lawyer do as he pleased.", "Nichols discouraged Phillips's parents from allowing him to testify.", "Accordingly, Phillips never spoke during his trial.", "The trial started on July 6, 1999, and lasted only two days, an unusually short time due to the defense calling no witnesses.", "Jurors took just over two hours to convict Phillips of first-degree murder.", "He was later sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole; he was not eligible for the death penalty as he was under 16.", "During the trial the defense attempted to introduce scans from a neurologist showing bilateral lesions on the frontal lobe of Phillips's brain, which are associated with panic and impaired judgement, while the prosecution wanted to discuss evidence Phillips had looked at pornography on his computer.", "The judge, however, ruled both pieces of evidence inadmissible.", "Life in prison\nPhillips completed his General Educational Development in prison, although he was initially told he was too young to do it, and later took college classes by correspondence.", "Phillips works as a paralegal in prison, assisting other inmates with their appeals, and also works as a tutor for inmates.", "He also plays guitar in a band, and participates in Christian religious services, zazen and yoga.", "During his 2017 appeal, the prosecution acknowledged that Phillips had been a model prisoner.", "As of 2008, Phillips declined to write a letter of apology to Clifton's family, saying they deserved an apology from him in person, as they would not be able to see his sincerity in a letter.", "Clifton's mother subsequently stated she had no interest in talking to Phillips.", "As of 2021, Phillips is imprisoned in the Taylor Annex.", "In 2000, Steve Phillips was killed in a car accident.", "Appeals\n\nIn 2002, the Florida Second District Court of Appeal upheld Phillips's conviction.", "In December 2004, Melissa Phillips began to seek a new trial for her son, stating his young age at the time of the murder should have carried more weight in his sentence.", "In November 2005, the Supreme Court of Florida set a hearing for the following month to discuss whether Phillips should receive a new trial.", "In 2008, two of the officials most responsible for Phillips's life sentence, Harry Shorstein and Sheriff Nat Glover, admitted having second thoughts about giving a life sentence without the possibility of parole to a 14-year-old.", "Shorstein said he regretted not offering Phillips a second-degree murder plea, which would have given the judge more discretion in sentencing, and has voiced his support for eventual clemency or parole for Phillips.", "In 2012, the Supreme Court of the United States case of Miller v. Alabama ruled that sentencing juveniles to mandatory life in prison without parole is unconstitutional.", "In November 2015, Phillips's attorneys were considering Miller v. Alabama as a basis to file a re-sentencing hearing.", "In September 2016, Phillips's attorneys successfully appealed the court, and he was granted a new sentencing hearing, which was held in June 2017.", "At the hearing, Clifton's mother requested that his sentence be upheld.", "In November 2017, Phillips was re-sentenced to life in prison, but is eligible for re-sentencing again in 2023.", "In December 2019, the Florida First District Court of Appeal upheld the life sentence, saying it will be reviewed again and could be modified in 2023 \"based on demonstrated maturity and rehabilitation.\"", "Phillips subsequently appealed to the Supreme Court of Florida, who turned down his request in June 2020.", "As is customary, they did not explain their reasons for declining to hear the case.", "In the media\nIn 1999, the murder was the subject of a documentary on 48 Hours titled \"Why Did Josh Kill?\"", "The murder was featured on the season 2 premiere of Killer Kids in 2012.", "In 2018, Phillips was interviewed by British journalist Susanna Reid for the ITV documentary Children Who Kill.", "That same year, the murder and Phillips's trial were featured on an episode of the podcast Sword and Scale.", "The murder and Phillips's appeal were featured in two episodes of Morbid: A True Crime Podcast, released in 2019 and 2020 respectively.", "See also\nLionel Tate\nMary Bell\n\nReferences\n\n1984 births\nLiving people\n1998 murders in the United States\n20th-century American criminals\nAmerican male criminals\nAmerican murderers of children\nAmerican people convicted of murder\nAmerican prisoners and detainees\nAmerican prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment\nCrime in Florida\nCriminals from Florida\nMale murderers\nMinors convicted of murder\nMurder committed by minors\nPeople convicted of murder by Florida\nPeople from Allentown, Pennsylvania\nPeople from Jacksonville, Florida\nPrisoners and detainees of Florida\nPrisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Florida\nViolence against women in the United States" ]

[ "An American who was convicted of murder as a child is named Joshua Earl PatrickPhillips.", "He was 14 years old when he killed his friend.", "He was sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.", "According toPhillips, he killed Clifton to stop her from crying after she was accidentally hit with a baseball while they were playing, and that he feared punishment from his abusive father.", "The officials who were involved in his prosecution have expressed contrition over the severity of his sentence.", "He is eligible for re-sentencing in a few years.", "Steve andMelissaPhillips had a baby namedPhillips on March 17, 1984 in Allentown, Pennsylvania.", "Steve, a drug addiction and alcoholic, was violent towards bothPhillips andMelissa, who both reported living in fear of him.", "When Steve was not around, he imposed strict rules on his son, got angry if he had other children in the house, and disliked young girls.", "In 1998 he was 14 years old and living with his family in Jacksonville, Florida.", "Phillips was described as quiet and friendly by his neighbors.", "According to her mother,Phillips and her daughter were friends and she never had any reason to be afraid of him.", "Before the murder,Phillips had no arrests or history of violence.", "The popular student was described by his teacher as fun and silly.", "According toPhillips, on November 3, 1998, he was home alone when a person came to his house and asked him to play baseball.", "Even though he wasn't allowed to have friends over, he agreed.", "As the two were playing baseball,Phillips accidentally hit the ball into Clifton's eye, causing her to bleed, cry, and scream.", "Knowing that his father would be home soon,Phillips panicked.", "The clothes came off of Clifton's lower body as he was dragged into the house.", "He hit her with a bat and put her under his bed.", "After a period of time with Steve,Phillips returned to his room.", "When he discovered that she was still alive, he removed the mattress, cut her throat, and stabbed her seven times with a knife from a Leatherman tool, killing her.", "The disappearance was reported at 5:00pm.", "Police and volunteers searched for a man for six days.", "He said he spent the week in denial because he was putting himself in a fantasy world.", "When I was a kid, that was my defense mechanism.", "I didn't make the decision to ignore it.", "I just did.", "There was a wet spot on the floor in her son's room.", "She immediately left the house to report the incident to the police.", "He confessed to the murder within hours of his arrest.", "Some parts of the story were disputed by prosecutors.", "State Attorney Harry Shorstein suggested that the murder may have been sexually motivated, saying thatPhillips had talked about sexual matters with both the older sister and the younger sister.", "The autopsy found no evidence of sexual assault, though prosecutors argued the lack of dirt and sand on her body did not support the idea that she came off as he dragged her into his room.", "Prosecutors argued that no blood was found in the backyard or on the baseball thatPhillips said he struck, and that this did not support his version of events.", "The trial was held as an adult.", "Concerns about publicity in Jacksonville moved the trial from Florida to Polk County.", "The prosecutors said it was a risky strategy to not call a single witness for the defense.", "The closing argument was intended to base much of the defense on the idea that the death was an accident and that it was caused by panic that bordered on madness.", "When visiting him in prison prior to the trial, Nichols played chess with him and never attempted to question him over the events of the murder.", "Steve insisted on letting the lawyer do as he pleased even though he disagreed with the strategy.", "His parents were discouraged from allowing him to testify.", "During his trial,Phillips never spoke.", "The trial lasted only two days because the defense didn't call any witnesses.", "The jury took just over two hours to convictPhillips of murder.", "He was sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole and was not eligible for the death penalty as he was under 16.", "During the trial, the defense tried to introduce scans from a neurologist that showed bilateral brain tumors, which are associated with panic and impaired judgement, while the prosecution wanted to discuss evidence that he had looked at pornography on his computer.", "Both pieces of evidence were thrown out by the judge.", "Although he was told he was too young to complete his General Educational Development in prison, he later took college classes by correspondence.", "In prison,Phillips works as a paralegal, assisting other inmates with their appeals, and also as a tutor for inmates.", "He plays guitar in a band and participates in Christian religious services.", "The prosecution acknowledged during his appeal that he was a model prisoner.", "As of 2008,Phillips refused to write a letter of apology to the family as they would not be able to see his true feelings in a letter.", "The mother stated she didn't want to talk toPhillips.", "The Taylor Annex is wherePhillips is currently imprisoned.", "StevePhillips was killed in a car accident in 2000.", "The Florida Second District Court of Appeal upheld the conviction.", "In December 2004, the mother of the boy began to seek a new trial, saying his age at the time of the murder should have been taken into account.", "In November 2005, the Supreme Court of Florida set a hearing for the following month to discuss whether or not to grant a new trial.", "In 2008, two of the officials most responsible for the life sentence ofPhillips admitted to having second thoughts about giving a life sentence without the possibility of parole to a 14-year-old.", "The judge would have had more discretion in sentencing if Shorstein had offered a second-degree murder plea.", "The Supreme Court ruled in 2012 that sentencing children to life in prison without parole is unconstitutional.", "In November of 2015,Phillips's attorneys were considering Miller v. Alabama as a basis to file a re-sentencing hearing.", "In September 2016Phillips's attorneys successfully appealed the court and he was granted a new sentencing hearing.", "His mother requested that his sentence be upheld.", "In November of last year,Phillips was re-sentenced to life in prison, but can be re-sentenced again in 2023.", "The life sentence was upheld by the Florida First District Court of Appeal in December of 2019.", "The Supreme Court of Florida turned down his request in June 2020.", "They didn't explain why they didn't hear the case.", "The murder was the subject of a documentary in 1999.", "The murder was featured in the second season of Killer Kids.", "Phillips was interviewed by a British journalist for a documentary.", "The murder and trial ofPhillips were featured on an episode of Sword and Scale.", "The murder andPhillips's appeal were featured in two episodes of a true crime show.", "Mary Bell referred to 1984 births Living people murders 1998 in the United States 20th-century American male criminals American murderers of children American people convicted of murder American prisoners and prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment Crime in Florida Criminals from Florida Male murderers Minors convicted of murder" ]

[ "Joshua Earl Patrick Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Melissa Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Melissa Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Melissa Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Steve Phillips", "Phillips", "Melissa Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Josh", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Phillips" ]

[ "Joshua Earl PatrickPipP", "Phillips", "Phillips", "PhillipsP", "Phillips", "Phillips", "Steve Phillips", "PhillipsPip", "Phillips", "PhillipsPipPip", "Phillips", "Phillips", "PhillipsPipP" ]

[ "Raymond Matthews Brown (October 13, 1926 – July 2, 2002) was an American jazz double bassist known for extensive work with Oscar Peterson and Ella Fitzgerald.", "Biography\n\nEarly life\nRay Brown was born October 13, 1926, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and took piano lessons from the age of eight.", "After noticing how many pianists attended his high school, he thought of taking up the trombone, but was unable to afford one.", "With a vacancy in the high school jazz orchestra, he took up the upright bass.", "Career\nA major early influence on Brown's bass playing was Jimmy Blanton, the bassist in the Duke Ellington band.", "As a young man Brown became increasingly well known in the Pittsburgh jazz scene, with his first experiences playing in bands with the Jimmy Hinsley Sextet and the Snookum Russell band.", "After graduating high school, having heard stories about the burgeoning jazz scene on 52nd Street in New York City, he bought a one-way ticket to New York.", "He arrived in New York at the age of 20, met up with Hank Jones, with whom he had previously worked, and was introduced to Dizzy Gillespie, who was looking for a bass player.", "Gillespie hired Brown on the spot, and he soon played with such established musicians as Art Tatum and Charlie Parker.", "In 1948, Brown left Dizzy's band to start a trio with Hank Jones and Charlie Smith.", "From 1946 to 1951, Brown played in Gillespie's band.", "Brown, along with the vibraphonist Milt Jackson, drummer Kenny Clarke, and pianist John Lewis formed the rhythm section of the Gillespie band.", "Lewis, Clarke, and Jackson eventually formed the Modern Jazz Quartet.", "Brown became acquainted with singer Ella Fitzgerald when she joined the Gillespie band as a special attraction for a tour of the southern United States in 1947.", "The two married that year, and together they adopted a child born to Fitzgerald's half-sister Frances, whom they christened Ray Brown, Jr. Fitzgerald and Brown divorced in 1953, bowing to the various career pressures both were experiencing at the time, though they would continue to perform together.", "From 1951 to 1965, Brown was a member of the Oscar Peterson Trio.", "The trio included a guitarist until 1958 (initially Barney Kessel, and then Herb Ellis).", "After Ellis left the group, Peterson decided to continue the trio with Brown and drummer Ed Thigpen.", "Brown recorded extensively as a session musician for producer Norman Granz during the 1950s (for Granz's Clef, Norgran, and Verve record labels), often alongside Peterson.", "After leaving the Oscar Peterson Trio, Brown concentrated on studio work in Los Angeles.", "Later career\nBrown guested as a bass player on \"Razor Boy\", the second track on Steely Dan's second album, Countdown to Ecstasy, released in 1973.", "From 1974 to 1982, Brown performed and recorded a series of albums with guitarist Laurindo Almeida, saxophonist and flutist Bud Shank, and drummer Shelly Manne (replaced by Jeff Hamilton after 1977) under the name The L.A. Four.", "In the 1980s and 1990s Brown led his own trios and continued to refine his bass playing style.", "In his later years he recorded and toured extensively with pianist Gene Harris.", "In the early 1980s, Brown met Diana Krall in a restaurant in Nanaimo, British Columbia.", "According to Jeff Hamilton, in an interview recorded on the Diana Krall Live in Rio DVD, he first heard Krall play at a workshop and, impressed with her piano skills (she was not yet singing), introduced her to bassist John Clayton.", "Hamilton and Clayton both encouraged Krall to move to Los Angeles to study under Brown and others.", "In 1986 Brown played bass on the song “Poisoned Rose” on Elvis Costello’s King of America album.", "In 1990, he teamed up with pianist Bobby Enriquez and drummer Al Foster, for Enriquez's album, The Wildman Returns.", "Around the same time, Brown made seven albums with pianist André Previn when, after a hiatus of two decades, Previn returned to jazz to perform and record regularly again between 1989 and 2002: After Hours (1989, with guitarist Joe Pass), Uptown (1990, with guitarist Mundell Lowe), Old Friends (1992, live recording, with guitarist Mundell Lowe), Kiri Sidetracks.", "The Jazz Album (1992, with singer Kiri Te Kanawa and guitarist Mundell Lowe), What Headphones?", "(1992, with Mundell Lowe, Jim Pugh on trombone, Warren Vache on cornet, Richard Todd on horn, Grady Tate on drums, and The Antioch Baptist Choir), André Previn and Friends Play Show Boat (1995, with Mundell Lowe and Grady Tate), and Jazz at the Musikverein (1997, live recording, with Mundell Lowe).", "Brown and Previn had recorded together before in the 1960s on 4 To Go!", "(1963, with guitarist Herb Ellis and drummer Shelly Manne) and Right as the Rain (1967, with singer Leontyne Price).", "An hour-long film, Together on Broadway.", "The Making of Sidetracks documents the work on the album Kiri Sidetracks.", "The Jazz Album.", "Brown played for a time with the \"Quartet\" with Monty Alexander, Milt Jackson, and Mickey Roker.", "After that he toured again with his own trio, with several young pianists such as Benny Green, Geoffrey Keezer, and Larry Fuller.", "The last edition of the Ray Brown Trio included pianist Larry Fuller and drummer Karriem Riggins.", "With that trio, Brown continued to perform until his death in 2002.", "Personal life\nRay Brown married Ella Fitzgerald in 1947.", "The couple adopted a son, Ray Jr., but the marriage did not last long, as work kept them apart.", "Ray and Ella divorced in 1953, but remained friends and occasionally worked together.", "Brown died in his sleep July 2, 2002, after having played golf, before a show in Indianapolis.", "Awards and honors\nIn 1995, Brown was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music.", "In 2001, Brown was awarded the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class and in 2003, he was inducted into the DownBeat Jazz Hall of Fame.", "Grammys\nHe was awarded his first Grammy for his composition \"Gravy Waltz\", a tune which would later be used as the theme song for The Steve Allen Show.", "Discography\n\nBibliography\n\nSee also\n List of jazz bassists\n\nNotes and references\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Ray Brown Biography on Cosmopolis\n\n1926 births\n2002 deaths\nElla Fitzgerald\nAmerican jazz double-bassists\nMale double-bassists\nAmerican jazz cellists\nAmerican male jazz musicians\nBebop double-bassists\nBurials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)\nWest Coast jazz double-bassists\nMusicians from Pittsburgh\nSchenley High School alumni\nGrammy Award winners\nRecipients of the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class\nConcord Records artists\nJazz musicians from Pennsylvania\n20th-century double-bassists\nCannonball Adderley Quintet members\n20th-century American male musicians" ]

[ "Raymond Matthews Brown was an American jazz double bassist.", "Ray Brown was born October 13, 1926, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and took piano lessons at the age of eight.", "He was unable to afford a trombone after he noticed how many pianists attended his high school.", "He took up the upright bass because of a vacancies in the high school jazz orchestra.", "Jimmy Blanton was an early influence on Brown's bass playing.", "Brown was well known in the Pittsburgh jazz scene as a young man, with his first experiences playing in bands being with the Jimmy Hinsley Sextet and the Snookum Russell band.", "He bought a one-way ticket to New York after hearing about the jazz scene on 52nd Street.", "After arriving in New York at the age of 20, he met up with Hank Jones, who he had previously worked with, and was introduced to Dizzy Gillespie, who was looking for a bass player.", "Brown was hired by Gillespie on the spot and soon played with some of the biggest names in music.", "Brown started a trio with Hank Jones and Charlie Smith.", "Brown was a member of the band from 1946 to 1951.", "Brown was a member of the rhythm section of the band.", "The Modern Jazz Quartet was formed by Lewis, Clarke, and Jackson.", "Brown and Fitzgerald became friends when Fitzgerald joined the Gillespie band as a special attraction for a tour of the southern United States in 1947.", "Fitzgerald and Brown adopted a child from Fitzgerald's half- sister, named Ray Brown, Jr., and they divorced in 1953.", "Brown was a member of the Oscar Peterson Trio.", "The trio had a guitarist until 1958.", "The trio with Brown and Ed Thigpen continued after Ellis left.", "During the 1950s, Brown was a session musician for producer Norman Granz.", "Brown moved to Los Angeles to work in the studio.", "The second track on Steely Dan's second album was guested by Brown as a bass player.", "Under the name The L.A. Four, Brown performed and recorded a series of albums with guitarist and flutist Bud Shank, and drummer Shelly Manne.", "Brown led his own trios in the 1980s and 1990s.", "He recorded and toured with Gene Harris.", "Brown and Diana Krall met in a restaurant in British Columbia.", "In an interview recorded on the Diana Krall Live in Rio DVD, Jeff Hamilton said that he first heard Krall play at a workshop and introduced her to bassist John Clayton.", "Krall was encouraged to move to Los Angeles to study under Brown and others.", "The song \"Poisoned Rose\" was on the King of America album.", "He collaborated with pianist Bobby Enriquez and drummer Al Foster on The Wildman Returns in 1990.", "After a hiatus of two decades, Previn returned to jazz to perform and record regularly again between 1989 and 2002.", "The Jazz album with singer Kiri Te Kanawa and guitarist Mundell Lowe was released in 1992.", "In 1992, with Mundell Lowe, Jim Pugh on trombone, Warren Vache on cornet, Richard Todd on horn, and The Antioch Baptist Choir.", "Previn and Brown recorded together before on 4 To Go!", "Right as the Rain was with singer Leontyne Price.", "The film is called Together on Broadway.", "The album Kiri Sidetracks is documented in The Making of Sidetracks.", "The album is about jazz.", "Monty Alexander, Milt Jackson, and Mickey Roker were some of the people Brown played with.", "He toured with his own trio, with young pianists such as Benny Green.", "The last edition of the Ray Brown trio had a pianist and a drummer.", "Brown performed until his death in 2002.", "Ray Brown was married toElla Fitzgerald.", "The marriage between the couple and their son did not last long because of work.", "In 1953, Ray andElla divorced, but remained friends and occasionally worked together.", "After playing golf before a show in Indianapolis, Brown died in his sleep.", "In 1995 Brown received an honor from the college of music.", "In 2001, Brown was awarded the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class, and in 2003 he was in the DownBeat Jazz Hall of Fame.", "He received his first gramophone for his composition \"Gravy Waltz\", which would later be used as the theme song for The Steve Allen Show.", "There is a list of jazz bassists and references." ]

[ "Raymond Matthews Brown", "Ray Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Ray Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Ray Brown", "Brown", "Ray Brown", "Ray Jr", "Ray", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Ray Brown" ]

[ "Raymond Matthews Brown", "Ray Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Ray Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Ray Brown", "Brown", "Ray BrownElla", "RayElla", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown" ]

[ "Susan Combs (born February 26, 1945) is an American politician and bureaucrat, formerly serving as the Assistant Secretary of Policy, Management and Budget at the U.S. Department of the Interior.", "On July 10, 2017, U.S. president Donald Trump nominated Combs to be the assistant secretary for policy, management, and budget at the United States Department of the Interior.", "Earlier in the year, Trump had considered naming Combs to be the secretary of agriculture, a position which went instead to Sonny Perdue, a former governor of Georgia.", "The administration cited Combs' career in public office and in the private sector as a small business owner with a ranch in the Big Bend section of West Texas as factors in her selection.", "U.S.", "Senator John Cornyn said that he will work for Combs' confirmation and called her \"always a fierce advocate for rural Texans.\"", "Her nomination to be the assistant secretary for policy, management, and budget was approved on a party-line vote in the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee.", "However, the full Senate did not take up her nomination and sent it back to the White House at the end of 2017.", "In 2018, the Trump administration re-nominated Combs to the same position.", "More than 70 conservation organizations sent a letter to the Senate opposing her nomination.", "She was confirmed by the United States Senate with a vote of 57–36 on June 5, 2019.", "On April 13, 2020, Combs submitted her resignation which went into effect on April 25, 2020.", "A Republican, Combs served from 2007 to 2015 as the Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts.", "Prior to her tenure as comptroller, Combs had served two terms as commissioner of the Texas Department of Agriculture from 1999 to 2007, taking the reins as the first woman elected to that office in 1998.", "Combs also served two terms in the Texas House of Representatives.", "On July 10, 2017, Combs was nominated by U.S. president Donald Trump to be the assistant secretary of the interior for policy, management and budget.", "As a former Texas state comptroller, the Texas legislature gave control of the state's endangered species program from the Department of Parks and Wildlife to Comb's office, which managed state fiscal and tax matters.", "However, because of the economic impact of certain endangered species designations, the office of comptroller was viewed as necessary to oversee the State's endangered species program.", "She also worked with the U.S.", "Fish and Wildlife Service to protect the dunes sagebrush lizard, ensuring that the lizard's habitat was protected while also ensuring the economic value of the oil and gas economy.", "Early life and family \nCombs was born in San Antonio.", "She grew up in a ranching family in West Texas.", "She runs a cow-calf operation on her family's ranch in Brewster County; the ranch has been in her family since the turn of the 20th century.", "She lives in Austin with her husband, Joe W. Duran, a computer scientist.", "She is the mother of three sons.", "Combs graduated from Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York, majoring in French and religion.", "She worked in international advertising in New York City, in the financial markets on Wall Street, and for the U.S. government before returning to Texas to obtain credentials from the University of Texas Law School at Austin.", "After graduation from law school, she served as an assistant district attorney in Dallas, Texas.", "Political career \nCombs' first electoral outing was for the 47th legislative district, in Travis County.", "She won the Republican runoff election by seven votes over intraparty challenger Bill Welch.", "Combs polled 2,279 votes (50.07 percent) to Welch's 2,272 (49.92 percent).", "The two had led a five-candidate field in the primary.", "In the general election, Combs handily defeated the Democrat Jimmy Day, 45,355 (65.4 percent) to 23,987 (34.6 percent).", "Combs served two terms in the Texas House of Representatives from 1993 and 1996, resigning midway in her second term to join the staff of U.S. senator Kay Bailey Hutchison as the lawmaker's state director.", "She was succeeded by fellow Republican Patty Keel of Austin.", "Texas agriculture commissioner\n\nCombs served as the Texas agriculture commissioner from 1999 to 2007, being the first woman to serve in the position.", "She succeeded Rick Perry as commissioner, who was instead elected as lieutenant governor.", "As agriculture commissioner, Combs worked with the Environmental Defense Fund to protect the golden-cheeked warbler.", "A stronghold for the bird is the Fort Hood Army Base.", "The golden-cheeked warbler, also known as the gold finch of Texas, is the only bird species with a breeding range confined to Texas.", "Fort Hood has the largest known population of golden-cheeked warblers.", "The Army base needed a way to mitigate its impacts on the golden-cheeked warbler.", "In partnership with Combs and the Texas Department of Agriculture and a coalition of other organizations, Environmental Defense Fund coordinated the development of a market-based credit exchange.", "It allowed Fort Hood to quickly obtain offsets from nearby landowners to counteract losses from live-fire training activities and troop movement through core habitat areas.", "The program, known as the Fort Hood Recovery Credit System, enrolled nearby landowners with warbler habitat on their property in a competitive reverse bidding auction, which worked as follows:\n\n The required acreage and potential habitat-improving practices were made known to landowners, who were then given an opportunity to send private offers or bids for projects on their land.", "Bids were submitted, specifying the minimum revenues that the bidder would need to receive, the bidder’s willingness to make a contribution, and the length of the contract up to 25 years, with more credits resulting from longer commitments.", "This is called a reverse auction because the winners in principle would be those who bid least.", "The final ranking of each offer took into account many factors besides cost including habitat quality, term duration and proximity to Fort Hood.", "Over a three-year period, there were eight auctions, or bid rounds, conducted – one every three to four months – and there were 21 successful bidders out of a total of 44.", "The Recovery Credit System was designed to connect buyers and sellers directly, putting mitigation dollars straight in the hands of participating landowners.", "Many of the practices that landowners adopted did not inhibit their operations or reduce revenue, so the conservation credit became an additional source of income.", "Texas comptroller of public accounts\nCombs was elected as Texas comptroller of public accounts to succeed Carole Strayhorn.", "Combs served as comptroller from 2007 to 2015.", "In 2010, Combs was unopposed for a second term as comptroller in the Republican primary, and she faced no Democratic opponent in the November 2 general election.", "Unsuccessful nominees of the Green and Libertarian parties did seek the position.", "Combs did not seek reelection to a third term as comptroller or any other statewide office in the 2014 elections.", "In 2015, Combs endorsed Carly Fiorina for president.", "Texas Smart Schools Initiative\nAfter leaving state politics in 2015, Combs launched the Texas Smart Schools Initiative, intended for parents and officials as a data-driven approach to show which public schools and districts are achieving the highest student performance for the lowest cost.", "The material, arranged on a five-star scale, was made available without charge.", "It is funded from her leftover campaign contributions.", "\"Public education is one of the largest items in the state budget; so Texans need to know where their dollars are getting the highest return in terms of student performance,\" Combs said.", "Also with leftover campaign cash, Combs formed a 501(c)(4) nonprofit called the Anywhere Woman Project, an online platform aiming to help women ask questions and exchange ideas.", "Other activities\nCombs served on the boards of the Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association in Fort Worth and the Texas Wildlife Association.", "She has also served on the boards the Texas Beef Council and the Texas Production Credit Association.", "In 2016, Combs launched \"HERdacity\" a \"nonprofit online platform and mobile app\" intended to \"give women with shared interests and career ambitions a forum to exchange ideas and offer each other support.\"", "HERdacity's goal is to help women have the \"audacity\" to seek their own paths.", "In addition, she wrote a memoir entitled Texas Tenacity.", "As a member of the Texas House of Representatives in the 1990s, Combs championed legislation prohibiting state wildlife officials from gathering endangered species data from private lands without permission, according to the Austin Chronicle.", "It also sought to restrict the state from sharing endangered species data with the Fish and Wildlife Service...Following her nomination in July, some 70 conservation groups sent a letter to the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee urging members to reject her confirmation.", "They described Combs as someone who “built her career favoring big corporations and special interests over the needs and survival of imperiled species.”\n\nIn August 2019, the Women's Suffrage Celebration Commission elevated Combs to Chairwoman.", "Prior to that, Combs was a Commission member, appointed to that position in December 2018.", "Awards \nAt the December 2, 2014, meeting of the Texas Interagency Task Force on Economic Growth and Endangered Species, Dr. Benjamin Tuggle presented Susan Combs, Texas Comptroller and Chair of the Task Force, with a plaque in recognition of her efforts to promote conservation in the State of Texas and the Southwest Region.", "Dr. Tuggle thanked the Comptroller for her dedication and commitment to expanding species research efforts and supporting on the ground conservation efforts in the State of Texas.", "He praised the Comptroller for her ability to bring together diverse stakeholder groups to tackle difficult conservation issues for a number of species including the dunes sagebrush lizard, the lesser prairie-chicken and the golden-cheeked warbler.", "Her willingness to work with the Fish and Wildlife Service on challenging issues benefited both the wildlife in Texas as well as the State’s landowners and economy.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n \n Profile at The Texas Tribune\n Profile at Project Vote Smart\n Profile at Ballotpedia\n Window on State Government\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n1945 births\nAgriculture commissioners of Texas\nComptrollers of Texas\nLiving people\nMembers of the Texas House of Representatives\nPeople from Austin, Texas\nPeople from Brewster County, Texas\nPeople from San Antonio\nPoliticians from Dallas\nPoliticians from New York City\nRanchers from Texas\nTexas lawyers\nTexas Republicans\nTrump administration personnel\nUnited States Assistant Secretaries of the Interior\nUniversity of Texas School of Law alumni\nVassar College alumni\nWomen state legislators in Texas\n21st-century American women" ]

[ "Susan Combs was formerly the assistant secretary of policy, management and budget at the U.S. Department of the Interior.", "On July 10, Donald Trump nominated Combs to be the assistant secretary for policy, management, and budget at the United States Department of the Interior.", "Sonny Perdue, a former governor of Georgia, was chosen by Trump to be the secretary of agriculture.", "The administration said that her career in public office and as a small business owner with a ranch in the Big Bend section of West Texas were factors in her selection.", "U.S.", "Cornyn said that he will work for her confirmation and that she is always a fierce advocate for rural Texans.", "The Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee approved her nomination to be the assistant secretary for policy, management, and budget.", "The full Senate did not take up her nomination and sent it back to the White House at the end of the year.", "The position was re-nominated by the Trump administration.", "More than 70 organizations sent a letter to the Senate opposing her nomination.", "She was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 5, 2019.", "On April 13, 2020, she submitted her resignation and it took effect on April 25, 2020.", "He was the Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts from 2007 to 2015.", "Prior to her tenure as comptroller, Combs had served two terms as commissioner of the Texas Department of Agriculture from 1999 to 2007, taking the reins as the first woman elected to that office in 1998.", "The Texas House of Representatives had two terms for Combs.", "The assistant secretary of the interior for policy, management and budget was nominated by Donald Trump.", "The Texas legislature gave control of the state's endangered species program to the office of the comptroller as a result of his time as a state comptroller.", "The office of comptroller was needed because of the economic impact on certain species.", "She worked for the U.S.", "Ensuring that the dunes sagebrush lizard's habitat was protected while also ensuring the economic value of the oil and gas economy was done by the Fish and Wildlife Service.", "Combs was born in San Antonio.", "She was raised in West Texas.", "She runs a cow-calf operation on her family's ranch, which has been in her family since the 20th century.", "She lives in Austin with her husband.", "She has three sons.", "He graduated from the college with a degree in French and religion.", "She obtained credentials from the University of Texas Law School at Austin after working in New York City, Wall Street, and the U.S. government.", "She was an assistant district attorney in Dallas, Texas after graduating from law school.", "His first electoral outing was for the 47th legislative district.", "She won the election by seven votes.", "There were 2,279 votes for Combs to 2,272 for Welch.", "There were five candidates in the primary.", "In the general election, Combs defeated Jimmy Day by a wide margin.", "She resigned midway through her second term in the Texas House of Representatives to become the lawmaker's state director.", "Republican Patty Keel succeeded her.", "She was the first woman to serve as the Texas agriculture commissioner.", "Rick Perry was elected as lieutenant governor, but she succeeded him as commissioner.", "The golden-cheeked warbler was protected by the Environmental Defense Fund.", "The Fort Hood Army Base is a stronghold for the bird.", "The golden-cheeked warbler is the only bird with a breeding range in Texas.", "Fort Hood has a large population of golden-cheeked warblers.", "The golden-cheeked warbler is impacted by the Army base.", "The Environmental Defense Fund worked with the Texas Department of Agriculture and other organizations to develop a market-based credit exchange.", "To counteract losses from live-fire training activities and troop movement through core habitat areas, Fort Hood was able to quickly obtain offsets.", "The program, known as the Fort Hood Recovery Credit System, enroll nearby landowners with warbler habitat on their property in a competitive reverse bidding auction, which worked as follows: The required acreage and potential habitat-improving practices were made known to landowners, who were then given an opportunity to send private", "The minimum revenues that the bidder would need to receive, the bidder's willingness to make a contribution, and the length of the contract up to 25 years were all specified in the bids.", "The winners of the reverse auction would be those who bid the least.", "Habitat quality, term duration and proximity to Fort Hood were some of the factors taken into account in the final ranking of each offer.", "Over a three-year period, there were eight auctions, one every three to four months, and 21 successful bidders out of a total of 44.", "The Recovery Credit System was designed to connect buyers and sellers directly.", "Many of the practices that were adopted did not affect operations or revenue, so the credit became an additional source of income.", "The Texas comptroller of public accounts was elected to succeed Strayhorn.", "From 2007 to 2015, Combs was the comptroller.", "There was no Democratic opponent in the November 2 general election for the 2010 comptroller's term.", "The Green and Libertarian parties had unsuccessful nominees.", "The comptroller did not seek reelection to a third term.", "In 2015, he endorsed a candidate for president.", "The Texas Smart Schools Initiative is a data-driven approach to show which public schools and districts are achieving the highest student performance for the lowest cost.", "The material was made available for free.", "Her leftover campaign contributions are used to fund it.", "\"Public education is one of the largest items in the state budget, so Texans need to know where their dollars are getting the highest return in terms of student performance.\"", "The Anywhere Woman Project, an online platform for women to ask questions and exchange ideas, was formed with leftover campaign cash.", "The boards of the Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association in Fort Worth and the Texas Wildlife Association were served by Combs.", "She is a member of the boards of the Texas Beef Council and the Texas Production Credit Association.", "The \"nonprofit online platform and mobile app\" was launched in 2016 to give women with shared interests and career ambitions a forum to exchange ideas and offer each other support.", "Herdacity wants to help women find their own paths.", "She wrote a memoir called Texas Tenacity.", "According to the Austin Chronicle, as a member of the Texas House of Representatives in the 1990s, Combs championed legislation prohibiting state wildlife officials from gathering data from private lands without permission.", "Some 70 groups sent a letter to the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee urging them to reject her confirmation after she was nominated.", "The Women's Suffrage Celebration Commission elevated Combs to Chairwoman after they described her as someone who built her career favoring big corporations and special interests over the needs and survival of imperiled species.", "In December of last year, Combs was appointed to that position as a Commission member.", "At the December 2, 2014, meeting of the Texas Interagency Task Force on Economic Growth and Endangered Species, Dr. Benjamin Tuggle presented Susan Combs, Texas Comptroller and Chair of the Task Force, with a plaque in recognition of her efforts to promote conserve in the State of Texas.", "The Comptroller was thanked by Dr. Tuggle for her dedication and commitment to expanding species research efforts.", "He praised the Comptroller for her ability to bring together diverse stakeholder groups to tackle difficultConservation issues for a number of species including the dunes sagebrush lizard, the lesser prairie-chicken and the golden-cheeked warbler", "Her willingness to work with the Fish and Wildlife Service on challenging issues benefited both the wildlife in Texas as well as the State's landowners and economy.", "Profile at The Texas Tribune Profile at Project Vote Smart Profile at Ballotpedia Window on State Government 1945 births Agriculture Commissioners of Texas Comptrollers of Texas Living people Members of the Texas House of Representatives People from Austin, Texas" ]

[ "Susan Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Susan Combs" ]

[ "Susan Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Combs", "Susan Combs" ]

[ "Kamehameha III (born Kauikeaouli) (March 17, 1814 – December 15, 1854) was the third king of the Kingdom of Hawaii from 1825 to 1854.", "His full Hawaiian name is Keaweaweula Kīwalaō Kauikeaouli Kaleiopapa and then lengthened to Keaweaweula Kīwalaō Kauikeaouli Kaleiopapa Kalani Waiakua Kalanikau Iokikilo Kīwalaō i ke kapu Kamehameha when he ascended the throne.", "Under his reign, Hawaii evolved from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy with the signing of both the 1840 Constitution, which was the first Hawaiian Language Constitution, and the 1852 Constitution.", "He was the longest reigning monarch in the history of the Kingdom, ruling for 29 years and 192 days, although in the early part of his reign he was under a regency by Queen Kaahumanu and later by Kaahumanu II.", "His goal was the careful balancing of modernization by adopting Western ways, while keeping his nation intact.", "Early life\n\nKauikeaouli was born at Keauhou Bay, on Hawaii island, the largest island of the Hawaiian Islands archipelago.", "He was the second son of King Kamehameha I and his highest ranking wife, Queen Keōpūolani, born in Maui.", "Early historians suggested June or July 1814, but one accepted date is August 11, 1813.", "Biographer P. Christiaan Klieger cites 17 March 1814 as his birthday, which is the date declared by the Privy Council as the official birthday in its meeting of March 16, 1846.", "He was of the highest kapu lineage.", "Kauikeaouli was about 16 years younger than his brother Liholiho, who ruled as Kamehameha II starting in 1819.", "He was named Kauikeaouli (placed in the dark clouds) Kaleiopapa Kuakamanolani Mahinalani Kalaninuiwaiakua Keaweaweulaokalani (the red trail or the roadway by which the god descends from heaven) after his maternal grandfather Kīwalaō.", "He was promised to Kuakini in adoption, but as at birth he appeared to be delivered stillborn, Kuakini did not wish to take him.", "But Chief Kaikioewa summoned his kaula (prophet) Kapihe who declared the baby would live.", "Kauikeaouli was cleansed, laid on a rock, fanned, prayed over and sprinkled with water until he breathed, moved and cried.", "The prayer of Kapihe was to Kaōnohiokalā, \"Child of God\".", "The rock is preserved as a monument at Keauhou Bay.", "He was given to Kaikioewa to raise.", "He was torn between the Puritan Christian guidelines imposed on the kingdom by the kuhina nui (Queen Regent) who was his stepmother Kaʻahumanu, and the desires to honor the old traditions.", "Under the influence of Oʻahu's then governor, Boki, and a young Hawaiian-Tahitian priest named Kaomi, Kauikeaouli's aikāne partner, he rebelled against his partial Christian upbringing.", "He created the secret order of Hulumanu (Bird Feather), and named Kaomi his co-ruler in place of Kīnaʻu.", "Reign\n\nWhen Kauikeaouli came to the throne in 1825, the native population numbered about 150,000, which was already less than one third of the Hawaiian population at the time of Captain Cook's arrival to Hawaii in 1778.", "During his reign, that number would be halved again, due to a series of epidemics.", "Marriage and children\n\nIn ancient Hawaii, upper classes considered a marriage with a close royal family member to be an excellent way to preserve pure bloodlines.", "His brother Liholiho (King Kamehameha II) and his Queen Kamāmalu were a half-sister and brother couple.", "He had loved his sister Nāhienaena and planned to marry her since childhood, but the union was opposed by the missionaries due to their perceptions of incest.", "It was proposed in 1832 that Kamanele, the daughter of Governor John Adams Kuakini, would be the most suitable in age, rank, and education for his queen.", "Kamanele died in 1834 before the wedding took place.", "Instead Kamehameha III chose to marry Kalama Hakaleleponi Kapakuhaili, against the wishes of Kīnau.", "Kalama's father was Naihekukui.", "After his sister's death in late 1836, he married Kalama February 14, 1837 in a Christian ceremony.", "Kamehameha III and Kalama had two children: Prince Keaweaweulaokalani I and Prince Keaweaweulaokalani II who both died while infants.", "He and his mistress Jane Lahilahi, a daughter of his father's advisor John Young, had twin illegitimate sons: Kīwalaʻō, who Kamehameha initially took to raise, died young, while the other twin Albert Kūnuiākea survived and was later adopted by Kamehameha and his wife Queen Kalama.", "Kūnuiākea lived to adulthood but died childless (1851–1902).", "Government\n\nKamehameha III led the development of Hawaii's first formal written laws.", "In 1838, senior advisor Hoapili convinced former missionary William Richards to resign from the church and become a political advisor.", "Richards (although he had no legal training himself) gave classes to Kamehameha III and his councilors on the Western ideas of rule of law and economics.", "Their first act was a declaration of human rights in 1839.", "In 1839, under a French threat of war, Roman Catholicism was legalized in the Edict of Toleration and the first statutory law code was established.", "Kamehameha III also enacted the Constitution of 1840, Hawaii's first.", "This laid the groundwork for the establishment of judicial and executive branches of government, and a system of land ownership was implemented under the Mahele in 1848.", "The 1839 declaration of rights, the 1840 constitution, and various laws enacted from 1840 to 1842 came to be collectively called the Kumu Kānāwai or \"foundation of law.\"", "They were published together in a dual Hawaiian/English book with a blue cover, similar to the statutory laws of the New England states at the time, and like them became known in English as the Blue Laws.", "The Kumu Kānāwai was primarily based on Hawaii's indigenous traditions, various laws enacted since 1823, and the principles of the Christian Bible.", "Over the next few years, Kamehameha III moved the capital from Lahaina to Honolulu.", "In September 1840 Charles Wilkes arrived on the United States Exploring Expedition.", "Kamehameha III was happy to support the explorers, and appointed missionary doctor Gerrit P. Judd to serve as translator.", "Judd treated many of the sailors who suffered from altitude sickness on their ascent of Mauna Loa.", "Wilkes vastly underestimated the task, and did not leave until March 1841.", "Paulet affair\n\nIn February 1843, British Captain Lord George Paulet pressured Kamehameha III into surrendering the Hawaiian kingdom to the British crown, but Kamehameha III alerted London of the captain's rogue actions which eventually restored the kingdom's independence.", "Less than five months later, British Admiral Richard Thomas rejected Paulet's actions and the kingdom was restored on July 31.", "It was at the end of this period of uncertainty that the king uttered the phrase that eventually became Hawaii's motto: Ua Mau ke Ea o ka Āina i ka Pono — \"The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness.\"", "July 31 was celebrated thereafter as Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea, Sovereignty Restoration Day, an official national holiday of the kingdom.", "Later that year, on November 28, Britain and France officially recognized the independence of the Hawaiian Kingdom, and that too became a national holiday, Lā Kūʻokoʻa — Independence Day.", "Government reform \n\nThrough the 1840s a formal legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom and cabinet replaced the informal council of chiefs.", "The chiefs became the House of Nobles, roughly modeled on the British House of Lords.", "Seven elected representatives would be the start of democratic government.", "The cabinet consisted of a Privy Council and five powerful government ministers.", "Judd was appointed to the most powerful post of Minister of Finance.", "Frontier lawyer John Ricord was Attorney General, Robert Crichton Wyllie was Minister of Foreign Affairs, Richards Minister of Public Instruction, and Keoni Ana was Minister of the Interior.", "Kamehameha III also presided over formalization of the court system and land titles.", "Cases such as those of Richard Charlton and Ladd & Co. had prompted the incidents of 1843 and subsequent litigation.", "Under Kamehameha III, Hawaii rapidly transitioned from indigenous traditions to a new legal system based on Anglo-American common law.", "Lorrin Andrews became a judge for foreign cases in 1845.", "William Little Lee (the first to actually graduate from law school) became first Chief Justice.", "A commission to Quiet Land Titles was formed on February 10, 1846.", "This led to what is called the Great Mahele of 1848 which redistributed land between the government, king, nobles, and commoners.", "Foreigners were allowed to own land fee simple in Hawaii for the first time.", "Many commoners were unaware of the program and lost out on the distribution.", "The domination of his cabinet by Americans (balanced only by Scot Wyllie and half-Hawaiian Keoni Ana) also discouraged the people.", "This was not the end of foreign conflicts either.", "In 1849 admiral Louis Tromelin led a French invasion of Honolulu.", "The French sacked and looted the city after the king refused his demands.", "In September 1849 Judd was sent with the heir apparent Prince Alexander Liholiho and Kamehameha V on a diplomatic mission.", "They returned with a new treaty with the United States, but failed in visits to London and Paris.", "The Constitution of 1852 and subsequent legislation continued to liberalize politics.", "The court system was unified, instead of having separate courts for Hawaiians and foreigners.", "Local Hawaiian magistrates became Circuit Judges, and a Supreme Court was formed with Lee, Andrews, and John Papa ʻĪʻī as members.", "Voting rules were formalized and the role of the House of Representatives was strengthened.", "Later years\n\nThe California Gold Rush brought increased trade, but also some unwelcome visitors.", "Previously the long trips around Cape Horn or from Europe meant infected sailors were either recovered or buried at sea by the time they arrived.", "The short voyage from California brought several waves of diseases that decimated the native Hawaiians who had no immunity.", "In the summer of 1853 an epidemic of smallpox caused thousands of deaths, mostly on the island of Oahu.", "Judd, always at odds with Wyllie, lost the backing of others who blamed him for not containing the disease (or had other political reasons to want him out of power).", "Judd was forced to resign on September 3, and was replaced by Elisha Hunt Allen as Minister of Finance.", "Hawaii became a popular winter destination for frustrated prospectors in the 1850s.", "Some were rumored to be filibusters hoping to profit from a rebellion.", "One of the first was a group led by Samuel Brannan, who did not find the popular support for an uprising that they expected.", "By the end of 1853 the threats, whether real or imagined, caused petitions for the king to consider annexation to the United States.", "Wyllie and Lee convinced the king to insist that annexation would only be acceptable if Hawaii became a U.S. state.", "In 1852 a group of missionaries set out from Hawaii for the islands of Micronesia.", "They carried with them a letter of introduction that bore the official seal of King Kamehameha III, the then ruling monarch of the Hawaiian Islands.", "This letter, originally written in Hawaiian and addressed to the various rulers of the Pacific Islands, said in part: \"There are about to sail for your islands some teachers of the Most High God, Jehovah, to make known unto you His Word for your eternal salvation. . . .", "I commend these good teachers to your esteem and friendship and exhort you to listen to their instructions. . . .", "I advise you to throw away your idols, take the Lord Jehovah for your God, worship and love Him and He will bless and save you.\"", "On May 16, 1854 King Kamehameha III proclaimed the Hawaiian Kingdom neutral in the Crimean War in Europe.", "The present crises had passed, but the king's health declined, often attributed to his renewed drinking.", "The annexation question also did not go away.", "The British minister William Miller and French representative Louis Emile Perrin objected to the plan.", "New U.S. Commissioner David L. Gregg received instructions from Secretary of State William L. Marcy and negotiated a treaty of annexation with Wyllie by August 1854.", "It was never signed, and might not have been ratified by the Senate.", "Although there was some support in the U.S., it would take 105 more years before full statehood of Hawaii.", "Death and funeral \nKamehameha III died suddenly on December 15, 1854 after a brief illness, which may have been related to a stroke.", "He was succeeded by his nephew and adopted son Alexander Liholiho, who was styled as King Kamehameha IV.", "In 1865 Kamehameha III was reburied in the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii known as Mauna Ala.\n\nLegacy \nThe access to his birthplace at Keauhou Bay is via Kamehameha III Road from the north from Hawaii Belt Road, at and Kaleiopapa Street from the south at .", "His successor described his reign:\n\nThe age of Kamehameha III was that of progress and of liberty—of schools and of civilization.", "He gave us a Constitution and fixed laws; he secured the people in the title to their lands, and removed the last chain of oppression.", "He gave them a voice in his councils and in the making of the laws by which they are governed.", "He was a great national benefactor, and has left the impress of his mild and amiable disposition on the age for which he was born.", "On July 31, 2018, a 12-foot bronze statue of Kamehameha III and a flagpole flying the Hawaiian flag was unveiled at Thomas Square in a ceremony honoring the 175th anniversary of the restoration of Hawaiian sovereignty in 1843.", "The statue was created by Oregon artist Thomas Jay Warren for $250,000 allotted by the Mayor's Office of Culture and the Arts and is part of Mayor Kirk Caldwell’s plans to revamp the park.", "Family tree\n\nAncestry\n\nSee also\n\n List of bilateral treaties signed by the Kingdom of Hawaii\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\n1813 births\n1854 deaths\nRoyalty of the Hawaiian Kingdom\nHouse of Kamehameha\nHouse of Līloa\nHawaiian Kingdom Protestants\nProtestant monarchs\nModern child rulers\nBurials at the Royal Mausoleum (Mauna ʻAla)\nMonarchs of the Hawaiian Islands\nHawaiian adoptees (hānai)\nChief Justices of the Hawaiian Kingdom" ]

[ "Kamehameha III was the third king of the Kingdom of Hawaii from 1824 to 1854.", "His full name is Keaweaweula Kwala Kauikeaouli Kaleiopapa.", "Hawaii evolved from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy with the signing of the 1840 Constitution, which was the first Hawaiian Language Constitution, and the 1852 Constitution.", "He was the longest reigning monarch in the history of the Kingdom, ruling for 29 years and 192 days, although in the early part of his reign he was under a regency by Queen Kaahumanu and later by Kaahumanu II.", "His goal was to balance modernization with keeping his nation intact.", "Kauikeaouli was born at Keauhou Bay on Hawaii island, the largest island of the Hawaiian Islands archipelago.", "He was the second son of King Kamehameha I and Queen Kepolani.", "August 11, 1813 is the accepted date for June or July 1814.", "The Privy Council declared 17 March 1814 as his birthday in its meeting of March 16, 1846.", "He was a descendant of the highest kapu line.", "Liholiho, who ruled as Kamehameha II starting in 1819, was 16 years younger than Kauikeaouli.", "He was named Kauikeaouli after his maternal grandfather, the red trail or the roadway by which the god descends from heaven.", "He was supposed to be adopted by Kuakini, but he appeared to be stillborn when he was born.", "The baby would live after Chief Kaikioewa summoned his kaula.", "Kauikeaouli was cleansed, laid on a rock, fanned, prayed over and sprinkled with water until he breathed and cried.", "Kapihe prayed to the \"Child of God\".", "At Keauhou Bay, the rock is preserved as a monument.", "He was given to raise money.", "He was torn between the Puritan Christian guidelines imposed on the kingdom by the Queen Regent and the desire to honor the old traditions.", "Kauikeaouli rebelled against his partial Christian upbringing under the influence of Oahu's then governor, Boki, and a young Hawaiian-Tahitian priest named Kaomi.", "He created a secret order and named it Knau's co-ruler.", "The native population was about 150,000 when Kauikeaouli came to the throne, which was less than one third of the Hawaiian population.", "The number would be halved again due to a series of epidemics.", "In ancient Hawaii, the upper classes considered a marriage with a close royal family member to be an excellent way to preserve pure bloodlines.", "King Kamehameha II and his Queen Kammalu were half-brothers.", "The union was opposed by the missionaries due to their perception of incest, but he loved his sister and planned to marry her.", "Governor John Adams Kuakini's daughter, Kamanele, would be the most suitable in age, rank, and education for his queen.", "The wedding took place before Kamanele died.", "Kamehameha III married Kalama Hakaleleponi Kapakuhaili against the wishes of Knau.", "Kalama's father was a man.", "He married Kalama in a Christian ceremony after his sister's death.", "Prince Keaweaweulaokalani I and Prince Keaweaweulaokalani II died when they were infants.", "Kamehameha and his mistress Jane Lahilahi had twin illegitimate sons who died young, while the other twin Albert Knuikea survived and 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "Knuikea was childless and lived to adulthood.", "Hawaii's first formal written laws were developed by Government Kamehameha III.", "William Richards was persuaded to leave the church and become a political advisor by a senior advisor.", "Kamehameha III and his councilors were given classes by Richards on the Western ideas of rule of law and economics.", "Their first act was a declaration of human rights.", "The first statutory law code was established after Roman Catholicism was legalized under a French threat of war.", "The first Constitution of Hawaii was enacted by Kamehameha III.", "The groundwork for the establishment of judicial and executive branches of government was laid by this.", "The foundation of law is the 1839 declaration of rights, the 1840 constitution, and various laws enacted from 1840 to 1842.", "They were published in a dual Hawaiian/English book with a blue cover, similar to the statutory laws of the New England states at the time, and like them became known in English as the Blue Laws.", "The Kumu Knwai was based on Hawaii's indigenous traditions and the principles of the Christian Bible.", "Kamehameha III moved the capital from Lahaina to Honolulu.", "The United States Exploring expedition was headed by Charles Wilkes.", "Kamehameha III was happy to support the explorers and appointed a doctor to translate.", "The sailors who suffered from altitude sickness were treated by Judd.", "He did not leave until March 1841.", "The Hawaiian kingdom's independence was restored after Kamehameha III informed London of the captain's actions.", "The kingdom was restored on July 31, 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266", "The phrase \"The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness\" was uttered by the king at the end of the uncertainty.", "L Hoihoi Ea is an official national holiday of the kingdom.", "L Kokoa became a national holiday after Britain and France officially recognized the independence of the Hawaiian Kingdom.", "The Hawaiian Kingdom's formal legislature and cabinet replaced the informal council of chiefs in the 1840s.", "The House of Nobles was modeled after the British House of Lords.", "The start of a democratic government would be seven elected representatives.", "The cabinet was made up of a Privy Council and five powerful government ministers.", "The most powerful post is the Minister of Finance.", "John Ricord was Attorney General, Robert Wyllie was Minister of Foreign Affairs, Richards was Minister of Public Instruction, and Keoni Ana was Minister of the Interior.", "Kamehameha III oversaw the formalization of the court system.", "The incidents of 1843 and subsequent litigation were caused by cases such as those of Richard Charlton.", "Kamehameha III ushered in a new legal system based on Anglo-American common law.", "Lorrin was a judge for foreign cases.", "The first Chief Justice was William Little Lee.", "Quiet Land Titles was formed on February 10, 1846.", "There was a redistribution of land between the government, king, nobles, and commoners in the 19th century.", "Foreigners were allowed to own land in Hawaii for the first time.", "Many people lost out on the distribution because they were unaware of the program.", "The people were discouraged by the domination of his cabinet by Americans.", "This wasn't the end of foreign conflicts either.", "The French invaded Honolulu in 1849.", "The French took over the city after the king refused their demands.", "Judd was on a diplomatic mission with Alexander Liholiho and Kamehameha V.", "They had a new treaty with the United States, but failed to visit London and Paris.", "The legislation of 1852 continued to liberalize politics.", "Instead of having separate courts for Hawaiians and foreigners, the court system was unified.", "The Supreme Court was formed with Lee, Andrews, and John Papa as members.", "The role of the House of Representatives was strengthened.", "The California Gold Rush brought increased trade but also visitors.", "Before the long trips around Cape Horn or from Europe, sailors were either recovered or buried at sea.", "The native Hawaiians had no immunity to the diseases that came from California.", "The island of Oahu was the site of an epidemic of smallpox in the summer of 1854.", "Judd lost the support of others who blamed him for not containing the disease and had other reasons to want him out of power.", "On September 3, Judd resigned as Minister of Finance and was replaced by Allen.", "Hawaii was a popular winter destination for frustrated prospectors.", "Some people were rumored to be trying to profit from a rebellion.", "The group led by Samuel Brannan did not find the popular support they expected for an uprising.", "The king was petitioned to consider annexation to the United States at the end of the year.", "If Hawaii became a U.S. state, Wyllie and Lee convinced the king that annexation would be acceptable.", "The missionaries left Hawaii for the islands of Micronesia.", "The official seal of King Kamehameha III, the then ruling monarch of the Hawaiian Islands, was on the letter of introduction they carried.", "The letter was originally written in Hawaiian and addressed to the rulers of the Pacific Islands.", "I encourage you to listen to the instructions of the good teachers.", "I advise you to get rid of your idols, worship and love the Lord, and he will bless and save you.", "The Hawaiian Kingdom was neutral in the war in Europe.", "The king's health declined as a result of his renewed drinking.", "The annexation question remained.", "The plan was objected to by the British minister and the French representative.", "The Secretary of State instructed the new U.S. Commissioner to negotiate a treaty of annexation with Wyllie.", "It might not have been approved by the Senate.", "It would take 105 more years for Hawaii to become a state.", "Kamehameha III died suddenly on December 15, 1854, after a brief illness, which may have been related to a stroke.", "Alexander Liholiho was the nephew and adopted son of Kamehameha.", "Kamehameha III was reburied in the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii in 1865.", "Kamehameha III's reign was characterized by progress and liberty, of schools and of civilization.", "He gave us a Constitution and fixed laws and secured the title to the lands of the people.", "They were given a voice in the making of the laws that govern them.", "He was a great national benefactor, and has left the impress of his mild and amiable disposition on the age for which he was born.", "The statue of Kamehameha III and the Hawaiian flag were unveiled at Thomas Square in a ceremony to commemorate the 175th anniversary of the restoration of Hawaiian sovereignty.", "The $250,000 allotted by the Mayor's Office of Culture and the Arts was used to create the statue by Thomas Jay Warren.", "There are bilateral treaties signed by the Kingdom of Hawaii." ]

[ "Kamehameha III", "Kamehameha", "Kamehameha", "Kamehameha", "Kamehameha", "III", "Kamehameha", "III", "Kamehameha", "III", "Kamehameha", "III", "Kamehameha", "Kamehameha", "III", "Kamehameha", "III", "Kamehameha", "III", "Kamehameha", "III", "Kamehameha", "III", "Kamehameha", "III", "Kamehameha", "Kamehameha", "Kamehameha", "III", "Kamehameha", "III", "Kamehameha", "Kamehameha", "III", "Kamehameha", "Kamehameha" ]

[ "Kamehameha", "Kamehameha", "Kamehameha", "Kamehameha", "III", "Kamehameha", "Kamehameha", "Kamehameha", "Kamehameha", "Kamehameha", "III", "Kamehameha", "III", "Kamehameha", "III", "Kamehameha", "III", "Kamehameha", "III", "Kamehameha", "Kamehameha", "Kamehameha", "III", "Kamehameha", "Kamehameha", "III", "Kamehameha", "Kamehameha" ]

[ "Buddy Williams (5 September 1918 – 12 December 1986), born as Harry Taylor and also known as Harold Williams, was a pioneering Australian country music singer-songwriter, known as \"The Yodelling Jackaroo\".", "Williams was the first Australian to record country music in Australia, three years after the New Zealander Tex Morton made his first recording in Australia.", "Williams recorded his songs about life and times in the Australian bush.", "It was with Williams that the bush ballad was first born.", "Williams's recording of \"Give A Little Credit To Dad\", complete with trademark yodel, was added to the Sounds of Australia project by the National Film and Sound Archive in Canberra.", "Early life\nBuddy Williams was born Harry Taylor in the Newtown suburb of Sydney and was soon placed in Glebe Point Orphanage.", "After many failed escape bids as a child, he was fostered out as a young boy to a dairy-farming family at Dorrigo on the north coast of New South Wales (NSW).", "It soon became apparent that rather than looking for a new child to bring up, the family was more interested in an unpaid laborer.", "This was not uncommon in the Depression and post-Depression era where rural child slavery was a fact of life.", "Times were hard, and life on the farm was tough for young Williams, but it also allowed freedom he never had in the orphanage.", "He would listen to recordings on an old gramophone of his favourite singers such as Jimmie Rodgers and fell in love with this new music that would become known as country music.", "At age 15, he ran away from his foster home and began working for other families in the district.", "He worked at many jobs and started busking around the north coast of NSW, dodging the police who at the time frowned upon such activities.", "Career\n\nBuddy Williams made his first recordings in 1938, a disk.", "The two songs recorded at this session were \"Where The Jacarandas Bloom\" and \"They Call Me The Clarence River Yodeller\".", "The latter song was re-worked, called \"They Call Me The Ramblin' Yodeller\" and recorded during his first EMI session on 7 September 1939.", "These two long-lost recordings were later released on a Kingfisher Records collection in the early 1990s as part of an early Buddy Williams catalogue re-release, which is no longer available.", "Williams first sang professionally in 1936 at the Grafton Jacaranda Festival in northern NSW.", "He also did a guest spot on Grafton's radio station 2GF at the time.", "He left the town of Grafton and busked his way down the NSW coast before approaching EMI records in Sydney where he gained an audition.", "The Page family from Newcastle, who had befriended the young Williams, bought him a black Gibson L-00 acoustic guitar which he used on all his recordings during the 1940s.", "This guitar was accidentally destroyed while on tour in the late 1940s.", "Williams later recalled that he had spent his entire life trying to find a replacement guitar that had the same sound quality of his old Gibson, but he never found one.", "Some of the guitars Williams used during his career included Gibson Hummingbird, Gibson Country and Western, Gibson J-200, and Martin D 28.", "On 7 September 1939, he recorded six songs for the Regal Zonophone label.", "In September 1939, Australia entered WWII and Williams enlisted in the army.", "During the war years, many of Williams's recording sessions were done while on leave from active service.", "In the final days of WWII he was seriously wounded during the battle of Balikpapan and was not expected to live.", "He was recommended for the Military Medal and carried the mass of scars from his injuries for the rest of his life.", "In 1948 Williams starred in a short film titled He Chased The Chicken which featured live performances of two of his recordings, \"The Overlander Trail\" and \"The Chicken Song\".", "The studio versions of these songs had been recorded in 1946.", "Another live song in the film titled \"Dear Little Lady of Mine\" was never recorded nor released on record.", "Williams was also meant to appear in the 1946 Australian movie \"The Overlanders\" with Chips Rafferty, but was unable to obtain leave from the army at the time.", "After the war was over and he had recovered from his injuries, he set about forming a travelling rodeo tent show.", "He eventually wound back his rodeo and tent show after many years and then toured for 11 months of each year with the Buddy Williams Variety Show.", "Though Williams performed mostly in country towns and outback communities, having once commented that during his long touring career he had performed in just about every country town in Australia, he also performed a small number of shows in major cities.", "During 1940 he played the Theatre Royal, Sydney alongside Roy Rene and Evie Hayes.", "He also did an eight-week stint at Brisbane's Theatre Royal.", "In 1973 he played Sydney's Hordern Pavilion for the UNICEF concert alongside big-name American acts such as Tex Ritter and Wanda Jackson.", "In the early 1980s, Williams did a small number of Sydney shows including shows at the Auburn Baseball Club, the Seven Hills RSL Club, and a show at the Star Hotel in the heart of China Town Sydney attended by Australian 1950s and 1960s rocker Col Joye.", "Williams suffered the first of two massive heart attacks while on stage in the late 1970s.", "During one of these hospital stays, he received a call from a lifelong fan called Bert Newton, an Australian television icon.", "The pair became firm friends and Williams later appeared on live Australian TV on the Bert Newton Show, singing \"The Overlander Trail\" with guitar accompaniment.", "In addition to constant touring, Williams continued to record.", "During 1965, he moved to RCA records where he became a Gold Record recording artist and recorded a large number of albums.", "In 1977, Williams was inducted into the Australian Roll of Renown In 1980, he won the first Heritage Award at the Tamworth Country Music Festival for his song \"What A Dreary Old World It Would Be\".", "In 1978, Buddy Williams was the subject of a documentary titled The Last of the Fair Dinkum Outback Entertainers, narrated by his good friend John Singleton.", "It had a film crew travel with Williams during one of his far North Queensland tours.", "At the time, Singleton was a well-known radio station disk jockey and advertising executive.", "Singleton regularly featured Williams's songs on his radio shows in the late 1970s and early 1980s.", "Singleton also became a regular face in the crowd at many of Williams's shows.", "Williams's last recordings were made months before his death in 1986, when he was sick with terminal cancer, and released posthumously.", "A number of artists have recorded Williams's songs, including Rick and Thel Carey who recorded an album of his songs.", "The Le Garde Twins who toured with Williams also recorded a number of his songs, as did Rex Dallas, Slim Dusty, Nev Nichols, Lindsay Butler and more recently Ashley Cook, who recorded a complete album of Williams's songs.", "During the 1970s, North American country music superstar Wilf Carter also recorded a number of Williams's songs on an album of Australian songs.", "A number of tribute songs have been recorded by many artists including John Williamson whose song \"The Last of the Pioneers\" is a tribute to Williams and his contribution to Australian music.", "In the early 1970s Williams gave the young Australian guitarist Tommy Emmanuel a start in his band.", "Emmanuel toured with Williams and was a regular session musician for him.", "Williams died in 1986 and is buried in Brisbane's Lutwyche Cemetery along with his second wife Grace and their daughter Donita, who had died in 1948 after being accidentally run over by a truck driven by one of the rodeo riders in Williams's show.", "Personal life\n\nWilliams married Bernie Burnett in 1940.", "They met at the Grafton Jacaranda Festival when Burnett was 13 and Williams was 17.", "They made several recordings together, including \"Stockmen in uniform\" and \"Let's grow old together\".", "They later divorced.", "Discography\n\nAlbums\n\nExtended plays\n\nSingles\n\nCompilation albums and special releases\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nAustralian Roll of Renown\nThe Australian Roll of Renown honours Australian and New Zealander musicians who have shaped the music industry by making a significant and lasting contribution to Country Music.", "It was inaugurated in 1976 and the inductee is announced at the Country Music Awards of Australia in Tamworth in January.", "|-\n| 1977\n| Buddy Williams\n| Australian Roll of Renown\n|\n\nCountry Music Awards of Australia\nThe Country Music Awards of Australia (CMAA) (also known as the Golden Guitar Awards) is an annual awards night held in January during the Tamworth Country Music Festival, celebrating recording excellence in the Australian country music industry.", "They have been held annually since 1973.", "|-\n| 1980\n| What a Dreary Old World It Would Be\n| Heritage Award\n|\n\nPublications\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n Listen to excerpts of \"Give a Little Credit to your Dad\" and \"Lonesome for You, Mother Dear\" on australianscreen online\n \"Give a Little Credit to your Dad\" and \"Lonesome for You, Mother Dear\" were added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia registry in 2007.", "1918 births\n1986 deaths\nAustralian buskers\nAustralian country singers\nBurials at Lutwyche Cemetery\n20th-century Australian male singers\nYodelers\nAustralian military personnel of World War II" ]

[ "Buddy Williams, born as Harry Taylor and also known as Harold Williams, was a pioneer of Australian country music.", "Three years after the New Zealander Tex Morton made his first recording in Australia, Williams was the first Australian to record country music.", "Williams recorded his songs in the Australian bush.", "The bush song was first written by Williams.", "Williams's recording of \"Give A Little Credit To Dad\" was added to the Sounds of Australia project by the National Film and Sound Archive.", "Buddy Williams was placed in the Glebe Point Orphanage when he was a baby.", "He was fostered as a young boy by a family on the north coast of New South Wales after many failed escape attempts.", "The family wasn't looking for a new child to bring up, they were more interested in an unskilled worker.", "Child slavery was a fact of life in rural areas during the Depression and post-Depression era.", "Life on the farm was hard for young Williams, but it also gave him freedom that he never had in the orphanage.", "He fell in love with country music when he listened to recordings on an old gramophone of his favourite singers.", "He ran away from his foster home at the age of 15 and began working for other families.", "He hid from the police when he started busking around the north coast of New South Wales.", "The first recordings made by Buddy Williams were on a disk.", "\"Where The Jacarandas Bloom\" and \"They Call Me The Clarence River Yodeller\" were recorded at this session.", "He recorded \"They Call Me The Ramblin' Yodeller\" during his first EMI session on 7 September 1939.", "The recordings were part of an early Buddy Williams catalogue re-release and are no longer available.", "At the Grafton Jacaranda Festival in 1936, Williams first sang professionally.", "He did a guest spot on Grafton's radio station.", "After leaving the town of Grafton, he busked his way down the New South Wales coast and got a chance to try out for a record label.", "The Page family, who befriended the young Williams, bought him a black acoustic guitar which he used for all his recordings during the 1940s.", "The guitar was destroyed while on tour.", "Williams said that he had spent his entire life trying to find a replacement guitar that had the same sound quality as his old one, but he never found one.", "Williams used a number of guitars during his career.", "He recorded six songs for the label.", "Williams enlisted in the army after Australia entered WWII.", "During the war years, many of Williams's recording sessions were done while he was on leave.", "He was not expected to live after he was seriously wounded in the final days of WWII.", "He carried scars from his injuries for the rest of his life and was recommended for the military medal.", "Williams starred in a short film called He Chased The Chicken in 1948, which featured live performances of two of his recordings.", "The studio versions of these songs were recorded in 1946.", "\"Dear Little Lady of Mine\", a live song in the film, was never recorded or released on record.", "Williams was unable to get leave from the army at the time he was supposed to appear in \"The Overlanders.\"", "After the war ended, he set about forming a travelling rodeo tent show.", "After many years of touring with the Buddy Williams Variety Show, he wound back his rodeo and tent show.", "During his long touring career, Williams performed in just about every country town in Australia, but he also performed a small number of shows in major cities.", "He played in the Theatre Royal with Roy Rene and Evie Hayes.", "He worked at the Theatre Royal for eight weeks.", "He played a concert in the Hordern Pavilion for the UN in 1973.", "Williams did a number of shows in Australia in the early 1980s, including a show at the Star Hotel in China Town, attended by Australian 1950s and 1960s rocker Col Joye.", "Williams had a heart attack on stage in the late 1970s.", "One of the hospital stays he was in, he received a call from a lifelong fan.", "Williams appeared on live Australian TV singing \"The Overlander Trail\" with guitar accompaniment, after becoming firm friends with the pair.", "Williams continued to record.", "He was a Gold Record recording artist and recorded a large number of albums.", "Williams won the first Heritage Award at the Tamworth Country Music Festival for his song \"What A Dreary Old World It Would Be\".", "Buddy Williams was the subject of a documentary in 1978.", "A film crew traveled with Williams on one of his tours.", "He was a well-known radio station disk jockey and advertising executive.", "In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Singleton featured Williams's songs on his radio shows.", "At many of Williams's shows, Singleton became a regular face in the crowd.", "Williams's last recordings were made months before he died of cancer, and were posthumously released.", "Rick and Thel Carey recorded an album of Williams's songs.", "The Le Garde Twins who toured with Williams recorded a number of his songs, as did several other people.", "Wilf Carter recorded a number of Williams's songs on an album of Australian songs.", "John Williamson recorded a song called \"The Last of the Pioneers\" which is a tribute to Williams and his contribution to Australian music.", "Williams gave the young Australian guitarist a start in his band.", "He was a regular session musician for Williams.", "Williams died in 1986 and is buried with his second wife Grace and their daughter Donita, who died in 1948 after being accidentally run over by a truck driven by one of the rodeo riders in Williams's show.", "Williams was married to a woman in 1940.", "At the Grafton Jacaranda Festival, they met.", "They made several recordings together, including \"Stockmen in uniform\" and \"Let's grow old together\".", "They divorced.", "The Australian Roll of Renown honours Australian and New Zealander musicians who have shaped the music industry by making a significant and lasting contribution to Country Music.", "The Country Music Awards of Australia will announce the newest member in January.", "The Country Music Awards of Australia (also known as the Golden Guitar Awards) is an annual awards night held in January during the Tamworth Country Music Festival, celebrating recording excellence in the Australian.", "They have been held every year since 1973.", "\"Give a Little Credit to your Dad\" and \"Lonesome for You, Mother Dear\" are excerpts from \"What a Dreary Old World It Would Be\".", "20th-century Australian male singers Yodelers and Australian military personnel of World War II are buried in the same cemetery." ]

[ "Buddy Williams", "Harold Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Buddy Williams", "Williams", "Buddy Williams", "Buddy Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Buddy Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "John Williamson", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Buddy Williams" ]

[ "Buddy Williams", "Harold Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Buddy Williams", "Williams", "Buddy Williams", "Buddy", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Buddy Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Buddy Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "John Williamson", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams" ]

[ "Dan Harrington (born December 6, 1945) is a professional poker player, best known for winning the Main Event at the 1995 World Series of Poker.", "He has earned one World Poker Tour title, two WSOP bracelets, and over six million dollars in tournament cashes in his poker career.", "He is also a member of the Poker Hall of Fame.", "Harrington chose his own nickname \"Action Dan\" even though he is known for being a tight conservative player.", "He is a distant cousin to both professional golfer Pádraig Harrington and former NFL quarterback Joey Harrington.", "Early life and business career\nHarrington was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "Currently residing in Santa Monica, California, Harrington is a former champion backgammon player and U.S. chess master (he won the 1971 Massachusetts State Chess Championship).", "Before becoming a poker professional and businessman, Harrington worked for many years as a bankruptcy lawyer.", "He also played poker against Bill Gates while Gates was at Harvard.", "Some of his earlier poker experience came from the Mayfair Club in the mid-1980s, where he played with Howard Lederer, Steve Zolotow, and Erik Seidel.", "In addition to being a successful professional poker player, Harrington also works in real estate and the stock market.", "Mr. Harrington is a co-founder and former member of the Board of Directors of Anchor Loans, a hard money lender to fix-and-flip and rental property investors that is headquartered in Calabasas, CA.", "Harrington co-founded the company in 1998 with two poker buddies, Jeff Lipton and Stephen Pollack, and served as its first Chief executive officer.", "The trio used their poker winnings to provide quick bridge funding to real estate rehabbers.", "Anchor Loans has since funded more than 5.3 billion in loans and has been profitable every year since its inception.", "Harrington retired from Anchor Loans in 2010, but remains a shareholder.", "He has also stated during interviews about his poker career, that he is there for the money, not the fame or glory.", "Also unlike many professional poker players, Dan considers himself only a part-time player due to the fact that he spends a large amount of his time on his business interests.", "He usually only plays a few events at the World Series of Poker each year and plays in occasional World Poker Tour events and a few other tournaments.", "Poker career\nHarrington first cashed in the World Series of Poker in 1986.", "The next year, in only his second WSOP cash, Harrington made the final table of the Main Event; he finished in sixth place in the event, which was won by Johnny Chan.", "Harrington's friend and fellow Mayfair Club member, Howard Lederer was also at this final table, finishing fifth.", "Sporting his iconic green Boston Red Sox cap, Dan Harrington is known as a crafty, tight-aggressive player, employing starting hand standards that are stricter than most professionals.", "When he reached the final table at the 1995 Main Event, he set the runner-up, Howard Goldfarb, to bluff for all his chips in the final hand.", "At the time of his Main event victory, Harrington lived in Downey, California.", "Also, in 1995, he won a bracelet in the $2,500 No-Limit Hold'em event for $249,000 and the Seven-card stud event at European Poker Open in London.", "He made his first final table at the World Poker Tour (WPT) in 2005, winning $620,730 for his second-place finish to Minh Ly in the Doyle Brunson North American Championship.", "In the early 2000s, he appeared on an obscure show called “Cash Poker”, where he played a session of $100/$200 No Limit Hold’em.", "In 2007, he won the Legends of Poker for a prize of $1,634,865.", "In 2008, Harrington made his first appearance on the NBC show Poker After Dark in the episode titled \"Mayfair Club.\"", "This tournament brought together poker players who had played at the legendary Mayfair Club in New York City.", "The other players in the tournament with Harrington included professional poker players Lederer, Mickey Appleman, Steve Zolotow, Jay Heimowitz, and Mike Shictman, the owner of the Mayfair Club for many years.", "Harrington busted out first, finishing in sixth place.", "The tournament was won by Heimowitz, who defeated Lederer in heads-up play.", "His solid play allows him to make it to many final tables at large events.", "He won the World Series of Poker (WSOP) Main Event in 1995 for $1,000,000.", "He has made three other Main Event final tables: placing sixth in 1987 for $43,750, third (out of 839 players) in 2003 for $650,000, and fourth (out of 2,576 players) in 2004 for $1,500,000.", "Because of the increased number of participants, his run of back-to-back Main Event final tables in 2003-04 has been called the greatest accomplishment in World Series history, particularly by ESPN poker announcer Norman Chad.", "This feat was later matched by Mark Newhouse in 2013 and 2014.", "As defending champion in 1996, Harrington made another deep run in the Main Event, finishing in 17th place and earning $23,400.", "He also cashed in the 2009 Main Event, finishing in 252nd place for a $32,963 payout.", "Harrington, Doyle Brunson, Carlos Mortensen, Scotty Nguyen, Joe Hachem and Ryan Riess are the only six people to have won the World Series of Poker Main Event and a World Poker Tour title.", "As of 2014, his live tournament winnings exceed $6,600,000, which he accumulated over a period of 34 years, cashing in 52 events.", "More than half of his live tournament winnings ($3,524,476) have come at the WSOP.", "In 2010 Harrington was inducted in to the World Series of Poker Hall of Fame.", "Books\nHe has written (co-authored with Bill Robertie) three popular books on tournament poker, two books on cash no-limit games and one book on online cash no-limit games, all published by Two Plus Two Publishing:\n Harrington on Hold'em: Volume I: Strategic Play (2004)\n Harrington on Hold'em: Volume II: The Endgame (2005)\n Harrington on Hold'em: Volume III: The Workbook (2006)\n Harrington on Cash Games, Volume I: How to Play No-Limit Hold 'em Cash Games (2008)\n Harrington on Cash Games, Volume II: How to Play No-Limit Hold 'em Cash Games (2008)\n Harrington on Online Cash Games; 6-Max No-Limit Hold 'em (2010)\n Harrington on Modern Tournament Poker (2014)\n\nWorld Series of Poker bracelets\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\n\nFast Company article\n\n1945 births\nAmerican lawyers\nAmerican chess players\nAmerican poker players\nAmerican backgammon players\nPeople from Cambridge, Massachusetts\nPeople from Boston\nPeople from Downey, California\nPeople from Santa Monica, California\nSuffolk University alumni\nLiving people\nWorld Series of Poker bracelet winners\nWorld Series of Poker Main Event winners\nWorld Poker Tour winners\nAmerican gambling writers\nAmerican male non-fiction writers\nAmerican financial businesspeople\nPoker Hall of Fame inductees" ]

[ "The 1995 World Series of Poker Main Event was won by Dan Harrington, a professional poker player.", "He has won a World Poker Tour title, two World Series of Poker bracelets, and over six million dollars in tournament cashes.", "He is a member of the Poker Hall of Fame.", "Even though he is known for being a conservative, \"Action Dan\" is the nickname he chose.", "He is a distant cousin of Pdraig and Joey.", "He was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "He won the 1971 Massachusetts State Chess Championship and is a former champion backgammon player.", "He was a bankruptcy lawyer for many years before becoming a poker professional.", "He played poker against Gates while he was at Harvard.", "The Mayfair Club was where he played poker with Howard Lederer, Steve Zolotow, and others.", "He is a professional poker player and also works in real estate and the stock market.", "Mr. Harrington is a co-founder and former member of the Board of Directors of Anchor Loans, a hard money lender to fix-and-flip and rental property investors.", "The company was co-founded in 1998 by two poker buddies, Jeff Lipton and Stephen Pollack.", "The trio used their winnings to provide bridge funding to real estate rehabbers.", "Since its inception, Anchor Loans has funded more than 5 billion dollars in loans and has been profitable every year.", "In 2010 he retired from Anchor Loans but is still a shareholder.", "He stated in interviews that he is there for the money, not the fame or glory.", "Dan considers himself a part-time poker player due to the fact that he spends a lot of time on his business interests.", "He usually only plays a few events at the World Series of Poker each year and plays in occasional World Poker Tour events and a few other tournaments.", "In 1986 he won the World Series of Poker.", "The next year, in only his second cash, he made the final table of the Main Event and finished in sixth place, which was won by Johnny Chan.", "Howard Lederer was a Mayfair Club member and finished fifth.", "Dan Harrington is known as a tight- aggressive player who uses starting hand standards that are stricter than most professionals.", "He set the runner-up, Howard Goldfarb, to bluff for all his chips when he reached the final table.", "At the time of his Main event victory, he lived in Downey, California.", "He won a bracelet in the $2,500 No-Limit Hold'em event for $249,000 and the Seven-card stud event at the European Poker Open in London.", "He made his first final table at the World Poker Tour in 2005, winning $620,730 for his second place finish in the North American Championship.", "He played a session of $100/$200 No Limit Hold'em on an obscure show in the early 2000s.", "He won a prize of more than one million dollars in 2007.", "In 2008, he made his first appearance on the NBC show Poker After Dark.", "The poker players played at the Mayfair Club in New York City.", "Professional poker players Lederer, Mickey Appleman, Steve Zolotow, Jay Heimowitz, and Mike Shictman were among the other players in the tournament.", "He finished in sixth place.", "Heimowitz defeated Lederer in heads-up play to win the tournament.", "He is able to make it to the final tables at large events because of his solid play.", "He won the World Series of Poker main event in 1995 for $1,000,000.", "He placed sixth in 1987 for $43,750, third in 2003 for $650,000, and fourth in 2004 for $1,500,000 at the Main Event.", "Because of the increased number of participants, his run of back-to-back Main Event final tables in 2003-04 has been called the greatest accomplishment in World Series history.", "Mark Newhouse matched this feat in two years.", "In 1996, he made another deep run in the Main Event, finishing in 17th place and earning $23,400.", "He made $32,963 by cashing in the Main Event in 2009.", "Only six people have won the World Series of Poker Main Event and a World Poker Tour title.", "Over the course of 34 years, he accumulated over $6 million in live tournament winnings.", "He has won more than three million dollars in live tournament winnings.", "In 2010 he was in the World Series of Poker Hall of Fame.", "He and Bill Robertie co-authored three popular books on tournament poker, two books on cash no-limit games and one book on online cash no-limit games." ]

[ "Dan Harrington", "Harrington", "Dan", "Pádraig Harrington", "Joey Harrington", "Harrington", "Harrington", "Harrington", "Harrington", "Harrington", "Harrington", "Harrington", "Dan", "Harrington", "Harrington", "Harrington", "Dan Harrington", "Harrington", "Harrington", "Harrington", "Harrington", "Harrington", "Harrington", "Harrington" ]

[ "Dan Harrington", "Harrington", "Dan", "Dan Harrington" ]

[ "Nicholas II, Prince Esterházy (, ; 12 December 176524 November 1833) was a wealthy Hungarian prince.", "He served the Austrian Empire and was a member of the famous Esterházy family.", "He is especially remembered for his art collection and for his role as the last patron of Joseph Haydn.", "Life\nNikolaus was born in Vienna on 12 December 1765, the son of Prince Anton Esterházy and his first wife, Maria Theresia, Countess Erdödy de Monyorokerek et Monoszlo (1745–1782).", "His father Anton was the son of Nikolaus I, whom he succeeded as reigning prince on the latter's death in 1790.", "In 1783, the younger Nikolaus, aged 17, married the 15-year-old Maria Josepha, Princess von und zu Liechtenstein (1768–1845).", "According to Mraz (2009b), the marriage was not a happy one (see below, \"debauchery\").", "It produced three children: Paul (1786–1866), who succeeded Nikolaus as prince, Leopoldine (1788–1846), and Nikolaus (1799–1844).", "Nikolaus II became the reigning prince on the death of his father in 1794.", "Like many of the aristocrats of the Austrian Empire, he spent much of his time in Vienna, where his family had a palace.", "He also spent some time, particularly in summer, in his palace (the traditional family seat) in Eisenstadt.", "Like his father Anton, Nikolaus had little interest during his reign in living in or visiting Esterháza, the famous palace that Nikolaus I had built in rural Hungary.", "Military and diplomatic career\nLike most of the princes in his line, Nikolaus pursued a career as a military officer.", "He was promoted to major general on 13 May 1796, and to Lieutenant-Field Marshal in 1803; in 1817, he was promoted to Feldzeugmeister.", "In 1802, he was appointed Colonel and Proprietor (Inhaber) of the 32nd Infantry Regiment, a position he held also until his death and, like his father, he was also a Captain of the Hungarian Noble Life Guard, from December 1803 until his death in 1833.", "After achieving the rank of Feldzeugmeister Nikolaus quit the army for diplomacy and was employed as extraordinary ambassador on several important occasions.", "He received the Grand Cross of the Order of St. Stephen in 1797 and was initiated into the Order of the Golden Fleece on 7 January 1808.", "He also served as an imperial and royal Chamberlain and Privy councillor.", "In 1829, he received from the Grand Duchy of Baden, the Order of Fidelity in 1829 and the Grand Cross of the Order of the Zähringer Lion.", "The Kingdom of Bavaria awarded him the Military Order of St. Hubert and the House of Hannover awarded him the Grand Cross of the Guelphic Order in 1816.", "A dramatic moment in Nikolaus's career occurred in 1809.", "Napoleon, having just defeated the Austrian armies and occupied Vienna, sought to weaken the Habsburg monarchy by severing its Hungarian territories.", "Nikolaus was Napoleon's candidate to serve as King of an independent Hungary.", "Faithful to the Esterházy tradition of loyalty to their Emperor, Nikolaus refused the offer, and indeed he went further and raised a regiment of volunteers to help defend the Empire, an action he had previously taken in 1797.", "Hungary remained part of the Empire until the 20th century.", "As patron of art and architecture\nNikolaus amassed a large art collection, in part during an Italian tour in 1794–1795.", "Among the artists represented were Andrea del Sarto, Corregio, Raphael, and Claude Lorrain.", "He employed a curator, Joseph Fischer, who was also a landscape painter and engraver.", "Nikolaus spent some years trying to find a home for his collection (and also protecting it during the Napoleonic invasions of 1805 and 1809; at one point in the latter year it was shipped down the Danube to Pest for safety).", "Eventually it was installed in the palace of Prince Kaunitz, which Nikolaus bought in 1814.", "The palace was converted to a gallery open to the public and was considered an important collection.", "Palace and gardens\n\nNikolaus remodeled the family palace at Eisenstadt, converting it from Baroque to Classical style.", "He also caused the gardens to be laid out in contemporary (English) style (1797).", "The redesigned gardens included extensive greenhouses, intended both to support landscaping and to house a large collection of plants, which by 1820 had grown to 60,000 varieties.", "The greenhouses were divided into rooms controlled for temperature and humidity.", "Starting in 1803, they were watered by a pump operated by a steam engine imported from England—the first steam engine in the Austrian Empire.", "In 1820, Esterházy was honoured by Austrian-Czech botanist, zoologist and entomologist, Johann Christian Mikan who named a plant species from South America after him, Esterhazya.", "As patron of music\nThe prince was at least at some level a musician (a portrait of him by Fischer shows him playing the clarinet) and he spent some of his wealth as a patron of music.", "Haydn\nWhen Nikolaus succeeded his father as prince, he partially revived the Esterházy musical establishment, which had flourished (with a full orchestra and opera company) under his grandfather Nikolaus I, but had been severely cut back by his father Anton.", "Nikolaus persuaded Joseph Haydn to return as active (though part-time) Kapellmeister, and gradually built up the Chor musique, his group of instrumentalists and singers: 15 in 1796, 29 by 1802.", "These musical forces, augmented by occasional extras, premiered several major works, notably the six masses composed by Haydn, some in celebration of the name day of Nikolaus's wife Maria Hermenegild.", "That Haydn's compositions for Nikolaus were primarily religious works (in contrast to the symphonies and operas Haydn had composed for Nikolaus's grandfather) reflects the Prince's own preference for religious music.", "Nikolaus initially had a difficult relationship with Haydn.", "He treated the world-famous composer as a servant, addressing him with the low-status pronoun \"Er\" and calling him merely \"Haydn\" (\"Herr Haydn\" or indeed \"Dr. Haydn\" would have been more respectful, given that Haydn had received an honorary degree from Oxford University).", "Under the influence of his wife, Nikolaus gradually changed his attitude and eventually was more respectful to his Kapellmeister.", "During Haydn's long period of infirmity (roughly 1803 to his death in 1809), the Prince was very supportive, increasing his pension to compensate for inflation (1806) and covering his medical expenses.", "He served Haydn posthumously in 1820 by his vigorous—though unsuccessful—efforts to recover the composer's stolen skull.", "He also erected a monument to the composer the Eisenstadt palace.", "Other musical patronage\n\nNikolaus was also active in the musical life of Vienna.", "He was a member of the Gesellschaft der Associierten, an organization of aristocrats that played an important role in organizing concerts, and also was one of the aristocratic subscribers to the first major published work of Ludwig van Beethoven, his Opus 1 piano trios.", "Following Haydn's retirement the musical establishment financed by Nikolaus continued under other leaders, including Johann Michael Fuchs and Johann Nepomuk Hummel.", "Nikolaus commissioned the 1807 Mass in C of Ludwig van Beethoven, continuing the tradition of masses composed for the Princess's name day.", "The Prince did not like the work and the comment he made at the premiere led Beethoven to depart in a huff.", "Nikolaus later wrote to Countess Henriette Zielinska, \"Beethoven's music is unbearably ridiculous and detestable; I am not convinced it can ever be performed properly.", "I am angry and ashamed.\"", "His debauchery\nAccording to Mraz (2009a), Nikolaus was known \"for his debauched lifestyle, keeping what amounted to a private brothel in the Landstraße\".", "One commentator said that he had 200 mistresses and fathered 100 illegitimate children.", "Financial demise and death\nAccording to Mraz, Nikolaus \"coped poorly\" with the very high inflation that arose in the Austrian Empire as the result of the Napoleonic Wars.", "He continued to spend freely both on art works and on his brothel, and ultimately the law intervened, subjecting him to a sequestration order (1832).", "Mraz describes the end of his life as \"ignominious\".", "He died in 1833 in Como, Italy.", "Persona\nHaydn biographer Karl Geiringer describes Nikolaus II thus: \"He was as complete an autocrat as his grandfather had been, but lacked the latter's charm, kindliness, and genuine understanding of music .", ". . contemporaries described the prince's nature as 'worthy of an Asiatic despot'\".", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\nGeiringer, Karl (1946) Haydn: A Creative Life in Music.", "New York: Norton, New York.", "Jones, David Wyn (1998) The Life of Beethoven.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.", "Jones, David Wyn (2009) The Life of Haydn.", "Oxford: Oxford University Press.", "Mraz, Gerda (2009a) Esterházy, Prince Nicolaus II.", "In Jones, David Wyn, Oxford Composer Companions: Haydn.", "Oxford: Oxford University Press.", "Mraz, Gerda (2009b) Esterházy, Princess Marie Hemenegild.", "In Jones, David Wyn, Oxford Composer Companions: Haydn.", "Oxford: Oxford University Press.", "Siegel, Brigitt (2006) Der Garten - ein Ort des Wandels (In German) (\"The garden: a place of change\").", "vdf Hochschulverlag AG.", "Thomas Günter (2010) \"Esterházy\".", "Article in the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, online edition.", "Oxford University Press.", "Hungarian nobility\nEsterházy family\nPrinces Esterházy of Galántha\n1765 births\n1833 deaths\nHungarian generals\nKnights of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary\nKnights of the Golden Fleece of Austria\nMilitary leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars\nAustrian Empire military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars\nHaydn's patrons\n18th-century Hungarian people\n18th-century Austrian military personnel\n19th-century Austrian military personnel" ]

[ "Nicholas II was a prince from Hungary.", "He was a member of the Esterhzy family and served in the Austrian Empire.", "He is remembered for his art collection and his role as the last patron of Joseph Haydn.", "The first wife of the prince was Maria Theresia, who was born on December 12th, 1765.", "His father was the son of a prince who died in 1790.", "Maria Josepha was married to the younger Nikolaus, who was 17 at the time.", "The marriage was not a good one according to Mraz.", "The three children were Paul, Leopoldine and Nikolaus.", "The death of the prince's father made him the reigning prince.", "He spent most of his time in Vienna, where his family had a palace.", "He spent a lot of time in his palace in Eisenstadt during the summer.", "Like his father, Nikolaus had little interest in visiting or living in the palace that he built in Hungary.", "Most of the princes in his line pursued military and diplomatic careers.", "He was promoted to major general on 13 May 1796 and to lieutenant- field marshal in 1803.", "In 1802, he was appointed Colonel and proprietor of the 32nd Infantry Regiment, a position he held until his death and, like his father, he was also a Captain of the Hungarian Noble Life Guard.", "After leaving the army for diplomacy, he was employed as an extraordinary ambassador on several important occasions.", "He was initiated into the Order of the Golden Fleece on January 7, 1808, after receiving the Grand Cross of the Order of St. Stephen in 1797.", "He was an imperial and royal member of the Privy Council.", "The Grand Cross of the Order of the Zhringer Lion and the Order of Fidelity were given to him in the 19th century.", "He was awarded the Military Order of St. Hubert and the Grand Cross of the Guelphic Order.", "There was a dramatic moment in Nikolaus's career.", "Napoleon wanted to weaken the Habsburg monarchy by severing its Hungarian territories.", "Napoleon had a candidate to serve as King of Hungary.", "Adherent to the tradition of loyalty to their Emperor, Nikolaus refused the offer and raised a group of volunteers to help defend the Empire.", "Hungary was part of the Empire until the 20th century.", "During an Italian tour in 1797, the patron of art and architecture, Nikolaus, amassed a large art collection.", "The artists represented were Corregio, Raphael, and Claude Lorrain.", "He employed a painter who was also an engraver.", "During the Napoleonic invasions of 1805 and 1809, the collection was shipped down the Danube to Pest for safety, as Nikolaus spent years trying to find a home for it.", "It was installed in the palace of Prince Kaunitz.", "An important collection, the palace was converted to a gallery and open to the public.", "The family palace at Eisenstadt was converted from Baroque to Classical style.", "The gardens were laid out in English style.", "The gardens were designed to support landscaping and to house a large collection of plants, which by 1820 had grown to 60,000 varieties.", "The rooms for temperature and humidity were in the greenhouses.", "The first steam engine in the Austrian Empire was imported from England and used to water them.", "In 1820, Austrian-Czech botanist, zoologist and entomologist, Johann Christian Mikan named a plant species after Esterhazya.", "The prince spent some of his wealth as a patron of music because he was a musician.", "The Esterhzy musical establishment had flourished under his grandfather, but had been cut back by his father, after he succeeded his father as prince.", "The Chor musique, Joseph Haydn's group of instrumentalists and singers, was built up after he was persuaded to return as active as possible.", "The musical forces, augmented by occasional extras, premiere several major works, notably the six masses composed by Haydn, some in celebration of the name day of Maria Hermenegild.", "The Prince's preference for religious music is reflected in the fact that Haydn's compositions for Nikolaus were primarily religious works.", "There was a difficult relationship between the two.", "He treated the world-famous composer as a servant, addressing him with the low-status pronoun \"Er\" and calling him simply \"Haydn\".", "The influence of his wife eventually led to a change in his attitude.", "The Prince was very supportive during Haydn's long period of infirmity, increasing his pension to compensate for inflation and covering his medical expenses.", "He tried to recover the composer's skull but was unsuccessful.", "He built a monument to the composer.", "Nikolaus was active in the musical life of Vienna.", "He was a member of the Gesellschaft der Associierten and a subscriber to the first published work of Ludwig van Beethoven's piano trios.", "The musical establishment financed by Nikolaus continued under other leaders.", "The tradition of mass composed for the Princess's name day continued with the 1807 Mass in C of Ludwig van Beethoven.", "Beethoven left the premiere in a huff after the Prince commented that he didn't like the work.", "Beethoven's music is unbearably ridiculous and detestable, and I am not convinced it can ever be performed properly.", "I am angry and ashamed.", "He kept a private brothel in the Landstrae and was known for his debauched lifestyle.", "A commentator said that he fathered 100 illegitimate children and had 200 mistresses.", "Financial demise and death were caused by the high inflation that arose in the Austrian Empire as a result of the Napoleonic Wars.", "He spent freely both on art works and on his brothel, but the law had other ideas.", "He describes the end of his life asignominious.", "He died in Italy.", "\"He was as complete an autocrat as his grandfather had been, but lacked the latter's charm, kindliness, and genuine understanding of music,\" says Karl Geiringer.", "The prince's nature was described as \"worthy of an Asiatic despot\" by his peers.", "Geiringer, Karl is the author of Haydn: A Creative Life in Music.", "The city of New York isNorton, New York.", "The Life of Beethoven was written by David Wyn Jones.", "Cambridge University Press.", "The Life of Haydn was written by David Wyn Jones.", "Oxford University Press.", "Mraz and Gerda are related to Prince Nicolaus II.", "The Oxford Composer Companions: Haydn were written by David Wyn and Jones.", "Oxford University Press.", "Mraz and Gerda are related to Princess Marie Hemenegild.", "The Oxford Composer Companions: Haydn were written by David Wyn and Jones.", "Oxford University Press.", "The garden: a place of change was written by Siegel.", "Hochschulverlag AG is a company.", "\"Esterhzy\" was written by Thomas Gnter.", "The article is in the Dictionary of Music and Musicians.", "Oxford University Press.", "Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars and the Austrian Empire were members of the Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria." ]

[ "Nikolaus", "Anton Esterházy", "Nikolaus I", "Nikolaus", "Nikolaus", "Nikolaus", "Nikolaus", "Nikolaus", "Nikolaus", "Nikolaus", "Nikolaus", "Nikolaus", "Prince Kaunitz", "Esterházy", "Nikolaus", "Nikolaus", "Nikolaus", "Prince", "Nikolaus", "Nikolaus", "Prince Nicolaus" ]

[ "Nikolaus", "Nikolaus", "Nikolaus", "Prince", "Nikolaus" ]

[ "Lieutenant General Troy Houston Middleton (12 October 1889 – 9 October 1976) was a distinguished educator and senior officer of the United States Army who served as a corps commander in the European Theatre during World War II and later as president of Louisiana State University (LSU).", "He is best known for his decision to hold Bastogne during the Battle of the Bulge, contrary to the recommendation of Lieutenant General George S. Patton, Jr., Commanding General (CG) of the United States Third Army.", "Enlisting in the U.S. Army in 1910, Middleton was first assigned to the 29th Infantry Regiment, where he worked as a clerk.", "Here he did not become an infantryman as he had hoped, but he was pressed into service playing football, a sport strongly endorsed by the army.", "Following two years of enlisted service, Middleton was transferred to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where he was given the opportunity to compete for an officer's commission.", "Of the 300 individuals who were vying for a commission, 56 were selected, and four of them, including Middleton, would become general officers.", "As a new second lieutenant, Middleton was assigned to the 7th Infantry Regiment in Galveston, Texas, which was soon pressed into service, responding to events created by the Mexican Revolution.", "Middleton spent seven months doing occupation duty in the Mexican port city of Veracruz, and later was assigned to Douglas, Arizona, where his unit skirmished with some of Pancho Villa's fighters.", "Upon the entry of the United States into World War I, in April 1917, Middleton was assigned to the 4th Infantry Division, and soon saw action as a battalion commander during the Second Battle of the Marne.", "Three months later, following some minor support roles, his unit led the attack during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, and Middleton became a regimental commander.", "Because of his exceptional battlefield performance, on 14 October 1918 he was promoted to the rank of colonel, becoming, at the age of 29, the youngest officer of that rank in the American Expeditionary Force (AEF).", "He also received the Army Distinguished Service Medal for his exemplary service.", "Following World War I, Middleton served at the U.S. Army School of Infantry, the U.S. Army Command and General Staff School, the U.S. Army War College, and as commandant of cadets at LSU.", "He retired from the army in 1937 to become dean of administration and later comptroller and acting vice president at LSU.", "His tenure at LSU was fraught with difficulty, as Middleton became one of the key players in helping the university recover from a major scandal where nearly a million dollars had been embezzled.", "Recalled to service in early 1942, upon American entry into World War II, Middleton became CG of the 45th Infantry Division during the Sicily and Salerno battles in Italy, and then in March 1944 moved up to command the VIII Corps.", "His leadership in Operation Cobra during the Battle of Normandy led to the capture of the important port city of Brest, France, and for his success he was awarded a second Distinguished Service Medal by General George Patton.", "His greatest World War II achievement, however, was in his decision to hold the important city of Bastogne, Belgium, during the Battle of the Bulge.", "Following this battle, and his corps' relentless push across Germany until reaching Czechoslovakia, he was recognized by both General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander, and Patton as being a corps commander of extraordinary abilities.", "Middleton logged 480 days in combat during World War II, more than any other American general officer.", "Retiring from the army again in 1945, Middleton returned to LSU and in 1951 was appointed to the university presidency, a position he held for 11 years, while continuing to serve the army in numerous consultative capacities.", "He resided in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, until his death in 1976 and was buried in Baton Rouge National Cemetery.", "Both the Air Force/Army ROTC building at Mississippi State University, Middleton's alma mater, and the library at Louisiana State University are named for him.", "On 19 June 2020, also known as Juneteenth, the LSU Board of Supervisors unanimously voted to remove his name from the main library at LSU as a result of his segregationist policies while LSU president.", "His name, plaques, and bust were removed that same afternoon.", "Family and early life\n\nAncestry\nTroy H. Middleton was born near Georgetown, Copiah County, Mississippi, on 12 October 1889, the son of John Houston Middleton (12 May 1856 – 27 August 1935) and Laura Catherine \"Kate\" Thompson (25 December 1860 – 20 September 1925).", "His paternal grandfather, Benjamin Parks Middleton (1825–1891) served as a private in Company G, 6th Regiment, Mississippi Infantry for the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War, and his maternal grandfather, Riden M. Thompson, was also a Confederate soldier who died 27 May 1862 at the hospital in Hazlehurst, Mississippi.", "His great-great-grandfather, Captain Holland Middleton (c. 1715 – 1795/96) served from Georgia in the American Revolutionary War.", "Holland Middleton was the son of William Middleton (c. 1685–1769) and grandson of Robert Middleton (c. 1651 – c. 1707) who had extensive land interests in Charles County and Prince George's County, both in Maryland.", "Some of Robert Middleton's property was near Piscataway Creek, about twelve miles south of present-day Washington D.C., across the Potomac River from the future site of Mount Vernon, the home of President George Washington.", "In 1678 Robert Middleton was paid for expenses incurred in fighting the Nanticoke Indians and in 1681 he was commissioned as cornet (second lieutenant) in a troop of cavalry.", "Early life\nTroy Middleton was the fifth of nine children and grew up at the end of the 19th century on a 400-acre plantation in southeastern Copiah County.", "The plantation was virtually a self-contained community, and he had a variety of chores to do depending on the season, with sausage-stuffing being one of his favorites.", "The local Lick Creek and Strong River had plentiful fish that he would catch, and he loved to hunt, particularly with his 12-gauge shotgun.", "While his family was Episcopal by heritage, they worshiped at the Bethel Baptist Church, a few miles west of Georgetown, the only church reachable on a Sunday morning.", "His education was conducted at the small Bethel schoolhouse, near the Bethel Church, but in the summertime he was tutored by his oldest sister Emily, who came home from Blue Mountain College to share her knowledge of different subjects with her family.", "Having exhausted all the educational opportunities available at home, Middleton's father asked him if he was interested in a college education.", "Finding this an attractive proposition, in the summer of 1904, at the age of fourteen, Middleton made the 172-mile train trip to Starkville, where he would begin his studies at Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College (Mississippi A&M), later to become Mississippi State University.", "College at Mississippi A&M\n\nAt his young age, Middleton was required to complete a year of preparatory school before being enrolled in the four-year program at Mississippi A&M.", "In essence he did a final year of high school while living in the dormitory and following the regimen of the students at the college.", "The students were treated like cadets at a military academy, marching to and from all meals, and beginning their day with the first bugle call at 5:30 a.m. Every week day was the same: cleanup and study time in the morning, march to breakfast, a usually short chapel call, classes from 8:30 to 4:00, broken only by lunch, athletics from 4:00 to 6:30 p.m., dinner, and then study from 7:30 to 10:00 p.m., followed by the playing of taps at 10:30, and lights out at 10:40.", "While Middleton did not particularly savor the military atmosphere, he settled into the routine, and the year passed quickly.", "The highlight of his preparatory year came on 10 February 1905 when John Philip Sousa brought his band to A&M, attracting people from around the state, and packing the 2000-seat mess hall.", "The train that would take the band to its next stop was held up for over an hour as the concert was extended by repeated calls for encores.", "The student corps at A&M was organized into a battalion, with a size of about 350 cadets during Middleton's first year.", "He began as a cadet corporal, and by his junior year was appointed as the cadet sergeant major.", "As a senior he had the cadet rank of lieutenant colonel and was the student commander of more than 700 cadets, organized into two battalions.", "Working with the military officer in charge of the cadets, Middleton took on additional responsibilities for which he was paid $25 per month.", "Middleton was involved in numerous activities during his college days, and took leadership roles in most of them.", "He was the vice president of A&M's Collegian Club, and president of the school's Gun Club, being photographed on one occasion with his beloved shot gun, which he was allowed to keep in his dormitory room and use for hunting on weekends when campus activities did not fill his schedule.", "He was the president of his junior class and during his senior year was the commandant of the select Mississippi Sabre Company, which was a club restricted to seniors of good social, academic and military standing.", "Among his favorite activities were baseball and football, and he played both sports throughout college.", "Early in his tenure, however, he had to give up a season of baseball when he failed a chemistry course, and spent his afternoons back in the classroom and laboratory instead of on the athletic fields.", "Whether playing or spectating, the baseball and football games gave the students a chance to leave campus, and they took the train to play various teams around the state or region.", "Games were played wherever a suitable field could be found, but football games against the University of Mississippi were always played in Jackson.", "Middleton graduated with a bachelor's degree in the spring of 1909, and was hoping to get an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point.", "No such opportunity presented itself, however, and at the age of 19 he was too young to take the examination for an army commission.", "Taking the advice of an army officer back at A&M, he decided to enlist in the United States Army.", "Early service in the U.S. Army\n\nEnlisted service\nOn 3 March 1910 Troy Middleton enlisted into the 29th Infantry Regiment at Fort Porter in Buffalo, New York.", "He was put to work as a company clerk, and as a private earned $15 a month, which was paid in gold until it became scarce, and was then paid in silver.", "Private Middleton tired of this desk work quickly and asked to become a soldier.", "While this did not happen at Fort Porter, his talents as a football player became known, and he was pressed into duty as the quarterback of the local team, which played civilian teams in the Buffalo area as well as other army teams such as the one at Fort Niagara near Niagara Falls.", "For the next several years Middleton would play a lot of football, a sport that was strongly endorsed by the army.", "After getting a commission, an officer is never returned to the same unit from which he served as an enlisted member, but Middleton became the exception because of his talents as a quarterback.", "Middleton felt that football provided him with the finest training he received while in the army, and he said he never met a good football player who wasn't also a good soldier.", "Officer's commission\n\nAfter 27 months of serving in the army, Middleton got his first promotion, to corporal.", "Promotions came very slowly, and occurred only when a position was vacated by someone else getting promoted or retiring.", "Shortly after his promotion on 10 June 1912, Corporal Middleton was transferred to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where he would have a chance to compete for an army commission.", "Here Middleton attended an intensive training course to prepare for the written examination required for a second lieutenant's commission.", "Of the 300 civilians and enlisted men who took the exam, 56 of them passed and were commissioned.", "Middleton's score was just about in the middle of the passing scores.", "Almost all of those passing were college graduates, coming from schools such as Harvard, Yale, Virginia Military Institute, and Stanford.", "Four of the 56, including Middleton, would go on to become general officers.", "In addition to taking the written exam, all of the applicants had to take a horse-riding test as well.", "Having grown up riding horses on his family's plantation, Middleton scored very well on this exam, and the officer in charge thought that he would want to go into the cavalry.", "Middleton, however, wanted to go into the infantry, leaving the officer stunned that anyone with such horsemanship skills would even consider spending his time walking instead of riding a fine horse.", "Having passed his exam, Middleton was recommended for a commission by President Howard Taft in November 1912, but it wasn't until after the new president, Woodrow Wilson, was sworn in the following March, and the new congress convened, that the 56 successful candidates were confirmed by the Senate.", "Their appointment was back-dated to 30 November 1912.", "During this interim period, Middleton was transferred to Fort Crockett in Galveston, Texas, where he arrived early in 1913.", "Fort Crockett and deployment to Mexico\nIn February 1913 Troy Middleton reported to Fort Crockett as a second lieutenant without a commission, being assigned to Company K of the 7th Infantry Regiment.", "A large part of the United States Army was rotating here in response to trouble in Mexico.", "In 1910 Mexico's President Porfirio Diaz was overthrown by a reform leader, Francisco Madero, beginning the Mexican Revolution which would last for nearly a decade.", "Madero was supported by General Victoriano Huerta in putting down a series of revolts in 1912, but the following year was assassinated by the General, who then seized power.", "Though many countries recognized the Huerta government, President Woodrow Wilson would not, and he hoped to return Mexico to a constitutional government by backing Venustiano Carranza.", "The troops at Fort Crockett went into a waiting mode, preparing for the call from the President to take action in support of American interests.", "In April 1914 the waiting for the military units ended, and American troops under the command of Brigadier General Frederick Funston were sent into Mexico.", "The Navy had taken the port city of Veracruz and the 7th Regiment was ordered to take part in the occupation of the city.", "Middleton's landing party went in unopposed and settled into occupation duty without a shot being fired.", "Middleton spent a total of seven months in Mexico and returned home to Galveston in November 1914.", "Marriage\nAfter first arriving at Fort Crockett, Middleton adapted to garrison life while engaging in the Galveston social scene by attending Saturday night dances in town.", "At one such dance he had a navy lieutenant introduce him to Jerusha Collins, who would later become his wife.", "She had attended Southwestern University in Georgetown, Texas, and had made her debut in Galveston society in 1911.", "Following the death of her father, Sidney G. Collins, Jerusha had come to live with her aunt and uncle, Mr. and Mrs. John Hagemann, in the heart of Galveston.", "As a merchant, Hagemann was well to do, and drove a Studebaker touring car when most people in the town rode in buggies, wagons, and surreys.", "Middleton met the Hagemanns, soon becoming a regular visitor at their house while calling on Jerusha.", "Following seven months in Mexico, Middleton's return to Galveston brought a special anticipation.", "He had proposed to Jerusha Collins at an earlier time, and renewed the proposal upon his return.", "The couple was married on 6 January 1915, and this allowed them to be in New Orleans two days later with other members of Middleton's unit for the one hundredth anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans in which the 7th Regiment had served a century earlier.", "After a week in New Orleans, the couple returned to Galveston, and were invited to move into the Hagemann's house, where they were given a large upstairs room.", "Fort Bliss\n\nWhen Galveston's second major hurricane hit the Texas coastline in mid-August 1915, most of the Army units had scattered to safe locations away from the storm's path, with a few units remaining in the secure buildings of Fort Crockett or in downtown Galveston.", "The Middletons chose to ride out the storm at the Hagemann house.", "Following the storm cleanup, in October 1915, the 7th Regiment was ordered to Fort Bliss in El Paso, Texas as events in Mexico flared up again.", "Here they were put under the command of Brigadier General John Pershing, a highly capable officer who had skipped three ranks by being promoted from captain to brigadier general for his exceptional service during the Philippine–American War.", "The Mexican Revolutionary General Pancho Villa, who had at one time been supported by the United States, felt betrayed when the Americans backed Carranza.", "In January 1916, Villa's followers, known as Villistas, attacked a train and killed 16 American businessmen who were aboard.", "Two months later Villa's men crossed the border into the United States and attacked the town of Columbus, New Mexico, killing an additional 19 Americans.", "Following these attacks, General Pershing took his forces into Mexico to pursue Pancho Villa.", "Preceding these events, Middleton's 7th Regiment was sent to Camp Harry J. Jones near Douglas, Arizona to perform border security.", "While there, Middleton and a squad of his men were fired upon by the Villistas who unsuccessfully attacked the Mexican village of Agua Prieta, across the border from Douglas.", "While several of Middleton's men were hit, no one was killed, and they all returned with the 7th Regiment back to Fort Bliss in late December 1915.", "Preparation for war\nThe hunt for Pancho Villa ended unsuccessfully for the Americans.", "War was raging in Europe, and following several months in Mexico, Pershing was called back to Fort Bliss to begin preparing his troops for this much larger conflict.", "In April 1917, President Wilson requested that Congress declare war, which they did.", "The same month Middleton was assigned to Gettysburg National Park where the 7th Regiment would continue its training.", "Here, he was promoted to first lieutenant on 1 July 1916, after a little more than three and a half years as a second lieutenant.", "With the pending war, his promotions would become much more frequent, and in less than a year he was promoted to captain, on 15 May 1917, over a month after the American entry into World War I.", "In preparation for its buildup in strength, the army had to train a large cadre of officers.", "On 10 June 1917 Middleton was assigned to Fort Myer, Virginia, just outside Washington, D.C. as the adjutant of a reserve officer training camp.", "These camps were organized to take civilians and turn them into officers in ninety days, and as adjutant Middleton was responsible for directing the flow of paperwork for 2,700 officer candidates.", "By November 1917, his camp graduated its last class of officers, and Middleton requested to join a combat division.", "His request was granted and on 21 December 1917 he reported to the 4th Division at Camp Greene near Charlotte, North Carolina.", "Two days later, however, he received new orders to become the commander of a reserve officer training camp in Leon Springs, Texas.", "Here, he reported as ordered, and stayed until the mission was complete in April 1918.", "As he was technically on loan from the 4th Division, his request to rejoin that unit was granted, and Middleton was soon on his way to France.", "World War I\nBelieving that the 4th Division was still at Camp Greene, Middleton wired there to find out that the unit was already on its way overseas.", "He caught a train for New York, and when he arrived on 28 April 1918, he found his division at Camp Mills on Long Island, living in tents and awaiting transport.", "Middleton was given command of the First Battalion, 47th Infantry Regiment, and departed New York with his regiment aboard the Princess Matokia on 11 May in a convoy of fourteen ships.", "Three days out of France, a fleet of destroyers met the convoy and escorted it to the port city of Brest where they arrived on 23 May.", "There the division unloaded and organized for several days, subsequently loading onto a troop train to arrive at Calais on 30 May.", "Calais, Chateau Thierry and Saint-Mihiel\n\nThe first assignment of the 4th Division was to become a reserve unit for the British, just south of Calais.", "The Americans gave up their Springfield Rifles for some British Enfields for which there was available ammunition.", "When the Germans began an offensive north of Paris, the 4th was put onto trains and sent to the Marne River, about twenty-five miles west of Chateau Thierry.", "Here the 4th became a reserve unit for the badly battered 42nd Division.", "In late July 1918, Middleton, promoted to major on 7 June, moved his First Battalion in to support the 167th Regiment of the 42nd Division.", "In the ensuing operation, called the Second Battle of the Marne, four days of heavy fighting took place against the Prussian Fourth Guard Division fresh from a month's rest.", "While the veteran Germans fought with determination, the Americans were able to push them back about twelve miles, though at a considerable cost—more than one in four of the Americans became casualties.", "When the 4th Division was relieved, they were sent to the Saint-Mihiel area, where they would undertake a small support role.", "Major Middleton was given the task of directing the unit's transport, complicated by the requirement to move at night with equipment and personnel to be drawn by horse and mule.", "After Saint-Mihiel, the unit was moved to Verdun where hundreds of thousands of French and Germans had become casualties earlier in the war.", "This would become the last major engagement of the First World War for Middleton, who was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 17 September, shortly before the commencement of the operation, called the Meuse-Argonne Offensive.", "Meuse-Argonne Offensive\n\nThe 4th Division, on its own for the first time in the war, was assigned a front that was one to two miles wide, sandwiched between two seasoned French divisions, about eight miles from Verdun.", "Lieutenant Colonel Middleton's battalion led the attack for the Americans on 26 September 1918.", "That day, they covered five miles, breaking through German defenses, after which it was up to the entire 47th Infantry Regiment to hold onto the gains.", "Middleton then put his second-in-command in charge of the battalion when he was assigned as the executive officer of the regiment.", "He was in this staff position for two weeks when, on 11 October, he was given command of the 39th Infantry Regiment after commander James K. Parsons and most of his regimental staff became casualties following a gas attack.", "At about one o'clock in the morning, Middleton had to find his way to the 39th headquarters and prepare for battle at daybreak.", "Shortly before 7:30 a.m., Middleton led his new regiment into enemy-held territory using a tactic called \"marching fire,\" where all of the troops constantly fired their weapons while moving a mile through heavy woods.", "This compelled most of the dug-in and concealed Germans to surrender, and allowed the 4th Division to move to the edge of the Meuse River.", "Three days after taking command of the 39th, and two days after his twenty-ninth birthday, Middleton was promoted to colonel, becoming the youngest officer in the American Expeditionary Forces to attain that rank.", "He also received the Distinguished Service Medal for his exceptional battlefield performance.", "On 19 October, the 4th Division was withdrawn from the battle line after 24 days of continuous contact with the enemy, the longest unbroken period of combat for any American division during the war.", "Middleton was now given command of his former regiment, the 47th.", "In early November the 4th Division relieved an African American regiment near Metz, and was preparing to chase German defenders down the Moselle River, with Middleton to lead the attack.", "The attack did not materialize, however, because, on 10 November, Middleton received confidential news that an armistice was imminent.", "The following morning a messenger brought word that there would be no more firing after 11 a.m.", "There was celebration throughout the ranks, but there was still much work to be done; the 4th Division would soon be assigned to Germany as an occupying force.", "Occupation of Germany\nIn late November 1918 the 4th Division began a road march of more than 125 miles from the French city of Metz toward the German city of Koblenz, on the Rhine River.", "The final destination of Middleton's 47th Regiment would be the town of Adenau, 35 miles due west of Koblenz.", "The road trip took fifteen days of moving through almost incessant rain and ended in a driving snowstorm on 15 December.", "During the march, Middleton broke character and rode a horse during most of each day, surveying his troops and occasionally dismounting to talk with them.", "The formation marched for fifty minutes of each hour, and rested for ten, with a full hour for lunch.", "Once in Adenau, the regiment dispersed to many villages in the area, while Colonel Middleton stayed in a large home in Adenau where the owners continued to live as well.", "During the stay in Adenau, the 47th continued with its training, building a rifle range, running combat problems, and practicing lessons learned from its recent combat operations.", "In early March 1919, after nearly four months in Adenau, the 47th was ordered to the area of Remagen on the Rhine.", "On the morning of the move, Middleton had breakfast with General Pershing's aide, Colonel George Marshall, who had come to Adenau the day before to inform Middleton of his regiment's new orders.", "At Remagen the 47th Regiment was given the mission of guarding the Ludendorff Bridge over the Rhine River.", "Twenty five years later the 47th would once again guard this bridge during World War II.", "The regiment remained here until given orders to return home in mid-summer 1919.", "Before his departure from Europe, Middleton was summoned to report to the Third Army Chief of Staff in Koblenz.", "Here he was informed that he and other senior officers were being assigned to Camp Benning, Georgia to form the first faculty of the Infantry School that was being established there.", "Middleton sailed out of Brest in mid-July, met his wife in New York, and together they traveled to Columbus, Georgia, by way of Washington, D.C., and Atlanta.", "Military Schools\nFor the ten years following World War I, Troy Middleton would be either an instructor or a student in the succession of military schools that Army officers attend during their careers.", "Middleton arrived in Columbus, Georgia with strong praise from his superiors, and would soon get his efficiency report, in which Brigadier General Benjamin Poore of the 4th Division wrote of him, \"The best all-around officer I have yet seen.", "Unspoiled by his rapid promotion from captain in July to colonel in October; and made good in every grade.", "He gets better results in a quiet unobtrusive way than any officer I have ever met.", "Has a wonderful grasp of situations and a fine sense of proportion.\"", "Infantry School\nUp until the World War, other branches of the Army had their own specialty schools, but the infantry did not.", "This situation was being amended, and Middleton would be part of that change as a new faculty member of the Infantry School at Camp Benning, about nine miles from Columbus.", "Middleton, whose rank had reverted to his permanent rank of captain following the war, was an instructor in the new school for his first two years at Benning, and also a member of the Infantry Board, set up for research on weapons and tactics.", "One of his jobs on the board was to evaluate new weapons and equipment, and at one point he tested a new semiautomatic rifle which would eventually become the M-1 rifle, the standard weapon of the infantry in World War II.", "The first nine-month class of the new infantry school began in September 1919, and students were taken through a curriculum of weapons and tactics.", "Captain Middleton, the youngest faculty member on the school staff, was an ideal instructor, fresh with experiences from the recent war.", "After two years as an instructor, and a promotion to major on 1 July 1920, Middleton prevailed upon his commanders to be allowed to enroll in the advanced infantry course as a student.", "This ten-month course included instruction on combined arms, tactical principles and decisions, military history and economics, then ended with a written thesis.", "Middleton, who was one of the most junior members of his class, finished at the top of the class.", "Following the advanced course, Middleton spent the summer as the senior instructor at a Reserve Officer Training Camp at Fort Logan, Colorado, then returned to Camp Benning for one more year as a member of the Infantry Board.", "Four years at Benning had been enough for him and he was ready to move on.", "After expressing his wishes to a senior officer, he was assigned to Fort Leavenworth in the summer of 1923, a place he had been eleven years earlier to prepare for his officer's commission.", "Command and General Staff School\n\nAs one of the youngest majors in the army, Middleton found himself among officers who were ten to fifteen years his senior at the Army's Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.", "Students attended this ten-month school to qualify for higher commands.", "Here Middleton met a classmate, George Patton, who would become one of his friends.", "Patton had confided to Middleton that he predicted completing the course as an Honor Graduate, one who finishes in the top 25% of the nearly 200 students.", "His prediction came true, and he finished 14th in the class.", "Middleton finished 8th.", "With his exceptional class performance, Middleton, along with half a dozen other graduates, was invited to stay on for the next four years as an instructor at the school.", "During his second year of teaching at Command and General Staff School, one of his students, Dwight D. Eisenhower, would come to his office, sit on the corner of his desk, and pump him for information, knowing that Middleton had commanded a regiment in combat in France.", "Eisenhower asked the most practical questions, and was unquestionably motivated—he finished first in his class.", "Nearly every officer who commanded a division in Europe during World War II attended the Command and General Staff School during Middleton's tenure there from 1924 to 1928.", "There was also a point in time during World War II when every corps commander in Europe had been a student of Middleton's.", "War College\n\nIn 1928, his final year at Leavenworth, Middleton received orders to attend the Army War College in Washington, D.C. His year at this highest level of professional military education was very fulfilling.", "He spent time in the school library and the Library of Congress.", "He wrote his staff memorandum (equivalent to a thesis) on the subject of Army transportation.", "Recalling his personal experience with horses and mules in France, he recommended that motorized transport significantly replace the Army's use of livestock.", "The commandant of the school commended Middleton for work of exceptional merit, and sent his ideas to the highest levels in the War Department.", "Late career\n\nHaving spent the previous ten years in the various Army schools, Major Middleton requested a return to Camp Benning, where he and his wife still had friends.", "The request was approved and he was assigned as a battalion commander in the 29th Infantry Regiment there, the same unit in which he had enlisted nineteen years earlier at Fort Porter.", "He was at Benning for only a year when he was told he would be assigned to the General Staff at the War Department in Washington D.C., but this changed when a new requirement for career officers was brought to his attention.", "Officers were now expected to have an assignment with a civilian component of the Army such as the National Guard, the Reserves, or the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC).", "The last option appealed to Middleton the most, and he wanted to work at a school in the south.", "There was an opening at Louisiana State University (LSU), and this is where Middleton soon headed.", "ROTC duty at Louisiana State University\n\nIn July 1930 Troy Middleton stopped at his new headquarters at Fort McPherson in Atlanta, then drove west with his family to Baton Rouge, Louisiana which would become the family home for many years.", "Major Middleton became the Commandant of cadets at LSU, along with being the professor of military science.", "While at headquarters, Middleton had learned that his predecessor did not get along with Louisiana's governor, Huey P. Long.", "Middleton was told a few stories about the governor that made him curious enough to call on him the day after arriving in town.", "While the meeting turned out to be somewhat awkward for Major Middleton, it began a friendship between the two men.", "Governor Long loved LSU, and loved the cadet corps there.", "When Middleton mentioned to him that the cadet band of just a few dozen members was rather rag-tag, the governor saw to it that the band would grow to 250 members.", "Governor Long was a showman, and enjoyed parades and fanfare, and would negotiate special fares to get the cadets and band transported to athletic events across the region.", "Because of the governor's dealings, LSU transformed from a third rate school in 1930 to the largest university in the south by 1936.", "During Middleton's tenure at LSU the presidency of the university changed hands from President Atkinson to President James Monroe Smith, the latter an appointee of Governor Long.", "Towards the end of Middleton's fourth year on campus President Smith asked him if he would stay on for an additional year and also become Dean of Men.", "Middleton responded that he would accept, but it had to be cleared through the War Department.", "Smith's request to the War Department for both the extension and the deanship for Middleton were approved.", "Toward the end of the fifth year Smith went a step further, suggesting that Middleton retire from the army and become a permanent member of the LSU staff.", "Middleton would not even consider retirement, but accepted a sixth year with the ROTC program.", "As he began his sixth year on campus, on 1 Aug 1935, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel.", "Early in his final year on campus, Middleton was once again pressed by the university president to retire from the army and go to work for the college.", "Again, Middleton could not do that, and began looking for a suitable follow-on assignment.", "Not having been overseas in over sixteen years, he put in a request for duty in the Philippines.", "He finished his tenure at LSU in the summer of 1936, having overseen the increase in students completing the ROTC program from about 500 to over 1700 cadets.", "Philippines and retirement\n\nIn August 1936 the Middletons made a leisurely drive to New York City where they boarded a ship for the Philippines.", "The trip took them 42 days and included passage through the Panama Canal with stops in Panama, San Francisco, Hawaii, and Guam.", "When they arrived in Hawaii, they were greeted by George Patton and his wife Bea.", "Patton was on duty in Honolulu and had sailed his own boat from San Diego to Hawaii, and later sailed it back to the states at the end of his tour.", "Middleton was assigned as an assistant inspector general in the army headquarters in Manila.", "Here he listened to complaints as he travelled to various Army installations including Fort William McKinley and Corregidor.", "Less than six months into his Philippine tour he received a telegram from President Smith renewing his offer of a job at LSU as the dean of administration with a salary of $5,400 per year.", "Middleton was in the hospital undergoing testing for some heart irregularity when the telegram arrived, and he showed it to two other lieutenant colonels who were visiting him.", "One of them said he should take the offer, the salary being excellent.", "The other lieutenant colonel, Dwight Eisenhower, said he should stay in the army.", "Eisenhower had spent three years in Panama as an aide to General Fox Conner, who knew that the terms of the Treaty of Versailles were being ignored by Adolf Hitler and the Nazis, and who was certain another war was coming soon.", "Eisenhower reasoned that this was no time for an officer with Middleton's combat experience to be getting out of the Army.", "To Middleton, as a very junior lieutenant colonel, the prospect of becoming a general officer seemed very remote, and upon giving the matter more thought he ultimately decided to retire from the army.", "Once his decision was made, he wired President Smith at LSU advising him that he was ready to become a civilian and accept the university post.", "The Middletons left the Philippines in May 1937, making a long leisurely trip back to the United States.", "They stopped in Hong Kong, Japan, and China en route to San Francisco.", "Lieutenant Colonel Middleton officially retired from the army on 31 October 1937, though he began his service at LSU two and a half months earlier.", "Tenure at Louisiana State University \n\nThe first year in his new job as administrative dean at Louisiana State University (LSU) went smoothly.", "The Middletons had a new house built on Highland Road near the campus, and an oil field was discovered under their property, bringing them royalties that would pay for their property many times over.", "University enrollment began to climb in 1938 and the LSU football team had just finished three outstanding seasons under coach Bernie Moore, winning 27 of their 30 regular season games.", "Middleton was photographed breaking ground for a new faculty club that year, as the campus grew in many areas.", "All seemed to be running well when in June 1939 the campus was given a shock from which it would take many years to recover.", "A New Orleans newspaper ran a photo on the front page showing an LSU truck unloading building materials in suburban New Orleans, revealing an illegal operation.", "The ensuing investigation led to the discovery that LSU's President Smith had embezzled nearly a million dollars from the university, using the money to cover his losses while speculating in the Chicago wheat futures market.", "Smith stood trial, and was sent to first Federal prison and later the Louisiana State Penitentiary in Angola.", "The LSU superintendent of grounds and buildings, George Caldwell, was also involved in the scandal and served time in Atlanta for tax evasion.", "Meanwhile, the state's governor, Richard Leche, resigned, but was soon found guilty of several federal charges and sent to Atlanta to serve time.", "The Board of Supervisors met in a special session at the end of June 1939 and Middleton was directed to take over the business management of the university.", "The school's finances were in a state of chaos, and it would take effort and time to dig out of the mess.", "The dean of the Law School, Paul M. Hebert, became the acting president, and Middleton became acting vice president and comptroller.", "Middleton chose two accounting professors, Dr. Daniel Borth and Dr. Mack Hornbeak, to work with him, and a New York firm was hired to come in and establish sound business procedures.", "Before the revelation of the illegal activities, expenditures had been routinely made on a cash basis, all of the university funding and program money was thrown into a single account, and university bond indentures had been violated.", "The new leadership had to advertise in Louisiana newspapers to find out to whom they owed money.", "The first year of dealing with the situation required 16- to 18-hour days, six days a week, and after that the process still required overtime through the year 1941.", "Faculty and staff members, accustomed to making purchases without bids, purchase orders or knowledge of the budget, had to be educated on the accepted business procedures on which the rest of the world operated.", "While Middleton was helping LSU recover from this traumatic ordeal, he was also keeping an eye on events in Europe.", "In July 1940 he wrote a letter to General George Marshall asking if his services were needed by the Army as the United States was making preparations for war.", "Marshall replied that as much as the Army would like to have Middleton back in uniform, all the Army could do would be to place him in some training role, which would not effectively use his battle experience.", "Middleton stayed at LSU until 1942, describing his days as the comptroller of LSU as long days that he would not want to relive, but after the first year he found both the work and his association with Hebert, Borth and Hornbeak to be satisfying and rewarding.", "He felt that during this period of time, from 1939 to 1941, he was able to make his greatest contribution to an institution that had been very good to him in the past.", "World War II \nTroy Middleton was out dove hunting with his son, Troy Jr., and a friend on Sunday morning, 7 December 1941.", "Having had a successful morning, the trio decided to take a break for lunch, then come back out and get their bag limits in the afternoon.", "When they arrived at home for the mid-day meal, Mrs. Middleton greeted them with the news of the attack on Pearl Harbor.", "This put an end to the dove hunting, and Troy Middleton began to make plans.", "The next day he reported to the LSU president announcing his intention to offer his services to the U.S. Army, and he sent a telegram to the War Department announcing his availability for service.", "Within a day or so he received a reply: he would report to active duty as a lieutenant colonel on 20 January 1942, allowing him time to get his affairs in order.", "Having returned to active military duty, Middleton was assigned to a training regiment at Camp Wheeler, Georgia where he was quickly promoted to colonel on 1 February, and oversaw the combat training of thousands of recruits.", "After less than two months, he was given a rapid succession of assignments, including to Camp Gordon, Georgia and Camp Blanding, Florida.", "While at Blanding he was called to the War Department in Washington, where he was given an assignment to be a staff officer in London, but this rapidly changed when he was subsequently called to the War College, and met a classmate from Command and General Staff School, Brigadier General Mark Clark, who told him that he was being assigned to the Forty-fifth Infantry Division at Fort Devens, Massachusetts.", "45th Infantry Division \n\nUpon returning to Florida in early June 1942 to pick up his personal effects, Middleton received his orders for Fort Devens, and also word that he had been promoted to brigadier general.", "In mid-June he reported to the 45th, known as the \"Thunderbirds,\" an Army National Guard division consisting mostly of troops from Oklahoma, but also including some from Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico.", "The commanding general of the 45th, Major General William S. Key, anticipated being replaced with an active duty officer.", "Though Middleton was not informed of this, in late summer 1942 Key was replaced, and Middleton was given the command of the division, along with a promotion to major general.", "In the summer, the 45th did its training at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, after which Middleton was in command for winter training at Pine Camp, New York.", "Here the temperature dipped to 36 degrees below zero (F) and snow drifted head-high.", "A soldier in the division by the name of Bill Mauldin did a cartoon showing slop from the kitchen frozen in a column as it descended into the garbage can outside.", "Mauldin later became famous for his cartoons during World War II, and won two Pulitzer Prizes for his work.", "In February 1943 the training moved from Pine Camp to Camp Pickett, Virginia for mountain training, and then to the Atlantic Coast for ship-to-shore training between Norfolk, Virginia and Solomons, Maryland.", "In early April, while the division was at Camp Pickett, Middleton was sent to North Africa with some of his staff to begin planning the ensuing military operation.", "Here he went to the headquarters of the Seventh Army commander, Lieutenant General George S. Patton, in Morocco and stayed nearly a month.", "Patton would command the Seventh Army in the Sicily landings during the summer, and the 45th would be the only combat-loaded division coming from the United States.", "With the division scheduled to sail from Norfolk on 5 June, Middleton left beforehand to complete the planning for the landing on a hostile shore, this time reporting to the II Corps headquarters of Lieutenant General Omar Bradley in Algiers, Algeria.", "For this operation, Bradley was subordinate to Patton, under British overall direction.", "By the time the division arrived in Oran, Algeria, the planning was complete, and the unit was able to run one rehearsal in western Algeria before embarking for Sicily.", "Sicily \nThe 45th Division was under Omar Bradley's II Corps, which in turn was subordinate to Patton's Seventh Army.", "Overall command of the Sicilian invasion, called Operation Husky, was with British General Sir Harold Alexander, and the British forces were organized under the British Eighth Army commanded by General Bernard Montgomery.", "The 45th Division consisted of three infantry regiments, the 157th, 179th and 180th, and numerous other elements.", "Fighting alongside the 45th Division were the First Infantry Division, Third Infantry Division, and the 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment (PIR) (with the 3rd Battalion of the 504th PIR and numerous other support units attached), part of the 82nd Airborne Division.", "The 45th departed Oran on 4 July 1943, with little attention paid to the fact that it was Independence Day.", "The six-day trip to Sicily was smooth at first, then turned fairly rough, with seasickness prevalent among the troops.", "The weather calmed as several troop ships rendezvoused near the town of Scoglitti, on the western side of Sicily's south coast.", "At 2 a.m. on 10 July the landing craft were filled with infantrymen, and as the craft approached the shoreline, the Navy opened up with a volley of preparatory fire.", "The primary mission of the 45th was to capture two airfields needed for Allied aircraft.", "Comiso Airfield, about eleven miles from the shore, was captured in a day and was being used by American planes the next day.", "It took four days for the division to capture Biscari Airfield, about twelve miles inland.", "The next objective of the 45th was to fight German and Italian forces en route to the north coast of Sicily.", "The plan was to use Highway 124, one of Sicily's four major highways.", "This highway, originally in the American sector, had been usurped by Montgomery, with no word of the change of boundaries given to Middleton.", "Word eventually came down from Alexander that the boundaries had been changed, which meant that when the 45th reached the highway, they became frozen in place with no opportunity to advance.", "Middleton, not willing to sit out the remainder of the battle, moved his division from the right of II Corps to the left, traveling ninety miles out of the way through back areas of the other American divisions, to get in position for the march north.", "On 23 July the first elements of the 45th reached the north coast of the island at Station Cerda, five miles east of Termini Imerese, taking thirteen days to move from south coast to north coast.", "The division then moved east along the coast, reaching its objective of Santo Stefano on 30 July.", "Here they were stormed by the Germans, but fought back, forcing the German rear guard out of the area by the following morning.", "This was the end of active fighting for the 45th in Sicily, where the division endured 1,156 casualties while taking nearly 11,000 prisoners.", "The Third Infantry Division was moved in to replace the 45th, which was now ticketed for the upcoming invasion of the Italian mainland.", "In recalling events on Sicily in his biography, Middleton noted a strain in his relationship with General Patton.", "Patton, never comfortable as the brunt of someone else's humor, felt that the Mauldin cartoons published in the division newspaper were irreverent and unsoldierly.", "Middleton consistently defended Mauldin, but was verbally ordered by Patton to get rid of Mauldin and his cartoons.", "When Middleton told Patton to put the order in writing, the issue was dropped.", "Soon thereafter, Patton had much more to worry about after he slapped two soldiers who he suspected of malingering in hospitals.", "These incidents brought General Patton public condemnation, and loss of his command.", "Italian mainland \nThe month of August 1943 was used by the 45th Division for some rest and planning.", "Seven plans for the invasion of Italy were put on the table, and three of them were adopted, of which the British had two (Operation Baytown and Operation Slapstick) and the Americans had one, called Operation Avalanche.", "The 45th Division would be under Major General Ernest J. Dawley's U.S. VI Corps, within the U.S. Fifth Army commanded by Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark.", "The plan called for the landing of the Allied forces in the vicinity of Salerno, Italy, about 200 miles north of Sicily.", "The first Allied landings on the beach occurred on 9 September, with two regiments of Middleton's 45th Infantry Division, the 157th and 179th Infantry, landing the following day.", "The other regiment of the division, the 180th, would land at a different point and be held in reserve by Clark.", "Middleton was responsible for ten miles of beachhead between the British X Corps and the U.S. 36th Infantry Division.", "The German defensive positions pounded the Allies, who gained little ground in the first few days of the operation.", "Lieutenant General Clark, the Fifth Army commander, faltered and sent around a confidential memo indicating that he was contemplating taking the troops back off the beaches.", "Middleton, telling his staff that they were not leaving, spread around the word to his troops that it was a good time to do some hard fighting.", "On the morning of 14 September units of the 45th did some particularly hard fighting at a large tobacco factory, consisting of five imposing stone buildings in a somewhat circular pattern.", "The Germans were dug in here, and repulsed the Americans initially, but with the aid of some naval gun fire, the Germans were eventually pushed back.", "Clark visited the front later that day, and was convinced that his army was going to stay.", "General Dwight D. Eisenhower, now the Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean, visited the beachhead on 17 September, observing that the battle had been won.", "The following day the Germans had pulled out of the area, and the 45th was able to advance to Venafro before meeting any resistance.", "The division was at the far right of the Fifth Army, working up the center of the Italian boot, adjacent to Montgomery's British Eighth Army which was responsible for the eastern half of the boot.", "By 24 September the division had taken Oliveto and Quaglietta after some heavy fighting, and by 3 October they had taken Benevento.", "On 21 October the division was put into corps reserve, following almost six weeks of uninterrupted action.", "There was still some German resistance around Venafro, and elements of the 179th Infantry Regiment secured the town on 2 November.", "With this the fighting came to a large pause as Allied planners studied further action.", "With the lull in the fighting, and the onset of autumn rains, coupled with endless hills and deepening mud, Middleton's left knee, which had been uncomfortable for more than a year, was now becoming agonizing.", "He had hurt his right knee many years earlier playing football, but there was no immediate explanation for the pain in his left leg.", "Medics studied his leg, but had no answers.", "In late November Middleton went to the hospital in Naples, staying well into December, still without adequate diagnosis.", "He was able to hobble around, and did some staff work, then flew to General Eisenhower's headquarters in North Africa.", "He stayed there until mid-January, when he was sent to Walter Reed Hospital back in the United States.", "While Middleton was at Walter Reed, General Eisenhower communicated to General George Marshall, the U.S. Army Chief of Staff, that he needed Middleton back overseas.", "Acknowledging Middleton's difficulty with his knees, Eisenhower said, \"I don't give a damn about his knees; I want his head and his heart.", "And I'll take him into battle on a litter if we have to.\"", "Command of the 45th Division went to Major General William W. Eagles.", "The two generals came up with a plan, and Middleton was sent to six Army installations in Tennessee, Colorado, and Washington D.C. with a brief stopover to visit his family in Baton Rouge.", "Middleton would be taking command of VIII Corps in England, and was sent to the various locations to confuse the enemy about the personnel change.", "Accompanying him was a sergeant who had been a physical therapist in civilian life, and who would massage Middleton's knees twice a day for the next year.", "When asked what staff he needed to take with him, Middleton replied that he would keep the staff that was already in place, except that for an aide he would like his old LSU friend, Mack Hornbeak, who had served with him through Sicily and Italy.", "VIII Corps\n\nThe U.S. VIII Corps had arrived in the United Kingdom in December 1943, and was commanded by Major General Emil F. Reinhardt, who Middleton had known for many years.", "While he was an able commander, his lack of combat experience resulted in his being replaced by Middleton (though Reinhardt would later command a division in the European fighting).", "Middleton's first stop in Europe before assuming command of VIII Corps was to confer with his friend and commander, Dwight Eisenhower.", "Eisenhower had asked Middleton about his views on making Patton the commander of an army.", "Middleton thought it was a good idea since Patton was such an able fighter.", "Eisenhower agreed, but was concerned about Patton's propensity to embarrass the Army by things he said to the press.", "Following this Patton was given command of the Third Army, which was headquartered north of London during the preparation for the invasion of Normandy.", "Middleton's VIII Corps headquarters was in the town of Kidderminster about fifteen miles from Birmingham, and about 110 miles northwest of London.", "In order to deceive the Germans, Middleton moved his headquarters another 75 miles to the north, near Liverpool.", "This made it appear that the corps would move east to the English Channel for a landing near Calais, France.", "The ruse was effective, keeping the Germans guessing, and compelling them to split their forces among multiple locations along the French coast, instead of concentrating their forces at one probable landing point.", "The VIII Corps fell under Patton's Third Army, and trained in England from March to late May 1944.", "Two weeks before the invasion, the corps was pulled out of the Third Army and placed in Omar Bradley's First Army.", "First Army was responsible for the D-Day landings in Normandy, and once the Allies were established on shore, Middleton was to bring his VIII Corps across.", "Shortly before the invasion, Middleton took his corps to Southampton where they awaited their channel crossing time.", "Cotentin Peninsula and Operation Cobra \nThe VIII Corps sat in Southampton from D-Day, 6 June, until 11 June 1944 when it began crossing the English Channel.", "The corps lost only one of its Landing Ship Tanks (LSTs) to a mine during the crossing, but on it was about half of Middleton's headquarters complement.", "Other than the members of the sunken LST, who would rejoin the corps ten days later, the entire corps was ashore on 12 June near Carentan, where Joe Collins' VII Corps had cleared the beach on D-Day.", "At this point the divisions of VIII Corps included the 82nd Airborne, 101st Airborne, 79th Infantry and 90th Infantry.", "The 82nd, under Major General Matthew Bunker Ridgway, performed admirably, but soon left the corps, and once in Brittany the corps would have an entirely different complement of divisions.", "After VII Corps took the port city of Cherbourg, VIII Corps began moving south against German forces in the middle of the Cotentin Peninsula.", "The Germans had the high ground, and the fighting was further complicated by the bocage countryside—a series of farmers fields and pastures forming a latticework, with each unit separated by walls of earth up to six feet high supporting dense shrubbery and trees.", "The German defenders had every advantage over the Americans, whose tanks would tip up and expose their thin bottom armor as they attempted to cross the barriers.", "By mid July, field expedient devices were developed to equip tanks to penetrate the hedgerows and restore battlefield mobility.", "Such specially equipped tanks were referred to as Rhino Tank.", "After breaking out of the bocage, VIII Corps was able to roll fifty miles in seven days, but it, and the remainder of Bradley's First Army, remained bottled up on the Cotentin Peninsula.", "The next phase of the fight, codenamed Operation Cobra was to break out of the peninsula, and once this occurred, Patton's Third Army would join the fight.", "The operation began on 24 July 1944 when American air commanders were asked to lay a carpet of bombs on the Germans to soften them up for the advancing ground forces.", "Poor weather curtailed the operation on the first day, but more than a thousand bombing missions were carried out the following day.", "Lieutenant General Lesley McNair, chief of the Army Ground Forces, came to Middleton's headquarters to witness the bombing.", "Middleton warned him to stay at corps headquarters, but McNair strayed away far enough that he and other members of his party were killed when they got caught by a stick of Allied bombs.", "More than 600 U.S. troops were killed or wounded in this friendly fire incident when the bombs fell short of their intended target.", "Despite the mishap, the bombing was effective in reducing the German resistance, and over the next few days the VIII Corps was able to move south along the coast.", "On 30 July they seized the town of Avranches, the gateway to Brittany and southern Normandy.", "Once in command of Avranches, VIII Corps then secured the bridges at Pontaubault, and in doing so, broke out of the Cotentin Peninsula and into Brittany.", "This brought about the planned command change, and at noon on 1 Aug 1944 Omar Bradley moved up to command the 12th Army Group, Courtney Hodges took over the First Army, and Patton's Third Army was activated into the group along with First Army, with Middleton's VIII Corps now falling under General Patton.", "Following the breakout, Middleton found himself in a doctrinally uncomfortable situation, as the allies were now in a position to pursue the Germans.", "The cautious and methodical Middleton was in command of two infantry divisions and two armored divisions within his corps, and the impatient and audacious Patton could not understand why Middleton was not moving his armor quickly in pursuit.", "In early August Patton wrote in his diary, \"I cannot make out why Middleton was so apathetic or dumb.", "I don't know what was the matter with him.\"", "Despite his wealth of battlefield experience and years of military schooling, Middleton had only limited experience in conducting pursuit operations, and was a bit overwhelmed by them.", "Ultimately he allowed his armored divisions some autonomy in their operations, while using his infantry to clean up pockets of resistance en route to Brest.", "His estimates of enemy strength turned out to be much more accurate than those provided to him by Patton, and Patton ultimately acknowledged Middleton's value as a corps commander by presenting him with a Distinguished Service Medal within seven weeks of calling him \"dumb\" in his diary.", "Battle for Brest \nAfter the breakout from the Cotentin Peninsula, VIII Corps followed the Brittany coast westward en route to Brest, the port of Middleton's arrival and departure from Europe during World War I.", "As the corps passed St. Malo, Middleton turned his 83rd Division on the town, resulting in the capture of 14,000 Germans following a lengthy battle.", "Patton had already directed the corps' 6th Armored Division under Major General Bob Grow to move on to Brest while Middleton was still cleaning up in St. Malo, which fell on 17 August.", "Grow had arrived outside of Brest on 7 August, and met stiff resistance once there.", "The city, housing important German submarine pens and extensive machine facilities, was defended by three elite German divisions and several powerful 90-millimeter guns which were capable of destroying most of the armor in the 6th Armored Division.", "The siege of Brest required infantry, and once the 2nd Infantry Division under Major General Walter M. Robertson arrived, the armored division was released back to Patton for other operations.", "Also joining VIII Corps for the siege was the 8th Division commanded by Major General Donald A. Stroh and the 29th Division, a National Guard unit from Virginia, commanded by Major General Charles H. Gerhardt.", "Middleton also had a cavalry group and two ranger battalions commanded by Colonel Earl Rudder who later became president of Texas A&M University.", "The city was well organized for defense, and in the Battle for Brest Middleton's units went about capturing it methodically.", "The defense of the city was under German Generalleutnant Hermann Ramcke with whom Middleton carried on a dialog during the siege.", "Ramcke sent Middleton a map showing where several hundred American prisoners were being held in the city, but also slyly placed on the map a number of red crosses where the Allies knew some good bombing targets were located, such as ammunition depots.", "Middleton wrote back to Ramcke telling him to remove some of the bogus red crosses, or some terms of the Geneva Convention might have to be ignored.", "Middleton also reminded Ramcke of the Allies' superior artillery and air power.", "The battle for Brest was intense and very destructive.", "After two weeks of constant day and night attacks, Middleton's units forced the Germans into ever tighter positions.", "On 12 September, Middleton sent a letter to Ramcke offering him an opportunity to stop the bloodshed, and to surrender the city in a humane and reasonable way, with terms of surrender spelled out in the letter.", "Ramcke's terse reply was simply, \"I must decline your proposal.\"", "Unhappy with the response, Middleton directed his soldiers to \"enter the fray with renewed vigor...take them apart—and get the job finished.\"", "One week later, on 19 September, the Germans surrendered to Middleton, who, with much of his staff, had 99 unbroken days of combat.", "In a formal ceremony, Middleton gave the city back to its mayor, and General Patton arrived to pin a Distinguished Service Medal oak leaf cluster on Middleton for outstanding conduct during the campaign in Brittany, resulting in the capture of Brest.", "The Americans captured more than 36,000 Germans, and evacuated 2,000 wounded, far exceeding the estimate of 10,000 Germans given to Middleton by Patton before the operation.", "Ramcke was captured by troops of the 8th Division, and asked the deputy division commander for his credentials.", "The American general pointed to the M-1 rifles being carried by his soldiers and told Ramcke that those were his credentials.", "Ramcke appeared at his formal surrender clean shaven and with a well-groomed Irish setter.", "With plenty of reporters and photographers documenting the occasion, Ramcke commented in English that he felt like a film star.", "He was soon sent to a prisoner of war camp in Clinton, Mississippi, not more than 50 miles from where Middleton was born and raised.", "After the war he spent time in a prison camp in England, and then was sent to France where he was tried and found guilty of war crimes against French civilians during the fighting at Brest.", "Ramcke continued a correspondence with Middleton for 15 years following the war.", "Move to the Ardennes \n\nWith western France in the hands of the Allies, in late September Middleton made a leisurely trip east across France to the Ardennes Mountains, stopping en route to visit battlefields where he had served with distinction in 1918 during the Great War.", "The Germans were now behind a line from west of Metz, France, through Luxembourg, and east of the Belgian cities of Bastogne, Liege and Antwerp.", "The Allies had outrun their supply lines and had to slow their advance to resupply.", "Middleton's VIII Corps was assigned a 50-mile front, half of which belonged to the 2nd Division and the other half to the 8th Division.", "The front extended from Losheim, on the German-Belgian border, to central Luxembourg.", "On 11 October, the 83rd Division was brought back under VIII Corps control, and another 38 miles of front in Luxembourg was added to the responsibility of the corps.", "The new 9th Armored Division was added to the lineup on 20 October, but put into corps reserve by Middleton.", "During October and into November these divisions ran deception maneuvers to confuse the Germans, and also became thoroughly familiar with the terrain so as to be able to absorb a heavy thrust from the enemy should they be attacked.", "However, from mid-November to early December the three well-prepared infantry divisions were all replaced by two battle-weary divisions and one green division.", "Both the 28th Infantry Division and the 4th Infantry Division, Middleton's old division from World War I, had taken heavy losses in the Huertgen Forest, and were at less than 75% normal strength.", "The 106th Infantry Division was just entering the lineup with no combat experience.", "Middleton now had about 68,000 officers and men in his corps, many weary and many uninitiated, along an 88-mile front facing about 200,000 veteran German troops who were deftly moving into position under the cover of darkness.", "Battle of the Bulge \nStriking at 5:30 a.m. on Saturday, 16 December, the Germans achieved almost total surprise in breaking through the allied lines, beginning what is commonly called the Battle of the Bulge.", "The Germans launched their great attack of 1940 through the same region, with Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt in command then as he was once again in this campaign.", "His goal was to separate the American forces from the British and Canadian forces, and take the important port city of Antwerp.", "By late afternoon the Germans had 14 divisions operating in the Ardennes, but this number would swell to an estimated 25 divisions, with 600 tanks and 1,000 aircraft.", "The 106th Division, located in the most exposed positions along the corps line, and the 28th Division took the brunt of the attack.", "Middleton, headquartered in Bastogne, was awakened by a guard and could hear the guns from there.", "Throughout the day, the 106th was able to hold its position, but additional German units poured in during the night.", "Much of the 106th was on the German side of the Our River in an area known as the Schnee Eifel.", "The division's commander, Major General Alan Jones, called Middleton, concerned about his two regiments east of the river.", "The conversation was interrupted by another call, and then resumed.", "At the end of the conversation Middleton told an aide that he had given his approval to have the two regiments pull back to the west side of the river.", "Jones, on the other hand was convinced that Middleton had directed these units to stay, and was further convinced of this based on a written order from earlier in the day, but just received.", "As a result of the miscommunication, the pullback did not occur, and the two regiments were ultimately surrounded with most of the men captured on 17 December.", "While two of the 28th Division's regiments survived the German onslaught intact, the 110th Infantry Regiment, commanded by Colonel Hurley Fuller, was directly in the path of the massive advance.", "On 17 December Fuller counterattacked, but his lone regiment was up against three German divisions, and when Fuller's command post was attacked his escape was thwarted and he was taken prisoner.", "Middleton next heard from him in April when he was released.", "Though the 110th Regiment was shattered, the stubborn resistance given by them and other VIII Corps units greatly slowed down the German timetable.", "The city of Bastogne, Belgium was a hub of several major roads and became a prime target for the Germans, seeing its capture as necessary to their advance.", "Middleton was in continuous communication with Bradley at 12th Army Group headquarters in Luxembourg, and maintained that though Bastogne could soon be surrounded, it should be held.", "As the Germans advanced on Bastogne, both Bradley and First Army commander Hodges recognized the threat to Middleton and had him move his headquarters.", "He was supposed to leave Bastogne on 18 December, but spent another night there so that he could brief his relief force, the 101st Airborne Division.", "Not only did that division's acting commander, Brigadier General Anthony McAuliffe, show up ahead of schedule, but so did Colonel William Roberts from the 10th Armored Division Combat Command R (CCR), sent by Patton.", "Another welcome guest arriving later that evening was Major General Matthew Ridgway, commander of XVIII Airborne Corps, en route to his headquarters, but advised by Middleton to stay in Bastogne for the night to avoid capture by the Germans.", "While Middleton and his guests slept, elements of the 101st Airborne poured into Bastogne all during the night and into the following day.", "Having conferred with McAuliffe at length the previous evening, Middleton left Bastogne after full daylight on 19 December, and set up headquarters in a school building in Neufchâteau, 17 miles to the southwest.", "For the next several days, Bastogne was defended by the 101st, along with elements of CCR and some corps artillery assets that Middleton was able to supply.", "McAuliffe had units scattered in towns surrounding Bastogne, which bore the brunt of attacks by the Panzer Lehr Division and Second Panzer Division.", "At one point on 19 December, some of McAuliffe's units wanted to fall back, and McAuliffe concurred, calling Middleton for his approval.", "Middleton's response was, \"we can't hold Bastogne if we keep falling back\" and the units were ordered to stay.", "On 20 December, VIII Corps was moved from Hodges' First Army back to Patton's Third Army.", "Bastogne was being surrounded by the Germans and without adequate weather for airdrops, supplies were running low.", "By 22 December the Germans felt that their position around Bastogne was strong enough to send in an emissary with a note advising the Americans to surrender the city, or they would be attacked in the afternoon.", "McAuliffe's famous reply, \"Nuts!\"", "was sent back to the German commander.", "The Germans did renew their attack that afternoon, but it was muted by freshly falling snow, and a stiff American response.", "The next morning, 23 December, was the eighth day of fighting and the first day that the sun had emerged from behind the thick fog and clouds since the beginning of the battle.", "The Ninth Air Force was able to send 240 aircraft over Bastogne that day, each dropping about 1200 pounds of critically needed supplies, including artillery rounds that were delivered in the morning and used against the Germans the same afternoon.", "Over the next three days, offensives made by the Germans were countered with responses from the Americans.", "In the late afternoon on 26 December the first elements of the long-awaited 4th Armored Division arrived in Bastogne, breaking the siege of the city.", "Hitler demanded that Bastogne be taken, but even with nine divisions in the fight, the Germans were not able to break in.", "With the siege broken and additional elements of the 4th Armored Division coming in, Middleton stipulated that the top priority was to get the 964 wounded troops out of Bastogne and into area hospitals.", "Despite the small opening to the city, it was clear by 27 December that the Germans were throwing their principal effort against Bastogne.", "In response to this renewed German thrust against Bastogne, Eisenhower released two new divisions on 28 December, the 87th Infantry and the 11th Armored.", "These units joined the 101st Airborne Division in the corps lineup just in time for a new offensive on 30 December to shrink the bulge created in the allied line.", "The Americans began their attack at 7:30 that morning, which, coincidentally, was the exact time that the Germans, under General der Panzertruppen (Lieutenant General equivalent) Hasso von Manteuffel scheduled an attack of their own.", "The 11th Armored Division had difficulty meeting its objectives (for reasons not related to the strength of the Germans), but the 87th Division fought well in the snow, sleet and deepening cold.", "On 3 January the new 17th Airborne Division relieved the 11th Armored Division, and the corps stretched along a crude 15-mile line due west of Bastogne, with the 101st continuing to hold the city.", "For the next two weeks the corps moved steadily north in heavy, sometimes even desperate, fighting, and on 16 January they met units from First Army pushing south at Houffalize.", "Over the following twelve days the combined force pushed the Germans back eastward across the Our River, returning the Allied line to its original position before 16 December battle began, eliminating the bulge created in the Allied line on 16 December.", "Push across Germany and victory \n\nWith the front restored to its previous boundary, Bradley summoned his Army and Corps commanders to his headquarters.", "He wanted Hodges' First Army to advance to the Rhine, while Patton's Third Army would stay put until First Army reached the river.", "Patton was very reluctant to hold in place, and questioned the advisability to do so.", "Bradley explained that all available ammunition and reinforcements would go to First Army, since two armies could not be simultaneously supplied.", "Patton reluctantly accepted Bradley's explanation, but after that meeting he called together his three corps commanders, Manton Eddy of XII Corps, Walton H. Walker of XX Corps, and Middleton.", "He asked Eddy if he could ease forward and capture Trier, Walker if he could do the same with Bitburg and Middleton if he could take Gerolstein.", "All three commanders agreed to this, and within a few days all three had reached their objectives.", "Middleton was then asked by Patton to take his corps all the way to Koblenz on the Rhine River, which he did, and VIII Corps reached the river before any units of First Army arrived.", "Once the VIII Corps was at Koblenz, Patton took most of its divisions away for an operation with XII Corps further up the river at Mainz, leaving Middleton with some corps units (mostly artillery) and a single division, the 87th Infantry.", "Middleton asked Patton if he could take Koblenz with the 87th, eliciting a laugh from the army commander.", "Middleton pressed him to let him try, and with the commander's approval he was able to take the city, which only had about 500 defenders.", "Most of the other German troops were on the other side of the Rhine not wanting to get trapped between the Rhine and the Moselle Rivers.", "Once Koblenz was captured in mid-March 1945, VIII Corps was assigned a 25-mile front from Koblenz upstream (southeast) to beyond Boppard and the famous landmark, the Lorelei.", "Patton then gave Middleton the 89th Division and 76th Division for the river crossing.", "Middleton chose to cross the river near the Lorelei where the river was narrow, swift, and flanked by steep terrain, eliciting another laugh from Patton.", "Middleton knew there would be little German resistance there, and he was able to get the entire 89th across in one night using inflatable rafts, and then put a pontoon bridge in place by early morning.", "The 87th initially attempted to cross at Koblenz but met too much resistance there, compelling them to move further upstream closer to Boppard, where their crossing went smoothly.", "Within two days Middleton had all three of his divisions across the Rhine.", "In late March, VIII Corps advanced eastward through Eisenach and then across the Fulda River.", "Here some of Middleton's infantrymen came across the concentration camp at Ohrdruf, discovering the sickening evidence of what had transpired there.", "Middleton called Patton to come take a look, and Patton was joined by Bradley and Eisenhower.", "In his diary, Patton described the place as \"one of the most appalling sights that I have ever seen.\"", "This was the first Nazi concentration camp to be discovered by the United States Army, and Eisenhower cabled Marshall to get a delegation from congress over to witness and communicate what took place there.", "Middleton later had officials from the town come in to witness what was going on in their midst.", "While every one of them denied knowing what was happening, the mayor and his wife both committed suicide that night.", "The VIII Corps continued its eastward advance well into the month of April, and was ordered to stop between Chemnitz and the Czechoslovakian border, where the corps would make contact with the Russians.", "The immediate problem was dealing with the prisoners of war.", "The Americans were almost overwhelmed by the number of Germans wanting to surrender to them, and despite orders to take no more prisoners, thousands of Germans filtered through VIII Corps lines at night, desperately trying to avoid capture by the Russians.", "During the last week of April, a Russian cavalry unit made contact with Middleton.", "While the leaders of both the Americans and the Russians exchanged luncheon invitations, the Russians were extremely reluctant to allow any Americans across the Russian line, and their American lunch guests were taken by a very circuitous route into Russian-held territory.", "On 25 April 1945 Patton wrote a recommendation, citing Middleton's \"outstanding tactical skill and determination,\" his \"magnificent resistance against...Von Rundstadt's attack,\" and his \"tireless energy and unfaltering aggressiveness.\"", "With the war in Europe almost over, the disposition of the various units was being decided by higher command.", "Some would remain as occupation forces in Europe, some would return to the United States, and some would be sent to the Pacific theater to fight against the Japanese.", "The Germans formally surrendered in the American sector on 7 May 1945, and two days later Patton issued his General Order Number 98 thanking the soldiers of the Third Army, past and present, for their accomplishments.", "On 13 May, Middleton wrote a letter to Bradley requesting to be released from active duty, once his combat services were no longer needed.", "He asked to return to LSU by 1 August 1945, but also paid compliments to Bradley and others by writing, \"That men such as you, Ike, Joe Collins, Courtney Hodges and others have accomplished so much in this war, are available to guide the future of our Army, we cannot but feel the future is in safe hands.\"", "Middleton was the only commander that VIII Corps had ever had in combat.", "He had been away from home for over 1,200 days since departing in January 1942, and had logged 480 days in combat, more time than any other American general officer during World War II.", "Near the end of May 1945 groups of general officers, other officers and enlisted men were sent to several major cities across the United States to appear in parades.", "Middleton was part of a group headed by Courtney Hodges that went to Atlanta, where he and his son reunited with his wife and daughter (his son, Lieutenant Troy Middleton Jr. had been with him in Europe) and where they were treated to a reception held by the mayor.", "From Atlanta the family flew to Baton Rouge where Middleton took 15 days of leave, after which he went to Washington D.C. to meet with General Marshall.", "Marshall told Middleton that he could either return to Germany to be with his corps, or he could wait at home until the unit returned to the states, Middleton opting for the latter.", "Marshall also told Middleton that VIII Corps was being ticketed for Japan.", "When the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Middleton went back to Washington, and this time Marshall told him he doubted any more units would be sent to the Pacific.", "Asked if he wanted to stay in the army, Middleton's reply was that he had retired in 1937, and he intended to be returned to retired status once he was no longer needed as a combat commander.", "Return to Louisiana State University \n\nIn late August 1945 Middleton returned to Louisiana State University (LSU) and reported to President Hatcher, requesting his old job as comptroller.", "While still in Europe in May, he was very busy getting troops returned to the states.", "Now at LSU he was at the other end of the pipeline, getting things ready for thousands of soldiers who would be going back to school.", "Enrollments had swollen in 1945, but in 1946 the bulge in new students became an avalanche.", "One of Middleton's priorities was to get housing for all of these new students, many of whom were married.", "With keen insights into military procurement, he was able to find a variety of types of excess housing units that the military no longer needed, and was able to provide both students and faculty with adequate housing at a very small cost.", "He did not believe that blacks and whites should play on the same athletic teams, and wrote a letter dated 27 October 1961 to this effect to the Chancellor at The University of Texas.", "Military advisory roles \n\nThough retired from the military, Middleton was soon called to serve in a variety of advisory capacities.", "In April 1946 he was appointed to the Doolittle Board, set up to investigate officer-enlisted men relationships, and headed by former Air Corps General James H. Doolittle.", "The board made a number of recommendations, one of the more significant ones being to allow the non-commissioned officers to establish their own clubs, a recommendation supported by Bill Mauldin.", "Three years later Middleton was asked to serve on the Military Education Panel of the Service Academy Board to look at the curricula of the Military and Naval Academies, and the proposed Air Force Academy as well.", "Working for nine months on recommendations, Middleton stressed a more liberal education for the academies, and much of what he recommended was accepted.", "Middleton was also asked to speak to military groups on occasion, such as for commissioning exercises at Fort Benning in 1951.", "As late as 1958 he was called on by the United States Military Academy to come and review the curriculum offered to the cadets, and then was called again in 1959 to do related work.", "In the spring of 1951, Middleton got a call from General J. Lawton Collins, who was now the Army Chief of Staff, asking for Middleton to take an assignment on behalf of the Army.", "Middleton was compelled to say yes.", "There were allegations of wholesale honor code violations at the U. S. Military Academy in West Point, and Middleton was to serve on a committee to oversee the proceedings and make recommendations.", "Though personally painful to Middleton, the committee's recommendation was to dismiss 82 cadets for cheating, including most of the members of the football team.", "A headline in a New Orleans newspaper wryly summarized the event as \"Army Football Team Severely Penalized for Illegal Passing.\"", "While this was a drastic undertaking, the committee also recommended that the same tests not be given to different groups on different days, which practice offered the cadets a big temptation to cheat.", "Though this was not a pleasant assignment for Middleton, he had been selected for the task because of his reputation for fairness.", "Though he had never attended West Point, in 1952 he was asked to serve the academy on its Board of Visitors, a position which he held for one three-year term.", "University presidency \nDr. Hatcher, the President of LSU, resigned his position in February 1947 because of ill health.", "The search went out for a new president, and when Middleton was asked to be considered for the job, he declined, being very content with his job as comptroller.", "Following the search, Harold W. Stoke was brought in from the University of New Hampshire.", "Middleton thought Stoke had many good qualities, but he could not work well with the Board of Supervisors.", "Stoke was sometimes doctrinaire, and his formality when working with the board members was found to be annoying by some.", "While he was respected by most of the faculty, Stoke continued to have run-ins with the board members, and in December 1950 his differences with the board resulted in his tendering his resignation.", "Stoke asked the board to hold a special meeting on 28 December to act on his resignation.", "Following the meeting, three members of the board came to Middleton's office, and told him, \"The board has elected you president of the university and we are here to notify you.", "It is the board's desire that you accept.\"", "Middleton was pressed to make a quick decision, and feeling confident that he could fulfill the job with no misgivings, he accepted the position.", "There was some backlash from the resignation of Stoke, as students and members of the community criticized the board.", "Nevertheless, the resignation became effective on 1 February 1951, on which day Middleton began his role as university president.", "The years that Middleton was president of LSU were marked by tremendous growth, resulting in many battles over funding priorities.", "The four major projects being considered were a new library, enclosure of the football stadium, a new auditorium and an addition to the medical school in New Orleans.", "Middleton's priorities put the library at the head of the list, and the stadium last.", "The Board of Supervisors, on the other hand, gave priority to the stadium, and in February 1953 voted to accept a bid for the project.", "After the stadium expansion had been approved, the Board of Supervisors agreed to give priority to a new library in September 1953.", "Within a year, the state legislature had given LSU all of the funds it asked for, about 20% more than the previous request, to be used mostly for higher staff salaries, but also including 3.6 million dollars for the new library to be built across from the Hill Memorial Library in the central part of the campus.", "In 1954 projections indicated that student enrollment would nearly double in the next 15 years, and in response the university entered into its most ambitious building program to date.", "As the university president, Middleton was constantly involved in personnel decisions, some of them making national news.", "One such ordeal occurred in February 1955 when the Board of Supervisors decided that it was time for the head football coach, Gaynell Tinsley, to be relieved following a break-even record in seven years.", "His successor, Paul Dietzel, was a 29-year-old assistant coach at the United States Military Academy.", "Dietzel had a rough beginning at LSU with three losing seasons, and calls for his removal became louder.", "Middleton supported Dietzel, however, and in his fourth season as coach the LSU Tigers not only had an undefeated season, but also won the Sugar Bowl and were declared the national champions.", "A serious issue facing most southern schools in 1956 was that of desegregation.", "While Middleton, like most white Louisianans, was in favor of segregation, as the university president his responsibility was to uphold the laws of the state and nation.", "In a letter to University of Texas Chancellor Harry Ransom, Middleton detailed his efforts to keep black and white students separate and to prevent black students from participating in athletics, in spite of accepting black students into the university.", "He wrote, \"Our Negro students have made no attempt to attend social functions, participate in athletic contests, go in the swimming pool, etc.", "If they did, we would, for example, discontinue the operation of the swimming pool.\"", "In April he wrote a sobering report to the Board of Supervisors entitled \"LSU and Segregation.\"", "Here he outlined the history of the enrollment of blacks at LSU, which showed how resistant the university had been to such an undertaking.", "While there were avid segregationists who declared the federal desegregation laws would not be fulfilled, more practical minds could see the futility and extreme expense of having to create duplicate facilities in every area of advanced education, and the process of integration, which had already begun at a slow pace, now became accelerated.", "When Middleton reached the university's mandatory retirement age of 70 in 1959, the Alumni Council adopted a resolution to have the Board of Supervisors waive the age requirement, and allow Middleton to stay on as president.", "This was done, and again at the end of the 1959–1960 school year he was once again declared to be essential to the university, and once again reluctantly agreed to stay for one, but only one, additional year.", "Though it became a long year, on 1 February 1962 Middleton officially retired, and three weeks earlier 11 January was declared as \"Troy H. Middleton Day in Louisiana\" by Governor Jimmie H. Davis.", "LSU classes were suspended, an honor guard from the Cadet Corps was formed, and Secretary of the Army Elvis Stahr came to address the convocation, at which Middleton was given the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws.", "Retirement and death \nMiddleton was a little more than 72 years old when he retired from LSU in 1962.", "He was now President Emeritus, and maintained an office on campus in the David F. Boyd building.", "He went to this office every Wednesday morning where a staff secretary handled the typing of a large number of letters in response to his mail.", "Two years after his retirement, in May 1964, Governor John J. McKeithen came to his office hoping that Middleton would accept a job on a commission that he was forming.", "The governor was wanting to ease the state's growing racial tensions by creating a biracial commission composed of 21 blacks and 21 whites.", "The governor needed a chairman who would command a tremendous amount of respect, and his choice was Middleton.", "Middleton said he would do it for a year, beginning in 1965, but as had often happened in the past, the year stretched into five, and it wasn't until 1970 when the commission had reached its goals and was disbanded that Middleton was freed from this duty.", "Middleton's black counterpart on the commission was Dr. Albert Dent, president of Dillard University in New Orleans, and the directors chosen to head the staff of this Commission on Human Relations, Rights, and Responsibilities were white attorney John Martzell and black attorney Jesse N. Stone.", "Some of the potential trouble spots where the commission was able to have a positive effect included the towns of Ferriday and Opelousas, and the commission helped to open the ranks of the Louisiana State Police to qualified blacks.", "The commission was disbanded in May 1970, after having effectively served its purpose, and the members each received a letter of thanks from the governor.", "In January 1969 the Coordinating Council for Higher Education was authorized, and Middleton agreed to serve once again, but this time refused pressure from the governor to become the chairman.", "After two years, Middleton felt that the council had more than justified itself by merging redundant facilities, and disapproving projects that were wasteful of taxpayer's money.", "Middleton served in this role until 1973, when he was 83 years old, and also served in a number of other capacities, but continued to hunt and fish when he could, while also enjoying his growing family.", "Middleton died in Baton Rouge on 9 October 1976, three days before his 87th birthday.", "His wife, Jerusha, died on 16 March 1980, aged 89, and both were interred in the Baton Rouge National Cemetery, sharing a tall granite marker, one of the few non-standard markers in the cemetery.", "Legacy \n\nIn 1962, the year of Middleton's retirement from LSU, Mississippi State University declared him the \"alumnus of the year,\" joining the company of earlier honoree, John C. Stennis, who had been the 1958 designate.", "On 10 September 1966, the Louisiana Association of Broadcasters awarded Middleton a bronze plaque, honoring him as the Louisianan of the Year for his accomplishments in racial peace-keeping while chairing the Commission on Human Relations, Rights, and Responsibilities.", "On 24 March 1973, the Middleton Collection of Memorabilia was dedicated at LSU.", "Housed in a 24 by 54-foot room in the university's library, the collection included pictures, letters, citations, awards, plaques, a uniform, riding boots, a saber and numerous other artifacts and documents.", "The room was maintained until 1999, when the space was given to other priorities, and all of the items were cataloged and moved to the university archives in the old Hill Memorial Library on campus.", "On 3 November 1978 the LSU Board of Supervisors officially named the LSU library the \"Troy H. Middleton Library,\" 20 years after the building was first dedicated.", "However, in June 2020, the LSU Board of Supervisors voted to strip Middleton's name from the library, due to his past pro-segregationist stances.", "A plaque and bust honoring him were also removed from the library and placed in storage.", "In Baton Rouge, off of South Foster Drive is a street named Middleton Place in honor of the General; and in 1986 at Mississippi State University the Army and Air Force ROTC building was named in honor of Middleton.", "When interviewed by Middleton's biographer in 1965, former United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who had once been a student of Middleton's, had this to say about his former instructor:\n\nDates of rank\n\nAncestry of Troy Houston Middleton\n\nSee also \n\nAllied Invasion of Italy Order of Battle\nInvasion of Normandy\nOperation Overlord\nOperation Cobra order of battle\nList of lieutenant generals in the United States Army before 1960 (item #86)\n\nReferences\n\nNotes \nA.", "While some references call her \"Katherine Louise,\" the 1870 and 1900 federal censuses for Copiah County, Mississippi and her tombstone in the Bethel Church Cemetery all give her name as \"Laura Catherine,\" the latter spelled with a C.\n\nCitations\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n45th Division: Troy H. Middleton\n\nThe general that history forgot; and one that popular lore created\" by Mitchell Kaidy\n\"Who really liberated Bastogne?\"", "by Mitchell Kaidy\n\"Did Patton himself write noble letter to Middleton?\"", "by Mitchell Kaidy\nThe Battle of the Bulge – Fortunes of War\n\nGenerals of World War II\nUnited States Army Officers 1939–1945\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n1889 births\n1976 deaths\nUnited States Army personnel of World War I\nLeaders of Louisiana State University\nMississippi State University alumni\nPeople from Baton Rouge, Louisiana\nPeople from Copiah County, Mississippi\nRecipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)\nRecipients of the Legion of Merit\nRecipients of the Silver Star\nUnited States Army generals\nUnited States Army Command and General Staff College alumni\nUnited States Army War College alumni\nOperation Overlord people\nUnited States Army generals of World War II\nUnited States Army Command and General Staff College faculty\nMilitary personnel from Mississippi\nLouisiana State University faculty" ]

[ "Lieutenant General Troy Houston Middleton was a distinguished educator and senior officer of the United States Army who served as a corps commander in the European Theatre during World War II and later as president of Louisiana State University.", "His decision to hold Bastogne was contrary to the recommendation of the United States Third Army.", "In 1910, he was assigned to the 29th Infantry Regiment, where he worked as a clerk.", "He was pressed into service playing football, a sport strongly endorsed by the army, despite not becoming an infantryman as he had hoped.", "He was given the opportunity to compete for an officer's commission after two years of enlisted service.", "Of the 300 individuals who were vying for a commission, 56 were selected and four of them, including Middleton, would become general officers.", "As a second lieutenant, he was assigned to the 7th Infantry Regiment in Texas, which was soon pressed into service, responding to events created by the Mexican Revolution.", "During his seven months in the Mexican port city of Veracruz, he was assigned to Douglas, Arizona, where his unit skirmished with some of the Pancho Villa's fighters.", "After the United States entered World War I in April 1917, he was assigned to the 4th Infantry Division and became a battalion commander during the Second Battle of the Marne.", "Three months later, after some minor support roles, his unit led the attack on the Meuse-Argonne offensive.", "He was promoted to the rank of colonel on October 14, 1918, at the age of 29, because of his exceptional battlefield performance.", "The Army distinguished service medal was given to him.", "He served at the U.S. Army School of Infantry, the U.S. Army Command and General Staff School, and the U.S. Army War College.", "He was dean of administration and later comptroller at LSU after retiring from the army.", "His tenure at LSU was fraught with difficulty, as he became one of the key players in helping the university recover from a major scandal where nearly a million dollars had been embezzled.", "After being called to service in 1942, he became the leader of the 45th Infantry Division during the Sicily and Salerno battles in Italy, and then in March 1944 he became the leader of the VIII Corps.", "During the Battle of Normandy, his leadership led to the capture of the important port city of Brest, France, which he was awarded a second distinguished service medal for.", "His greatest World War II achievement was his decision to hold the city of Bastogne.", "He was recognized as a corps commander of extraordinary abilities by both Eisenhower and the Supreme Allied Commander.", "During World War II, Middleton spent more time in combat than any other American general officer.", "After leaving the army in 1945, he returned to LSU and in 1951 became the university president, a position he held for 11 years.", "He was buried in Baton Rouge National Cemetery after he died.", "The Air Force/Army ROTC building at Mississippi State University and the library at Louisiana State University are named after him.", "The LSU Board of Supervisors voted to remove his name from the main library at LSU because of his segregationist policies when he was LSU president.", "His name, plaques, and bust were removed the same day.", "The son of John Houston and Laura Catherine \"Kate\" Thompson was born near Georgetown, Copiah County, Mississippi, on 12 October 1889.", "His maternal grandfather, Riden M. Thompson, was a Confederate soldier who died in the American Civil War, as was his paternal grandfather, Benjamin Parks Middleton.", "Captain Holland Middleton was from Georgia and served in the American Revolutionary War.", "William and Robert's grandson, Holland, had extensive land interests in Charles County and Prince George's County, Maryland.", "The future site of Mount Vernon, the home of President George Washington, lies twelve miles south of the present-day Washington D.C., near Piscataway Creek.", "Robert was paid for expenses incurred in the fight against the Nanticoke Indians and was commissioned as a cornet in a troop of cavalry.", "At the end of the 19th century, Troy Middleton was the fifth of nine children and lived on a 400-acre plantation in southeastern Copiah County.", "Sausage-stuffing was one of his favorites and he had a variety of chores to do.", "He loved to hunt and catch fish in the Lick Creek and Strong River.", "The only church that can be reached on a Sunday morning is the Bethel Baptist Church, a few miles west of Georgetown.", "Emily, his oldest sister, came home from Blue Mountain College to share her knowledge of different subjects with his family.", "Middleton's father asked if he was interested in a college education after he exhausted all the educational opportunities at home.", "In the summer of 1904, at the age of fourteen, Middleton made the 172-mile train trip to Starkville, where he would begin his studies at Mississippi A&M, later to become Mississippi State University.", "Before he could enroll in the four-year program at Mississippi A&M, he had to complete a year of prep school.", "He did a final year of high school while living in the dormitory and following the regimen of the students at the college.", "The students were treated as if they were in a military academy, marching to and from all meals, and beginning their day with the first bugle call.", "While he didn't like the military atmosphere, he settled into the routine and the year passed quickly.", "On February 10, 1905, John Philip Sousa brought his band to A&M, attracting people from around the state, and packing the 2000-seat mess hall.", "The train that would take the band to its next stop was held up for over an hour as the concert was extended by repeated calls for encores.", "The student corps at A&M was organized into a battalion with about 350 cadets.", "He became the cadet sergeant major after his junior year.", "He was the student commander of more than 700 cadets and had the rank of lieutenant colonel.", "He was paid $25 per month for taking on additional responsibilities with the military officer in charge of the cadets.", "He took leadership roles in most of the activities he was involved in during college.", "He was the vice president of A&M's Collegian Club, and president of the school's Gun Club, and was photographed on one occasion with his beloved shot gun, which he was allowed to keep in his dormitory room and use for hunting on weekends when campus activities did not", "During his senior year, he was the commandant of the select Mississippi Sabre Company, a club restricted to seniors of good social, academic and military standing, and he was the president of his junior class.", "He played both football and baseball in college.", "He had to give up a season of baseball when he failed a chemistry class and spent his afternoons in the classroom.", "The baseball and football games gave students a chance to leave campus and play in various teams around the state or region.", "Football games against the University of Mississippi were always played in Jackson.", "In the spring of 1909, he graduated with a bachelor's degree and was hoping to attend the United States Military Academy at West Point.", "At the age of 19 he was too young to take the exam for an army commission.", "He enlisted in the United States Army after being told by an army officer at A&M.", "Troy Middleton enlisted into the 29th Infantry at Fort Porter in Buffalo, New York, on March 3, 1910.", "When he was hired as a company clerk, he was paid in gold until it became hard to find, and then he was paid in silver.", "Private Middleton asked to become a soldier because he was tired of desk work.", "While this did not happen at Fort Porter, his talents as a football player became known, and he was pressed into duty as the quarterback of the local team, which played civilian teams in the Buffalo area as well as other army teams.", "The army strongly supported football for the next several years.", "After getting a commission, an officer is never returned to the same unit from which he served as an enlisted member, but he became the exception because of his talents as a quarterback.", "He said he never met a good football player who wasn't also a good soldier when he was in the army.", "After 27 months in the army, Middleton got his first promotion.", "When a position is vacant someone else will get promoted or retire.", "After being promoted tocorporator on June 10, 1912, he was transferred to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where he would have a chance to compete for an army commission.", "A second lieutenant's commission requires a written examination and an intensive training course to prepare for it.", "Of the 300 civilians and enlisted men who took the exam, 56 passed and were commissioned.", "The passing scores were in the middle of Middleton's score.", "Most of those passing were college graduates from schools such as Harvard, Yale, and Virginia Military Institute.", "Four of the 56 went on to become general officers.", "The applicants had to take a horse-riding test as well.", "The officer in charge thought that he would want to go into the cavalry because he scored well on the exam, having grown up riding horses on his family's plantation.", "The officer was stunned that anyone with such skills would even consider walking instead of riding a horse.", "The 56 successful candidates were confirmed by the Senate after the new congress convened after the new president, Woodrow Wilson, took office.", "Their appointment took place on 30 November 1912.", "Early in 1913, he arrived at Fort Crockett, where he was transferred during this interim period.", "In February 1913 Troy Middleton was assigned to Company K of the 7th infantry and was sent to Mexico.", "The United States Army was rotating here in response to the trouble in Mexico.", "The Mexican Revolution began in 1910 with the overthrow of Mexico's president by a reform leader.", "The General assassinated Madero after he put down a series of revolts in 1912.", "Wilson wanted to return Mexico to a constitutional government by backing Venustiano Carranza, despite the fact that many countries recognized the Huerta government.", "The troops were ready for the call from the President to take action in support of American interests.", "American troops under the command of Frederick Funston were sent into Mexico in April 1914.", "The 7th Regiment was ordered to take part in the occupation of the city after it was taken by the Navy.", "The landing party went in without a shot being fired.", "In November 1914, Middleton returned home from Mexico after seven months.", "After first arriving at Fort Crockett, Middleton adapted to garrison life by attending Saturday night dances in town.", "He had a navy lieutenant introduce him to Jerusha Collins, who would become his wife.", "She made her debut in the Galveston society in 1911 after attending a university in Texas.", "Jerusha lived with her aunt and uncle in the heart of Galveston after her father's death.", "Hagemann drove a Studebaker touring car when most people in the town rode in buggies, wagons, and surreys.", "After meeting the Hagemanns, Middleton became a regular visitor at their house.", "After seven months in Mexico, there was a special anticipation in the air.", "He proposed to Jerusha Collins at an earlier time.", "The marriage of the couple on January 6th 1915 allowed them to be in New Orleans two days later with other members of the unit for the one hundredth anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans.", "After a week in New Orleans, the couple was invited to move into the Hagemann's house, where they were given a large upstairs room.", "Most of the Army units scattered to safe locations away from the storm's path, with a few remaining in the secure buildings of Fort Crockett or in downtown Galveston.", "The Hagemann house was chosen by the Middletons to ride out the storm.", "As events in Mexico flared up again in October 1915, the 7th Regiment was ordered to Fort Bliss in El Paso, Texas.", "They were put under the command of a brigadier general who was promoted from captain to brigadier general for his exceptional service during the Philippine–American War.", "The Mexican Revolutionary General was betrayed when the Americans supported Carranza.", "In January 1916, Villa's followers attacked a train and killed 16 American businessmen.", "The town of Columbus, New Mexico, was attacked by Villa's men two months later, killing 19 Americans.", "General Pershing took his forces into Mexico after the attacks.", "Camp Harry J. Jones near Douglas, Arizona was where the 7th Regiment was sent to perform border security.", "The Villistas tried to attack the Mexican village of Agua Prieta across the border from Douglas.", "After several of his men were hit, no one was killed, and they all returned to Fort Bliss in late December 1915.", "The hunt for Villa ended in failure for the Americans.", "After several months in Mexico, Pershing was called back to Fort Bliss to begin preparing his troops for the larger conflict that was raging in Europe.", "Congress declared war after President Wilson requested it.", "Gettysburg National Park was assigned to Middleton in the same month.", "He was promoted to first lieutenant on 1 July 1916 after a little more than three and a half years as a second lieutenant.", "He was promoted to captain in less than a year after the American entry into World War I.", "The army had to train a lot of officers.", "The adjutant of a reserve officer training camp was assigned to Fort Myer, Virginia, on June 10, 1917.", "The camps were organized to take civilians and turn them into officers in ninety days, and the adjutant was responsible for directing the flow of paperwork for 2,700 officer candidates.", "By November 1917, his camp had graduated its last class of officers, and he wanted to join a combat division.", "He reported to the 4th Division on December 21, 1917, after his request was granted.", "He received new orders to become the commander of the reserve officer training camp two days later.", "He stayed here until the mission was completed in April 1918.", "His request to rejoin the 4th Division was granted and he was on his way to France.", "When he thought that the 4th Division was still at Camp Greene, he wired there to find out that it was already on its way overseas.", "He arrived at Camp Mills on Long Island on April 28, 1918, after catching a train for New York.", "In a convoy of fourteen ships, he left New York with the First Battalion, 47th Infantry Regiment on 11 May.", "Three days out of France, a fleet of destroyers met the convoy and escorted it to the port city of Brest.", "The division unloaded and organized for several days before loading onto a troop train that would take them to Calais.", "The first assignment of the 4th Division was to become a reserve unit for the British.", "The Americans gave up their rifles for some British ones that were available in the market.", "When the Germans began their offensive north of Paris, the 4th was put onto trains and sent to the Marne River.", "The 4th became a reserve unit for the badly battered 42nd Division.", "After being promoted to major on June 7, 1918, Middleton moved his First Battalion in to support the 167th Regiment of the 42nd Division.", "After a month's rest, four days of heavy fighting took place against the Fourth Guard Division in the Second Battle of the Marne.", "More than one in four of the Americans became casualties when the Americans pushed the Germans back about twelve miles.", "They were sent to the Saint- Mihiel area after the 4th Division was relieved.", "Major Middleton was given the task of directing the unit's transport, which was complicated by the requirement to move at night with equipment and personnel to be drawn by horse and mule.", "Hundreds of thousands of French and Germans became casualties in the war when the unit was moved to Verdun.", "This would be the last major engagement of the First World War for Middleton, who was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 17 September.", "The 4th Division, on its own for the first time in the war, was assigned a front that was one to two miles wide, sandwiched between two French divisions.", "The Americans were attacked on 26 September 1918 by Lieutenant Colonel Middleton's battalion.", "It was up to the entire 47th Infantry Regiment to hold onto the gains after they covered five miles.", "The second-in-command was put in charge of the battalion when he was assigned as the executive officer.", "He was in this staff position for two weeks when he was given command of the 39th infantry.", "He had to get to the 39th headquarters at about one o'clock in the morning.", "Shortly before 7:30 a.m., Middleton led his new unit into enemy-held territory using a tactic called \"marching fire,\" where all of the troops constantly fired their weapons while moving a mile through heavy woods.", "The 4th Division was able to move to the edge of the Meuse River because of this.", "Three days after taking command of the 39th, and two days after his twenty-ninth birthday, he was promoted to colonel, becoming the youngest officer in the American Expeditionary Forces to attain that rank.", "The distinguished service medal was given to him for his exceptional battlefield performance.", "The 4th Division was withdrawn from the battle line after 24 days of continuous contact with the enemy, the longest period of combat for any American division during the war.", "He was given command of the 47th.", "In early November, the 4th Division relieved the African American soldiers of their duties and prepared to chase the German defenders down the Moselle River.", "The attack didn't happen because of confidential news that an armistice was imminent.", "There would be no more firing after 11 a.m., according to a messenger.", "The 4th Division would soon be assigned to Germany and there was still much work to be done.", "The 4th Division began a road march towards the German city of Koblenz in November of 1918.", "The town of Adenau is 35 miles west of Koblenz.", "The road trip took fifteen days and ended in a snowstorm.", "During the march, he rode a horse most of the time and sometimes dismounted to talk with his troops.", "For fifty minutes each hour, the formation marched, and rested for ten, with a full hour for lunch.", "Colonel Middleton stayed in a large home in Adenau where the owners continued to live, while the regiment dispersed to many villages in the area.", "During its stay in Adenau, the 47th continued with its training, building a rifle range, running combat problems, and practicing lessons learned from its recent combat operations.", "After four months in Adenau, the 47th was ordered to Remagen on the Rhine.", "Colonel George Marshall came to Adenau the day before to inform Middleton of his new orders, and he had breakfast with Middleton on the morning of the move.", "The 47th Regiment was given the task of guarding the bridge.", "The 47th guard this bridge during World War II.", "The order to return home was given in the summer of 1919.", "He was summoned to report to the Third Army Chief of Staff in Koblenz before he left Europe.", "He was told that he and other senior officers were going to be assigned to Camp Benning, Georgia to form the first faculty of the Infantry School.", "After sailing out of Brest in July, he met his wife in New York, and they traveled to Columbus, Georgia, by way of Washington, D.C., and Atlanta.", "After World War I, Troy was either an instructor or a student in the succession of military schools that Army officers attend during their careers.", "The best all-around officer I have yet seen was written about by Benjamin Poore, the 4th Division's brigadier general, after Middleton arrived in Columbus, Georgia.", "He made good in every grade despite his rapid promotion from captain in July to colonel in October.", "He gets better results in a quiet way than any other officer.", "A fine sense of proportion and a wonderful grasp of situations.", "The infantry did not have their own specialty schools until after the World War.", "The situation was being changed so that he would become a faculty member of the Infantry School at Camp Benning, which is nine miles from Columbus.", "His rank had reverted to his permanent rank of captain after the war, and he was an instructor in the new school for his first two years, as well as a member of the Infantry Board, set up for research on weapons and tactics.", "The M-1 rifle, the standard weapon of the infantry in World War II, was one of the new weapons he tested on the board.", "The first nine-month class of the new infantry school began in 1919, and students were taken through a curriculum of weapons and tactics.", "Captain Middleton, the youngest faculty member on the school staff, was an ideal instructor, fresh with experiences from the recent war.", "After two years as an instructor, and a promotion to major, he was allowed to enroll in the advanced infantry course as a student.", "The ten-month course included instruction on combined arms, tactical principles and decisions, military history and economics, and a written thesis.", "He finished at the top of the class, despite being one of the most junior members of his class.", "After completing the advanced course, he returned to Camp Benning as a member of the Infantry Board and spent the summer as the senior instructor at a Reserve Officer Training Camp.", "Four years at Benning was enough for him and he was ready to move on.", "He was assigned to Fort Leavenworth in the summer of 1923 after expressing his wish to a senior officer.", "At the Command and General Staff School, one of the youngest majors in the army found himself among officers who were ten to fifteen years his senior.", "The ten-month school was used to qualify students for higher commands.", "George was one of his friends.", "One of the students who finishes in the top 25% of the nearly 200 students will be an Honor Graduate.", "He finished 14th in the class.", "8th place went to Middleton.", "With his exceptional class performance, he was invited to stay on for the next four years as an instructor at the school.", "During his second year of teaching at Command and General Staff School, Eisenhower would come to his office and sit on the corner of his desk to get information from him.", "Eisenhower finished first in his class and asked the most practical questions.", "The Command and General Staff School was attended by nearly every officer who commanded a division in Europe during World War II.", "During World War II, every corps commander in Europe had been a student of Middleton's.", "He received an order to attend the Army War College in Washington, D.C. in his final year at Leavenworth.", "He went to the school library and the Library of Congress.", "He wrote a staff memo about Army transportation.", "He said that motorized transport would replace the Army's use of livestock.", "The commandant of the school sent his ideas to the highest levels in the War Department after he was praised for work of exceptional merit.", "Having spent the previous ten years in the various Army schools, Major Middleton requested a return to Camp Benning, where he and his wife still had friends.", "Nineteen years after he enlisted at Fort Porter, he was assigned to the same battalion as the one he had been in before.", "When he was assigned to the General Staff at the War Department in Washington D.C., he was unaware of a new requirement for career officers.", "The National Guard, the Reserves, and the Reserve Officers' Training Corps were expected to be assigned to officers in the Army.", "He wanted to work at a school in the south, and the last option appealed to him the most.", "There was an opening at Louisiana State University.", "Troy and his family lived in Baton Rouge, Louisiana for many years after Troy stopped at his new headquarters at Fort McPherson in Atlanta.", "Major Middleton was the professor of military science at LSU.", "At headquarters, he was told that his predecessor did not get along with Louisiana's governor.", "After arriving in town, he was told a few stories about the governor that made him curious enough to call him.", "The meeting turned out to be awkward, but it started a friendship between the two men.", "Governor Long was fond of the cadet corps at LSU.", "The governor saw to it that the cadet band of just a few dozen members would grow to 250 members.", "Governor Long was a showman, and enjoyed parades and fanfare, and would negotiate special fares to get the cadets and band transported to athletic events across the region.", "LSU became the largest university in the south by 1936 because of the governor's dealings.", "James Monroe Smith, who was appointed by Governor Long, took over the presidency of the university from President Atkinson.", "After four years on the campus, President Smith asked if he would stay on for an additional year and become the Dean of Men.", "It had to be approved by the War Department.", "Smith's request was approved by the War Department.", "Smith suggested at the end of the fifth year that he retire from the army and become a permanent member of the LSU staff.", "He accepted a sixth year with the ROTC program.", "He was promoted to lieutenant colonel as he began his sixth year on campus.", "The university president once again pressed him to retire from the army and go to work for the college in his final year on campus.", "Again, Middleton couldn't do that, so he began looking for a follow-on assignment.", "He put in a request for duty in the Philippines because he hadn't been overseas in 16 years.", "He oversaw the increase in students completing the ROTC program at LSU from 500 to over 1700 in the summer of 1936.", "The Middletons traveled to New York City in August 1936 to board a ship for the Philippines.", "The trip took 42 days and included stops in Panama, San Francisco, Hawaii, and Guam.", "When they arrived in Hawaii, they were welcomed by George and his wife.", "He sailed his own boat from San Diego to Hawaii and then back to the states at the end of his tour.", "He was assigned to the army headquarters in Manila as an assistant inspector general.", "He heard complaints when he traveled to Fort William McKinley and Corregidor.", "He received a telegram from President Smith renewing his offer of a job at LSU as the dean of administration with a salary of $5,400 per year, less than six months into his Philippine tour.", "When the telegram arrived, he showed it to two other lieutenant colonels who were visiting him while he was in the hospital.", "One of them said he should accept the offer.", "Eisenhower said he should stay in the army.", "The terms of the Treaty of Versailles were being ignored by Hitler and the Nazis, and who was certain of another war was Eisenhower, who had spent three years in Panama as an aide to General Fox Conner.", "Eisenhower didn't think it was a good time for an officer with combat experience to leave the Army.", "He decided to retire from the army after giving up on becoming a general officer as a junior lieutenant colonel.", "He wired President Smith at LSU to tell him that he was ready to become a civilian and take the university post.", "The Middletons traveled back to the United States after leaving the Philippines in May 1937.", "They stopped in Hong Kong, Japan, and China on their way to San Francisco.", "Lieutenant Colonel Middleton began his service at LSU two and a half months before he retired from the army.", "His first year as administrative dean at Louisiana State University went smoothly.", "A new house built on Highland Road near the campus brought in royalties that would pay for their property many times over.", "The LSU football team had just finished three outstanding seasons under coach Moore, winning 27 of their 30 regular season games, and universityEnrollment began to climb in 1938, and the LSU football team had just finished three outstanding seasons under coach Moore, winning 27 of their 30 regular season games.", "A new faculty club broke ground that year as the campus grew.", "It would take a long time for the campus to recover from the shock it received in June 1939.", "An illegal operation was revealed on the front page of a New Orleans newspaper.", "An investigation led to the discovery that LSU's President Smith had taken nearly a million dollars from the university and used it to cover his losses in the Chicago wheat futures market.", "Smith was sent to the Louisiana State Penitentiary after he stood trial.", "George Caldwell was involved in the scandal and served time in Atlanta for tax evasion.", "The state's governor, Richard Leche, was sent to Atlanta to serve time after he was found guilty of several federal charges.", "The Board of Supervisors met in a special session at the end of June 1939 and ordered Middleton to take over the business management of the university.", "It would take a lot of time and effort to dig out of the mess that the school's finances were in.", "The acting president was the dean of the Law School, Paul M. Hebert.", "Two accounting professors, Dr. Daniel Borth and Dr. Mack Hornbeak, were hired to work with him and a New York firm was hired to establish sound business procedures.", "Before the revelation of the illegal activities, expenditures had been routinely made on a cash basis, all of the university funding and program money was thrown into a single account, and university bond indentures had been violated.", "The new leadership had to find out who they owed money by advertising in Louisiana newspapers.", "The first year of dealing with the situation required 16- to 18-hour days, six days a week, and after that the process required overtime through the year 1941.", "Faculty and staff members who were used to making purchases without bids, purchase orders or knowledge of the budget had to be educated on accepted business procedures.", "While helping LSU recover from this traumatic event, he was also keeping an eye on events in Europe.", "In July 1940 he wrote a letter to General George Marshall asking if his services were needed by the Army as the United States was making preparations for war.", "Marshall said that the Army wouldn't be able to use his battle experience effectively if they put him in a training role.", "After the first year of his association with Hebert, Borth and Hornbeak, he found both the work and his association with them to be satisfying and rewarding, as he described his days as the comptroller of LSU as long days that he would not want to relive.", "From 1939 to 1941 he was able to make his greatest contribution to the institution that had been good to him in the past.", "On Sunday, 7 December 1941, Troy and his son, Troy Jr., went dove hunting with a friend.", "The trio decided to take a break for lunch and come back in the afternoon to get their bag limits.", "Mrs. Middleton greeted them with the news of the attack on Pearl Harbor when they arrived home.", "Troy began to make plans after this ended the dove hunting.", "He sent a telegram to the War Department announcing his availability for service after reporting his intention to offer his services to the U.S. Army.", "He would report to active duty as a lieutenant colonel on January 20, 1942, giving him time to get his affairs in order.", "After returning to active military duty, he was assigned to a training unit at Camp Wheeler, Georgia where he oversaw the combat training of thousands of recruits and was promoted to colonel on February 1.", "He was assigned to Camp Gordon, Georgia and Camp Blanding in less than two months.", "While at Blanding he was called to the War Department in Washington, where he was given an assignment to be a staff officer in London, but this rapidly changed when he was subsequently called to the War College, and met a classmate from Command and General Staff School.", "After returning to Florida in June 1942 to pick up his personal effects, he was promoted to brigadier general in the 45th Infantry Division.", "He reported to the 45th, known as the \"Thunderbirds,\" an Army National Guard division consisting mostly of troops from Oklahoma, but also including some from Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico.", "Major General William S. Key was going to be replaced with an active duty officer.", "In the summer of 1942, the command of the division was given to Middleton, who was promoted to major general.", "After doing its training at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, the 45th did winter training at Pine Camp, New York.", "The temperature was 36 degrees below zero and the snow was high.", "A soldier in the division by the name of Bill Mauldin did a cartoon showing slop from the kitchen frozen in a column as it descended into the garbage can outside.", "During World War II, he became famous for his cartoons and won two Pulitzer Prizes.", "In February 1943 the training moved from Pine Camp to Camp Pickett, Virginia for mountain training and then to the Atlantic Coast for ship-to-shore training between Norfolk, Virginia and Solomons, Maryland.", "While the division was at Camp Pickett, Middleton was sent to North Africa with some of his staff to begin planning a military operation.", "He went to the headquarters of the Seventh Army commander and stayed there for over a month.", "The Seventh Army would be in Sicily during the summer and the 45th would be from the United States.", "With the division scheduled to sail from Norfolk on 5 June, Middleton left to complete the planning for the landing on a hostile shore and report to the II Corps headquarters in Algeria.", "Bradley was under British direction for this operation.", "The planning for Sicily was complete by the time the division arrived in Oran, Algeria.", "The 45th Division was part of the II Corps, which was under the Seventh Army.", "The British Eighth Army, commanded by General Bernard Montgomery, was in charge of the British forces during the Sicilian invasion.", "The 45th Division had three infantry units, the 157th, 179th and 180th.", "The First Infantry Division, Third Infantry Division, and the 3rd Battalion of the 504th PIR were part of the 82nd Airborne Division.", "The 45th left Oran on July 4, 1943, with little attention paid to the fact that it was Independence Day.", "The six-day trip to Sicily was smooth at first, then turned rough due to seasickness among the troops.", "The weather calmed as several troop ships rendezvoused near the town of Scoglitti on the western side of Sicily's south coast.", "The Navy opened fire on the landing craft as it approached the shoreline at 2 a.m. on 10 July.", "The primary goal of the 45th was to capture two airfields.", "American planes were using Comiso Airfield the next day after it was captured.", "It took four days for the division to capture the airfield.", "The 45th wanted to fight German and Italian forces on their way to the north coast of Sicily.", "Highway 124 is one of Sicily's four major highways.", "This highway was taken over by Montgomery and there was no word on the change of boundaries.", "When the 45th reached the highway, they became frozen in place because the boundaries had been changed.", "To get in position for the march north, he moved his division from the right of II Corps to the left, traveling ninety miles out of the way through back areas of the other American divisions.", "The first elements of the 45th were moved from the south coast to the north coast in thirteen days.", "The division reached its goal of Santo Stefano on July 30.", "They fought back and forced the German rear guard out of the area by the following morning.", "The fighting for the 45th in Sicily ended after 1,156 casualties and 11,000 prisoners were taken.", "The 45th Infantry was moved in to replace the Third Infantry Division, which was going to be involved in the invasion of the Italian mainland.", "The strain in his relationship with General Patton was noted in his biography.", "The cartoons published in the division newspaper were irreverent and unsoldierly, and that's what Patton felt about them.", "The man was ordered to get rid of the cartoons by the man.", "The issue was dropped when the order was put in writing.", "After he slapped two soldiers who he suspected of malingering in hospitals, there was much more to worry about.", "Public condemnation and loss of his command were brought about by these incidents.", "August 1943 was used for rest and planning by the 45th Division.", "Three of the seven plans for the invasion of Italy were adopted, of which the British had two and the Americans had one.", "The 45th Division would be under Major General Ernest J. Dawley's U.S. VI Corps.", "The Allied forces were supposed to land in the vicinity of Salerno, Italy, about 200 miles north of Sicily.", "The first Allied landings on the beach took place on 9 September, with the 157th and 179th Infantry landing the following day.", "The 180th of the division would land at a different point and be held by Clark.", "There were ten miles of beachhead between the British X Corps and the U.S. 36th Infantry Division.", "The Allies gained little ground in the first few days of the operation.", "The Fifth Army commander, Lieutenant General Clark, sent around a confidential memo indicating that he was considering taking the troops back off the beaches.", "He spread the word to his troops that it was a good time to fight, after telling his staff that they were not leaving.", "On the morning of 14 September, units of the 45th did some hard fighting at a large tobacco factory, consisting of five imposing stone buildings in a somewhat circular pattern.", "The Germans were pushed back after being pushed back by the Americans with the help of naval gun fire.", "Clark was convinced that his army was going to stay when he visited the front later that day.", "The Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean visited the beachhead on 17 September to observe that the battle had been won.", "The 45th was able to advance to Venafro after the Germans left the area.", "The British Eighth Army was responsible for the eastern half of the boot while the division was at the far right of the Fifth Army.", "The division took Oliveto, Quaglietta, and Benevento by the end of September and the beginning of October.", "After almost six weeks of continuous action, the division was put into corps reserve on 21 October.", "The town of Venafro was secured by the 179th Infantry Regiment on 2 November.", "The fighting came to a halt as planners studied further action.", "With the lull in the fighting and the start of autumn rains, the left knee that had been hurting for more than a year was starting to feel bad.", "There was no immediate explanation for the pain in his left leg, even though he had hurt his right knee many years before.", "Medics had no answers after studying his leg.", "He went to the hospital in Naples in late November and stayed there until December.", "He flew to General Eisenhower's headquarters in North Africa after doing some staff work.", "He was sent to Walter Reed Hospital in the United States in the middle of January.", "General George Marshall, the U.S. Army Chief of Staff, was told by General Eisenhower that he needed Middleton back overseas.", "Eisenhower said, \"I don't give a damn about his knees, I want his head and his heart.\"", "If we have to, I will take him into battle on a litter.", "The 45th Division was commanded by Major General William W. Eagles.", "After the two generals came up with a plan, he was sent to six Army installations in Tennessee, Colorado, and Washington D.C. to visit his family.", "In order to confuse the enemy about the personnel change, Middleton was sent to various locations.", "A sergeant who had been a physical therapist in civilian life was accompanying him, and he would massage Middleton's knees twice a day for the next year.", "When asked what staff he needed to take with him, he replied that he would keep the staff that was already in place, except that for his old LSU friend, Mack Hornbeak, who had served with him through Sicily and Italy.", "The U.S. VIII Corps arrived in the United Kingdom in December 1943.", "While he was an able commander, his lack of combat experience resulted in his being replaced by Middleton, who would later command a division in the European fighting.", "During his first stop in Europe before assuming command of VIII Corps, he met his friend and commander, Eisenhower.", "Eisenhower inquired about his views on making Patton the commander of the army.", "It was a good idea since Patton was a good fighter.", "Eisenhower was concerned that the Army would be embarrassed by what Patton said to the press.", "The Third Army was based north of London during the preparation for the invasion of Normandy.", "The town of Kidderminster was the headquarters of the VIII Corps.", "In order to deceive the Germans, he moved his headquarters to the north.", "It appeared that the corps would move east to the English Channel for a landing.", "The Germans were forced to split their forces between multiple locations along the French coast, instead of concentrating on one landing point, because of the ruse.", "The VIII Corps trained in England from March to May 1944.", "The Third Army was pulled out of the First Army two weeks before the invasion.", "After the Allies were established on shore, the VIII Corps was to be brought across by the First Army.", "Shortly before the invasion, the corps was taken toSouthampton where they waited for the crossing time.", "The VIII Corps began crossing the English Channel on 11 June 1944.", "Half of Middleton's headquarters complement was lost when the corps lost one of its Landing Ship Tanks to a mine.", "Only the members of the sunken LST would rejoin the corps ten days later, on June 12 near Carentan, where Joe Collins' VII Corps had cleared the beach on D-Day.", "The divisions of VIII Corps included the 82nd Airborne, 101st Airborne, 79th Infantry, and 90th Infantry.", "The corps would have an entirely different complement of divisions after Major General Matthew Bunker Ridgway left the corps.", "VIII Corps began moving against German forces in the middle of the Cotentin Peninsula after taking the port city of Cherbourg.", "The Germans had the high ground, and the fighting was more complicated by the Bocage countryside, a series of farmers fields and pastures forming a latticework, with each unit separated by walls of earth up to six feet high supporting dense shrubbery and trees.", "The Americans' tanks would tip up and expose their thin bottom armor as they attempted to cross the barriers.", "By July 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266", "The tanks were referred to as Rhino Tank.", "VIII Corps was able to roll fifty miles in seven days, but Bradley's First Army remained bottled up on the Cotentin Peninsula.", "After the break out of the peninsula, the Third Army would join the fight.", "The operation began when American air commanders were asked to lay a carpet of bombs on the Germans.", "More than a thousand bombing missions were carried out the following day despite poor weather on the first day.", "The chief of the Army Ground Forces came to see the bombing.", "When they got caught by a stick of Allied bombs, he and other members of his party were killed.", "More than 600 U.S. troops were killed or wounded in this friendly fire incident when the bombs fell short of their intended target.", "The VIII Corps was able to move south along the coast after the bombing because it was effective in reducing the German resistance.", "Avranches is the gateway to Brittany and southern Normandy.", "VIII Corps broke out of the Cotentin Peninsula and into Brittany after they secured the bridges at Pontaubault.", "At noon on 1 Aug 1944, the 12th Army Group was commanded by Omar Bradley, the First Army was taken over by the Third Army, and the VIII Corps was taken over by the First Army.", "The allies were in a position to pursue the Germans, which made the situation uncomfortable for Middleton.", "The cautious and methodical Middleton was in command of two infantry divisions and two armored divisions within his corps, and the impatient and audacious Patton could not understand why he was not moving his armor quickly in pursuit.", "In August, he wrote in his diary, \"I can't figure out why she was so dumb.\"", "I don't know what was going on with him.", "Despite his wealth of battlefield experience and years of military education, Middleton had only limited experience in conducting pursuit operations and was overwhelmed by them.", "While using his infantry to clear up pockets of resistance, he allowed his armored divisions some freedom in their operations.", "His estimates of enemy strength turned out to be much more accurate than those provided to him by Patton, and he was presented with a distinguished service medal within seven weeks of being called \"dumb\" in his diary.", "After the break from the Cotentin Peninsula, the VIII Corps followed the Brittany coast on their way to Brest, the port of Middleton's arrival and departure from Europe during World War I.", "As the corps passed St. Malo, the 83rd Division was turned on the town, leading to the capture of thousands of Germans.", "The corps' 6th Armored Division was directed by Major General Bob Grow to move on to Brest, while Middleton was still cleaning up in St. Malo, which fell on 17 August.", "On August 7th, Grow arrived outside of Brest and met stiff resistance.", "The city, home to important German submarine pens and extensive machine facilities, was defended by three elite German divisions and several powerful 90-millimeter guns which were capable of destroying most of the armor in the 6th Armored Division.", "After the 2nd Infantry Division under Major General Walter M. Robertson arrived, they released the armored division for other operations.", "The 8th Division was commanded by Major General Donald A. Stroh and the 29th Division was commanded by Major General Charles H. Gerhardt.", "Colonel Earl Rudder was the president of Texas A&M University and commanded two Ranger battalions.", "The city was well organized for defense and the units captured it quickly.", "The German Generalleutnant Ramcke was in charge of the defense of the city.", "Ramcke placed a number of red crosses on the map where the Allies knew some good bombing targets were located, as well as showing where several hundred American prisoners were being held in the city.", "Ramcke was told to remove some of the bogus red crosses or the terms of the convention might have to be ignored.", "Ramcke was reminded of the Allies' superior air power.", "The battle for Brest was very intense.", "The Germans were forced into tighter positions after two weeks of constant attacks.", "On September 12th, Middleton sent a letter to Ramcke offering him an opportunity to stop the bloodshed and to surrender the city in a humane and reasonable way.", "Ramcke replied, \"I must decline your proposal.\"", "The soldiers were told to take them apart and get the job done.", "On 19 September, the Germans surrendered to Middleton, who had had 99 days of combat.", "In a formal ceremony, the city was given back to its mayor, and General Patton arrived to pin a distinguished service medal oak leaf cluster on Middleton for his outstanding conduct during the campaign in Brittany.", "More than 36,000 Germans were captured by the Americans, and more than 2,000 were wounded, far exceeding the estimate of 10,000 given by the Germans.", "Ramcke asked the deputy division commander for his credentials after he was captured.", "The American general told Ramcke that the M-1 rifles his soldiers were carrying were his credentials.", "At his formal surrender, Ramcke had a clean shaven and an Irish Setter.", "Ramcke said in English that he felt like a film star.", "He was sent to a prisoner of war camp in Clinton, Mississippi, not more than 50 miles from where he was born and raised.", "After the war, he spent time in a prison camp in England, and then was sent to France where he was found guilty of war crimes against French civilians.", "After the war, Ramcke continued to write to Middleton.", "With western France in the hands of the Allies, in late September, he traveled east across France to visit the battlefields where he had served with distinction during the Great War.", "The Germans were behind a line from the west of France through Luxembourg to the east of the Belgian cities of Bastogne, Liege and Antwerp.", "The Allies had to slow their advance to replenish their supplies.", "Half of the front of the VIII Corps was assigned to the 2nd Division and the other half to the 8th Division.", "The front went from Losheim on the German-Belgian border to central Luxembourg.", "The 83rd Division was brought back under the control of the VIII Corps on October 11th.", "The 9th Armored Division was added to the lineup on October 20th.", "In October and November these divisions ran deception maneuvers to confuse the Germans, and also became familiar with the terrain so as to be able to absorb a heavy thrust from the enemy should they be attacked.", "The three well-prepared infantry divisions were replaced by two battle-weary divisions and one green division.", "The 28th Infantry Division and the 4th Infantry Division had taken heavy losses in the Huertgen Forest, and were less than 75% of their normal strength.", "The 106th Infantry Division had no combat experience.", "About 68,000 officers and men were in his corps, many weary and uninitiated, along an 88-mile front facing about 200,000 veteran German troops who were deftly moving into position under the cover of darkness.", "The Battle of the Bulge began at 5:30 a.m. on Saturday, 16 December, after the Germans broke through the allied lines.", "The Germans launched their great attack of 1940 through the same region, with Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt in command.", "The goal was to separate the American forces from the British and Canadian forces.", "The Germans had 14 divisions operating in the Ardennes by late afternoon, but this number would swell to an estimated 25 divisions, with 600 tanks and 1,000 aircraft.", "The most exposed positions along the corps line were the 106th Division and the 28th Division.", "The guns could be heard from the guard's house in Bastogne.", "The 106th held its position throughout the day, but additional German units poured in during the night.", "The majority of the 106th was on the German side of the Our River.", "Major General Alan Jones, the division's commander, called Middleton to inquire about his two units east of the river.", "The conversation was interrupted by another call.", "The aide told him at the end of the conversation that he had given the go-ahead for the two armies to go back to the west side of the river.", "Jones was convinced by a written order from earlier in the day, but just received, that the units had been directed to stay.", "The two regiments were surrounded with most of the men captured on 17 December as a result of the miscommunication.", "While two of the 28th Division's regiments survived the German onslaught, the 110th Infantry Regiment was in the path of the massive advance.", "When his command post was attacked by three German divisions on 17 December, he was taken prisoner.", "When he was released, Middleton heard from him.", "The German timetable was slowed down by the resistance given by the VIII Corps units.", "The city of Bastogne, Belgium was a hub of several major roads and became a prime target for the Germans.", "In constant communication with Bradley at the 12th Army Group headquarters in Luxembourg, Middleton maintained that Bastogne should be held.", "As the Germans advanced on Bastogne, both Bradley and First Army commanders recognized the threat and ordered Middleton to move his headquarters.", "He was supposed to leave Bastogne on December 18 but spent another night there to brief the 101st Airborne Division.", "Colonel William Roberts from the 10th Armored Division Combat Command R (CCR), sent by Patton, showed up ahead of schedule, as did the division's acting commander.", "Major General Matthew Ridgway, commander of the XVIII Airborne Corps, was advised by Middleton to stay in Bastogne for the night to avoid capture by the Germans, when he arrived later that evening.", "During the night and into the following day, elements of the 101st Airborne poured into Bastogne.", "On the night of the 19th of December, Middleton left Bastogne and set up headquarters in a school building in Neufchteau, 17 miles to the southwest.", "During the next several days, Bastogne was defended by the 101st, along with elements of CCR and some corps assets that Middleton was able to supply.", "The towns surrounding Bastogne bore the brunt of attacks by the Second Panzer Division.", "On December 19th, some of McAuliffe's units wanted to fall back, and he called Middleton for his approval.", "The units were ordered to stay after Middleton said \"we can't hold Bastogne if we keep falling back\".", "The VIII Corps was moved from the First Army to the Third Army.", "Bastogne was being surrounded by the Germans and supplies were running low.", "The Americans were warned by the Germans to surrender Bastogne or they would be attacked in the afternoon.", "The famous reply was \"Nuts!\".", "The German commander was sent back.", "There was a stiff American response to the Germans' renewed attack that afternoon.", "The sun came out from behind the fog and clouds for the first time since the beginning of the battle on the morning of 23 December.", "The Ninth Air Force dropped about 1200 pounds of critically needed supplies over Bastogne and used them against the Germans the same day.", "The Germans offensives were countered by the Americans over the next three days.", "On December 26, the first elements of the 4th Armored Division arrived in Bastogne, breaking the siege of the city.", "Even with nine divisions in the fight, the Germans were not able to break in and take Bastogne.", "With the siege broken and additional elements of the 4th Armored Division coming in, the priority was to get the wounded troops out of Bastogne and into area hospitals.", "Despite the small opening to the city, it was clear by 27 December that the Germans were focused on Bastogne.", "On December 28, Eisenhower released two new divisions, the 87th Infantry and the 11th Armored, in response to the renewed German thrust against Bastogne.", "The 101st Airborne Division joined the corps lineup just in time for a new offensive on December 30 to shrink the bulge in the allied line.", "The Americans began their attack at 7:30 that morning, which was the exact time that the Germans scheduled an attack of their own.", "For reasons not related to the strength of the Germans, the 11th Armored Division had difficulty meeting its objectives, but the 87th Division fought well in the snow, sleet and cold.", "On 3 January the new 17th Airborne Division relieved the 11th Armored Division and the 101st Airborne Division continued to hold the city.", "The corps moved north in heavy, sometimes desperate, fighting, and on 16 January they met units from the First Army pushing south at Houffalize.", "The Allied line was pushed back eastward across the Our River by the combined force over the next twelve days.", "Bradley summoned his Army and Corps commanders to his headquarters after the front was restored to its previous boundary.", "He wanted the First Army to advance to the Rhine, while the Third Army would stay put until they reached the river.", "The advisability to hold in place was questioned by Patton.", "Since two armies could not be supplied at the same time, Bradley explained that all available equipment would go to the First Army.", "After accepting Bradley's explanation, he called his three corps commanders, Manton Eddy of XII Corps, Walton H. Walker of XX Corps, and Middleton.", "He asked if he could take Trier, if he could take Walker, if he could take Bitburg, and if he could take Gerolstein.", "Within a few days all three commanders had reached their goals.", "The VIII Corps reached the Rhine River before any units of the First Army arrived, after being asked by Patton to take his corps all the way to Koblenz.", "After the VIII Corps was at Koblenz, most of its divisions were taken away for an operation with XII Corps further up the river at Mainz, leaving Middleton with a single division, the 87th Infantry.", "The army commander chuckled when Middleton asked if he could take Koblenz with the 87th.", "With the approval of the commander, he was able to take the city, which only had 500 defenders.", "The German troops on the other side of the Rhine didn't want to be trapped between the Rhine and the Moselle Rivers.", "VIII Corps was assigned a 25-mile front from Koblenz upstream to beyond the famous landmark, the Lorelei.", "The 89th and 76th divisions were given to Middleton.", "The river near the Lorelei was narrow, swift, and flanked by steep terrain, and that's where Middleton chose to cross it.", "He was able to get the entire 89th across in one night using inflatable rafts, and then put a pontoon bridge in place by the morning.", "The 87th tried to cross at Koblenz but encountered too much resistance and were forced to move further upstream.", "Within two days, he had all three of his divisions.", "The VIII Corps advanced across the Fulda River in late March.", "The sickening evidence of what had transpired at the Ohrdruf concentration camp was discovered by some of the Middleton's infantrymen.", "Patton was joined by Bradley and Eisenhower when he came to take a look.", "The place was described in his diary as one of the most appalling sights.", "This was the first Nazi concentration camp to be discovered by the United States Army, and Eisenhower cabled Marshall to get a delegation from congress over to witness and communicate what took place there.", "The officials from the town came in to see what was happening.", "The mayor and his wife both took their own lives that night.", "The VIII Corps was ordered to stop between Chemnitz and the Czechoslovakian border in order to make contact with the Russians.", "Dealing with the prisoners of war was the immediate problem.", "The Americans were almost overwhelmed by the number of Germans wanting to surrender to them, and despite orders to take no more prisoners, thousands of Germans rushed through VIII Corps lines at night, desperately trying to avoid capture by the Russians.", "A Russian cavalry unit made contact with Middleton in the last week of April.", "While the leaders of both the Americans and the Russians exchanged luncheon invitations, the Russians were extremely reluctant to allow any Americans across the Russian line, and their American lunch guests were taken by a very circuitous route into Russian-held territory.", "He was cited for his \"magnificent resistance against...Von Rundstadt's attack\" and for his \"tireless energy and unfaltering aggressiveness\".", "The disposition of the various units was being decided by higher command with the war almost over.", "Some would remain as occupation forces in Europe, some would return to the United States, and some would be sent to the Pacific theater to fight against the Japanese.", "On May 7, 1945, the Germans surrendered in the American sector, and two days later the General Order Number 98 was issued thanking the soldiers of the Third Army.", "On 13 May, Middleton wrote a letter to Bradley requesting to be released from active duty once his combat services were no longer needed.", "He asked to return to LSU by 1 August 1945, but also paid compliment to Bradley and others by writing, \"That men such as you, Ike, Joe Collins, and others have accomplished so much in this war, are available to guide the future of our Army, we cannot but feel.\"", "VIII Corps had never had a commander who had fought in combat.", "He spent more time away from home than any other American general officer during World War II.", "Several groups of general officers, other officers and enlisted men were sent to several major cities across the United States to appear in parades.", "While in Atlanta, he and his son were able to see his wife and daughter, as well as being treated to a reception by the mayor.", "After taking 15 days of leave from Baton Rouge, he went to Washington D.C. to meet with General Marshall.", "Marshall told Middleton that he could either return to Germany to be with his corps, or he could wait at home until the unit returned to the states.", "Marshall said that VIII Corps would be going to Japan.", "Marshall doubted any more units would be sent to the Pacific after the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima.", "When asked if he wanted to stay in the army, he replied that he had retired in 1937 and intended to return to retired status once he was no longer needed as a combat commander.", "After returning to Louisiana State University in August 1945, he requested his old job as comptroller.", "He was busy getting troops back to the states when he was in Europe in May.", "He was preparing for thousands of soldiers who would be going back to school when he was at LSU.", "There was a bulge in new students in 1946.", "Many of the new students were married, so getting housing for them was one of Middleton's priorities.", "He was able to find a variety of excess housing units that the military no longer needed, and was able to provide both students and faculty with adequate housing at a very small cost.", "He wrote a letter to the Chancellor of The University of Texas stating that he did not believe that blacks and whites should play on the same teams.", "After retiring from the military, he was called to serve in a variety of advisory capacities.", "The Doolittle Board was set up to investigate officer-enlisted men's relationships and was headed by a former Air Corps General.", "One recommendation made by the board was to allow non-commissioned officers to establish their own clubs.", "The Military Education Panel of the Service Academy Board was asked to look at the curricula of the Military and Naval Academies, as well as the proposed Air Force Academy.", "Much of what he recommended was accepted, as he stressed a more liberal education for the academies.", "In 1951, he was asked to speak to military groups for the first time.", "He was called on by the United States Military Academy in the late 1960's to review the curriculum and then again in 1959 to do related work.", "In the spring of 1951, General J. Collins, who was now the Army Chief of Staff, called to ask for Middleton to take an assignment.", "The woman was compelled to say yes.", "There were allegations of honor code violations at the U.S. Military Academy in West Point, and Middleton was to serve on a committee to oversee the proceedings and make recommendations.", "Most of the members of the football team were recommended to be dismissed for cheating by the committee.", "\"Army Football Team Severely Penalized for Illegal Passing\" was the headline in a New Orleans newspaper.", "The committee recommended that the same tests not be given to different groups on different days, which gave the cadets a big temptation to cheat.", "He was selected for the task because of his reputation for fairness.", "He was asked to serve on the Board of Visitors at West Point in 1952 because he had never attended the academy.", "In 1947, the President of LSU, Dr. Hatcher, resigned due to ill health.", "The comptroller was asked to be considered for the job when a new president was found, but he was very content with his job.", "The University of New Hampshire brought in Harold W.Stoke.", "He couldn't work well with the Board of Supervisors.", "The formality of working with the board members was found to be annoying by some.", "In December 1950, his differences with the board resulted in his resignation, as he was respected by most of the faculty.", "On December 28, the board was asked to act on his resignation.", "Three members of the board came to Middleton's office and told him that he had been elected president of the university.", "The board wants you to accept it.", "He accepted the position after being pressed to make a quick decision and feel confident that he could fulfill the job.", "Students and members of the community criticized the board after the resignation ofStoke.", "On 1 February 1951, the resignation became effective and Middleton became the university president.", "During his time as president of LSU, tremendous growth resulted in many battles over funding priorities.", "A new library, enclosure of the football stadium, a new auditorium and an addition to the medical school in New Orleans are some of the major projects being considered.", "The library was put at the head of the list.", "In February 1953, the Board of Supervisors voted to accept a bid for the project after giving priority to the stadium.", "The Board of Supervisors agreed to give priority to a new library after the stadium expansion was approved.", "Within a year, the state legislature gave LSU all of the funds it asked for, about 20% more than the previous request, to be used mostly for higher staff salaries, but also 3.6 million dollars for the new library to be built across from the Hill Memorial Library in the central part of the", "The university entered into its most ambitious building program to date in response to projections that student enrollment would nearly double in the next 15 years.", "Some of the personnel decisions that were made as the university president were making national news.", "In February 1955, the Board of Supervisors decided that it was time for the head football coach, Gaynell Tinsley, to be relieved following a break-even record for seven years.", "Paul Dietzel was an assistant coach at the United States Military Academy.", "After three losing seasons at LSU, calls for Dietzel's removal became louder.", "In his fourth season as the LSU coach, the LSU Tigers won the Sugar Bowl and were declared the national champion.", "The issue of desegregation was a serious one for most southern schools.", "While most white Louisianans were in favor of segregation, the university president's responsibility was to uphold the laws of the state and nation.", "In a letter to University of Texas Chancellor Harry Ransom, Middleton detailed his efforts to keep black and white students separate and to prevent black students from participating in athletics.", "He wrote, \"Our Negro students have made no attempt to attend social functions, participate in athletic contests, or go in the swimming pool.\"", "If they did, we would stop operating the swimming pool.", "He wrote a report to the Board of Supervisors about LSU and segregation.", "He showed how resistant the university had been to the idea of blacks at LSU.", "The process of integration, which had already begun at a slow pace, now became accelerated due to the fact that more practical minds could see the futility of having to create duplicate facilities in every area of advanced education.", "In 1959 the Alumni Council adopted a resolution to have the Board of Supervisors waive the age requirement so that Middleton could stay on as president.", "At the end of the 1959–1960 school year he was once again declared to be essential to the university and reluctantly agreed to stay for one additional year.", "\"Troy H. Middleton Day in Louisiana\" was declared on 11 January 1962, three weeks after he retired.", "LSU classes were suspended, an honor guard from the Cadet Corps was formed, and the Secretary of the Army came to address the convocation, at which Middleton was given the degree of Doctor of Laws.", "When he retired from LSU in 1962, he was 72 years old.", "He had an office in the David F. Boyd building.", "He used to go to this office every Wednesday morning to have a staff secretary type his mail.", "Two years after his retirement, Governor John J. McKeithen came to his office hoping that he would get a job on a commission.", "The governor wanted to create a commission made up of 21 black and white people.", "The governor was looking for a chairman who would command a lot of respect.", "In 1965, he said he would do it for a year, but as has happened in the past, the year stretched into five and it wasn't until 1970 that he was freed from this duty.", "The commission's black counterpart was Dr. Albert Dent, the president of Dillard University in New Orleans.", "The commission helped to open the ranks of the Louisiana State Police to qualified blacks in some of the trouble spots where it was able to have a positive effect.", "The members of the commission received a letter of thanks from the governor after the commission was dissolved in 1970.", "In January 1969 the Coordinating Council for Higher Education was authorized, and Middleton agreed to serve once again, but he refused to become the chairman because the governor wanted him to.", "After two years, the council had more than justified itself by merging redundant facilities and disapproving projects that were wasteful of taxpayer's money.", "He served in this role until 1973, when he was 83 years old, and also served in a number of other capacities, but continued to hunt and fish when he could.", "Three days before his 87th birthday, Middleton died in Baton Rouge.", "His wife, Jerusha, died at the age of 89 and was buried in the Baton Rouge National Cemetery with a tall granite marker, one of the few non-standard markers in the cemetery.", "Mississippi State University declared him the \"alumnus of the year\" in 1962 after he retired from LSU.", "The Louisiana Association of Broadcasters gave a bronze plaque to Middleton for his accomplishments in racial peace-keeping while chairing the Commission on Human Relations, Rights, and Responsibilities.", "The Middleton Collection was dedicated at LSU in 1973.", "Pictures, letters, citations, awards, plaques, a uniform, riding boots, a saber, and numerous other artifacts and documents were housed in a 24 by 54 foot room in the university's library.", "When the space was given to other priorities in 1999, all of the items were cataloged and moved to the university archives in the old Hill Memorial Library.", "The LSU library was officially named \"Troy H. Middleton Library\" 20 years after it was first dedicated.", "The LSU Board of Supervisors voted to remove his name from the library due to his pro-segregationist stances.", "A bust and plaque honoring him were removed from the library and put in storage.", "In Baton Rouge, off of South Foster Drive, there is a street named after the General; and in 1986 at Mississippi State University, the Army and Air Force ROTC building was named in honor of the General.", "During an interview with his biographer in 1965, former United States President Eisenhower said that he had once been a student of Middleton's.", "While some references call her \"Katherine Louise,\" the 1870 and 1900 federal censuses for Copiah County, Mississippi and her tombstone in the Bethel Church Cemetery all give her name as \"Laura Catherine,\" the latter spelled with a C.", "Is it true that Patton wrote a noble letter to Middleton?", "People from Baton Rouge, Louisiana are alumni of Mississippi State University." ]

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[ "Troy Houston Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "John Houston", "Middleton", "Holland Middleton", "Holland", "Troy Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Troy Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Troy Middleton", "Huert", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Ha", "Ha", "Middleton", "Hage", "Ha", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Troy", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Troy", "Troy", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Hitler", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", ". Hebert", "Mack Hornbeak", "Hebert", "Horn", "Troy", "Troy Jr", "Middleton", "Troy", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Mack Hornbeak", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", ". Hatcher", "Harold W", "MiddletonStok", "Middleton", "Harry Ransom", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton", "Middleton" ]

[ "Ephraim Cutler (April 13, 1767 – July 8, 1853) was an early Northwest Territory and Ohio political leader and jurist.", "Early and family life\n\nEphraim Cutler was born in Edgartown, Massachusetts on April 13, 1767.", "The oldest son of Manasseh Cutler, he was named for his father's brother, who had been thrown from a horse and died the previous year.", "From age three, he lived with his grandparents in Killingly, Connecticut, and only once was taken to visit his father and siblings, though they sometimes visited.", "Ephraim Cutler loved to read, but did not attend Yale College, as had his father, because the American Revolutionary War made such \"impracticable,\" although he later often regretted his lack of formal education and would frequently misspell words in his letters.", "Instead, Ephraim took over his grandfather's farm when he was 16, and also ran a shop by the 1790s.", "When he was 20, Ephraim married Leah Atwood (of Killingly), on April 8, 1787.", "In that year his father Manasseh Cutler had helped convince the Congress of the Confederation to pass the Northwest Ordinance, which established a political framework for settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains.", "Manassah Cutler was a leader of the Ohio Company of Associates, a land company which bought a large tract in what is now southeast Ohio.", "Ephraim Cutler became a sales agent for the company, and sold twenty subscriptions.", "These shareholders elected him to represent them at a meeting of the company in 1788, even though he was not yet of legal age.", "Meanwhile, his younger brother Jervis Cutler had left for Marietta, Ohio in 1787, but by 1794 returned to New England to marry.", "Ephraim's first wife, Leah, suffered from delicate health for years after giving birth to several children, and losing two en route to Ohio before giving birth to the two children who survived her.", "She died of tuberculosis on November 3, 1807, but insisted that Cutler remarry.", "Though they had never met, she specifically suggested Ephraim marry Sally Parker of Newburyport, Massachusetts (the daughter of Ohio Company stockholder William Parker), who would be a mother to their surviving children.", "Cutler followed the advice, writing to and eventually marrying Sally, who bore several children.", "Northwest\n\nAfter hearing about General Anthony Wayne's victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in August 1794, and hoping that southern Ohio's climate could restore his wife's health, Ephraim Cutler decided to move his family from Killingly.", "Thus, he sold the farm, and on June 15, 1795, set out with his wife, four children (aged 7 through 1 year old) and several members of the family of Revolutionary War general Israel Putnam for Ohio.", "They traveled by foot (the Cutlers accompanied by a two horses, a cow and cart drawn by oxen) to the Monongahela River near Williamsport, Pennsylvania, where they had a Kentucky flat-boat built.", "The river was low, so progress was slow.", "The boat finally landed at Marietta on September 18, 1795, after 31 days on the river.", "However, their eldest and youngest children (Mary and Hezekiah) fell ill and died along the way.", "Leah Cutler also fell and broke two ribs, and her husband contracted dysentery, but recovered in a rented room in the blockhouse of Campus Martius.", "With Ephraim Cutler's recovery in October, the family moved up the Muskingum River to Waterford, Ohio, where some Killingly families had settled and offered shelter, as well as hired Ephraim to help them plow.", "Cutler also settled company business in Marietta that autumn and Rufus Putnam paid him $100 to survey land in the Donation Tract.", "In 1796 he bought some land nearby, and later helped develop and market a salt spring.", "Cutler also received commissions from Governor Arthur St. Clair, becoming captain of the militia, Justice of the Peace and Judge of the Court of Common Pleas.", "By 1799 he became the first settler in what would become Ames Township, Athens County, Ohio, moving his wife, two surviving children from Connecticut, and two children born in the Northwest.", "In 1800, the Legislature of the Northwest Territory named Cutler to examine and lease the School Lands sections in his part of the territory, which involved a great deal of travel.", "He convinced the people of Ames Township to establish the Western Library Association in 1804, one of the earliest libraries formed in the Northwest Territory.", "Money was raised for the library through sale furs and other items.", "It came to be called the \"Coonskin Library.\"", "It was not the first incorporated in the state, as three others in the state had been incorporated before it was incorporated in February, 1810.", "Cutler was elected the first librarian.", "Territory politics\n\nIn September, 1801, Cutler was elected to represent Washington County, Ohio in the House of Representatives of the Northwest Territory at the First Session of the Second Territorial General Assembly convened November 23, 1801 – January 23, 1802, where he drafted the legislation that incorporated the predecessor to Ohio University.", "After adjournment, he visited his father in Washington, D.C., where he sat as a member of Congress from Massachusetts, and where Ephraim witnessed the passing of the Ohio Enabling Act.", "This act allowed for four delegates to be elected from Washington County, which then included Cutler's home.", "Cutler was nominated by his party at a county convention to be one of those four, who were each elected as delegates in September, and Cutler sat as a delegate to the Ohio Constitutional Convention November 1–29, 1802, which wrote the Constitution accepted by Congress, and led to statehood in 1803.", "The first vote at the convention after procedural issues had been settled was on the approval of \"Resolved, That it is of the opinion of the convention, that it is expedient, at this time, to form a constitution and State government.\"", "It was resolved Yeas, 32, nays, 1, with Ephraim Cutler the only Federalist to vote nay.", "Nevertheless, he participated vigorously, and managed to affect the outcome on several issues.", "Cutler also tried, without success, to have the Constitution submitted to a referendum by the population, saying \"I deem it of primary importance that the people of this territory should have some opportunity of declaring their assent to or dissent from this instrument before it became binding on them...By adopting the resolution to submit the constitution to a vote of the people the mouths of the clamorous would be stopped, and the minds of the judicious satisfied.\"", "The delegates voted 27–7 against, preferring haste.", "Statehood\n\nCutler was township Justice of the Peace 1803-1805 and township trustee of Ames Township in 1806, but Cutler's wife fell ill, and the family moved to Belpre, or Constitution, Warren Township, a ghost town outside of Belpre, to be near a doctor.", "She died November 3, 1807, and Cutler sent his nine-year-old son Daniel to Massachusetts to live with his Grandparents.", "On April 13, 1808, he married Sally Parker, a native of Newburyport, Massachusetts, with whom he had five more children, four of whom survived to adulthood, including William P. Cutler, who would serve as speaker of the Ohio House, and as a member of Congress.", "Early in statehood, Federalists fell out of favor.", "Consequently, Cutler had to wait until passions cooled to be elected to represent Washington County in the Ohio House of Representatives in the Eighteenth General Assembly (1819–1820) and in the Ohio Senate in the Twenty-second and Twenty-third General Assembly (1823–1825) The two topics where he had greatest effect in the legislature was establishment of a common school system to replace the strictly local efforts up to that time, and for reform of land taxes from a direct system to an ad valorem system.", "Under the direct system, land was levied by acre, without reference to value.", "Thus small, but wealthy Hamilton County paid less land tax to the state than large, but mostly rural Washington County.", "This was politically tolerable until taxes would have to rise significantly to pay for canals between Lake Erie and the Ohio River.", "At that point, Cutler's arguments finally won out, and taxes began to be assessed on value, rather than acreage.", "Cutler also lobbied vigorously for the interests of Ohio University, where he was a Trustee from 1820 to 1849.", "In later years, Cutler was a delegate to the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in 1835 in Pittsburgh, and 1837 in Philadelphia, and in 1839 he was a delegate representing the Sixth Congressional District of Ohio at the National Convention of the Whig Party in 1839.", "In 1841, he was first President of the Marietta Historical Association, and he assisted Dr. Hildreth in his history.", "He also helped to organize and participated in the Underground Railroad.", "Sally Cutler died June 30, 1846.", "In spring of 1853, Ephraim fell from a horse, and, after four months of invalidism, he succumbed on July 8, 1853.", "The obituary in the Marietta Intelligencer read \"In every sphere and relation of life, Judge Cutler was a useful man.", "He was an upright judge, an intelligent legislator, a good neighbor, a public-spirited citizen, an affectionate father, a sincere Christian, and an honest, true man.\"", "See also\nManasseh Cutler\nWilliam P. Cutler\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n|-\n\nOhio Whigs\n19th-century American politicians\nOhio Constitutional Convention (1802)\nNorthwest Territory House of Representatives\n1767 births\n1853 deaths\nOhio state senators\nPeople from Waterford, Ohio\nOhio University trustees\nMembers of the Ohio House of Representatives\nPeople from Edgartown, Massachusetts\nAmerican Presbyterians\nOhio Federalists\nAmerican librarians\nUnderground Railroad people\nActivists from Ohio\nPeople from Athens County, Ohio\nPeople from Belpre, Ohio" ]

[ "He was an early Northwest Territory and Ohio political leader.", "Early in his life, Ephraim Cutler was born in Massachusetts.", "He was named after his brother, who died the previous year after being thrown from a horse.", "He lived with his grandparents in Killingly, Connecticut, and only once was taken to visit his father and siblings.", "The American Revolutionary War made it impractical for his father to attend Yale College, although he later regretted his lack of formal education.", "He ran a shop by the 1790s and took over his grandfather's farm when he was 16.", "The couple wed on April 8, 1787.", "The Northwest Ordinance, which established a political framework for settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains, was passed in that year by the Congress of the Confederation.", "The Ohio Company ofAssociates bought a large tract of land in what is now southeast Ohio.", "He sold twenty subscriptions as a sales agent.", "Even though he was not yet legal age, these shareholders elected him to represent them at the meeting.", "After leaving for Ohio in 1787, his younger brother returned to New England to marry.", "After giving birth to several children, and losing two of them en route to Ohio, her health deteriorated and she gave birth to two children who survived.", "She insisted that she remarry after she died of Tuberculosis.", "Sally was the daughter of the stockholder of the Ohio Company and she was the mother of their surviving children.", "Sally bore several children after she was married to Cutler.", "When he heard about General Anthony Wayne's victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in August 1794, he decided to move his family from Killingly.", "On June 15, 1795, he sold the farm to his wife, four children, and several members of the Putnam family for Ohio.", "They traveled by foot to the Monongahela River, where they built a Kentucky flat-boat.", "Progress was slow because the river was low.", "After 31 days on the river, the boat finally arrived at Marietta on September 18, 1795.", "Their oldest and youngest children died along the way.", "She fell and broke two ribs, but recovered in a rented room in the blockhouse of Campus Martius.", "In October, the family moved up the Muskingum River to Waterford, Ohio, where some Killingly families had settled and offered shelter, as well as hiring Ephraim to help them plow.", "He was paid $100 to survey land in the Donation Tract.", "He helped develop and market a salt spring after buying some land.", "The captain of the militia, the Justice of the Peace and the Judge of the Court of Common Pleas were all given commissions by the Governor.", "He became the first settlers in Ames Township, Athens County, Ohio, moving his wife, two surviving children, and two children born in the Northwest.", "In 1800, the Legislature of the Northwest Territory named Cutler to examine and lease the School Lands sections in his part of the territory, which involved a lot of travel.", "The Western Library Association was established in 1804 by the people of Ames Township.", "Furs and other items were sold to raise money for the library.", "It was called the \"Corinskin Library.\"", "Three other states were incorporated before it was incorporated in February, 1810.", "The first librarian was elected by Cutler.", "After being elected to represent Washington County, Ohio in the House of Representatives of the Northwest Territory at the First Session of the Second Territorial General Assembly, he drafted the legislation that incorporated the predecessor to Ohio University.", "He visited his father in Washington, D.C., where he sat as a member of Congress from Massachusetts, and where he witnessed the passing of the Ohio Enabling Act.", "The act allowed for four delegates to be elected from Washington County.", "The Ohio Constitutional Convention, which wrote the Constitution accepted by Congress and led to statehood in 1803, had four delegates who were elected as delegates in September and one who was nominated by his party at a county convention.", "\"Resolved, That it is of the opinion of the convention, that it is expedient, at this time, to form a constitution and State government,\" was the first vote after procedural issues had been settled.", "It was resolved with a single vote from the Federalists.", "He was involved in several issues and was able to affect the outcome.", "The people of this territory should have an opportunity to express their opinion on the Constitution before it becomes binding on them.", "The delegates preferred haste.", "After his wife fell ill, the family moved to Belpre, or Constitution, Warren Township, a ghost town outside of Belpre, to be near a doctor.", "Daniel was sent to Massachusetts to live with his grandparents after his mother died.", "On April 13, 1808, he married Sally Parker, a native of Massachusetts, with whom he had five more children, four of whom survived to adulthood, including William P. Cutler, who would serve as speaker of the Ohio House and as a member of Congress.", "The Federalists fell out of favor early in statehood.", "He had to wait until passions cooled to be elected to represent Washington County in the Ohio House of Representatives in the Eighteenth General Assembly and the Ohio Senate in the Twenty-second and Twenty-third General Assembly.", "There was no reference to value under the direct system.", "Hamilton County paid less land tax to the state than it did to Washington County.", "The canals between Lake Erie and the Ohio River would have to be paid for by higher taxes.", "At that point, taxes began to be assessed on value, rather than acres.", "He was a Trustee at Ohio University from 1820 to 1849.", "In 1835, he was a delegate to the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Pittsburgh, and in 1836 he was a delegate to the National Convention of the Whig Party.", "He was the first President of the Marietta Historical Association and assisted Dr. Hildreth in his history.", "He was involved in the Underground Railroad.", "Sally died on June 30, 1846.", "After four months of invalidism, Ephraim died on July 8, 1854.", "In every sphere and relation of life, Judge Cutler was a useful man.", "He was an upright judge, an intelligent legislator, a good neighbor, a public-spirited citizen, an affectionate father, and an honest, true man.", "There are External links to Ohio Whigs 19th-century American politicians and the Northwest Territory House of Representatives." ]

[ "Ephm Cutler", "Ephm Cutler", "Manasseh Cutler", "Ephm Cutler", "Cutler", "Cutler", "Ephraim", "Cutler", "Cutler", "Cutler", "Leah Cutler", "Cutler", "Cutler", "Cutler", "Cutler", "Cutler", "Cutler", "Cutler", "Ephraim", "Cutler", "Cutler", "Cutler", "Cutler", "Cutler", ". Cutler", "Cutler", "Cutler", "Cutler", "Cutler", "Sally Cutler", "Ephraim", "Judge Cutler", "Cutler" ]

[ "Ephm Cutler", "Cutler", "Cutler", ". Cutler", "Ephraim", "Judge Cutler" ]

[ "Kerron Stephon Clement (born October 31, 1985) is a Trinidadian-born American track and field athlete who competes in the 400-meter hurdles and 400-meter sprint.", "He held the indoor world record in the 400-meter sprint, having broken Michael Johnson's mark in 2005.", "Clement won the hurdles at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro and the 2007 World Championships in Athletics and took the silver behind Angelo Taylor at the 2008 Beijing Olympics.", "He retained his world title at the 2009 World Championships.", "He is a frequent member of the American 4x400-meter relay and is a two-time world champion and Olympic gold medalist in the event.", "As a junior athlete, he set a championship record at the 2004 World Junior Championships and as a University of Florida Gator won back-to-back NCAA titles in 2004/2005.", "He quickly progressed on the senior circuit, taking the hurdles title at the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships in both 2005 and 2006.", "He was fourth in his first global appearance at the 2005 World Championships and won his first global gold at the 2006 IAAF World Cup.", "Career\n\nClement was born in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.", "His family moved to the United States in 1998, where he became a successful high school athlete at La Porte High School in La Porte, Texas.", "He won both 110 and 400-meter hurdles at the USATF Youth Athletics Championships.", "He also won the (high school) National Scholastic Championship in the 110-meter high hurdles in 2002, and finished fifth in that same event his senior year in 2003.", "He won the 400-meter hurdles at the 2003 National Scholastic meet.", "Clement accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he ran for coach Mike Holloway's Florida Gators track and field team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition in 2004 and 2005.", "At the end of his freshman year in 2004, he won the NCAA outdoor championships in the 400-meter hurdles (a feat he would repeat in 2005).", "Clement became a U.S. citizen in June 2004 and was eligible to compete for a spot on the U.S. Olympic team, but instead opted to skip the Olympic Trials in favor of competing at the 2004 World Junior Championships in Athletics.", "At the World Junior Championships in July, he won the gold medal in the 400-meter hurdles in a championship record time of 48.51 seconds.", "Clement also ran a leg for the American 4x400-meter relay team and set a world junior record of 3:01.09.", "On March 12, 2005, representing the University of Florida, he broke the indoor world record for the 400-meter sprint at the NCAA indoor championships in Randal Tyson Track Center in Fayetteville, Arkansas with a time of 44.57 seconds.", "His split at 200-meter was 21.08 seconds.", "The record was held for ten years previously by Michael Johnson at 44.63 seconds.", "Afterwards, Clement anchored Florida's 4x400-meter indoor relay to a time of 3:03.51.", "Clement set a personal best and 2005 world leading performance in the 400-meter hurdles with a 47.24 seconds, winning the 2005 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships title at Carson, California.", "This was the fastest time posted for the 400-meter hurdles in seven years.", "He opted to turn professional in the summer of 2005 and, while he no longer represented the University of Florida he continued to live and train in Gainesville.", "Clement faded during the 2005 World Championships in Athletics in Helsinki, Finland and missed out on the medals, finishing fourth.", "He represented the United States at the 2006 IAAF World Cup and won the hurdles title ahead of South African L. J. van Zyl.", "Clement earned a gold medal in the 400-meter hurdles at the 2007 World Championship in Osaka.", "His time of 47.61 seconds was a season's best, and he was ranked the number 1 400-meter hurdler in the world.", "In the fall of 2007, he decided to leave Gainesville, and moved to California to train under legendary track coach Bob Kersee to prepare for the 2008 Olympics in Beijing.", "Clement qualified in the 400-meter hurdles for the 2008 Summer Olympics on June 29, 2008, at the Olympic Trials in Eugene, Oregon.", "Clement advanced to the final where he was a slight favourite over compatriot Angelo Taylor, but Taylor ran a personal best time to win the gold medal.", "Clement came second for silver, and later won a gold medal in the 4x400-meter relay despite not racing in the final.", "He closed the year on the top of the podium with a gold medal at the 2008 IAAF World Athletics Final.", "The following year he competed at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics.", "Reigning Olympic champion, Taylor, was eliminated in the heats.", "Clement won the gold medal in a season's best time of 47.91, beating Javier Culson and Bershawn Jackson to the title.", "He took another gold at the 2009 IAAF World Athletics Final, which was the last edition of the competition.", "In 2011 he started off the outdoor season well, running a 48.74 on May 7, but he failed to improve on that time the rest of the year.", "As the two-time defending champion, Clement received an automatic entry to the 13th IAAF World Championships in Daegu, South Korea, but his time of 52.11 on 30 August was not good enough to advance to the finals.", "Clement finished 3rd in the 400 metres hurdles in 48.44 at 2015 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships to qualify for the 2015 World Championships in Athletics.", "Personal bests\n\nAll information from IAAF profile.", "Last updated October 15, 2008\n\nPersonal life\nOn October 11, 2019, National Coming Out Day, Clement came out as gay during a Nike event, saying \"It's who I am and it's what made me become the athlete I am today.\"" ]

[ "Kerron Clement is a Trinidadian-born American track and field athlete who competes in the 400 meter hurdles and 400 meter sprint.", "He broke Michael Johnson's world record in the 400 meter sprint in 2005.", "Clement won the gold in the hurdling at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the silver in the same event at the 2007 World Championships.", "He won the world title at the World Championships.", "He is a member of the American 4x400-meter relay team that won the gold medal at the Olympics.", "At the 2004 World Junior Championships, he set a championship record and at the University of Florida, he won back-to-back NCAA titles.", "He won the hurdles title at the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships in 2005 and 2006 on the senior circuit.", "He won his first global gold at the 2006 IAAF World Cup and was fourth in his first global appearance at the 2005 World Championships.", "Career Clement was born in Port of Spain.", "He became a successful high school athlete at La Porte High School in La Porte, Texas, after moving to the United States with his family in 1998.", "He won the 400 and 110-meter hurdles.", "He finished fifth in the same event his senior year in 2003 as he won the high school National Scholastic Championship in the 110-meter high hurdles in 2002.", "He won the 400 meter hurdles at the National Scholastic meet.", "Clement ran for the Florida Gators track and field team in the NCAA competition in 2004 and 2005 after accepting an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida.", "In 2004, at the end of his freshman year, he won the NCAA outdoor championship in the 400 meter hurdles.", "Clement was able to compete for a spot on the U.S. Olympic team after becoming a U.S. citizen, but instead chose to compete at the 2004 World Junior Championships.", "At the World Junior Championships in July, he won the gold medal in the 400 meter hurdles in a championship record time of 48.51 seconds.", "Clement set a world junior record in the 4x400-meter relay when he ran a leg for the American team.", "On March 12, 2005, he broke the indoor world record for the 400 meter sprint at the NCAA indoor championships in Arkansas with a time of 44.57 seconds.", "His split was 21.08 seconds.", "Michael Johnson held the record for ten years.", "Clement anchored Florida's 4x400-meter indoor relay to a time of 3:03.51.", "Clement set a personal best and 2005 world leading performance in the 400 meter hurdles with a 47.24 seconds, winning the 2005 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships title.", "This was the fastest time in seven years for the 400 hurdles.", "In the summer of 2005 he turned professional and continued to live and train in Gainesville, even though he no longer represented the University of Florida.", "Clement missed out on medals at the 2005 World Championships in athletics, finishing fourth.", "He won the hurdles title at the 2006 World Cup, beating out South African L. J. van Zyl.", "Clement won a gold medal in the 400 meters at the World Championship in Osaka.", "His time of 47.61 seconds was a season's best, and he was ranked the number 1 400-meter hurdler in the world.", "In the fall of 2007, he moved to California to train under Bob Kersee, the legendary track coach, to prepare for the Olympics in Beijing.", "Clement qualified for the Summer Olympics in the 400 meter hurdles on June 29, 2008, at the Olympic Trials in Eugene, Oregon.", "Clement was a slight favorite over Taylor, but Taylor ran a personal best time to win the gold medal.", "Clement won a gold medal in the 4x400-meter relay despite not racing in the final.", "He won a gold medal at the 2008 world athletics final.", "He competed at the World Championships in 2009.", "Taylor was eliminated in the heats.", "Clement won the gold medal in a season's best time of 47.91, beating both Culson and Jackson to the title.", "He won a gold at the last edition of the world athletics final.", "He ran a 48.74 on May 7, but he didn't improve on that time the rest of the year.", "Clement's time of 52.11 on 30 August was not good enough to get him into the finals of the 13th IAAF World Championships in Daegu, South Korea.", "Clement qualified for the World Championships in athletics by finishing third in the 400 metres hurdles at the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships.", "Information from the IAAF profile.", "Clement came out as gay during a Nike event on October 11, saying \"It's who I am and it's what made me become the athlete I am today.\"" ]

[ "Kerron Stephon Clement", "Clement", "Clement", "Clement", "Clement", "Clement", "Clement", "Clement", "Clement", "Clement", "Clement", "Clement", "Clement", "Clement", "Clement", "Clement", "Clement" ]

[ "Kerron Clement", "Clement", "Career Clement", "Clement", "Clement", "Clement", "Clement", "Clement", "Clement", "Clement", "Clement", "Clement", "Clement", "Clement", "Clement", "Clement", "Clement" ]

[ "Richard Reeves (August 10, 1912 – March 17, 1967) was an American character actor best known for playing henchmen and thugs.", "He performed in hundreds of film and television roles between the 1940s and 1960s.", "Early life and film career\nRichard Jourdan Reeves grew up in an affluent section of Queens, New York, the elder of two children of bank executive Walter Reeves and his wife, the former Marie Titsink.", "He studied music in school; and then, at the age of 18, he worked as a seaman, spending much of his time in the 1930s aboard ships that plied the New York-Havana route.", "In April 1942, shortly after the United States entered World War II, Reeves enlisted in the U.S. Army and by war's end had risen to the rank of sergeant in the 1208 Service Command Unit.", "After the war, he resumed his efforts to get more film work as an actor in Los Angeles, where by the late 1940s and early 1950s he became a busy supporting player in various movie productions.", "Television\nBeginning in the early 1950s, Reeves began to perform on a variety of television series.", "His height, heavy build, and general \"tough guy\" appearance led to his being frequently cast as bullies, robbers, and mob enforcers in modern crime dramas, as well as in many Westerns and sitcoms.", "He, for example, portrayed those types of characters in five episodes of the Adventures of Superman between 1952 and 1956.", "Reeves appeared in scores of other series as well in the 1950s and 1960s, such as I Love Lucy, Mr. Ed, The Roy Rogers Show, Four Star Playhouse, Batman, The Lone Ranger, Zorro, Sugarfoot, Maverick, Tales of Wells Fargo, Bat Masterson, Tombstone Territory, TV Reader's Digest, Date with the Angels.", "In an 1958 episode entitled “Island In The Swamp” on the TV Western Maverick, Reeves breaks normal villain character, playing alongside Edgar Buchanan as leaders of a peaceful but eccentric cult of pirating immigrant smugglers who now run an island out of jurisdiction of the law.", "In 1965 on the television Series, “ My Three Sons”, Richard Reeves played the “Police Officer” in Season 5, Episode 34- Titled “ All the Weddings “ My Favorite Martian, Annie Oakley, and Fury.", "In 1955 Reeves appeared as Cliff Bartow on the TV western Cheyenne in the episode \"Border Showdown.\"", "Death\nReeves died of cirrhosis at age 54.", "He is buried in Oakwood Memorial Park in Chatsworth, California.", "Selected filmography\n\n This Is the Army (1943) - Moore's Son's Dance Partner - 'Ladies of Chorus' (uncredited)\n The Long Night (1947) - Cop (uncredited)\n Unconquered (1947) - Joshua (uncredited)\n The Hunted (1948) - Detective (uncredited)\n Force of Evil (1948) - Policeman (uncredited)\n Double Deal (1950) - Detective Webber (uncredited)\n Dear Brat (1951) - (uncredited)\n Excuse My Dust (1951) - Brigadier General (uncredited)\n Tomorrow Is Another Day (1951) - Joe - Driver (uncredited)\n Force of Arms (1951) - Hospital Attendant (uncredited)\n Come Fill the Cup (1951) - Moving Man (uncredited)\n The Racket (1951) - Leo - Driver / Scanlon Henchman (uncredited)\n The Blue Veil (1951) - Detective (uncredited)\n Finders Keepers (1952) - Joey\n A Girl in Every Port (1952) - Slow Poke, Henchman (uncredited)\n Retreat, Hell!", "(1952) - MP Outside Division Headquarters in Seoul (uncredited)\n Hoodlum Empire (1952) - Rollins (uncredited)\n Carbine Williams (1952) - Guard in Cage (uncredited)\n Gobs and Gals (1952) - Big Sailor (uncredited)\n The Pride of St. Louis (1952) - Connelly (uncredited)\n Carson City (1952) - Cook (uncredited)\n I Dream of Jeanie (1952) - Tough Saloon Mate (uncredited)\n She's Working Her Way Through College (1952) - Mike (uncredited)\n We're Not Married!", "(1952) - Brig Guard (uncredited)\n Fargo (1952) - Bartender\n Thunderbirds (1952) - Captain, Quartermaster Corps." ]

[ "An American character actor best known for playing thug and henchman, Richard Reeves was born in 1912.", "Between the 1940s and 1960s, he performed in hundreds of film and television roles.", "The elder of Walter and Marie Titsink's two children, Richard Jourdan, grew up in an affluent section of Queens, New York.", "He studied music and worked as a seaman in the 1930s on ships that plied the New York-Havana route.", "The United States entered World War II in April 1942 and by the end of the war, Reeves had risen to the rank of sergeant in the 1208 Service Command Unit.", "After the war, he resumed his efforts to get more film work as an actor in Los Angeles, where by the late 1940s and early 1950s he became a busy supporting player in various movie productions.", "In the early 1950s, he began to perform on a variety of television shows.", "His height, heavy build, and general \"tough guy\" appearance led to his being frequently cast as bullies, robbers, and mob enforcers in modern crime dramas, as well as in many Westerns and sitcoms.", "Between 1952 and 1956, he portrayed those types of characters in five episodes of the Adventures of Superman.", "I Love Lucy, Mr. Ed, The Roy Rogers Show, Four Star Playhouse, Batman, The Lone Ranger, Zorro, Sugarfoot, Maverick, Tales of Wells Fargo, Bat Masterson, and the list goes on.", "In an episode of the TV western maverick titled \"Island In The Swamp\", he played the leader of a cult of pirating immigrants who now run an island out of jurisdiction of the law.", "Richard Reeves played the police officer in the fifth episode of the television series \"My Three Sons\" in 1965, titled \"All the Weddings.\"", "In 1955, he played the character of \"Cliff Bartow\" on the TV western Cheyenne.", "Death was 54 years old.", "He is buried in a park.", "The Long Night, Cop, and Joshua are uncredited films.", "Hoodlum Empire, Guard in Cage, and Big Sailor are uncredited.", "The Captain of the Quartermaster Corps is credited with Fargo." ]

[ "Richard Reeves", "Richard Jourdan Reeves", "Walter Reeves", "Reeves", "Reeves", "Reeves", "Reeves", "Richard Reeves", "Reeves", "Death Reeves" ]

[ "Richard Reeves", "Richard Jourdan", "Reeves", "Richard Reeves" ]

[ "Paul Alec Bilzerian (, born 1950) is an American businessman and corporate takeover specialist.", "Convicted of failing to make complete and timely disclosures on Schedule 13(d) filings related to unsuccessful takeover attempts of Cluett, Peabody and Company and Hammermill Paper Company in the 1980s, Bilzerian served a 13-month prison sentence and was also ordered to disgorge his profits, leading him to bankruptcy and a 32-year legal battle with the Securities and Exchange Commission.", "Bilzerian has spent the past 33 years maintaining that he is factually and legally innocent.", "In 2019, he renounced his American citizenship in protest of what he claims has been \"a long and disappointing experience in the federal judicial system that has been consistently unjust and shown little regard for the law or the truth.\"", "Education and family\nBilzerian was born in Miami, Florida, but grew up in Worcester, Massachusetts.", "He is an Armenian American.", "His father, a civil servant, and his mother later divorced, leading to troubled teenage years for Bilzerian; he would later describe himself as a \"juvenile delinquent\".", "Called into the principal's office of his high school one day in 1968 for violating the dress code by wearing blue jeans, Bilzerian responded by dropping out of school.", "However, after serving in the Vietnam War and earning a Vietnamese Gallantry Cross, Bronze Star Medal, and Army Commendation Medal, he went to college and earned a Bachelor of Arts with Honors in Political Science and graduated With Distinction from Stanford University in 1975.", "Bilzerian entered Harvard Business School that same year.", "He was unsure about his choice to attend, having passed on offers of admissions to several law schools to enroll at HBS.", "After his graduation, Bilzerian married Stanford classmate Terri Steffen in 1978, and moved with her to St. Petersburg, Florida.", "Bilzerian has two sons, Adam and Dan Bilzerian.", "Adam attended Gaither High School, where he represented his school in tennis.", "Angered by the government's treatment of his father, Adam abandoned his dream of becoming an Army Green Beret.", "After graduating from Vanderbilt University, he moved to Saint Kitts and Nevis in 2007 and became a citizen there, relinquishing his U.S. citizenship in the process.", "Both Adam and Dan went on to careers as professional poker players; Norman Chad nicknamed them the \"Flying Bilzerian Brothers\" for their performance in the 2009 World Series of Poker.", "Adam also wrote a book about his experiences, which the Midwest Book Review's Small Press Bookwatch reviewed favorably as \"a well-versed list of grievances with the powers that be in America, making for an intriguing read through and through\".", "In June 2014, Bloomberg News reported that Paul Bilzerian had become one of the licensed service providers who processed applications for the same Saint Kitts and Nevis citizenship-by-investment program which his son had used.", "The report also stated that Bilzerian had gone on to process a citizenship-by-investment application for Bitcoin investor Roger Ver, and that the two men had co-launched a website through which customers could use Bitcoins to pay for the fees and the real estate purchase in the citizenship-by-investment program.", "The government of Saint Kitts and Nevis responded in a statement the following week that Bitcoin was not an acceptable payment method for participation in the program.", "Career\nOne of Bilzerian's first business deals was an investment in the 1970s in a Tampa Bay-area radio station, WPLP, which he made with two Army colleagues from the Vietnam War who had experience in the broadcasting industry.", "However, in a dispute over control, Bilzerian left in the late 1970s to join his father-in-law in the real estate business.", "After Bilzerian left the station its performance deteriorated which led to its bankruptcy and a lawsuit by Bilzerian against his former partners.", "Bilzerian's real estate investments were highly successful and led to the beginning of his fortune.", "In 1984, he moved to Sacramento, California where his father-in-law and another business associate lived.", "Corporate takeovers\nWhile living in Sacramento, in 1985 Bilzerian embarked on his first two high-profile takeover attempts, one of New York clothing manufacturer Cluett Peabody & Company, and the other of Pittsburgh construction company H. H. Robertson.", "After Bilzerian purchased a large stake and raised his bid for the remaining 76% of Cluett Peabody in October, Cluett Peabody's board of directors adopted poison pill provisions, earning them public criticism from Bilzerian.", "Cluett Peabody eventually accepted a competing merger offer by WestPoint Pepperell (now WestPoint Home) for $41 per share (in cash or equivalent value of WestPoint Pepperell common stock); Bilzerian and his fellow investors agreed separately to sell their stake to WestPoint Pepperell for $40 per share plus reimbursement of $7.5 million in expenses.", "Bilzerian moved back to Florida in 1986.", "That July he and fellow investors William and Earle I. Mack (sons of New Jersey real estate developer H. Bert Mack) launched a takeover bid against the Hammermill Paper Company, purchasing about 3.3 million Hammermill shares at an average price of roughly $47 per share, and then offering $900 million ($52 per share) to purchase the remainder of the company.", "Bilzerian's offer was ultimately rejected when Hammermill sold out to International Paper instead at $64.50 per share, but Bilzerian and his fellow investors still made a profit of more than $60 million from the deal.", "Singer Corporation\nIn 1987, Bilzerian began a takeover of defense electronics manufacturer Singer Corporation.", "In October 1987, it came to light that a group of investors led by Bilzerian had purchased 2.1 million Singer shares in the preceding two months.", "Singer seemed an unlikely target for a takeover; early reports cast doubt on the idea that the government would permit a hostile takeover of a defense contractor, and the company had already moved its headquarters from Connecticut to takeover-hostile New Jersey in an attempt to fend off a previous takeover by T. Boone Pickens.", "In January 1988, Pickens provided $150 million in financing which helped Bilzerian acquire Singer.", "Singer chairman Joseph B. Flavin had died in early October, leaving the company unprepared for Bilzerian's cynical move.", "The Black Monday crash less than two weeks later spooked competing investors.", "But the United States government chose to grandfather Bilzerian's hostile bid, preventing the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 from disallowing sales of assets in certain acquired businesses to be treated as capital gains for tax purposes.", "Stock parking case\nIn 1986, the government stumbled onto an insider trading scheme whereby a Drexel Burnham investment banker named Dennis Levine was exchanging inside information for suitcases of cash from Ivan Boesky.", "This led to an indictment of Boyd Jefferies, the well known owner and Chairman of Jefferies & Company.", "Jefferies cut a deal to testify against three individuals in the corporate and investment banking community, including Bilzerian.", "The SEC then went after Bilzerian – focusing its investigation on whether he had failed to timely make two Schedule 13(d) filings and whether he was required to disclose investors in his partnerships.", "In May 1988, the SEC began a probe against Edward J. DeBartolo, Sr. to determine whether DeBartolo had illegally aided Bilzerian's hostile takeover attempts through \"stock parking\", in which one party purchases shares in coordination with another to keep legal ownership separated and avoid either party's holdings exceeding disclosure thresholds.", "Then, in December 1988 Rudy Giuliani announced that Bilzerian had been indicted in Manhattan by a federal grand jury for Schedule 13(d) disclosure violations with respect to Cluett Peabody and Hammermill Paper Company and general claims regarding failed takeovers of H. H. Robinson and Armco.", "Bilzerian claims he was \"the first person ever to be indicted for 13d disclosure violations as the hundreds of previous cases were civil and resolved with consent decrees and without fines or penalties.\"", "In January 1989, Bilzerian pleaded not guilty to the charges amidst growing public controversy and demanded a speedy trial to clear his name.", "There were, broadly speaking, two different camps of opinion on Bilzerian's actions.", "Much of the public had a negative view of corporate takeovers in general and saw Bilzerian's activities as \"greenmail\", profiting by deceiving companies into believing they faced a hostile takeover attempt and scaring them into buying their stock from him at a high price.", "In Bilzerian's case he never sought greenmail and always offered all other shareholders all cash for their shares at prices substantially above the market.", "Many saw Bilzerian as guilty of nothing but making a profit in genuine-but-failed takeover attempts which benefited all investors.", "In an article in New York magazine, Christopher Byron questioned the entire basis of the case against Bilzerian, describing it as fueled by \"Puritan envy\".", "He further stated that the Department of Justice's primary motivation for the case was not the prosecution of wrongdoing but rather the need to justify its earlier unpopular plea bargain with Boyd Jeffries of Jefferies & Company, which would see Jefferies avoid any jail time at all in exchange for the opportunity to \"drag some headline-sized names through the mud\".", "Daniel Fischel, Dean of the University of Chicago Law School, argued Bilzerian was an innocent victim of an overzealous prosecutor, Rudy Guliani, and never should have been indicted as he was viewed as a hero to the shareholders of Cluett Peabody and Hammermill Paper Company.", "After two days of deliberations in June, the jury found Bilzerian guilty on nine counts including conspiracy, making false statements, and securities law violations.", "In September, Judge Robert Joseph Ward sentenced Bilzerian to four years in prison and a fine of $1.5 million because he \"now must pay the price\" for testifying in his own defense.", "Bilzerian claims \"Judge Ward had told me before trial that if I lost and did not testify I would receive no jail time, but if I lost and testified I would pay the price.\"", "Bilzerian was permitted to remain free pending appeal.", "Bilzerian's appeal came before the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, which in January 1991 ruled against him in a split decision, finding no merit in his argument that his trial had been unfair.", "He started to serve his sentence in December 1991 at the now-closed Federal Prison Camp, Eglin at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida.", "Bilzerian was released from prison in December 1992 to serve out his sentence under house arrest.", "Bilzerian has maintained that the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit should have reversed and vacated his conviction based on two subsequent unanimous United States Supreme Court decisions that mandated his conviction be reversed.", "Instead, Bilzerian claims the Court of Appeals did not address the Supreme Court decisions and let his conviction stand.", "After Bilzerian's release from prison, he became president of Utah-based software company Cimetrix.", "In 2002, the government confiscated Bilzerian's ownership in Cimetrix and Bilzerian claims the government drove the company from several years of high sales growth and profitability to the verge of bankruptcy.", "Civil suit and bankruptcy\nAfter Bilzerian was convicted, the SEC filed a civil suit against Bilzerian based on identical charges to force him to disgorge the profits from the takeover attempts.", "Bilzerian claimed that this was double jeopardy as he had already been punished once for exactly the same conduct.", "In 1993, a federal judge ruled in favor of the SEC and ordered Bilzerian to disgorge $33.1 million of profits, plus interest.", "The total amount to be disgorged was thus $62 million.", "In January 1994, Bilzerian also filed an appeal against the civil judgment in the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.", "However, the court rejected his civil appeal as well.", "The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Kokesh v. SEC, 137 S. Ct. 1635, 1640 (2017), that disgorgement is a penalty which presumably would mean the Court of Appeals should have granted Bilzerian's appeal on Double Jeopardy grounds for being punished twice for the same crime.", "In June 2020, the Supreme Court ruled in Liu v. Securities and Exchange Commission (18–1501) that the Securities and Exchange Commission may seek and obtain disgorgement from a court as \"equitable relief\" for a securities law violation.", "Due to the size of the disgorgement judgment against him, Bilzerian first filed for bankruptcy in 1991.", "Bilzerian emerged from that bankruptcy having disgorged all his non-exempt assets in settlement of debts that mostly consisted of claims by the government.", "In 1999, he tried to put his house up for sale in the prestigious Avila neighborhood of Tampa, Florida.", "After the SEC continued its pursuit of Bilzerian, the judge issued an order appointing a receiver over his assets and ordered him arrested for civil contempt.", "Bilzerian then filed for bankruptcy again in January 2001, declaring his non-exempt assets of $15,805 against $140 million in debts, most of which was for the government's disgorgement judgment.", "Under Florida Bankruptcy Law, the value of his primary residence was protected from creditors.", "The SEC alleged that Bilzerian was using bankruptcy as a tactic to block creditors from finding out the true value of his assets, and Bilzerian argued that was a total fabrication as the bankruptcy laws require full disclosure and a trustee to take possession of his assets.", "Bilzerian argued the real reason the SEC opposed his bankruptcy was so that the SEC Receiver could control all his assets through an extremely cooperative federal judge in Washington who allowed the SEC to go after Bilzerian's wife and children in conflict with an earlier bankruptcy court judgment.", "On June 11, 2001, while Bilzerian was in prison, FBI agents raided his family's residence on the strength of a sealed warrant and seized computers, files, and a Beretta firearm.", "The raid appeared to be related to SEC contentions that Bilzerian had concealed his ownership of assets during bankruptcy proceedings by transferring them to trusts and shell corporations, which Bilzerian claimed was a total fabrication.", "Bilzerian unsuccessfully sued the FBI agent for filing a sworn affidavit that contained mostly false statements but a federal judge dismissed the case.", "Bilzerian was released from prison in January 2002 pursuant to an agreement under which his wife, Terri Steffen would sell the residence and split the proceeds with the SEC, and transfer most of her wealth to the SEC.", "Bilzerian was critical of the deal, describing it as the SEC using him \"as a hostage to extort money\" from his wife.", "In May 2004, Steffen sold her residence for $2.55 million to a partnership controlled by a Belgian businessman; SEC attorneys approved the unusually low price.", "According to court documents filed in 2006, Steffen's parents purchased a 99% interest in that partnership three weeks later.", "References\n\n1950 births\nLiving people\nAmerican financiers\nCorporate raiders\nBusinesspeople from Miami\nHarvard Business School alumni\nPlace of birth missing (living people)\nStanford University alumni\nCriminals from California\nPeople convicted of making false statements\nAmerican people of Armenian descent\nAmerican male criminals" ]

[ "Paul Alec Bilzerian is an American businessman and corporate takeover specialist.", "In the 1980's, Bilzerian was convicted of failing to make complete and timely disclosures on Schedule 13(d) filings and was sentenced to 13 months in prison.", "For the past 33 years, Bilzerian has maintained that he is innocent.", "He gave up his American citizenship in protest of what he claimed was a long and disappointing experience in the federal judicial system that has been unjust and shown little regard for the law or the truth.", "Bilzerian was born in Florida but grew up in Massachusetts.", "He is an American.", "His father, a civil servant, and his mother later divorced, leading to troubled teenage years for Bilzerian; he would later describe himself as a \"juvenile delinquent\".", "Bilzerian dropped out of school after being called into the principal's office for violating the dress code by wearing blue jeans.", "After serving in the Vietnam War and earning a number of medals, he went to college and earned a Bachelor of Arts with honors in political science and graduated with distinction.", "Bilzerian attended Harvard Business School.", "He passed on offers of admissions to several law schools so he was unsure of his choice to attend.", "After graduating from college, Bilzerian married a fellow student and moved to Florida with her.", "Adam and Dan are the sons of Bilzerian.", "Adam was a tennis player at his high school.", "Adam abandoned his dream of becoming an Army Green Beret because of the government's treatment of his father.", "He gave up his U.S. citizenship in order to become a citizen of Saint Kitts and Nevis.", "Adam and Dan were nicknamed the \"Flying Bilzerian Brothers\" by Norman Chad for their performance in the World Series of Poker.", "The Midwest Book Review's Small Press Bookwatch reviewed Adam's book as \"a well-versed list of grievances with the powers that be in America, making for an intriguing read through and through\".", "Paul Bilzerian became one of the licensed service providers who processed applications for the same Saint Kitts and Nevis citizenship-by-investment program that his son used.", "The report stated that Bilzeriannywayanyday a citizenship-by-investment application for Roger Ver, and that the two men had co-launched a website through which customers could use Bitcoins to pay for the fees and real estate purchase in the citizenship-by-investment.", "The government of Saint Kitts and Nevis said that it was not an acceptable payment method for participation in the program.", "One of Bilzerian's first business deals was an investment in a radio station in the 1970s, which he made with two Army colleagues from the Vietnam War.", "In the late 1970s, Bilzerian joined his father-in-law in the real estate business after a dispute over control.", "The station's performance deteriorated after Bilzerian left and he sued his former partners.", "The beginning of Bilzerian's fortune was due to his successful real estate investments.", "His father-in-law and another business associate lived in California in 1984.", "In 1985 Bilzerian embarked on his first two attempts to take over companies, one of which was a New York clothing manufacturer.", "The board of directors of Cluett Peabody adopted poison pill provisions after Bilzerian purchased a large stake and raised his bid for the rest of the company.", "Bilzerian and his fellow investors agreed to sell their stake in WestPoint Pepperell to WestPoint Home for $40.00 per share, which is in cash or equivalent value of WestPoint Pepperell common stock.", "In 1986 Bilzerian moved back to Florida.", "In July of this year, he and fellow investors launched a takeover bid against the Hammermill Paper Company, purchasing about 3.3 million Hammermill shares at an average price of $47 per share, and then offering $900 million.", "After Hammermill sold out to International Paper, Bilzerian and his fellow investors made a profit of more than $60 million.", "Singer Corporation was taken over by Bilzerian in 1987.", "In October 1987, it came to light that a group of investors led by Bilzerian had purchased 2.1 million Singer shares.", "Early reports cast doubt on the idea that the government would allow a hostile takeover of a defense contractor, and the company had already moved its headquarters from Connecticut to New Jersey in an attempt to fend off a previous takeover.", "$150 million was provided by Pickens in January 1988 to help Bilzerian acquire Singer.", "The company was unprepared for Bilzerian's cynical move after the death of singer chairman Joseph B. Flavin.", "The Black Monday crash spooked investors.", "The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 prevented the sale of assets in certain acquired businesses from being treated as capital gains for tax purposes.", "Dennis Levine was exchanging inside information for suitcases of cash from Ivan Boesky in 1986, when the government stumbled onto an insider trading scheme.", "The well known owner and Chairman of the company was indicted.", "There is a deal to testify against three individuals in the corporate and investment banking community, including Bilzerian.", "The SEC focused its investigation on whether he had failed to timely make two Schedule 13(d) filings and whether he was required to disclose investors in his partnerships.", "The SEC began a probe against Edward J. DeBartolo in May of 1988 to determine if he aided Bilzerian's hostile takeover attempts through stock parking, in which one party purchases shares in coordination with another to keep legal ownership separated and avoid either party.", "Rudy Giuliani announced in December 1988 that Bilzerian had been indicted in Manhattan by a federal grand jury for Schedule 13(d) disclosure violations with respect to the failed takeovers of H. H. Robinson and Armco.", "The first person ever to be indicted for 13d disclosure violations was Bilzerian, as hundreds of previous cases were civil and resolved without fines or penalties.", "In January 1989 Bilzerian pleaded not guilty to the charges and demanded a quick trial to clear his name.", "There were two different opinions on Bilzerian's actions.", "Bilzerian profited from deceiving companies into believing they faced a hostile takeover attempt and scaring them into buying his stock at a high price, which was seen by the public as greenmail.", "All other shareholders in Bilzerian's case were always offered cash for their shares at prices substantially above the market.", "Bilzerian was seen as guilty of nothing but making a profit in failed takeover attempts.", "The basis of the case against Bilzerian was questioned in an article in New York magazine.", "The Department of Justice's primary motivation for the case was not the prosecution of wrongdoing, but rather the need to justify its earlier unpopular plea bargain with Jeffries, which would see Jeffries avoid any jail time at all in exchange for the opportunity to drag some.", "The Dean of the University of Chicago Law School argued that Bilzerian was an innocent victim of an overzealous prosecutor and never should have been indicted as he was viewed as a hero to the shareholders of the paper company.", "The jury found Bilzerian guilty on nine counts, including conspiracy, making false statements, and securities law violations.", "In September, Judge Robert Joseph Ward sentenced Bilzerian to four years in prison and a fine of 1.5 million dollars for testifying in his own defense.", "Judge Ward told Bilzerian before the trial that if he lost and did not testify, he would not receive jail time, but he would pay the price.", "The man was allowed to remain free pending the appeal.", "The Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit found no merit in Bilzerian's argument that his trial was unfair.", "The Federal Prison Camp, Eglin at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, was where he began to serve his sentence.", "In December 1992 Bilzerian was released from prison after serving his sentence under house arrest.", "The Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit should have reversed his conviction based on two unanimous United States Supreme Court decisions that mandated his conviction be reversed.", "The Supreme Court decisions were not addressed by the Court of Appeals, according to Bilzerian.", "After his release from prison, Bilzerian became the president of Cimetrix.", "In 2002, the government seized Bilzerian's ownership in Cimetrix and he claims that the government drove the company from high sales growth and profitability to the verge of bankruptcy.", "The SEC filed a civil suit against Bilzerian in order to force him to disgorge the profits from the takeover attempts.", "Bilzerian claimed that this was double jeopardy as he had already been punished for the same conduct.", "In 1993, a federal judge ruled in favor of the SEC and ordered Bilzerian to disgorge $32 million of profits.", "$62 million was the total amount to be disgorged.", "The appeal against the civil judgment was filed in the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.", "His civil appeal was also rejected by the court.", "The Court of Appeals should have granted Bilzerian's appeal because the Supreme Court ruled that disgorgement is a penalty.", "The Supreme Court ruled in June 2020 that the Securities and Exchange Commission can seek disgorgement from a court for a securities law violation.", "Bilzerian first filed for bankruptcy in 1991 due to the large disgorgement judgment against him.", "All of Bilzerian's non-exempt assets were disgorged in the settlement of his debts.", "He tried to sell his house in the prestigious Avila neighborhood.", "After the SEC pursued Bilzerian, the judge ordered him to be arrested for civil contempt and appointed a receiver to take over his assets.", "The government's disgorgement judgment was the majority of Bilzerian's non-exempt assets, which DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "The value of his primary residence was protected by the law.", "Bilzerian argued that the SEC's allegations were a fabrication as the law requires full disclosure and a Trustee to take possession of his assets.", "A federal judge in Washington allowed the SEC to go after Bilzerian's wife and children in a conflict with an earlier bankruptcy court judgment in order to control his assets.", "On June 11, 2001, while Bilzerian was in prison, FBI agents raided his family's residence and seized computers, files, and a gun.", "The raid appeared to be related to SEC contentions that Bilzerian had concealed his ownership of assets during bankruptcy proceedings by transferring them to trusts and shell corporations, which he claimed was a total fabrication.", "A federal judge dismissed the case after the FBI agent filed a sworn affidavit that contained mostly false statements.", "Bilzerian was released from prison in January 2002 under an agreement with his wife, who would sell the residence and split the proceeds with the SEC.", "The SEC used Bilzerian as a hostage to extort money from his wife, Bilzerian was critical of the deal.", "The SEC approved the low price of Steffen's residence, which was sold to a partnership controlled by a Belgian businessman.", "According to court documents, Steffen's parents bought a 99% interest in the partnership three weeks later.", "References 1950 births Living people American financiers Corporate raiders Business people from Miami Harvard Business School alumni Place of birth missing" ]

[ "Paul Alec Bilzerian", "Paul Bzer", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian" ]

[ "Paul Alec Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Paul Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian", "Bilzerian" ]

[ "Stanford Robert Ovshinsky (November 24, 1922 – October 17, 2012) was an American engineer, scientist and inventor who over a span of fifty years was granted well over 400 patents, mostly in the areas of energy and information.", "Many of his inventions have had wide-ranging applications.", "Among the most prominent are: the nickel-metal hydride battery, which has been widely used in laptop computers, digital cameras, cell phones, and electric and hybrid cars; flexible thin-film solar energy laminates and panels; flat screen liquid crystal displays; rewritable CD and DVD discs; hydrogen fuel cells; and nonvolatile phase-change memory.", "Ovshinsky opened the scientific field of amorphous and disordered materials in the course of his research in the 1940s and 50s in neurophysiology, neural disease, the nature of intelligence in mammals and machines, and cybernetics.", "Amorphous silicon semiconductors have become the basis of many technologies and industries.", "Ovshinsky is also distinguished in being self-taught, without formal college or graduate training.", "Throughout his life, his love for science and his social convictions were the primary engines for his inventive work.", "In 1960, Ovshinsky and his soon-to-be second wife, Iris Dibner, founded Energy Conversion Laboratory in a storefront in Detroit, dedicating the laboratory to the solution of important societal problems using science and technology.", "Focusing on the critical areas of energy and information, their new company, reconstituted in 1964 as Energy Conversion Devices (ECD), went on to become a forefront invention and development laboratory whose products have built new industries, many of them aimed at making fossil fuel obsolete.", "ECD continues (through joint ventures and license partners) to be a leading solar energy and battery production firm.", "Roughly a year after Iris Ovshinsky's death in August 2006, Ovshinsky left ECD and established a new company, Ovshinsky Innovation LLC, devoted to developing the scientific basis for new energy and information technologies.", "In October 2007 he married Rosa Young, a physicist who had worked at ECD on numerous energy technologies including a hydrogen-powered hybrid car and on Ovshinsky's vision of a hydrogen-based economy.", "Early life\nOvshinsky was born and grew up in the industrial town of Akron, Ohio, then at the center of the American rubber industry.", "The elder son of working-class Lithuanian Jewish immigrant parents who left Eastern Europe around 1905—Benjamin Ovshinsky from Lithuania and Bertha Munitz from what is now Belarus—Ovshinsky became active in social activities at an early age during the Great Depression.", "His lifelong concern to better the lives of workers and minorities, as well as to advance culture and the interests of industry, derive largely from his father, who was a generous, liberal, and highly cultured activist.", "With his horse and wagon, and later his truck, Ben Ovshinsky made his living collecting scrap metal from factories and foundries.", "Based on his father's example, and on teachings offered by the Akron Workmen's Circle, an organization mainly of Jewish immigrants who believed in social justice, Stan Ovshinsky developed a deep commitment to social values, including labor rights, civil rights, and civil liberties.", "Work through the 1950s\n\nWork as a machinist and the Benjamin Center Drive\n\nBefore graduating from high school in June 1941, Ovshinsky worked as a teacher, tool maker and machinist in various local shops affiliated with the rubber industry.", "During the Second World War, he and his bride, Norma Rifkin, moved to Arizona, where Ovshinsky worked for a time in the tool room of a Goodyear plant in Litchfield, not far from Phoenix.", "Returning to Akron shortly before the end of the war, Ovshinsky eventually established his own machine company, Stanford Roberts, initially in a barn.", "There he developed and patented his first invention, the Benjamin Center Drive, named after his father.", "This unique automatic high-speed center drive lathe had many important uses.", "After Ovshinsky sold his company to the New Britain Machine Company in Connecticut, it was used to help solve the national crisis of making artillery shells in large enough volume for wartime needs during the Korean War.", "Meanwhile, Ovshinsky continued to develop his growing interest in human and machine intelligence, avidly studying the research literature on neurophysiology, neurological disease, and cybernetics, corresponding briefly with Norbert Wiener.", "Intelligent machines\nIn 1951, Ovshinsky accepted an offer to move to Detroit and work in the automotive industry as the director of research at the Hupp Motor Company.", "Continuing his work on intelligent machines, he invented electric power steering, but Hupp's president was opposed to completing the arrangements with General Motors to utilize the product.", "Not long after that, Stan and his younger brother Herb Ovshinsky, a talented mechanical engineer, established a small company called General Automation in a Detroit storefront.", "There, Stan continued his study of intelligent machines and embarked on early research and development of various energy and information technologies.", "At the same time, he began studying neurophysiology and neurological diseases.", "On the basis of his early writings about nerve impulses and the nature of intelligence, he was invited by Wayne Medical School in June 1955 to participate in pioneering experimental research on the mammalian cerebellum.", "The Ovitron\nBy the late 1950s, working at General Automation, Ovshinsky brought together these disparate studies in an invention.", "Crossing scientific disciplines that academics traditionally hold separate, including neurophysiology and cybernetics, Stan invented, and Herb Ovshinsky helped build, a mechanical model of a nerve cell – an amorphous thin-film switch they called the Ovitron.", "Stan patented the device and the brothers disclosed it publicly in 1959 in New York City.", "In an attempt to model the learning ability of nerve cells, which Stan recognized as deriving from the plasticity of the cell's membrane, he drew on his knowledge of surfaces and materials to fashion very thin layers of amorphous material, thus pioneering the use of nanostructures.", "He created these layers by combining elements, especially from the Group 16 elements under oxygen, known as chalcogenides, including sulphur, selenium, and tellurium.", "He would continue to work with chalcogenides in his inventions for decades to come.", "Work from 1960\n\nEnergy Conversion Laboratory\n\nOn January 1, 1960, Ovshinsky and Iris Miroy Dibner, whom he married soon after his divorce from Norma Rifkin, founded Energy Conversion Laboratory to develop his inventions in the interest of solving societal problems, especially those they identified in the areas of information and energy (e.g.", "pollution and wars over oil).", "Iris had a BA in zoology from Swarthmore College, an MS in biology from the University of Michigan, and a PhD in biochemistry from Boston University.", "Continuing to work on his atomically designed chalcogenide materials, which Ovshinsky realized offer unique electronic physical mechanisms, he utilized chain structures, cross links, polymeric concepts, and divalent structural bonding with a huge number of unbonded lone pairs to achieve what is now referred to as the Ovshinsky Effect – \"an effect that turns special types of glassy, thin films into semiconductors upon application of low voltage.\"", "Applying this effect, he built new types of electronic and optical switches, including his Ovonic Phase Change Memory and his Threshold Switch.", "The former would become the basis of his subsequent inventions of rewritable CDs and DVDs and other new computer technologies including his cognitive computer.", "The latter is used in phase change memory that is entering the consumer market in 2017.", "While others working in the crystalline field were building devices based on bulk materials, Ovshinsky's work in the 1960s and later continued to be based on thin films and nanostructures.", "Recognizing the significance of his results, Ovshinsky applied for a patent on June 21, 1961 and, in 1962, made his first licensing pact on phase-change memory.", "Energy Conversion Devices\nBy the spring of 1963, the Ovshinskys had exhausted the savings with which they had initially funded ECL.", "Before seeking public funding, Stan wanted validation of the importance of his work from a well-recognized scientist.", "He telephoned Nobel Laureate John Bardeen, a co-inventor of the transistor and co-discoverer of the BCS theory of superconductivity.", "Bardeen immediately recognized the importance of Ovshinsky's work but his schedule did not permit him to visit ECL for five months.", "Stan replied, \"We'll be broke by then.\"", "In his place, Bardeen sent Hellmut Fritzsche, a University of Chicago physicist.", "Fritzsche became very positive in his support of Ovshinsky's work and helped attract other scientists to the Ovshinsky laboratory.", "As Fritzsche and Brian Schwartz later wrote, \"There is a mysterious quality in Ovshinsky's persona that attracts people into his sphere, builds life long friendships and awakens deep respect and devotion.", "Meeting him leaves each person with a deep impression of his superior intellect, his self confidence, his compassion to improve society combined with his certainty that his vision can be realized.", "His enthusiasm is contagious.", "In his presence, you feel how exciting it would be to join him in his endeavors.\"", "Among the many famous scientists who came regularly to ECL as friends or collaborators over the next years, were David Adler, Bardeen, Arthur Bienenstock, Morrel Cohen, Kenichi Fukui, William Lipscomb, Sir Nevill Mott, Linus Pauling, Isadore I. Rabi, Edward Teller, David Turnbull, Victor Weisskopf, and Robert R. Wilson.", "Some joined as consultants or as members of the Board of Directors.", "Meanwhile, the ECL community developed a uniquely productive, non-hierarchical, multicultural, international environment, reflecting Stan and Iris' social values.", "In 1964, Stan and Iris changed the laboratory's name to Energy Conversion Devices and moved the company to larger quarters in Troy, Michigan.", "The company continued to develop electronic memory, batteries, and solar cells, reinvesting almost every penny of profit into the scientific study of a wide variety of problems, much of which later became the basis of lucrative industries, e.g., flat screen liquid crystal displays.", "In time, license fees to ECD began to grow, especially when amorphous silicon was used to make solar cells \"by the mile,\" with an approach that originated from Ovshinsky's non-silver photographic film work.", "It led to the bold approach of using the first continuous web photovoltaic machine, designed and built under Stan's direction by Herb Ovshinsky and a small group in the machine division.", "Generations of machines later resulted in sufficient money to reach Ovshinsky's objective of building a 30 megawatt machine, rather than a 5 megawatt machine.", "Despite considerable skepticism toward the machine, it is now being cloned very successfully by ECD in new plants.", "ECD also saw profits from the nickel metal hydride batteries, which were important for a time in laptop computers and continue to be important in hybrid gas-electric automobiles.", "Ovshinsky Innovation LLC\nOn August 16, 2006, Iris Ovshinsky, Stan's wife and partner of almost fifty years, died suddenly while swimming.", "A year later, Ovshinsky retired from ECD and launched a new company with Rosa Young, whom he later married.", "At Ovshinsky Innovation LLC, he continued his work on information and energy science, in strong relationships with colleagues and with industrial partners (for example, Ovonyx, which is developing phase-change semiconductor memory).", "Ovshinsky Innovation is currently focusing on a new kind of photovoltaic plant based on a new concept promising to lower the cost of photovoltaic energy sources below that of coal.", "This latter innovation would help realize his long-term goal over the last half-century to make fossil fuels obsolete while, at the same time, providing countless jobs in new industries.", "ECD has been recognized as the company that \"developed solar roofing shingles in the 1990s,\" and making \"the best available flexible thin film in the world,\" in addition to being one of the first companies to work on building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) Because of his independent and radical contributions to science, he has been compared with Albert Einstein.", "Because of his many inventions in digital memory, solar energy, battery technology, optical media, and solid hydrogen storage, and his hundreds of basic scientific patents, he has often been compared with Thomas Edison.", "In the area of alternatives to fossil fuel, his pioneering work has caused many writers to refer to him as \"the modern world's most important energy visionary.\"", "General Motors and the US Auto Battery Consortium\n\nIn an interview in the 2006 documentary Who Killed the Electric Car?, Ovshinsky stated that in the early 1990s, the auto industry created the US Auto Battery Consortium (USABC) to stifle the development of electric vehicle technology by preventing the dissemination of knowledge about Ovshinky's battery-related patents to the public through the California Air Resources Board (CARB).", "According to Ovshinsky, the auto industry falsely suggested that NiMH technology was not yet ready for widespread use in road cars.", "Members of the USABC, including General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler, threatened to take legal action against Ovshinsky if he continued to promote NiMH's potential for use in BEVs, and if he continued to lend test batteries to Solectria, a start-up electric vehicle maker that was not part of the USABC.", "Critics argue that the Big Three were more interested in convincing CARB members that electric vehicles were not technologically and commercially viable.", "In 1994, General Motors acquired a controlling interest in Ovonics's battery development and manufacture, including patents controlling the manufacture of large NiMH batteries.", "The original intent of the equity alliance was to develop NiMH batteries for GM's EV1 BEV.", "Sales of GM-Ovonics batteries were later taken over by GM manager and critic of CARB John Williams, leading Ovshinsky to wonder whether his decision to sell to GM had been naive.", "The EV1 program was shut down by GM before the new NiMH battery could be commercialized, despite field tests that indicated the Ovonics battery extended the EV1's range to over 150 miles.", "Death\nHis last public appearance was at Louis Riel School in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.", "Ovshinsky died of prostate cancer on October 17, 2012, aged 89 in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan.", "Honors and awards\nWith more than 300 publications on his curriculum vitae, Ovshinsky has won many prizes for his contributions to science and innovation.", "Memberships and fellowships\n Fellow of the American Physical Society\n Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science\n Fellow of the Engineering Society of Detroit\n Member of the Director's Council at the Michigan Center for Theoretical Physics, University of Michigan\n\nAwards\n 2005 Innovation Award for Energy and the Environment by The Economist\n American Solar Energy Society Hoyt Clarke Hottel Award\n Karl W. Böer Solar Energy Medal of Merit\n International Association for Hydrogen Energy Sir William Grove Award\n 2007 Walston Chubb Award for Innovation, presented by Sigma Xi, the Research Society\n Frederick Douglass/Eugene V. Debs Award (2006)\n Engineering Society of Detroit Lifetime Achievement Award (2008)\n Environmental Hall of Fame 2008 Award, Solar Thin Film Category, Father of Thin-Film Solar Energy\n IEEE Vehicular Technology Society Presidential Citation in recognition of a long and outstanding record of pioneering accomplishments and service to the profession (2009)\n 2009 Thomas Midgley Award from the Detroit Section of the American Chemical Society\n Nominated as a finalist for the prestigious European Inventor Award 2012 by the European Patent Office for his development of NiMH batteries.", "The award was launched in 2006 as the first European prize to distinguish inventors who have made \"an outstanding contribution to innovation, economy and society.\"", "Named \"Hero for the Planet\" by TIME magazine (1999), with Iris Ovshinsky Hero of Chemistry 2000 by the American Chemical Society\n Inducted into the 2005 Solar Hall of Fame\n Diesel Gold Medal presented by the German Inventors Association (Deutscher Erfinderverband), in recognition of his discovery of the semiconductor switching effect in disordered and amorphous materials (1968) \n Honorary Calgarian award at Louis Riel School in Calgary, Canada (May 24, 2012)\n Honorary Doctorate of Engineering degree from Kettering University, Flint, Michigan (December 11, 2010)\n Honorary Doctorate of Science degree from University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (May 1, 2010)\n Honorary Doctorate in Science from Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (May 7, 2009)\n Honorary Doctorate of Engineering from Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois (May 16, 2009)\n Honorary Doctorate from Ovidius University, Constanţa, Romania (June 30, 2009)\n Honorary Doctorate of Science from New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York (May 18, 2008).", "Honorary Doctorate of Science from Kean University, Union, New Jersey (May 8, 2007)\n In 2015, Ovshinsky was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.", "In popular culture\nOvshinsky appeared in the documentary Who Killed the Electric Car?, as well as in parts 1 and 3 of the episode \"Hydrogen Hopes\" of Alan Alda's television series Scientific American Frontiers.", "The website of Scientific American Frontiers makes \"Hydrogen Hopes\" available for viewing at no charge, as well as the text of an interview with Stan and Iris Ovshinsky.", "Ovshinsky was profiled as \"Japan's American Genius\" in the PBS series NOVA (October 1987).", "See also\n Harold McMaster\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n Hoddeson, Lillian, and Peter Garrett.", "The Man Who Saw Tomorrow: The Life and Inventions of Stanford R. Ovshinsky.", "Cambridge: MIT Press, 2018.", "Henderson, Tom.", "Crain's Detroit Business, \"Quest for 'holy grail' of solar drives Ovshinsky\" January 2–8, 2012, vol.", "28, no.", "1.", "Sigma Xi 125th Anniversary Interview.", "\"Stanford R. Ovshinsky (1990),\" interviewed by Greg P. Smestad.", "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.", "\"Stanford Ovshinsky: Pursuing solar electricity at a cost equal to or lower than that of coal electricity\", May 2011 vol.", "67 no.", "3 1-7 \n Fisher, Lawrence M. \"Stan Ovshinsky's Solar Revolution\" strategy+business, Spring 2011: 62–71.", "Herbert, Bob.", "\"Signs of Hope\" The New York Times Magazine, November 24, 2009.", "Carson, Iain and Vijay Vaitheeswaran.", "Zoom: The Global Race to Fuel the Car of the Future.", "Hachette, New York: Twelve, 2007.", "Cohn, Avery.", "\"A Revolution Fueled by the Sun\" Berkeley Review of Latin American Studies (Spring 2008): 22–24.", "\"The Edison of our Age?\"", "The Economist, December 2, 2006.", "Fialka, John.", "\"Power Surge: After Decades, A Solar Pioneer Sees Spark in Sales.\"", "Wall Street Journal, November 27, 2006.", "Fritzsche, Hellmut, and Brian Schwartz.", "Stanford R. Ovshinsky: The Science and Technology of an American Genius.", "Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co., 2008.", "Hornblower, Margot.", "\"Listen, Detroit: You'll Get a Charge Out of This.\"", "TIME, February 22, 1999, Heroes for the Planet.", "Howard, George S. Stan Ovshinsky and the Hydrogen Economy:…Creating a Better World.", "Notre Dame: Academic Publications, 2006.", "Kridel, Tim.", "\"Meet Stan Ovshinsky, the Energy Genius.\"", "Mother Earth News (October/ November 2006), Issue 218.", "Kho, Jennifer.", "\"Energy Conversion Devices' Turnaround: Is BIPV Finally Ready to Take Off?\"", "Renewable Energy World, January 16, 2009.", "Shaiken, Harley.", "\"The Einstein of Alternative Energy?\"", "Berkeley Review of Latin American Studies (Spring 2008): 28–31.", "Shaiken, Harley.", "\"Jumpstarting the Americas.\"", "Berkeley Review of Latin American Studies (Fall 2008): 2–7.", "Vaitheeswaran, Vijay V.", "\"Invent.\"", "The New York Times Magazine, April 20, 2008, The Green Issue.", "Carlisle, Norman.", "\"The Ovshinsky Invention\" Science & Mechanics, (February 1970): 38–40.", "External links\n\n The City Club of Cleveland, September 23, 2011\n OnInnovation, Stan Ovshinsky Visionary of Solar-Hydrogen-Based Economy, The Henry Ford.", "Stanford R. Ovshinsky Alternative Energy and the Americas, April 8, 2008\n The greatest scientist you've never heard of\n\n1922 births\n2012 deaths\nPeople from Akron, Ohio\nEngineers from Ohio\n20th-century American inventors\n21st-century American inventors\n20th-century American Jews\nBattery inventors\nDeaths from cancer in Michigan\nDeaths from prostate cancer\nFellows of the American Physical Society\n21st-century American Jews" ]

[ "An American engineer, scientist and inventor named Robert Ovshinsky was granted over 400 patents over the course of fifty years, mostly in the areas of energy and information.", "Many of his inventions have been used.", "The nickel-metal hydride battery, which has been widely used in laptop computers, digital cameras, cell phones, and electric and hybrid cars, is one of the most prominent.", "The nature of intelligence in mammals and machines, as well as the nature of neural disease, were all related to the research done by Ovshinsky in the 1940s and 50s.", "Many technologies and industries are based on amorphous Silicon Semiconductor.", "No formal college or graduate training is required to be self-taught.", "His love for science and his social convictions were the primary engines for his work.", "In 1960, the Energy Conversion Laboratory was founded in a storefront in Detroit by Ovshinsky and his soon-to-be second wife, and was dedicated to the solution of important societal problems using science and technology.", "Energy Conversion Devices (ECD) went on to become a forefront invention and development laboratory whose products have built new industries, many of them aimed at making fossil fuel obsolete.", "Through joint ventures and license partners, ECD is a leading solar energy and battery production firm.", "The scientific basis for new energy and information technologies was the focus of the new company established by Ovshinsky after he left ECD.", "He married a physicist who worked at ECD on hydrogen-powered hybrid cars and on the vision of a hydrogen-based economy.", "The center of the American rubber industry was where Ovshinsky was born and grew up.", "The elder son of a working class Jewish family who left Eastern Europe around 1905 became active in social activities at an early age during the Great Depression.", "His lifelong concern to better the lives of workers and minorities, as well as to advance culture and the interests of industry, derive largely from his father, who was a generous, liberal, and highly cultured activist.", "Ben Ovshinsky collected scrap metal from factories and foundries with his truck and horse.", "Stan Ovshinsky developed a deep commitment to social values, including labor rights, civil rights, and civil liberties, based on his father's example and teachings offered by the Akron Workmen's Circle, an organization mainly of Jewish immigrants who believed in social justice.", "After graduating from high school in 1941, he worked as a teacher and tool maker in various rubber industry shops.", "During the Second World War, he and his bride, Norma Rifkin, moved to Arizona, where he worked for a time in the tool room of a Goodyear plant.", "Shortly before the end of the war, Ovshinsky established his own machine company in a barn.", "His first invention was named after his father.", "The automatic high-speed center drive lathe had many important uses.", "After the sale of his company to the New Britain Machine Company, it was used to help solve the problem of making enough shells for the Korean War.", "As he continued to develop his interest in human and machine intelligence, he also continued to study the research literature on neurological disease and cybernetics.", "In 1951, Ovshinsky accepted an offer to move to Detroit and work in the automotive industry as the director of research at the Hupp Motor Company.", "He invented electric power steering, but Hupp's president was against completing the arrangements with General GM to use the product.", "Stan and his brother, a mechanical engineer, founded a small company called General Automation in a Detroit storefront.", "Stan embarked on early research and development of various energy and information technologies while there.", "He began studying neurological diseases.", "He was invited to Wayne Medical School in 1955 to participate in an experimental research on the mammal cerebellum on the basis of his early writings about nerve impulses and intelligence.", "The Ovitron was an invention that brought together disparate studies.", "Stan invented a mechanical model of a nerve cell that was called the Ovitron, a mechanical model of a nerve cell that was called the Ovitron, Stan invented a mechanical model of a nerve cell that was called the Ovitron, Stan invented a mechanical model of a nerve cell that was called", "Stan patented the device in 1959 and the brothers disclosed it in New York City.", "Stan was able to model the learning ability of nerve cells by using his knowledge of surfaces and materials to fashion thin layers of amorphous material.", "He combined elements from the Group 16 elements under oxygen to create these layers.", "He would work with chalcogenides for a long time.", "The Energy Conversion Laboratory was founded on January 1, 1960 by the couple who married soon after his divorce from Rifkin, to develop his inventions in the interest of solving societal problems.", "Pollution and wars over oil.", "She obtained a degree in biology from the University of Michigan and a PhD in biochemistry from Boston University.", "Continuing to work on his atomically designed chalcogenide materials, which he realized offer unique electronic physical mechanisms, he utilized chain structures, cross links, polymeric concepts, and divalent structural bonding with a huge number of unbonded lone pairs to achieve what is now referred to as", "He built new types of electronic and optical switches after applying this effect.", "His subsequent inventions of rewritable CDs and DVDs and other new computer technologies include his cognitive computer.", "The latter is used in phase change memory.", "While others were building devices based on bulk materials, Ovshinsky's work continued to be based on thin films and nanostructures.", "In 1962, Ovshinsky made his first licensing pact on phase- change memory, after applying for a patent on June 21, 1961.", "By the spring of 1963, the savings had been exhausted by the Ovshinskys.", "Stan wanted validation of the importance of his work from a scientist before he applied for public funding.", "John Bardeen is a co-inventor of the transistor and co-discoverer of the theory of superconductivity.", "Bardeen was unable to visit ECL for five months because of his schedule.", "Stan said, \"We'll be broke by then.\"", "He was replaced by a University of Chicago physicist.", "He became very positive in his support of the work and helped attract other scientists to the lab.", "There is a mysterious quality to Ovshinsky's persona that attracts people into his sphere, builds life long friends and awakens deep respect and devotion.", "Meeting him leaves each person with a deep impression of his superior intellect, his self confidence, his compassion to improve society, and his certainty that his vision can be realized.", "His enthusiasm is infectious.", "It would be exciting to join him in his endeavors in his presence.", "David Adler, Arthur Bienenstock, Morrel Cohen, Kenichi Fukui, William Lipscomb, Sir Nevill Mott, and Isadore I were some of the famous scientists who came regularly to ECL.", "Some joined the Board of Directors as consultants.", "The ECL community developed a uniquely productive, non-hierarchical, multicultural, international environment reflecting Stan and Iris' social values.", "The laboratory's name was changed to Energy Conversion Devices in 1964, and the company moved to Troy, Michigan.", "The company continued to develop electronic memory, batteries, and solar cells, and reinvested almost every penny of profit into the scientific study of a wide variety of problems, much of which later became the basis of lucrative industries.", "When a method of making solar cells called \"by the mile\" was used, license fees to ECD began to grow.", "The first continuous web photovoltaic machine was designed and built under Stan's direction by a small group in the machine division.", "Generations of machines resulted in enough money to build a 30 megawatt machine instead of a 5 megawatt machine.", "The machine is being cloned by ECD in new plants despite considerable skepticism.", "The nickel metal hydride batteries were important for a time in laptop computers and continue to be important in hybrid gas-electric automobiles.", "Stan's wife and partner of fifty years died suddenly while swimming.", "After retiring from ECD, he founded a new company with his wife,Rosa Young.", "He continued his work on information and energy science, in strong relationships with colleagues and with industrial partners, at Ovshinsky Innovation.", "A new concept promising to lower the cost of photovoltaic energy sources below that of coal is the focus of a new kind of photovoltaic plant.", "The latter innovation would help realize his long-term goal of making fossil fuels obsolete while providing countless jobs in new industries.", "ECD was one of the first companies to work on building-integrated photovoltaics and developed solar roofing shingles in the 1990s.", "Many of his inventions, such as digital memory, solar energy, battery technology, optical media, and solid hydrogen storage, have been compared to Thomas Edison.", "Many writers refer to him as the modern world's most important energy visionary because of his work in the area of alternatives to fossil fuel.", "In an interview in the 2006 documentary Who Killed the Electric Car?, Ovshinsky stated that in the early 1990s, the auto industry created the US Auto Battery Consortium to stifle the development of electric vehicle technology.", "The auto industry made a big deal out of the fact that NiMH technology wasn't ready for widespread use in road cars.", "If he continued to promote NiMH's potential for use in BEVs, and if he continued to lend test batteries to Solectria, the members of the USABC would take legal action against him.", "Critics say that the Big Three were more interested in convincing CARB members that electric vehicles were not technologically and commercially viable.", "General GM acquired a controlling interest in Ovonics's battery development and manufacture in 1994.", "The equity alliance wanted to develop NiMH batteries for the EV1 BEV.", "John Williams, the GM manager and critic of CARB, took over the sales of GM-Ovonics batteries.", "The EV1 program was shut down by GM before the new NiMH battery could be used, despite field tests that indicated the battery extended the EV1's range to over 150 miles.", "His last public appearance was in Canada.", "The 89-year-old died of cancer in October of last year.", "He has won many awards for his contributions to science and innovation.", "Member of the Director's Council at the Michigan Center for Theoretical Physics, member of the American Physical Society, and member of the Engineering Society of Detroit.", "The first European prize to distinguish inventors who have made \"an outstanding contribution to innovation, economy and society\" was launched in 2006", "The American Chemical Society inducted him into the 2005 Solar Hall of Fame Diesel Gold medal in recognition of his discovery.", "The National Inventors Hall of Fame was established in 2015.", "The documentary Who Killed the Electric Car?, as well as parts 1 and 3 of the episode \"Hydrogen Hopes\" of Alan Alda's television series Scientific American Frontiers, were both popular in popular culture.", "\"Hydrogen Hopes\" can be viewed for free on the website of Scientific American Frontiers.", "\"Japan's American Genius\" was profiled in the PBS series NOVA.", "Also see Harold McMaster References.", "The life and inventions of the man who saw tomorrow.", "MIT Press in Cambridge.", "Tom Henderson.", "The Detroit Business had a story about the quest for the holy grail of solar.", "28, no.", "1.", "The interview is about the 125th anniversary of sigma XI.", "Greg P. Smestad was interviewed about \"Stanford R. Ovshinsky\".", "The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.", "\"Pursuing solar electricity at a cost equal to or lower than that of coal electricity\", May 2011 vol.", "67 no.", "888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526", "Herbert, Bob.", "The New York Times Magazine had a piece called \"Signs of Hope\".", "Iain and Vijay Vaitheeswaran are related.", "There is a global race to fuel the car of the future.", "New York: Twelve, 2007.", "\"Avery\" is the name of the person.", "\"A Revolution Fueled by the Sun\" was published in the Berkeley Review of Latin American Studies.", "\"What about the invention of our age?\"", "The Economist was published on December 2, 2006", "John Fialka.", "\"Power Surge: After decades, a solar pioneer sees spark in sales.\"", "The Wall Street Journal was published in November.", "They were Brian Schwartz, Hellmut, and Fritzsche.", "The science and technology of an American genius is covered in this book.", "Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co.", "A hornblower.", "Detroit, you'll get a charge out of this.", "February 22, 1999 is Heroes for the Planet.", "The Hydrogen Economy: Creating a Better World was written by Howard.", "Academic Publications of Notre Dame.", "Tim Kridel.", "Stan Ovshinsky is the Energy Genius.", "The October/November 2006 issue of Mother Earth News.", "The name of the person is Kho, Jennifer.", "\"Energy Conversion Devices' Turnaround: Is it Finally Ready to Take Off?\"", "January 16, 2009, is the Renewable Energy World.", "Harley, Shaiken.", "Are you talking about the Einstein of Alternative Energy?", "The Berkeley Review of Latin American Studies was published in the spring of 2008.", "Harley, Shaiken.", "\"Jumpstarting the Americas.\"", "The fall 2008 edition of the Berkeley Review of Latin American Studies.", "Vaitheeswaran and V. V.", "\"Invent.\"", "The New York Times Magazine has a green issue.", "The name of the person was Norman.", "The \"Ovshinsky Invention\" was published in February 1970.", "The City Club of Cleveland has links to OnInnovation and The Henry Ford.", "The greatest scientist you've never heard of was born in 1922." ]

[ "Stanford Robert Ovshinsky", "Ovshinsky", "Iris Ovshinsky", "Ovshinsky", "Rosa Young", "Norma Rifkin", "Ovshinsky", "Ovshinsky", "Ovshinsky", "Herb Ovshinsky", "Herb Ovshinsky", "Ovshinsky", "Norma Rifkin", "Ovshinsky", "Ovshinsky", ". Rabi", "Robert R", "Herb Ovshinsky", "Iris Ovshinsky", "Rosa Young", "Ovshinsky", "Ovshinsky", "Ovshinsky", "Stanford R", "Stanford R", "Ovshinsky", "Stanford O", "Stan Ovshinsky" ]

[ "Robert Ovshinsky", "Ovshinsky", "Ovshinsky", "Norma Rifkin", "Ovshinsky", "Rifkin", "Ovshinsky", "Ovshinsky", "Ovshinsky", "Rosa Young", "Ovshinsky", "Stanford R" ]

[ "Mairis Briedis (born 13 January 1985) is a Latvian professional boxer.", "He is a three-time cruiserweight world champion, having held the IBF and Ring titles since September 2020; the WBC title from 2017 to 2018; and the WBO title in 2019.", "Upon winning the WBC title in 2017, he became the first Latvian to hold a world boxing title.", "He was awarded the Order of the Three Stars in 2017.", "As a professional, he has fought world champions Oleksander Usyk, Marco Huck, Krzysztof Głowacki, Manuel Charr, and Yuniel Dorticos.", "As of October 2021, he is ranked as the world's best active cruiserweight by BoxRec, The Ring magazine and the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board, as well as the eighth-best active boxer, pound for pound, by BoxRec.", "Professional career\n\nEarly career \nAt the age of 24, after previously serving as a Latvian State Police officer in Rīga, Briedis turned professional in 2009.", "He racked up multiple wins in his home country and abroad, including a second-round technical knockout (TKO) of former heavyweight title challenger Danny Williams.", "He captured the IBA cruiserweight title along the way.", "Briedis' first fight of note came in 2015, when he moved up in weight and traveled to Russia to face former heavyweight title challenger Manuel Charr.", "Briedis knocked out his much bigger opponent with a single punch in the fifth round.", "In 2016, Briedis knocked out hard-hitting Nigerian Olanrewaju Durodola in a slug fest, to capture the WBC Silver cruiserweight title.", "This made him the mandatory challenger for the winner of Tony Bellew and Ilunga Makabu.", "Briedis was ringside for the fight and congratulated the victorious Bellew in his dressing room afterwards.", "Briedis then fought in the UK for the first time in a stay busy fight against Simon Vallily on the undercard of Bellew's first title defence against BJ Flores.", "Bellew vacated his title in early 2017, meaning the vacant title would be on the line in Briedis' next fight.", "Briedis vs. Huck \nDue to Tony Bellew fighting David Haye instead of taking on Briedis, the WBC ordered a match for the WBC interim cruiserweight title between Marco Huck and Briedis.", "The winner would earn a fight with Bellew for the full WBC title or possibly be elevated to full championship status if Bellew decided to vacate and stay at heavyweight.", "As Bellew didn't plan to defend his title for a while, he vacated the title in March 2017.", "On 1 April 2017 Briedis captured the vacant WBC cruiserweight title by defeating Huck via unanimous decision (UD) (118–109, 117–110, 116–111).", "Huck was deducted a point after an accidental clash of heads.", "Briedis was able to outbox the former two-time champion and prevent him from having any success on the inside during the fight.", "Some boxing pundits had Briedis winning every round in the fight.", "The IBO title, previously held by Huck, became vacant due to Briedis not paying the sanctioning fees.", "2017–18: World Boxing Super Series \n\nOn 2 June 2017 Briedis announced that he would take part in the inaugural World Boxing Super Series (WBSS), where the winner would receive a grand prize as well as the Muhammad Ali Trophy.", "Briedis described the bracket style tournament as the 'Champions League of boxing'.", "Briedis vs. Perez \nAt the Draft Gala, which took place on 8 July in Monte Carlo, Briedis chose former heavyweight contender Mike Perez (22–2–1, 14 KOs) as his quarter-final opponent.", "Perez had been out of action for 25 months before moving down to the 200 pound limit division and won his first fight at that weight with a first-round knockout on 10 June 2017.", "On 22 July, the WBSS announced the fight would take place in Briedis' home country of Latvia at the Rīga Arēna in Riga on 30 September 2017.", "This was the eighth time Briedis fought at the arena.", "Briedis defeated Perez by UD over twelve rounds (116–110, 115–111, 114–112).", "Perez was deducted a point in round three following an accidental clash of heads.", "Briedis was also docked a point during round ten for excessive holding.", "With the win, Briedis moved on to the semi-finals to face top-seeded Oleksandr Usyk.", "Briedis vs. Usyk \nBriedis had the next fight against Usyk (13–0, 11 KOs), following the latter's win over Marco Huck.", "In November 2017, it was reported the fight would take place on 27 January 2018 in Riga, Latvia, a week before Gassiev vs. Dorticos would take place.", "Arēna Rīga was confirmed as the location by Comosa's Chief Boxing Officer Kalle Sauerland.", "Usyk came in at 199.5 pounds and Briedis weighed 199.1 pounds.", "Usyk moved on to the final of the tournament after defeating Briedis via majority decision (MD).", "With a high work rate, Usyk controlled most of the fight with his jab, putting on pressure when needed.", "Briedis was credited with landing the harder punches.", "The opening four rounds where closely contested and Usyk was cut from a head-butt over his right eye in round three.", "From round five, Usyk became busier and took control of the fight, although he was still hit with some hard shots to the head from Briedis.", "One judge scored the fight 114–114, whilst the remaining two judges scored the fight 115–113 in favour of Usyk.", "After the fight, Usyk stated it was the hardest fight of his career.", "According to CompuBox stats, Usyk landed 212 of 848 punches thrown (25%) and Briedis was more accurate, landing 195 of his 579 thrown (33.7%).", "Usyk landed 40% of his power punches.", "Many boxers and pundits praised the fight.", "Reserve fight \nOn 28 June 2018, Briedis began training for his next bout, which was speculated to take place on the undercard of the WBSS final on 21 July at the Olympic Stadium in Moscow.", "His opponent was later announced to be French boxer Brandon Deslaurier (11–1–1, 1 KO).", "Briedis was also confirmed as the WBSS final substitute in case either Usyk or Murat Gassiev could not compete.", "The bout with Deslaurier was scheduled for ten rounds.", "Briedis went the ten round distance, defeating Deslaurier via UD.", "All three judges scored the fight 100–90.", "2018–19: World Boxing Super Series \nIn August 2018, Briedis, along with Yuniel Dorticos, entered a second edition of the WBSS.", "Unlike the inaugural tournament, there was no world champions, as Usyk had unified all the titles.", "Mateusz Masternak, Krzysztof Głowacki and Maxim Vlasov were other top contenders to join.", "Briedis vs. Gevor \nAs the #1 seed, Briedis chose to fight German boxer Noel Gevor (23–1, 10 KOs).", "Gevor was ranked at #14 by the WBC.", "On 26 September, it was announced that the Briedis vs. Gevor bout, along with the Głowacki vs. Vlasov would take place as a doubleheader on 10 November at the UIC Pavilion in Chicago, US.", "Briedis vs. Głowacki \nOn 15 June 2019 Briedis won the WBO cruiserweight title in a controversial fight against Głowacki (31–1, 19 KOs).", "Briedis won by TKO in the third round but appeared to intentionally foul his opponent with an elbow strike after being hit on the back of the neck in the second.", "The WBO's report on the fight also stated that the referee Robert Byrd made \"multiple errors\" in officiating the fight and ordered a rematch.", "Briedis was later stripped of the title after refusing to defend it in a direct rematch fight with Głowacki rather than proceeding with the WBSS tournament Final.", "Briedis vs. Dorticos \nBriedis was scheduled to face Yuniel Dorticos on 26 September 2020 at the Plazamedia Broadcasting Center in Munich, Germany, for the WBSS tournament final.", "Mairis Briedis beat Yuniel Dorticos by majority decision in their 12-round contest on Saturday 26 September 2020 at Plazamedia Broadcasting Center in Munich.", "The scorecards were announced as 111-117, 114-114, 111-117 in favor of winner Mairis Briedis.", "The fight took place over rounds in the Cruiserweight division, which meant the weight limit was 200 pounds (14.3 stone or 90.7 KG).", "This was the final of the World Boxing Super Series.", "This was a unique fight as there were almost no spectators because of the corona virus precaution in the EU.", "Briedis vs. Mann \nBriedis was booked to defend his IBF and The Ring cruiserweight titles against the former WBO International titlist and one-time IBO Cruiserweight title challenger Artur Mann.", "The bout was scheduled for 16 October 2021, at the Arena Riga in Riga, Latvia.", "Briedis made quick work of his opponent, beating him by technical knockout near the end of the third round.", "The stoppage was preceded by two knockdowns, one coming with 10 seconds left in the second round, while the second came 39 seconds before the knockout itself.", "Briedis called out the reigning WBO cruiserweight champion Lawrence Okolie in his post-fight interview, stating: \"Eddie Hearn, give Okolie the money, and we’ll make the fight.", "If this happens, it will be a mega fight in the UK\".", "Briedis vs. Opetaia \nBriedis is scheduled to make his second IBF and The Ring title defense against the undefeated mandatory title challenger Jai Opetaia on 6 April 2022, at the TBD venue in Australia.", "The bout was postponed on February 16, as Briedis tested positive for COVID-19.", "Professional boxing record\n\nSee also\nList of IBF world champions\nList of world cruiserweight boxing champions\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \nMairis Briedis - Profile, News Archive & Current Rankings at Box.Live\n\n1985 births\nLiving people\nLatvian male kickboxers\nPlace of birth missing (living people)\nLatvian male boxers\nCruiserweight boxers\nWorld cruiserweight boxing champions\nWorld Boxing Council champions\nInternational Boxing Organization champions\nSportspeople from Riga\nLatvian police officers" ]

[ "Mairis Briedis is a professional boxer.", "He is a three-time cruiserweight world champion, having held the IBF and Ring titles since September 2020.", "He was the first Latvian to hold a world boxing title.", "The Order of the Three Stars was awarded to him.", "He has fought world champion Oleksander Usyk as a professional.", "As of October 2021, he is ranked as the world's best active cruiserweight by BoxRec, The Ring magazine and the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board, as well as the eighth-best active boxer, pound for pound.", "After serving as a police officer in Rga, at the age of 24, Briedis became a professional.", "He won multiple times in his home country and abroad, including a second-round technical knockout of Danny Williams.", "He won the IBA cruiserweight title.", "The first fight of note was in 2015, when he traveled to Russia to face a former title challenger.", "In the fifth round, Briedis knocked out his opponent with a single punch.", "In 2016 Briedis defeated Nigerian Olanrewaju Durodola to win the WBC Silver cruiserweight title.", "He was the mandatory challenger for the winner.", "The victor of the fight, Tony Bellew, received a phone call from the ringside ringside ringside ringside ringside ringside ringside ringside ringside ringside ringside ringside ringside ringside ringside ringside ringside ringside ringside ringside ringside", "The first time that Briedis fought in the UK was on the undercard of a title fight.", "In Briedis' next fight, the vacant title would be on the line, as it was in the case of Bellew.", "The World Boxing Council ordered a match for the interim cruiserweight title between Marco Huck and Briedis because Tony Bellew was fighting David Haye.", "The winner would earn a fight with Bellew for the full WBC title or possibly be elevated to full championship status.", "When he didn't want to defend his title for a while, he gave it up.", "The vacant WBC cruiserweight title was captured by Briedis on 1 April.", "A point was deducted after a clash of heads.", "The former two-time champion was unable to get any success on the inside during the fight.", "According to some boxing pundits, Briedis was going to win the fight.", "The IBO title was vacant due to the not paying of the sanctioning fees.", "The winner of the World Boxing Super Series will receive a grand prize as well as the Muhammad Ali Trophy.", "The tournament was called the 'Champions League of boxing'.", "At the Draft Gala, which took place on 8 July in Monte Carlo, Mike Perez was chosen by Briedis as his quarter-final opponent.", "After being out of action for 25 months, Perez won his first fight at the 200 pound limit division on June 10, 2017, with a first-round knockout.", "On 22 July, the WBSS announced the fight would take place at the Rga Arna in Latvia.", "This is the eighth time that Briedis has fought at the arena.", "Perez was defeated by Briedis over twelve rounds.", "Perez was docked a point in round three for an accidental clash of heads.", "During round ten, he was docked a point for excessive holding.", "The top-seeded Oleksandr Usyk will face the second-seeded Briedis in the semi-finals.", "Following Marco Huck's win over Usyk, the next fight was between Briedis and Usyk.", "The fight would take place a week before Gassiev vs. Dorticos took place.", "Kalle Sauerland, Comosa's Chief Boxing Officer, confirmed Arna Rga as the location.", "Usyk weighed in at 199.5 pounds and Briedis weighed 199.1 pounds.", "Usyk defeated Briedis via majority decision in the final of the tournament.", "With a high work rate, Usyk controlled most of the fight with his jab.", "The harder punches were landed by Briedis.", "Usyk was cut from a head-butt in the third round.", "The 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "The fight was scored by one judge and two others in favour of Usyk.", "It was the hardest fight of Usyk's career.", "According to CompuBox, Usyk landed more punches than Briedis, but he was more accurate with his punches.", "Usyk was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "The fight was praised by many people.", "On June 28, Briedis began training for his next fight, which was rumored to take place on the undercard of the WBSS final on July 21 at the Olympic Stadium in Moscow.", "Brandon Deslaurier was his opponent.", "If either Usyk or Gassiev couldn't compete, Briedis was confirmed as the final substitute.", "The bout with Deslaurier was supposed to last ten rounds.", "Deslaurier was defeated by Briedis via UD.", "The judges scored the fight 100–90", "The second edition of the World Boxing Super Series was held in August of last year.", "There was no world champion as Usyk had unified all the titles.", "Krzysztof Gowacki was one of the top candidates to join.", "The #1 seed chose to face the German boxer Noel Gevor.", "The World Boxing Council ranked Gevor at #14.", "On 26 September, it was announced that the two bouts would take place on 10 November at the UIC Pavilion in Chicago, US.", "Briedis won the WBO cruiserweight title in a controversial fight against Gowacki.", "In the third round, Briedis appeared to foul his opponent with an elbow strike after he was hit on the back of the neck.", "The WBO's report stated that the referee made a number of errors and ordered a re-enactment of the fight.", "After refusing to defend his title in a fight with Gowacki, he was stripped of it.", "The WBSS tournament final was to be held at the Plazamedia Broadcasting Center in Munich, Germany, on September 26, 2020.", "The 12-round contest was held at the Plazamedia Broadcasting Center in Munich on September 26, 2020.", "The scorecards were announced in favor of the winner.", "The weight limit for the Cruiserweight division was 200 pounds, which is 13 stone or 90.7 KG.", "The World Boxing Super Series was over.", "There were almost no spectators because of the corona virus.", "Artur Mann was scheduled to challenge for the IBF and The Ring cruiserweight titles against the former WBO International champ.", "The bout was scheduled for October of 2021.", "The opponent was knocked out by a technical knockout near the end of the third round.", "The first knockdown came with 10 seconds left in the second round, and the second came 39 seconds before the knockout.", "\"Eddie Hearn, give Okolie the money, and we'll make the fight,\" said Briedis in his post-fight interview.", "It will be a mega fight in the UK if this happens.", "The mandatory title challenger Jai Opetaia is scheduled to challenge for the IBF and The Ring title on April 6, 2022, at the TBD venue in Australia.", "The bout was put off on February 16 because of a positive test.", "List of world cruiserweight boxingchampions References External links Mairis Briedis - Profile, News Archive & Current Rankings at Box." ]

[ "Mairis Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Mairis", "Briedis", "Mairis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Mairis", "Briedis" ]

[ "Mairis Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Briedis", "Mairis", "Briedis" ]

[ "Robert Hilliard Barrow (February 5, 1922 – October 30, 2008) was a United States Marine Corps four-star general.", "Barrow was the 27th Commandant of the Marine Corps from 1979 to 1983.", "He served for 41 years, including overseas command duty in World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War.", "General Barrow was awarded the Navy Cross and Distinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism in Korea and Vietnam, respectively.", "Early life\nBarrow was born on February 5, 1922, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and grew up on his family's Rosale Plantation in West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana.", "The family's circumstances were difficult.", "They had no electricity, so Barrow satisfied an early passion for reading by using a kerosene lamp.", "Because it offered free tuition and low boarding costs, Barrow attended Louisiana State University from 1939 to 1942, working as a waiter and a janitor and served in the university's Corps of Cadets.", "Marine Corps career\n\nWorld War II\nIn 1942, Barrow left the university early to join the United States Marine Corps.", "He attended recruit training at Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego and was retained as a Drill Instructor after his graduation.", "While serving on the drill field, he was selected to attend Officer Candidate School in February 1943.", "He was commissioned a second lieutenant on May 19, 1943.", "Barrow served in China during World War II.", "He was a first lieutenant in the United States Navy Group China, Sino-American Cooperative Organization (SACO) from August 1944 to November 1945.", "SACO was a United States trained and equipped Chinese guerilla team in Japanese-occupied Central China.", "Barrow is said by his son to have described his China service as one of his \"most vivid experiences\".", "For his service, he was awarded the Bronze Star Medal with Combat \"V\".", "Korean War\nBarrow commanded Company A, 1st Battalion, 1st Marines during the Korean War and participated in the Inchon-Seoul campaign and in the Chosin Reservoir campaign.", "He has been described as the \"finest company commander\" of the Korean War.", "For his heroism in holding a pass near Koto-ri on December 9–10, 1950, he was awarded the Navy Cross.", "Barrow's Navy Cross citation reads:\n\nInterwar years\nIn February 1956, Barrow began an 18-month tour with the 2nd Battalion, 6th Marines at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina.", "From the summer of 1957 to the summer of 1960, he served as the Marine Officer Instructor, at the Tulane University Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps.", "In September 1959, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel.", "Barrow graduated from the National War College in June 1968.", "Vietnam War\nBarrow served in the Vietnam War as commanding officer of the 9th Marine Regiment, 3rd Marine Division (Rein) and was a Deputy G-3 in the III Marine Amphibious Force.", "While in command of the 9th Marines, he saw combat near the DMZ, Khe Sanh, Da Krong Valley, and A Shau Valley.", "He received the Distinguished Service Cross for his extraordinary heroism in Operation Dewey Canyon.", "Barrow's Distinguished Service Cross citation reads:\n\nGeneral officer\nIn August 1969, Barrow was promoted to brigadier general, then deployed to Japan to serve as commanding general at Camp Butler in Okinawa.", "He received a Legion of Merit for his three years of service and left Okinawa as a major general select.", "On promotion to major general, he became commanding general of Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island.", "Barrow was promoted to lieutenant general in 1975 and assigned to Headquarters Marine Corps as deputy chief of staff for manpower.", "In 1976, he was named commanding general of Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic, at Norfolk, Virginia.", "In July 1978, Barrow became the Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps, serving until July 1979 when he became the Commandant of the Marine Corps.", "From 1978 to 1979, Barrow also served as president of the Marine Corps Association.", "Barrow was the first commandant to serve, by law, as a regular full member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.", "As commandant, \"he was instrumental in acquiring approval of production for the Marine Corps of the American-modified Harrier aircraft, in awakening interest in new and improved naval gunfire support, in getting amphibious ships included in the navy's new construction programs, and in returning hospital ships to the fleet, especially on station with Marine Corps amphibious task forces.\"", "In 1981, Barrow received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member General David C. Jones, USAF.", "Barrow retired from the Marine Corps on 30 June 1983, and was presented with the Navy Distinguished Service Medal upon retirement.", "Military awards\nBarrow's decorations, awards, and badges include:\n\nPost-military career\nAfter Barrow's retirement from the Marine Corps, he was appointed by President Ronald Reagan to the Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board and to the president's Blue Ribbon Commission on Defense Management.", "In 1983, a letter from Barrow to Caspar W. Weinberger was released by the Pentagon.", "In the letter, Barrow criticized Israeli soldiers in Lebanon, saying that the Israelis were firing on United States troops, among other things.", "Israel denied the charges.", "Barrow's wife of 53 years, Patty, died in 2005.", "Barrow died on October 30, 2008, at the age of 86.", "He was survived by his sons Charles C. Pulliam, of Greenville, South Carolina, and Robert H. Barrow, a retired lieutenant colonel of Marines, of Tampa, Florida; his daughters Cathleen P. Harmon, of Killeen, Texas, Barbara B. Kanegaye, of Houston, Texas, and Mary B. Hannigan, of Oakton, Virginia, eleven grandchildren, and five great-grandchildren.", "Barrow was buried with full military honors on November 3, 2008.", "The service was held at Grace Episcopal Church and Cemetery in St. Francisville, the seat of West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana.", "The Commandant of the Marine Corps, General James T. Conway, delivered the eulogy, recognizing Barrow for his many initiatives ranging from recruiting to training; while former Commandant General Carl Mundy presented the burial colors to Barrow's next of kin.", "See also\n\n List of United States Marine Corps four-star generals\n List of Navy Cross recipients for the Korean War\n\nReferences\n\n General Robert H. Barrow from Keystone Marines\n\nExternal links\nLPB – General Robert H. Barrow\n\n1922 births\n2008 deaths\nUnited States Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War\nUnited States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War\nUnited States Marine Corps personnel of World War II\nAssistant Commandants of the United States Marine Corps\nLouisiana State University alumni\nMilitary personnel from Louisiana\nNational War College alumni\nPeople from Baton Rouge, Louisiana\nPeople from West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana\nRecipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal\nRecipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)\nRecipients of the Legion of Merit\n5 Barrow, Robert H.\nRecipients of the Navy Cross (United States)\nRecipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal\nRecipients of the Silver Star\nRecipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)\nUnited States Marine Corps Commandants\nUnited States Marine Corps generals\nUnited States Marine Corps officers" ]

[ "Robert Barrow was a four-star general in the United States Marine Corps.", "The 27th Commandant of the Marine Corps was Barrow.", "He served in World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War.", "The Navy Cross and theDistinguished Service Cross were awarded to General Barrow.", "Barrow was born on February 5, 1922, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and grew up on the family's plantation.", "The family's situation was difficult.", "They had no electricity, so Barrow used a lamp to read.", "Barrow attended Louisiana State University from 1939 to 1942, working as a waiter and janitor, and serving in the university's Corps of Cadets, because it offered free tuition and low boarding costs.", "Barrow joined the United States Marine Corps early in World War II.", "He was retained as a drill instructor after graduating from recruit training.", "He was selected to attend Officer Candidate School after serving on the drill field.", "On May 19, 1943, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant.", "Barrow was in China during World War II.", "From August 1944 to November 1945 he was a first lieutenant in the United States Navy Group China, Sino-American Cooperative Organization.", "The Chinese guerilla team was trained and equipped by the United States.", "One of Barrow's most vivid experiences was his service in China.", "He received a Bronze Star medal for his service.", "During the Korean War, Korean War Barrow commanded Company A, 1st Battalion, 1st Marines.", "He was the \"finest company commander\" of the Korean War.", "He was awarded the Navy Cross for holding a pass near Koto-ri.", "In February 1956, Barrow began an 18-month tour with the 2nd Battalion, 6th Marines at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina.", "He was the Marine Officer Instructor at the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps from the summer of 1957 to the summer of 1960.", "He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in September 1959.", "In June 1968, Barrow graduated from the National War College.", "In the Vietnam War, Barrow was the commanding officer of the 9th Marine Regiment, 3rd Marine Division (Rein) and a deputy G3 in the III Marine Amphibious Force.", "While in command of the 9th Marines, he saw combat in Khe Sanh and A Shau Valley.", "He received theDistinguished Service Cross for his actions in Dewey Canyon.", "In 1969 Barrow was promoted to brigadier general, then deployed to Japan to serve as the commanding general at Camp Butler.", "He left Okinawa as a major general select after receiving a Legion of Merit for three years of service.", "He became the commanding general of the Marine Corps Recruit Depot after being promoted to major general.", "Barrow was promoted to lieutenant general in 1975, and later to deputy chief of staff for manpower.", "In 1976, he was named commanding general of Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic.", "Barrow was the Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps until July 1978 when he became the Commandant.", "Barrow was president of the Marine Corps Association from 1978 to 1979.", "Barrow was the first commandant to serve as a full member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.", "He was instrumental in getting approval of production for the Marine Corps of the American-modified Harrier aircraft, in awakening interest in new and improved naval gunfire support, in getting amphibious ships included in the navy's new construction programs, and in returning hospital ships to the fleet.", "The Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement was presented to Barrow in 1981.", "On June 30, 1983, Barrow retired from the Marine Corps and was presented with a medal from the Navy.", "President Ronald Reagan appointed Barrow to the Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board and the Blue Ribbon Commission on Defense Management after he retired from the Marine Corps.", "The Pentagon released a letter from Barrow to Weinberger in 1983.", "Barrow criticized Israeli soldiers in Lebanon in a letter, saying that they were firing on US troops.", "Israel denied the accusations.", "Barrow's wife, Patty, died in 2005.", "Barrow passed away on October 30, 2008.", "He was survived by his daughters and sons-in-law.", "Barrow was buried with military honors.", "The service was held at the Grace Episcopal Church and Cemetery in St. Francisville, Louisiana.", "The Commandant of the Marine Corps, General James T. Conway, gave the eulogy, recognizing Barrow for his many initiatives, while the former commandant of the Marine Corps presented the burial colors to Barrow's next of kin.", "United States Marine Corps four-star generals List of Navy Cross recipients for the Korean War" ]

[ "Robert Hilliard Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Robert H", ". Barrow", ". Harmon", ". Hannigan", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Robert H", ". Barrow", "Robert H", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Robert H" ]

[ "Robert Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow" ]

[ "Edwin Lynn Raub (May 14, 1921 – March 10, 1998) was a television personality and horror host under the name Uncle Ted in the Northeastern Pennsylvania viewing area of the United States.", "He is mostly known for hosting the programs Uncle Ted's Children's Party in the 1960s, Uncle Ted's Ghoul School from 1974 to 1982 and Uncle Ted's Monstermania from 1984 to 1997.", "He was posthumously inducted into the Horror Host Hall Of Fame in 2014.", "According to his first sidekick Richard Briggs: \"He was a living legend, one of those guys who was around when (television) started up, and there's not too many of those guys around anymore.\"", "Early life and military service\nEdwin L. Raub (many resources erroneously list his middle initial as \"C\") was born May 14, 1921, in Kingston, Pennsylvania to Samuel J. and Margaret Lynn Raub, the oldest of two sons.", "He was married to the former Angela Wiffen who had grown up in Wallington, Surrey, England.", "They had two daughters, Rita and Beth, and a son, Edwin L., Jr.", "He had an uncle, named Edwin Hyde Raub, who fought during World War I, for the PA 109th Field Artillery A.E.F.", "; and died of pneumonia in Lyons, France.", "During the Second World War, as a radio operator with the 82nd Airborne Division's 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment Raub participated in D-Day and Operation Market Garden.", "According to author Cornelius Ryan's best-selling account of the battle, A Bridge Too Far: \"When tracer bullets began ripping through his canopy, Private Edwin Raub became so enraged that he deliberately side-slipped his chute so as to land next to the anti-aircraft gun.", "Without removing his harness, and dragging his parachute behind him, Raub rushed the Germans with his Tommy gun.", "He killed one, captured the others, and then, with plastic explosives destroyed the flak-gun barrels.\"", "A few days later during a German artillery barrage Pvt.", "Raub was severely burned on both of his hands when some gasoline cans near him exploded when hit; he later received two Purple Hearts.", "Raub was always humble about his wartime service and tended to downplay his efforts.", "In 1977 he told The Scranton Times, \"I was in the paratroopers because it meant an additional $50 a month in pay.", "When I jumped from the plane, my main concern was just to get to the ground in one piece.", "Sure, I saw the shells' effects, but if I had had my choice, I wouldn't have landed right in the middle of the gun emplacement!\"", "Early career\nIt was during his wartime convalescence that Raub became interested in sleight-of-hand and card tricks, initially to regain the dexterity and function of his injured hands, later finding it a good way amuse himself and his fellow wounded comrades.", "Upon returning home he became a copywriter at local radio station WARM-FM.", "He also wrote dialog for commercials and would sometimes perform voice-over work.", "His card trick and magic hobby \"just got away\" and became a sideline, performing for churches and private parties then graduating to clubs, resorts, store promotions, fairs, schools, and \"every mall in Northeastern Pennsylvania.\"", "His initial foray into television was in the mid-1950s at WBRE-TV as a fill-in for a leprechaun character named Mr. Nobody, later performing on the same program as \"Professor Feathers,\" complete with homemade costume.", "Moving to WDAU-TV, Raub hosted his first program The Uncle Ted Show performing magic tricks for his studio audience.", "His first notable success came with Uncle Ted's Children's Hour.", "A typical local television show of the time, it was broadcast live daily with Raub as the master of ceremonies.", "Besides his magic act it featured such fare as puppet shows, pantomimes and birthday parties.", "It became a success, and \"Uncle Ted\" a local celebrity.", "Raub felt it became a success because \"I never talked down to the children, I did things that interested them.", "Entertained them.", "Children like to be fooled but they are tougher to fool than grownups.\"", "Raub later tailored his school act to include a strong but entertaining anti-drug and alcohol message.", "Later career and success\nThroughout his broadcasting career Raub continued to work on and off behind the scenes as a copywriter, salesman, producer and announcer.", "Magic however, remained his true love.", "At the height of his popularity he performed between 400 and 500 shows a year.", "He constructed a special trailer for his supplies dubbed the \"magic wagon' and towed it from show to show with his lime-green AMC Pacer.", "Raub also opened a magic shop in his hometown of Kingston with fellow magician Harry Crawford.", "It was this act that indirectly set Raub on the path he'd become most well-known for, horror host.", "In 1974 Raub began starring as the host Uncle Ted's Ghoul School Friday nights on the area's largest broadcaster, WNEP-TV.", "The show, which was originally broadcast live, featured skits and magic interspersed throughout the film shown.", "It was here that Uncle Ted developed his trademark, a tuxedo, bright red fez and bushy white moustache.", "During 1975 WNEP had hired a brash young reporter fresh out of college on his climb to national stardom, Bill O'Reilly.", "In his first book The O'Reilly Factor he relates that he had some \"fierce creative differences\" with the titular host.", "To supplement his income during his nine months at the station, O'Reilly wrote gags for Uncle Ted, who incensed him by mangling them on air because he was, according to O'Reilly, \"usually half in the bag\" during the telecasts.", "Raub's daughter, Beth Raub Bessmer strongly denies this allegation stating although her father was a recovering alcoholic he stopped drinking in June 1968.", "She also relates that he was a mentor and sponsor to many, when he died he was only three months shy of receiving his 30th anniversary Sobriety coin.", "The allegation is also denied by Tom W. who was sponsored by Raub in 1978 and remained a friend until Raub's death.", "O'Reilly states that he arranged to have Uncle Ted open a show by emerging from a coffin supplied as a plug for a local mortuary.", "After Ted entered and the lid was closed O'Reilly locked it as revenge, resulting in the show opening to a rocking closed coffin and the muffled screams of the claustrophobic host.", "That was O'Reilly's last day on Ghoul School although he got to host Dracula's Daughter that night after Uncle Ted stormed out of the studio.", "O'Reilly admits these actions were a \"tad inappropriate.\"", "The show had an annual Halloween costume contest with bizarre prizes (like bringing the backstage crew's lunch) and the usual wacky skits.", "In one particular skit Uncle Ted anticipated the film Honey, I Shrunk the Kids by shrinking his crew with an inability to reverse the process.", "Monstermania's former director Jim Langan summed up Uncle Ted's appeal; \"When you saw him, you felt like you were meeting with a friend.", "People like Johnny Carson and Uncle Ted made you feel like you were visiting with them rather than watching them on television.", "He was just so good at reaching through the screen and touching his audience.\"", "In 1994, Raub was recognized by both the Society of American Magicians and Scary Monsters Magazine as one of the nation's \"longest-running horror hosts.\"", "Death\nA long-time smoker of filter-less Camel cigarettes who suffered ill-health from his addiction, Raub made anti-smoking messages part of his work, especially with children.", "He also made a few anti-smoking public service commercials.", "After a struggle with emphysema, Raub died March 10, 1998.", "He was interred at Memorial Shrine Cemetery in Franklin Township, PA. Uncle Ted was inducted posthumously into the Horror Host Hall of Fame on March 22, 2014.", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nUncle Ted's Ghoul School channel on YouTube\nUncle Ted's Ghoul School Facebook group\nUncle Ted's Ghoul School clips at WNEP.com\nThe Best Of \"Uncle Ted\" a half-hour TV special on WVIA.com's VOD\nThe Best Of \"Uncle Ted\" from the WVIA Archives\nUncle Ted's Horror Host Hall of Fame induction ceremony on YouTube\n\nHorror hosts\nAmerican television hosts\nMass media in Pennsylvania\nPeople from Kingston, Pennsylvania\n1921 births\n1998 deaths\nDeaths from emphysema\nUnited States Army personnel of World War II\nUnited States Army soldiers\nBurn survivors" ]

[ "In the Northeastern Pennsylvania viewing area of the United States, Uncle Ted was a television personality and horror host.", "He hosted Uncle Ted's Children's Party in the 1960s, Uncle Ted's Ghoul School from 1974 to 1982 and Uncle Ted's Monstermania from 1984 to 1997.", "He was posthumously inducted into the Horror Host Hall of Fame.", "\"He was a living legend, one of those guys who was around when television started up, and there's not too many of those guys around anymore,\" said his first sidekick Richard.", "Many resources list his middle initial as \"C\", when in fact he was born May 14, 1921 in Kingston, Pennsylvania to Samuel J. and Margaret Lynn Raub, the oldest of two sons.", "He was married to a woman who had grown up in Wallington, England.", "They had four children, two daughters and a son.", "He had an uncle who fought in World War I.", "In Lyons, France, he died of pneumonia.", "During the Second World War, he was a radio operator with the 82nd Airborne Division.", "The best-selling account of the battle is \"A Bridge Too Far\" by author Cornelius Ryan.", "Without removing his harness and dragging his parachute behind him, he rushed the Germans with his Tommy gun.", "He killed one, captured the others, and then blew up the flak-gun barrels.", "A few days later during a German bombardment.", "When some gasoline cans exploded near him, he was burned on both of his hands and received two Purple Hearts.", "He was always humble about his service during the war.", "He told The Scranton Times in 1977 that he got an extra $50 a month in pay when he was in the paratroopers.", "I was worried about getting to the ground in one piece when I jumped from the plane.", "If I had my way, I wouldn't have landed in the middle of the gun emplacement.", "It was during his convalescence that he became interested in sleight-of-hand and card tricks, initially to regain the dexterity and function of his injured hands, but later to amuse himself and his fellow wounded comrades.", "He became a writer at the local radio station.", "He did voice-over work and wrote dialog for commercials.", "His card trick and magic hobby \"just got away\" and became a sideline, performing for churches and private parties then graduating to clubs, resorts, store promotions, fairs, schools and \"every mall in Northeastern Pennsylvania.\"", "His first appearance on television was as a fill-in for a leprechaun at WBRE-TV in the mid-1950s.", "The Uncle Ted Show was hosted by Raub at WDAU-TV.", "His first success was with Uncle Ted's Children's Hour.", "A typical local television show of the time, it was broadcast live daily with the master of ceremonies.", "There were puppet shows, pantomimes and birthday parties.", "\"Uncle Ted\" was a local celebrity.", "I did things that interested the children, that's why it became a success.", "I entertained them.", "Children are tougher to fool than grownups.", "The anti-drug and alcohol message was included in the school act.", "After his broadcasting career, Raub continued to work on and off behind the scenes as a salesman and producer.", "His true love was magic.", "He performed between 400 and 500 shows a year.", "He built a special trailer for his supplies called the \"magic wagon\" and towed it from show to show.", "The magic shop in Kingston was opened by Raub and Harry Crawford.", "It was this act that made him famous as a horror host.", "WNEP-TV broadcasted Uncle Ted's Ghoul School on Friday nights from 1974 to 1974.", "skits and magic were included in the film shown on the show that 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "Uncle Ted's trademark was a tuxedo, bright red fez and bushy white moustache.", "Bill O'Reilly, a young reporter fresh out of college, was hired by WNEP.", "He said in his first book that he had some \"fierce creative differences\" with the host.", "During his nine months at the station, O'Reilly wrote gags for Uncle Ted, who incensed him by mangling them on air because he was, according to O'Reilly.", "Although her father was a recovering alcoholic he stopped drinking in June 1968.", "He was only three months away from receiving his 30th anniversary Sobriety coin when he died.", "Tom W., who was sponsored by Raub in 1978 and remained a friend until his death, denied the allegation.", "According to O'Reilly, he arranged for Uncle Ted to open a show by emerging from a coffin.", "The show opened to a rocking closed coffin and muffled screams of the host after O'Reilly locked it as revenge for Ted entering.", "It was O'Reilly's last day on Ghoul School and he got to host a show after Uncle Ted left the studio.", "O'Reilly admits the actions were inappropriate.", "The show had an annual Halloween costume contest with weird prizes, like bringing the backstage crew's lunch.", "In one skit, Uncle Ted predicted the film Honey, I Shrunk the Kids by downsizing his crew.", "Jim Langan, Monstermania's former director summed up Uncle Ted's appeal; \"When you saw him, you felt like you were meeting with a friend.\"", "Johnny Carson and Uncle Ted made you feel like you were visiting with them rather than watching them on TV.", "He reached through the screen and touched his audience.", "In 1994, the Society of American Magicians and Scary Monsters Magazine named Raub one of the nation's longest-running horror hosts.", "The death of a long-time smoker of filter-less Camel cigarettes who suffered ill-health from his addiction made anti-smoking messages part of his work.", "He made a few anti-smoking commercials.", "He died of emphysema on March 10, 1998.", "He was buried in Franklin Township, PA.", "The Best of \"Uncle Ted\" is a half-hour TV special on WVIA.com." ]

[ "Edwin Lynn Raub", "Edwin L", ". Raub", "Margaret Lynn Raub", "Edwin L", "Edwin Hyde", "Raub", "Edwin Ra", "Raub", "Raub", "Raub", "Raub", "Raub", "Raub", "Raub", "Raub", "Beth Raub", "Raub", "Raub", "Raub", "Raub" ]

[ "Margaret Lynn Raub", "Raub", "Raub", "Raub", "Raub", "Raub" ]

[ "Eulalia Pérez de Guillén Mariné (1766?", "– June 11, 1878) was a Californio who was mayordoma of Mission San Gabriel Arcángel and grantee of Rancho del Rincón de San Pascual in the San Rafael Hills, in present-day Los Angeles County, California.", "She claimed to have been born in 1766, if so making her 112 years old at the time of her death in 1878, but her case has not been verified or fully proven.", "Life\n\nEarly years\n\nEulalia Pérez was born in Loreto, the capital on the Baja California Peninsula of the Las Californias Province in the Viceroyalty of New Spain (in what is today the modern Mexican state of Baja California Sur), to Diego Pérez of Salamanca, Spain and Antonia Rosalia Cotes (or Cota) thought to be mulatta.", "Macedonio Gonzalez, one of Eulalia's nephews, knew Antonia Cota as Lucia Valenzuela according to Eulalia's English born son-in-law and author Michael C. White, aka: Miguel Blanco.", "Diego Pérez was a ship captain, thought to come from Salamanca—family members have been unable to trace records of his commission through the Archivo General de Indias or in Loreto, which has been ravaged by hurricanes over the centuries.", "Her siblings were Teresa, Petra, Juana, Josefa, Bernardo, and León.", "According to family lore, Capitan Pérez taught his daughter how to read and write, a fact later important to her survival and eventual prominence.", "She married Spanish army Sergeant Miguel Antonio Guillén at age fifteen.", "He was in the company at the Presidio of San Diego.", "They moved from Baja about 1800—on foot in those days—to the garrison at the new Mission San Gabriel, with their children Petra, Rosaria, and Isidoro.", "Miguel died while later serving at the garrison at San Diego, leaving Pérez with several children.", "Misión San Gabriel\n\nPérez managed to obtain employment at Misión San Gabriel, initially as cook and midwife for those such as Governor Pío Pico.", "She was eventually made \"keeper of the keys\" (mayor doma) of the mission itself.", "Rancho del Rincon del San Pascual\n\nWhen she retired, Mexican Governor José Figueroa rewarded Pérez as the grantee of Rancho del Rincón de San Pascual with her husband Juan Mariné.", "Rancho San Pascual encompasses the present day cities of Pasadena, South Pasadena, and San Marino.", "This had been part of the homeland of the Tongva-Gabrieleño Native Americans for thousands of years.", "Within the independent Mexican territory of Alta California, as a woman Pérez was unable to have ownership of property in her own name, so she married retired Mexican artillery lieutenant Juan Mariné (d. 1836).", "(According to descendants, the fathers at San Gabriel Mission made her the grant under Spanish rule; when Mexico acquired Alta California, Pérez then married Juan Mariné because Mexican law did not allow women to own land.)", "According to some descendants, Mariné and his sons lost all the land in a short time by gambling.", "In another narrative, one of Marine's sons, Fruto, was an active soldier and could not take charge of the Rancho.", "He sold it to José Pérez and Enrique Sepúlveda in 1839.", "Perez and Sepúlveda submitted a new land claim and in 1839 were re-granted their own title to Rancho San Pascual by Mexican Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado.", "Both built small adobe houses near the Arroyo Seco.", "Jose Perez died in 1841 and Enrique Sepulveda died in 1843, which left Rancho San Pascual abandoned until a new grantee later that year.", "Flores Adobe – South Pasadena\n\nPérez lived in the Adobe Flores, the 1839 adobe headquarters of Juan Perez on Rancho San Pascual on the southern slope of Raymond Hill.", "It was restored by architect Carleton Winslow, Sr. in the early 20th century and is still standing on Foothill Street in South Pasadena, and is on the National Register of Historic Places.", "It was named after a Californio hero, General Jose Maria Flores, the commander of the Mexican forces in Alta California during the Mexican–American War, who had camped near the adobe.", "She spent many years of her remaining life in the homes of various daughters, including that of Maria Rita de Guillén de la Ossa, wife of Jose Vicente de la Ossa, owner of Rancho de los Encinos, foundation of Encino, California.", "(What remains of that rancho is now Los Encinos State Historic Park.)", "Death\n\nPérez died in the Los Angeles area on June 11, 1878.", "Her death certificate, located in the Santa Ana courthouse, records that she lived to be 140, but descendants for the most part agree on more conservative figures like 110 or 112 years old, making her a famous centenarian of early California and of U.S. history.", "Legacy\nEulalia Pérez de Guillén Mariné is one of only two non-clergy buried with the priests in the San Gabriel Mission courtyard cemetery.", "Although there are an unknown number of Native Americans from the Kizh tribe or Gabrielino (as they were later identified due to their proximity to the Mission) in the courtyard cemetery, the priests were buried in a designated section immediately adjacent to the wall of the Mission in a place of honor.", "In Catholic tradition, burials closest to the most sacred areas of the church are reserved for individuals of stature, usually clergy.", "Eulalia being honored in this way (Thomas Workman-Temple II, Mission Historian being the other), was a highly unusual honor at that time for a woman: a marble bench inscribed with her name marks the spot.", "Her numerous descendants married other Californios from other founding Spanish and Mexican families of pre-statehood California.", "Some of Eulalia Perez de Guillen Marine's (deceased) descendants include:\n Maria Rita de Guillen de la Ossa, wife of Don Jose Vicente de la Ossa, owners of Rancho de los Encinos in Encino, Los Angeles\n Katherine Kevane Murray, champion of English for Spanish-speaking children in California public schools\nAlexander Howison Murray Jr. (1907-1993), twice mayor of Placerville\nPatricia Murray Chambers (1936-2007)\n Victoria Duarte Cordova, California genealogist and historian, (1912-2005)\n\nSee also\n Lawrence Brooks (American veteran) (also 112 years old)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \"The Reminiscences of Eulalia Pérez\" in The Californians, The Magazine of California History (Grizzly Publications).", "Tales of California Yesterday by Rose L. Ellerbe (Los Angeles: Warren T. Potter, 1916), \"Three Cooks of San Gabriel,\" pp.", "11–17\n [https://web.archive.org/web/20090427074413/http://www.jmichaelwalker.com/j_michael_walker_s_all_the_saints_of_the_city_of_the_angels.htm J. Michael Walker: All the Saints of the City of the Angels] (Berkeley: HeyDay Books, 2008), pp.", "142-145, 197\n Latinos in Pasadena by Roberta H. Martinez (San Francisco: Aradia Publishing, 2009), pp.", "16-18, 25, 28, 30, 34\n Latina Legacies: Identity, Biography, and Community by Vicki Ruíz and Virginia Sánchez Korrol (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp.", "24-25\n \n \n In America by Susan Sontag (New York: Macmillan, 2001), p. 193.", "Uppity Women of the New World by Vicki Leon (Newburyport, MA: Conari, 2001), pp.", "60-61\n \n Native Daughters of the Golden West: Doña Eulalia Pérez DeGuillén - California Pioneer Project\n Michael White Adobe website - (research section: information on Eulalia Pérez\n California History Quarterly: Eulalia Pérez de Guillén - 52:71-75; 53:141\n National Genealogical Society Quarterly: California's Centenarian: Eulalia Pérez de Guillén - June 1962, Volume 50 Number 2\n UC Berkeley News: California women's \"Collective Voice\" exhibit\n Los Angeles Times: \"At Flores Adobe, history stands solid\" - March 11, 2007\n Homestead Museum blogsite - March 4, 2010\nPhotos\n Santa Clara University: Eulalia Perez\n UC Berkeley News: Exhibit's slideshow]\n Homestead Museum: Eulalia Perez de Guillen Marine circa 1878\n\nCalifornios\nLand owners from California\nMexican midwives\n1878 deaths\nPeople from Pasadena, California\nPeople from San Gabriel, California\nPeople from South Pasadena, California\nPeople from the San Gabriel Valley\nHistory of Los Angeles County, California\nLongevity claims\nReligious workers from California\nRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles\n19th century in Los Angeles\nPeople from Loreto Municipality, Baja California Sur\nYear of birth uncertain" ]

[ "Eulalia Pérez de Guillén Mariné?", "In present-day Los Angeles County, California, the Californio who was mayordoma of Mission San Gabriel Arcngel was a grantee of Rancho del Rincn de San Pascual.", "She claimed to be 112 years old when she died, but her case has not been proven.", "Eulalia Pérez was born in the capital of the Baja California Peninsula of the Las Californias Province in the Viceroyalty of New Spain and lived there until she was 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020", "According to Eulalia's English born son-in-law and author Michael C. White, one of Eulalia's nephews knew Antonia Cota as Lucia Valenzuela.", "Diego Pérez's family has been unable to locate records of his commission through the Archivo General de Indias, which has been ravaged by hurricanes over the centuries.", "Her siblings were Teresa, Petra, Juana, Josefa, and Len.", "According to family lore, Capitan Pérez taught his daughter how to read and write.", "She married a Spanish army sergeant when she was fifteen.", "He was in a group of people.", "They moved from Baja to the garrison at the new Mission San Gabriel with their children.", "Pérez had several children when his brother died while serving at the garrison at San Diego.", "Governor Po Pico hired Misin San Gabriel Pérez as a cook and midwife.", "She was made the \"keeper of the keys\" of the mission.", "The Governor of Mexico rewarded Pérez with Rancho del Rincn de San Pascual when she retired.", "Rancho San Pascual covers the cities of Pasadena, South Pasadena, and San Marino.", "This was part of the homeland of the Tongva-Gabrieleo Native Americans for thousands of years.", "As a woman Pérez was unable to have ownership of property in her own name, she married a retired Mexican lieutenant.", "When Mexico acquired Alta California, Pérez married Juan Mariné because Mexican law did not allow women to own land, according to descendants.", "Mariné and his sons lost all the land to gambling.", "One of the Marine's sons, Fruto, was an active soldier and could not take charge of the Rancho.", "He sold it to two people.", "Perez and Seplveda's title to Rancho San Pascual was re-granted by the Mexican Governor in 1839 after they submitted a new land claim.", "Both built adobe houses.", "Rancho San Pascual was abandoned until a new grantee took over in 1843.", "South Pasadena Pérez lived in the Adobe Flores, the adobe headquarters of Juan Perez, on the southern slope of Raymond Hill.", "It is on the National Register of Historic Places and was restored by an architect in the early 20th century.", "The adobe was named after General Jose Maria Flores, the commander of the Mexican forces in Alta California during the Mexican–American War.", "Maria Rita de Guillén de la Ossa was the wife of Jose Vicente de la Ossa, the owner of Rancho de los Encinos.", "Los Encinos State Historic Park is where the rancho used to be.", "Death Pérez died in the Los Angeles area.", "Her death certificate shows that she lived to be 140, but her descendants agree that she was at least 112 years old.", "Legacy Eulalia Pérez de Guillén Mariné is buried in the courtyard cemetery of the San Gabriel Mission.", "The priests were buried in a section next to the wall of the Mission in a place of honor, despite the fact that there are an unknown number of Native Americans from the Kizh tribe.", "The burials closest to the most sacred areas of the church are reserved for clergy.", "A marble bench with her name written on it was an unusual honor for a woman at that time.", "Her family DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "Maria Rita de Guillen de la Ossa, wife of Don Jose Vicente de la Ossa, is one of the descendants of Eulalia Perez de Guillen Marine.", "\"Three Cooks of San Gabriel\" was written by Rose L. Ellerbe.", "J. Michael Walker is all the saints of the city of the angels.", "The book \"Latinos in Pasadena\" was written by Roberta H. Martinez.", "The book \"Latina Legacies: Identity, Biography, and Community\" was written by Vicki Ruz and Virginia Snchez Korrol.", "Susan Sontag wrote In America.", "Vicki Leon wrote Uppity Women of the New World.", "Information on Eulalia Pérez de Guillén can be found on the Adobe website." ]

[ "Eulalia Pérez de Guillén Mariné", "Eulalia Pérez", "Diego Pérez", "Eulalia", "Diego Pérez", "Pérez", "Guillén", "Pérez", "Pérez", "Pérez", "Juan Mariné", "Pérez", "Juan Mariné", "Pérez", "Juan Mariné", "Mariné", "José Pérez", "Pérez", "de Guillén", "de la", "de la", "Pérez", "Eulalia", "Pérez de", "Guillén", "Eulalia", "Eulalia", "Perez de", "de Guillen", "de la", "Vicente de", "Alexander Howison", "Eulalia", "Pérez", "Eulalia", "Pérez DeG", "Eulalia", "Pérez", "Eulalia", "Pérez de", "Eulalia", "Pérez de", "Perez de" ]

[ "Eulalia Pérez de Guillén Marin", "Eulalia Pérez", "Eulalia", "Eulalia", "Diego Pérez", "Pérez", "Pérez", "Pérez", "Pérez", "Pérez", "Pérez", "Juan Mariné", "Mariné", "de Guillén", "de la", "de la", "Pérez", "Eulalia", "Pérez de", "Guillén", "Mariné", "de Guillen", "de la", "Vicente de", "Eulalia", "Perez de", "Eulalia", "Pérez de" ]

[ "Albon Man (June 29, 1826 – February 18, 1905) was an American lawyer, scientist, and inventor who was associated with the early technology of the incandescent light bulb.", "He worked with William Edward Sawyer to develop inventions.", "He was a scientist and came up with ideas for potential inventions that would be useful for commercial products.", "Sawyer then worked out the mechanics of Man's ideas to make a workable product.", "Many of these then were patented by them, including the electric light system, which is the cornerstone of modern methods of electrical distribution.", "Man had a law office in New York City.", "He spent a lot of time litigating against others to defend his patents.", "There were many legal suits that Man filed against Thomas Edison for infringing on his patents, especially the incandescent lamp.", "The final ruling held that Man and Sawyer had perfected the lamp over a year earlier than Edison.", "Man was known worldwide as an authority on the principles of electricity and was a friend of Nikola Tesla.", "Early life \n\nMan was born in Westville, New York on June 29, 1826, to Ebenezer Man and an unknown mother.", "He attended high school in Fort Covington, New York and Malone, New York, and took college preparatory courses.", "Man entered Union College in Schenectady, New York, in 1845, taking literary and scientific courses.", "Man graduated in 1849, receiving an honorary degree as a Doctor of Philosophy in July 1892 from the same college.", "Mid life and career \nMan was taught law by his uncle, Hugh McCulloch, who lived in New York City.", "He was admitted to the bar of New York City in February, 1852, and soon after partnered with his uncle.", "He returned to Malone in 1853 due to his father's illness.", "There he established his own law practice and was employed as an engineer with the Northern New York Railroad.", "He was also a surveyor at the time.", "Man was elected district attorney of Franklin County, New York, in 1859.", "Man enlisted as a volunteer in the 98th New York Infantry Regiment unit of the Union Army in 1861 during the American Civil War and became a major.", "He participated in the battles of Yorktown, Williamsburg, and Fair Oaks.", "His health deteriorated due to exposure to the elements during the war and he was forced to resign from the military.", "He then returned to his home in Franklin County, where he continued as the district attorney.", "In 1863, Man went to Washington as chief of the Division of Organization in the office of the Controller of the Currency, afterward serving under Hugh McCulloch of the United States Treasury Department.", "In 1866 he became treasurer and general manager of the National Bank Note Company of New York City.", "Resuming the practice of law in 1871, he became general manager and agent of the Lorillard estates of New York City and stayed in that position until 1883.", "In 1878, Man became involved with William E. Sawyer in electrical inventions.", "He would come up with ideas and Sawyer would work out how to implement them.", "One of their inventions was the incandescent bulb (later known as the Sawyer-Man lamp), which was the first practical electric light bulb.", "The lamp consisted of a carbon filament in a vacuum.", "It was first demonstrated to the public by the Electro-Dynamic Light Company in New York City on October 29th, 1878.", "The newly invented electric lamp was touted as being able to save people a considerable amount of money over the gas lamps then used.", "A large New England mill ordered 200 of the Sawyer-Man bulbs that were estimated to cost $10 a year in electricity usage, whereas their current gas lamp system cost $4,000 a year for gas.", "Another invention Man made with Sawyer was a measurer of the amount of electricity consumed.", "Man, with Sawyer, Hugh McCulloch, William Hercules Hays, James P. Kernochan, Lawrence Meyers, and Jacob Hays formed the Electro-Dynamic Light Company of New York in July 1878.", "This was the first electric-lighting company formally formed.", "Man and Sawyer devised the first practical system of incandescent lighting with their related patents.", "He then became interested in other electrical devices, of which the patent innovations were needed by the public.", "In patent number 205,305, Sawyer and Man arranged electric light bulbs in parallel with the electric generator {\"j\") and in combination with each other, which may be regarded as the cornerstone of modern methods of electrical distribution through main feeder lines (\"k\").", "This is the regulation of the production of electricity at its source so as to supply the exact quantity needed for the number of light bulbs to light up at any one time.", "It follows that when the incandescent lights (\"Q\") are arranged in a series-parallel fashion, if the proper quantity of electricity is supplied it will distribute itself equally among the total number of electrical light bulbs and therefore a constant illumination will be maintained in every part of the system of branch lines (\"n\" & \"p\").", "Man had a law office in the Morris Building on Broad Street in New York City.", "In the early 1880s, Man spent most of his time on lawsuits related to defending his patents on electrical distribution and electric lighting.", "The patent rights to the incandescent lamp were finally settled against Edison and for Sawyer's invention with Man.", "By 1885, all appeals had been dismissed and Edison's claims were disallowed by the Secretary of the Interior and the Commissioner of Patents.", "The final ruling held that Sawyer and Man had perfected their invention in March 1878, while Edison had not finished his until October 1879.", "Sawyer & Man patent claims continued to clash with Edison's in court, with an 1895 ruling favoring Edison's research into a specific bamboo cultivar for use as bulb filament, voiding the Sawyer & Man claim to all textile material used within the bulb.", "Later life and death \n\nMan died of a paralytic stroke on February 18, 1905.", "He was buried at Morningside Cemetery in Malone.", "His obituary mentions that he conceived and created the hydroelectric power plant at Massena, New York.", "He was known throughout the scientific world as an authority on the principles of electricity and was a friend of Nikola Tesla.", "References\n\nSources \n\n1826 births\n1905 deaths\nUnion College (New York) alumni\nPeople from Franklin County, New York" ]

[ "Albon Man was an American lawyer, scientist, and inventor who was associated with the early technology of the light bulb.", "He worked with William Edward Sawyer.", "He was a scientist and came up with ideas for inventions.", "The mechanics of Man's ideas were worked out by Sawyer.", "The electric light system, which is the cornerstone of modern methods of electrical distribution, was patented by them.", "A man had a law office.", "He spent a lot of time litigating.", "There were many legal suits that were filed against Thomas Edison for violating his patents.", "According to the final ruling, Man and Sawyer were the first to perfect the lamp.", "The man was a friend and authority on the principles of electricity.", "Man was born in Westville, New York on June 29, 1826, to an unknown mother and father.", "He attended high school in New York and took college courses.", "In 1845, a man took literary and scientific courses at Union College.", "In July of 1892, a man received a Doctor of Philosophy degree after graduating from the same college in 1849.", "Man was taught law by his uncle, who lived in New York City.", "He joined the bar of New York City with his uncle.", "He returned to his hometown due to his father's illness.", "He was an engineer with the Northern New York Railroad and established his own law practice there.", "At the time, he was a surveyor.", "The man was the district attorney of Franklin County.", "During the American Civil War, a man enlisted as a volunteer in the 98th New York Infantry Regiment unit of the Union Army and became a major.", "He was involved in the battles of Fair Oaks.", "He was forced to resign from the military because of his health problems caused by exposure to the elements during the war.", "He was the district attorney in Franklin County.", "In 1863, Man went to Washington as chief of the Division of Organization in the office of the Controller of the Currency, and later served under Hugh McCulloch of the United States Treasury Department.", "He was the general manager of the National Bank Note Company of New York City.", "After returning to the practice of law in 1871, he became general manager and agent of the Lorillard estates of New York City.", "Man was involved with William E. Sawyer in electrical inventions.", "Sawyer would work out how to implement the ideas that he came up with.", "The Sawyer-Man lamp, which was the first practical electric light bulb, was one of their inventions.", "The lamp was in a vacuum.", "The first time it was shown to the public was in New York City.", "The electric lamp was said to be able to save people a lot of money compared to gas lamps.", "A large New England mill ordered 200 Sawyer-Man bulbs that were estimated to cost $10 a year in electricity usage, whereas their current gas lamp system cost $4,000 a year for gas.", "The invention man made with Sawyer was a measurer.", "The Electro-Dynamic Light Company of New York was formed in July of 1878.", "The first electric-lighting company was formed.", "The first practical system of incandescent lighting was created by Man and Sawyer.", "The public needed the patent innovations for other electrical devices.", "In patent number 205,305, Sawyer and Man arranged electric light bulbs in parallel with the electric generator and in combination with each other, which may be seen as the cornerstone of modern methods of electrical distribution through main lines.", "The regulation of the production of electricity at its source so as to supply the exact quantity needed for the number of light bulbs to light up at any one time is called this.", "If the proper quantity of electricity is supplied it will distribute itself equally among the total number of electrical light bulbs and therefore a constant illumination will be maintained in every part of the system of branch lines.", "The Morris Building is in New York City.", "Man spent most of his time defending his patents on electrical distribution and electric lighting.", "Sawyer's invention with Man and the patent rights to the incandescent lamp were settled.", "By 1885, the Secretary of the Interior and the Commissioner of Patents had ruled against Edison's claims.", "According to the final ruling, Sawyer and Man had finished their invention in March 1878, while Edison had not finished his invention until October 1879.", "The Sawyer & Man claim to all textile material used within the bulb was voided by an 1895 ruling that favored Edison's research into a specific bamboo cultivar.", "The man died of a paralytic stroke in 1905.", "He was buried in a cemetery.", "He created the hydroelectric power plant in Massena, New York.", "He was a friend and authority on the principles of electricity and was known throughout the scientific world.", "People from Franklin County, New York are alumni of Union College." ]

[ "Albon Man", "Man", "Man", "Man", "Man", "Man", "Man", "Man", "Man", "Man", "Man", "Man", "Man", "Man", "Man", "Man", "Man", "Man", "Man", "Man", "Man", "Man", "Man" ]

[ "Albon Man", "Man", "Man", "Man", "Man", "Man", "Man", "Man", "Man", "Man" ]

[ "Augusta Fox Bronner (July 22, 1881 – December 11, 1966) was an American psychologist, best known for her work in juvenile psychology.", "She co-directed the first child guidance clinic, and her research shaped psychological theories about the causes behind child delinquency, emphasizing the need to focus on social and environmental factors over inherited traits.", "Early life \nBronner was born July 22, 1881, in Louisville, Kentucky, to Gustave Bronner and Hanna Fox Bronner.", "The family was Jewish, and Augusta Fox Bronner's grandparents on both sides of the family were originally from Germany.", "She had two siblings, an older brother and a younger sister.", "After living in Cincinnati for several years, Bronner's family returned to Louisville, where Bronner graduated with her high school diploma in 1898.", "Education \nBronner's mother and grandmother both encouraged her to study and build a career.", "Bronner had aspired to be a teacher since youth, and after high school she pursued an educator's certification at the Louisville Normal School.", "She dropped out briefly, due to eye problems, and spent a year travelling in Europe with her aunt before returning to the Normal School and graduating in 1901.", "After enrolling in the Columbia University Teachers College, Bronner completed her bachelor's degree (B.S.)", "in 1906, soon followed by her master's degree (A.M.) in 1909.", "During her studies, she worked part-time grading papers for psychologist Edward L. Thorndike.", "She returned to Louisville briefly, teaching at the local Louisville Girls' High School – her old school – until her father's death in 1911.", "Bonner then began her doctoral studies at the Teachers' College, working with Thorndike.", "In 1914, Bronner completed her doctoral degree and published her dissertation, entitled A Comparative Study of the Intelligence of Delinquent Girls.", "Bronner's research showed that there was no correlation between delinquency and mental disability, undermining the common notion of the time that criminal behaviour was passed down through biological factors.", "Career \nIn 1913, while taking a summer course at Harvard University, Bronner met Chicago neurologist and professor William Healy.", "Healy was equally interested in the study of child delinquency, and subsequently hired Bronner to work as a psychologist at his Chicago Juvenile Psychopathic Institute.", "In 1914, the institute was renamed the Psychopathic Clinic of the Juvenile Court, and Bronner soon became the assistant director.", "Bronner and Healy proceeded to shape the study and treatment of delinquent youth, contributing to the scientific understanding that most juvenile crime stemmed from \"mental repressions, social conflicts, and family relations\", not hereditary factors.", "Among other research, Bronner identified that delinquency often arose as a result of placing children with learning disabilities or special abilities in the wrong kinds of educational environments.", "In 1917, Bronner and Healy took up new positions at the Judge Baker Foundation of Boston (later the Judge Baker Children's Center), a new publicly funded child guidance clinic attached to the Boston juvenile court.", "Bronner handled most of the psychological examinations of youth, as well as interviews with girls and the youngest children.", "In 1927, Bronner and Healy wrote the influential Manual of Individual Mental Tests and Testing, a comprehensive guide to assessing a patient's mental state.", "Although Healy was originally given the full position of director, with Bronner acting as assistant director, Bronner eventually became co-director of the Foundation in 1930.", "The Judge Baker Foundation soon became a model for other child guidance clinics across the country, with its co-directors developing important psychiatric practices such as the \"team\" method, in which psychologists worked together with social workers and physicians to treat a patient.", "On November 19, 1930, Bronner and Healy were invited by President Herbert Hoover to attend the White House Conference on Child Health and Protection.", "During the 1930s, Bronner also worked briefly in New Haven, Connecticut, as Director of the short-lived Research Institute of Human Relations at Yale University.", "She was president of the American Orthopsychiatric Association in 1932.", "Publications \nAfter her dissertation, Bronner published The psychology of special abilities and disabilities in 1917.", "It was reprinted multiple times, helping to boost the vocational testing movement.", "Her 1916 article \"Attitude as It Affects Performances of Tests\" was well-cited by others in subsequent research, exploring how certain factors could affect test results.", "As her personal and professional relationship with William Healy grew, Bronner retreated from publishing her individual work, preferring to co-write with Healy.", "In collaboration with Healy, Bronner published multiple books on juvenile psychology, including Reconstructing behavior in youth: A study of problem children in foster families (1929), Treatment and what happened afterward (1939), and What makes a child delinquent?", "(1948).", "Personal life and retirement \nIn September 1932, after Healy's wife died, he and Bronner finally married.", "According to biographer John C. Burnham, marriage changed very little about their professional relationship, its only effects being the easier facilitation of their working together on evenings and weekends and \"complicating administration of the clinic\" whenever the couple went on vacation together.", "A shortage of staff during World War II prolonged Bronner and Healy's work at the Judge Baker Foundation, despite retirement plans.", "After the couple finally retired in 1946, Bronner destroyed most of her own personal research and unpublished papers, preferring to keep the public's focus on her husband's academic work.", "Bronner and Healy spent their retirement in Clearwater, Florida.", "Death \nBronner died in Clearwater on December 11, 1966.", "References\n\n1881 births\n1966 deaths\nAmerican women psychologists\nAmerican psychologists\nChild psychologists\nTeachers College, Columbia University alumni\nPeople from Louisville, Kentucky" ]

[ "Augusta Fox Bronner was an American psychologist best known for her work in juvenile psychology.", "She was involved in the creation of psychological theories about the causes of child delinquency, emphasizing the need to focus on social and environmental factors.", "The early life Bronner was born in Louisville, Kentucky, on July 22, 1881.", "Augusta Fox Bronner's grandparents were originally from Germany and the family DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "She had three siblings, an older brother and a younger sister.", "After living in Cincinnati for several years, Bronner's family returned to Louisville, where she graduated from high school in 1898.", "Bronner's mother and grandmother both encouraged her to study.", "After graduating from high school, she pursued an educator's certification at the Louisville Normal School.", "She spent a year travelling in Europe with her aunt before graduating from the Normal School in 1901.", "She completed her bachelor's degree after attending the Columbia University Teachers College.", "She received her master's degree in 1909.", "She graded papers for Thorndike during her studies.", "She taught at the local Louisville Girls' High School until her father's death in 1911.", "She worked with Thorndike at the Teachers' College.", "A Comparative Study of the Intelligence of Delinquent Girls was written by Bronner in 1914.", "The research showed that there was no correlation between mental disability and criminal activity.", "In 1913, while taking a summer course at Harvard University, Bronner met a professor.", "Bronner was hired to work as a psychologist at the Chicago juvenile Psychopathic Institute because of his interest in the study of child delinquency.", "The Psychopathic Clinic of the juvenile court became the institute's assistant director in 1914.", "The scientific understanding that most juvenile crime stems from \"mental repressions, social conflicts, and family relations\", not hereditary factors, was contributed to by the study and treatment of delinquent youth.", "Children with learning disabilities or special abilities are often placed in the wrong educational environments.", "The Judge Baker Foundation of Boston was established in 1917 and has since become the Judge Baker Children's Center.", "Most of the psychological exams of youth were handled by Bronner.", "The Manual of Individual Mental Tests and Testing was written in 1927.", "Bronner became co-director of the Foundation in 1930 after being acting as assistant director.", "The \"team\" method, in which psychologists worked together with social workers and physicians to treat a patient, was developed by the co-directors of the Judge Baker Foundation.", "The White House Conference on Child Health and Protection was hosted by President Herbert Hoover.", "As Director of the Research Institute of Human Relations at Yale University, Bronner worked briefly in New Haven, Connecticut, in the 1930s.", "She was the president of the association.", "The psychology of special abilities and disabilities was published in 1917.", "It helped boost the testing movement.", "Her 1916 article \"Attitude as It Affects Performances of Tests\" was used to explore how certain factors could affect test results.", "As her personal and professional relationship with William Healy grew, she retreated from publishing her own work.", "Reconstructing behavior in youth: A study of problem children in foster families, Treatment and what happened afterwards, and What makes a child delinquent were all published in collaboration with Healy.", "The year 1948).", "After his wife died, he and Bronner finally married.", "The only effect marriage had on their professional relationship was that it made it easier for them to work together on evenings and weekends.", "During World War II, there was a shortage of staff at the Judge Baker Foundation.", "After the couple finally retired in 1946, Bronner destroyed most of her own personal research and unpublished papers, preferring to keep the public's focus on her husband's academic work.", "They retired in Clearwater, Florida.", "Death Bronner died in Clearwater.", "There are references to births and deaths of people from Louisville, Kentucky." ]

[ "Augusta Fox Bronner", "Gustave Bronner", "Hanna Fox Bronner", "Augusta Fox Bronner", "Bronner", "Bronner", "Bronner", "Bronner", "Bronner" ]

[ "Augusta Fox Bronner", "Augusta Fox Bron" ]

[ "Rameshwarnath Kao (10 May 1918 – 20 January 2002) was an Indian spymaster and the first chief of India's external intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) from its founding in 1968 to 1977.", "Kao was one of India's foremost intelligence officers, and helped build R&AW.", "He held the position of Secretary (Research) in the Cabinet Secretariat of the Government of India, which has been held by all R&AW directors since.", "He had also, during the course of his long career, served as the personal security chief to Prime Minister Nehru and as security adviser to Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi.", "He also founded the Aviation Research Centre (ARC) and the Joint Intelligence Committee.", "An intensely private man, Kao was rarely seen in public post-retirement, and was photographed only twice throughout his life.", "Personal life\n\nEarly years\nKao was born in the holy city of Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh on 10 May 1918 to a Kashmiri Hindu Pandit family who migrated from Srinagar district.", "He was brought up by his uncle Pandit Trilokinath Kao.", "Encouraged to pursue education, he had his early schooling in the city of Baroda, in the Bombay Presidency.", "Here he did his matriculation in 1932 and intermediate in 1934.", "In 1936, he attained a Bachelor of Arts degree from Lucknow University.", "He then chose to pursue a master's degree in English Literature at Allahabad University.", "He completed his Master of Arts degree some time before 1940.", "Later years\nRameshwarnath Kao was also known as Ramji amongst his friends and colleagues.", "A fiercely private man, he was rarely seen in public.", "He knew too much to make a public statement or write a book.", "Some attribute this to a life devoted to adventure and espionage which made it very difficult for him to mingle publicly.", "He was a recluse leading a heavily guarded life in his New Delhi bungalow, very rarely giving interviews.", "From 1989, Kao dedicated his time largely to the task of restoring the dignity and honour of the Kashmiri Pandits.", "He interacted with various political leaders and the Indian government to see that the Kashmir problem was not forgotten.", "He died in 2002 at age 84.", "He is survived by his wife, Malini Kao, to whom he had been married for 60 years, and daughter Achala Kaul.", "Personal traits\nKao was well liked in the international intelligence community.", "His professionalism was well regarded by his colleagues and the Prime Ministers Nehru and Indira Gandhi.", "Handsome, incorruptible, suave and intellectual, Rameshwar was a shy and humble person.", "Count Alexandre de Marenches, erstwhile head of the French external intelligence agency, or SDECE (Service For External Documentation And Counter-Intelligence) as it was then known, named Kao as one of the 'five great intelligence chiefs of the 1970s'.", "About Kao, whom he knew well and admired, the Count remarked: Alexandre praised the way Kao had built up R&AW into a professional intelligence organisation and made it play a key role to change the strategic face of the Indian Subcontinent within a span of three years of R&AWs formation.", "Career\nKao, for a while, took up a job in a cigarette company floated by Pt.", "Jag Mohan Narain Mushran, the then Chief Justice of the Benaras State.", "Early career\nKao took classes in Law in Allahabad University but left when he joined the Indian Imperial Police in 1940 after passing Civil services examination.", "His first posting was in Kanpur as an Assistant Superintendent of Police.", "Kao was deputed to the Intelligence Bureau (I.B.", "), on the eve of Independence when it was being reorganised under B.N.", "Mullick.", "He was put in charge of VIP security, which included the task of looking after the security ring of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.", "Sometime in the late 50s he was sent to Ghana to help the then government of prime minister Kwame Nkrumah set up an intelligence and security organisation there.", "Kashmir Princess Probe\nKashmir Princess was a Lockheed L-749A Constellation aircraft owned by Air India which exploded in midair and crashed into the Pacific Ocean on 11 April 1955 while en route from Bombay, India and Hong Kong to Jakarta, Indonesia, carrying delegates to the Bandung Conference.", "16 of those on board were killed; three survived.", "Investigators believed that the explosion had been caused by a time bomb placed aboard the aircraft by a secret agent of the Kuomintang, also known as the Chinese Nationalist Party, who was attempting to assassinate Chinese premier Zhou Enlai, who had been scheduled to board the plane to attend the conference but had changed his travel plans at the last minute.", "Kao, along with British and Chinese agents, probed the circumstances leading to the crash.", "His work with the Chinese earned him a letter of recommendation from Zhou Enlai.", "Under the new Government\nIn 1977, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was toppled when the Congress was defeated in the elections by the Janata Party.", "Kao's closeness to Indira Gandhi had aroused deep suspicion among the political class about his role in the Emergency.", "However, Kao had privately advised Mrs. Gandhi not to declare emergency.", "His tenure had been extended by Mrs. Gandhi; he would have retired in 1976 otherwise.", "When Morarji Desai's government came to power after the Emergency, Kao was under no illusion about how the new set of politicians— who had publicly attacked Indira Gandhi for spying on them— would react to his presence.", "He resigned quietly and kept out of the public eye.", "A thorough inquiry cleared him and the R&AW of all blame.", "He returned when Indira made a comeback in 1980.", "He worked as a security adviser to both Indira and Rajiv Gandhi.", "Most of the details of Kao's life will remain secret for the better part of the next century.", "However it is no secret that Kao made immeasurable contributions to the security of India.", "His invaluable service in various capacities in the Indian intelligence establishment led to great improvements in its functioning.", "Notwithstanding all criticisms regarding his political impact, it is through the untiring efforts of Kao that the foundations of modern intelligence handling in India were laid and a generation of intelligence professionals were trained.", "National Security Guard\nKao created the National Security Guard (NSG), during the Punjab militancy during the 1980s, to address the needs of the Government of India to counteract terrorism within the country.", "As R&AW Chief\n\nFounding and establishing R&AW\nAfter the intelligence failure of being unable to predict the Sino-Indian War of 1962 and the Operation Gibraltar of 1965, the Indian polity felt the need to establish a separate organisation for gathering intelligence for military purposes.", "Kao was handpicked by Jawaharlal Nehru himself, who knew him well, from his years as Nehru's Head of Personal Security.", "On his return from Ghana, he was made the first director of the newly formed Aviation Research Centre at Charbatia, Odisha, that chiefly concentrated on TECHINT collection.", "The Sino-Indian War and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 caused the restructuring of the country's intelligence apparatus, since real-time foreign intelligence had become a political necessity.", "The Intelligence Bureau of India (IB) was considered to have become something of a behemoth, and was bogged down by internal operations and politicisation.", "In 1968, the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, who had then also begun tightening her grip on the Congress party, bifurcated the Intelligence Bureau to form the Research and Analysis Wing.", "The IB would be involved in domestic intelligence gathering, while the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) was created as India's primary external intelligence agency.", "Its mandate was to monitor the world in general and South Asia in particular.", "Kao was chosen as the head of the new organization, with a rank of Additional Secretary (Research) in the Cabinet Secretariat, later elevated to Secretary, a post that all R&AW Chiefs occupy.", "As its founder-chief, Kao was given the task of building up R&AW from scratch.", "He spent the next nine years as the head of the organisation.", "He took over R&AW at a time when things were beginning to heat up in the subcontinent.", "His tenure, which began in 1968, lasted for nearly a decade and marked the closest association that an Indian prime minister has ever had with the country's intelligence chief.", "He had unlimited access to Indira Gandhi.", "She reposed complete faith in him.", "Bangladesh liberation war period\nTowards the end of the 1960s, when the problems in East Pakistan began to escalate, the meetings with Indira Gandhi became more and more frequent.", "Recalls long-time Kao associate Victor Longer: \"Intelligence is the only government business that depends upon the spoken word.", "Sometimes you can understand signs and body language.", "Kao had that rapport with Mrs Gandhi.\"", "The PMO's inner group of Kashmiri advisors D.P.", "Dhar, P.N.", "Haksar and T.N.", "Kaul now had another Kashmiri, Kao, for company.", "While what transpired at the meetings can now only be a matter of conjecture, Kao's own team, notably Shankaran Nair (former R&AW Director) and Girish Chandra Saxena (former R&AW Director and Jammu and Kashmir Governor), sized up the emerging scenario in what is now Bangladesh with precision.", "What was worked out was not just the larger picture but the little nuts and bolts—contingency plans and micro details.", "The idea of India training and equipping the freedom fighters of Mukti Bahini was evolved meticulously.", "After Pakistan launched Operation Searchlight, R&AW played a highly important role in the Creation of Bangladesh.", "They gave arms and training support to the Mukti Bahini during the initial stages of the war.", "Amidst the mass killings and brutal rapes, Indian operatives would get into East Pakistan, arm the local population and capitalise on the frustrations brewing within.", "Ashok Raina, in his book \"Inside R&AW\", writes: \"Another R&AW assessment sent to the prime minister spelt out the need for surgical intervention for the reports that came in gave positive indications that Pakistan was preparing for war.", "R&AW received the green signal.", "R&AW established guerrilla training camps along the border and began to train an illegal army.\"", "According to Gunaratna, the Bangladesh operation took place in two phases: covert subversion and military intervention.", "\"Phase one was coordinated by Kao and phase two by Manekshaw, both reporting directly to Indira Gandhi,\" he said.", "During the 1971 war, intelligence was thorough enough that the Indian Air Force could bomb the room in which the East Pakistan Cabinet was in session.", "Naval commandos were able to blow every single Pakistani ship in the Chittagong harbour.", "Kao maintained close connection with the new nation.", "In May 1975, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi sent him to Dhaka to warn Sheikh Mujibur Rahman of his impending assassination by some in his Army.", "Merger of Sikkim\nKao can also largely be credited for merging Sikkim into India in 1975 as its 22nd state.", "It was he who predicted and identified the fact that the merger must be effected before other competing interests like China moved in.", "Delhi had publicly acknowledged the good work done by R&AW at that point.", "Some analysts say Kao also had a substantial role in arming Tamil guerrillas in the late seventies and eighties and played a pivotal role in Sri Lankan affairs, even though he was no longer the hands-on man.", "Legacy\nKao is a legend among the Indian and South Asian Intelligence community, for his creation of the R&AW as a formidable force in such a short time from its inception.", "He is also well regarded by his juniors.", "His influence was such that those who served under him during this time were affectionately called 'Kaoboys'.", "Although the R&AW was established only in 1968, by the 1971 war, it had become a highly efficient and formidable force.", "Kao is credited to have, in only three years of R&AW's existence, helped in bringing about the creation of a new nation.", "Former chairman of Joint Intelligence Committee K.N.", "Daruwala has said:\n\"His contacts the world over, particularly in Asia—Afghanistan, Iran, China, you name it—were something else.", "He could move things with just one phone call.", "He was a team leader who rode out notorious inter-departmental and inter-service rivalries, which is commonplace in India.\"", "R.N.", "Kao Memorial Lecture\nIn order to commemorate the legacy of its founder R&AW created the annual R.N.", "Kao Memorial Lecture.", "The first lecture took place in 2006 on the fifth anniversary of Kao's death, and was delivered by writer-diplomat Shashi Tharoor.", "In 2007 Kumar Mangalam Birla delivered the second annual lecture, he focused on the shortage of people with the right skill set, in and out of the government.", "He counted the scramble for talent as one of the issues that looms the largest — globally and in India — over organisations in the private and public sector.", "See also \n R.N.", "Kao Gentleman Spymaster\n Adrishya\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\n1918 births\n2002 deaths\nSpymasters\nKashmiri people\nPeople from Varanasi\nUniversity of Allahabad alumni\nUniversity of Lucknow alumni\nPeople of the Research and Analysis Wing" ]

[ "The Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), the first chief of India's external intelligence agency, was headed by Rameshwarnath Kao from 1968 to 1977.", "One of India's foremost intelligence officers was Kao.", "All R&AW directors have held the position of Secretary (Research) in the Cabinet secretariat of the Government of India.", "He was the personal security chief to Prime Minister Nehru and the security adviser to Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi.", "The Joint Intelligence Committee was founded by him.", "Kao was photographed only twice throughout his life and was rarely seen in public.", "On May 10, 1918 Kao was born to a Kashmiri Hindu Pandit family who migrated from Srinagar district.", "He was brought up by his uncle.", "He had his early education in the Bombay Presidency, where he was encouraged to pursue education.", "He graduated from intermediate in 1934.", "He obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree from Lucknow University in 1936.", "He decided to pursue a master's degree in English Literature.", "He had a Master of Arts degree.", "Rameshwarnath Kao was known to his friends and colleagues as Ramji.", "He was a private man.", "He didn't have enough time to make a public statement or write a book.", "His life devoted to adventure and espionage made it difficult for him to mingle publicly.", "He was a very secretive man who lived in a New Delhi bungalow.", "Kao devoted his time to the task of restoring honor and dignity to the Kashmiri Pandits.", "The Kashmir problem was not forgotten when he interacted with various political leaders and the Indian government.", "He died in 2002.", "He is survived by his wife and daughter.", "Kao was liked by the international intelligence community.", "His professionalism was appreciated by both Nehru and Gandhi.", "Rameshwar was a shy and humble person.", "Kao was named one of the five great intelligence chiefs of the 1970s by Count Alexandre de Marenches, the former head of the French external intelligence agency.", "The Count remarked that Kao had built up R&AW into a professional intelligence organisation and made it play a key role in changing the strategic face of the Indian Subcontinent within three years.", "Career Kao worked in a cigarette company for a while.", "The Chief Justice of the Benaras State was Jag Mohan Narain Mushran.", "Kao joined the Indian Imperial Police in 1940 after passing the Civil services exam, but left the University to do so.", "His first posting was as a police officer.", "Kao was assigned to the Intelligence Bureau.", "It was being reorganised on the eve of Independence.", "Mullick.", "He was in charge of the security of the Prime Minister.", "He was sent to help set up an intelligence and security organisation in Ghana in the late 50s.", "Kashmir Princess was an aircraft owned by Air India which exploded in midair and crashed into the Pacific Ocean on April 11, 1955, as it was en route from Bombay, India and Hong Kong to Jakarta, Indonesia, carrying delegates to the Bandung Conference.", "There were 16 people on the plane who were killed.", "The explosion was believed to have been caused by a time bomb placed on the plane by a secret agent of the Chinese Nationalist Party, who was attempting to assassinate Zhou Enlai, who was scheduled to board the plane to attend the conference.", "The circumstances leading to the crash were investigated by Kao, along with British and Chinese agents.", "Zhou Enlai gave him a letter of recommendation for his work with the Chinese.", "The Congress was defeated in the 1977 elections by the Janata Party, which led to the fall of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.", "The political class was suspicious of Kao's role in the Emergency.", "Mrs. Gandhi was advised by Kao not to declare an emergency.", "He would have retired in 1976 if Mrs. Gandhi had not extended his tenure.", "Kao was under no illusion about how the new set of politicians would react to his presence when Morarji Desai's government came to power after the Emergency.", "He kept out of the public eye and resigned quietly.", "He and the R&AW were cleared of all blame.", "He came back in 1980.", "He was a security adviser to both Indira and Rajiv Gandhi.", "Kao's life will remain a secret for the next century.", "Kao made a lot of contributions to the security of India.", "His service in various capacities led to improvements in the functioning of the Indian intelligence establishment.", "Through Kao's untiring efforts, the foundations of modern intelligence handling in India were laid and a generation of intelligence professionals were trained.", "The National Security Guard was created by Kao to address the needs of the Government of India to counteract terrorism.", "R&AW was established after the intelligence failure of the Sino-Indian War of 1962 and the operation of Gibraltar in 1965, as well as the need to establish a separate organisation for gathering intelligence for military purposes.", "Nehru knew Kao from his years as Nehru's Head of Personal Security.", "He was made the first director of the newly formed Aviation Research Centre at Charbatia on his return from Africa.", "The country's intelligence apparatus was restructured after real-time foreign intelligence became a political necessity.", "The Intelligence Bureau of India was bogged down by internal operations and was considered to have become something of a monolith.", "The Intelligence Bureau was bifurcated by the Prime Minister in 1968 to form the Research and Analysis Wing.", "The Research and Analysis Wing was created as India's primary external intelligence agency, while the IB was involved in domestic intelligence gathering.", "It was tasked with keeping an eye on the world in general and South Asia in particular.", "Kao was elevated to Secretary, a post that all R&AW chiefs occupy, after he was chosen as the head of the new organization.", "Kao was given the task of building up R&AW from the ground up.", "He was the head of the organisation for nine years.", "R&AW was taken over by him at a time when things were heating up.", "His tenure, which began in 1968, lasted for nearly a decade and marked the closest association that an Indian prime minister has ever had with the country's intelligence chief.", "He had unrestricted access to Gandhi.", "She had complete faith in him.", "At the end of the 1960s, when the problems in East Pakistan began to escalate, the meetings with Indira Gandhi became more and more frequent.", "Intelligence is the only government business that depends on the spoken word, recalls Victor Longer.", "There are signs and body language that you can understand.", "Kao had a good relationship with Mrs Gandhi.", "D.P. is part of the PMO's inner group of Kashmiri advisers.", "P.N.", "Haksar and T.N.", "Kao was for company.", "The emerging scenario in what is now Bangladesh was sized up by Kao's own team, which included former R&AW Director and Jammu and Kashmir Governor Girish Chandra Saxena.", "The little nuts and bolts were not the only things worked out.", "The idea of training the freedom fighters of India was developed carefully.", "R&AW played an important role in the creation of Bangladesh.", "During the initial stages of the war, they provided arms and training.", "Indian operatives would get into East Pakistan to take advantage of the mass killings and brutal rapes there.", "\"Another R&AW assessment sent to the prime minister spelled out the need for surgical intervention for the reports that came in gave positive indications that Pakistan was preparing for war.\"", "The green signal was received by R&AW.", "R&AW set up guerrilla training camps along the border.", "The Bangladesh operation took place in two phases.", "\"Phase one was coordinated by Kao and phase two by Manekshaw, both reporting directly to Indira Gandhi,\" he said.", "The room in which the East Pakistan Cabinet was in session was bombed by the Indian Air Force during the 1971 war.", "Every single ship from Pakistan was blown up in the harbour.", "Kao was close to the new nation.", "In 1975, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi sent Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to Bangladesh to warn him of an impending assassination.", "Sikkim was merged into India in 1975 as its 22nd state.", "He was the one who predicted that the merger would have to be effected before China moved in.", "The good work done by R&AW was acknowledged by Delhi.", "Kao had a significant role in helping Tamil guerrillas in the 70's and 80's, even though he was no longer in charge, according to some analysts.", "The creation of the R&AW by Legacy Kao is a legend among the Indian and South Asian Intelligence community.", "He is well respected by his juniors.", "Those who served under him were affectionately called 'Kaoboys'.", "By the 1971 war, the R&AW had become a highly efficient and formidable force.", "In only three years of R&AW's existence, Kao helped bring about the creation of a new nation.", "The Joint Intelligence Committee was chaired by K.N.", "His contacts the world over, particularly in Asia, were something else.", "He was able to move things with one phone call.", "In India, notorious inter-departmental and inter-service rivalries are commonplace.", "R.N.", "The annual R.N. was created to commemorate the legacy of R&AW's founder.", "The Kao Memorial Lecture is held every year.", "On the fifth anniversary of Kao's death, writer-diplomat Shashi Tharoor delivered the first lecture.", "Kumar Mangalam Birla focused on the shortage of people with the right skill set in and out of the government in his second annual lecture.", "The scramble for talent is one of the biggest issues in the private and public sector in India.", "R.N. is also seen.", "References External links 1918 births 2002 deaths Spymasters Kashmiri people People from Varanasi University of Allahabad alumni People of the Research and Analysis Wing" ]

[ "Rameshwarnath Kao", "Nehru", "Rajiv Gandhi", "Kao", "Kao", "Kao", "Rameshwarnath", "Kao", "Ramji", "Kao", "Kao", "Kao", "Nehru", "Rameshwar", "Kao", "Mohan Narain", "Kao", "Kao", "Nehru", "Nkrumah", "Kao", "Kao", "Kao", "Kao", "Rajiv", "Kao", "Kao", "Kao", "Nehru", "Nehru", "Kao", "Kao", "Kao", "Kao", "Nair", "Raina", "Kao", "Kao", "Rahman", "Legacy Kao", "Kao", "R N", "Kao", "R N", "Kao", "R N" ]

[ "Rameshwarnath Ka", "Nehru", "Rajiv Gandhi", "Kao", "Kao", "Rameshwarnath", "Kao", "Ramji", "Kao", "Nehru", "Rameshwar", "Kao", "Kao", "Mohan Narain", "Kao", "Kao", "Kao", "Kao", "Kao", "Kao", "Rajiv", "Kao", "Kao", "Kao", "Nehru", "Kao", "Nehru", "Kao", "Kao", "Kao", "Kao", "Kao", "Kao", "Rahman", "Kao", "Kao" ]

[ "Jan Tadeusz Komasa (born October 28, 1981) is a Polish film director, screenwriter, and producer best known for directing Suicide Room (2011), Warsaw 44 (2014), and Corpus Christi (2019), which was nominated for the Best International Feature Film at the 92nd Academy Awards.", "His previous works premiered and won awards at Tribeca Film Festival, Berlin Film Festival, Cannes, and Venice.", "Early life \nKomasa was born in Poznań, in western Poland.", "His father, Wiesław Komasa, is a theater actor and professor at National Academy of Dramatic Art in Warsaw.", "His mother, Gina Komasa, is a singer, music producer, and music supervisor.", "She was a Director of Entertainment Department at Polish Television (TVP) and a director of the Sopot International Song Festival and the National Festival of Polish Song in Opole.", "His brother, Szymon Komasa, is a bass-baritone singer, graduate of Jiulliard School in New York and Guildhall School of Music in London.", "He has two sisters: Maria Komasa-Łazarkiewicz (stage name: Mary Komasa) is a singer, composer and wife of a composer Antoni Komasa-Łazarkiewicz.", "Zofia Komasa is a costume designer.", "Komasa was raised in Warsaw, where his family moved in 1988.", "He attended Stanislaw Moniuszko Primary Music School.", "He, along with his siblings, was a child actor in television shows, programmes and movies due to his mother's professional engagement at Polish Television.", "In 1993 his father played a part in Schindler's List.", "Watching the film crew work and meeting Steven Spielberg made him consider film directing as his future profession.", "He graduated from National Film School in Łódź.", "Film career \nWhen he was 21 he directed his short film Nice To See You (2003) which won 3rd prize at Cannes Film Festival (Cinefondation) and was presented on several film festivals including Munich Film Festival, São Paulo International Film Festival and Cork Film Festival.", "He was 23 when he directed a part of a triptych feature film Ode to Joy (2005) which premiered in main competition at Rotterdam Film Festival(2006) and won numerous awards including (second in importance) Special Jury Prize at Gdynia Film Festival (2005).", "Ode to Joy was presented at over 30 festivals including Chicago International Film Festival, Karlovy Vary Film Festival, Jerusalem Film Festival, Moscow International Film Festival, Palić Film Festival, Cottbus Film Festival, Valencia Cinema Jove Festival and more.", "In the upcoming years he focused on directing music videos, commercials with the exception of full-length documentary film The Flow (2007) which premiered at Kraków Film Festival and television film Wroclaw's Golgotha (2008) which won lead actor's award at Monte-Carlo Television Festival along with Grand Prix and 5 other awards at Polish Radio and Television Dramatic Art “Two Theatres” Festival.", "He wrote his first feature film Suicide Room script in 2008, directed the film in 2009 and premiered it at Berlin Film Festival in 2011.", "Film generated a big buzz afterwards which ultimately led to a sweeping box office success (with 900.000 admissions in Polish cinemas - $4,878,284 and $2,348,656 abroad).", "Komasa was awarded with Polish Film Award for Discovery of the Year and Best Editing along with FIPRESCI at International Festival of Independent Cinema Off Camera, Best Film and best score award at Giffoni Film Festival, Silver Lion at Gdynia Film Festival, Best Polish Film award at MTV Movie & TV Awards, Best Film at Stockholm International Film Festival, best film at Geneva International Film Festival, Best Debut Film at New Horizons Film Festival and many other awards.", "Leading actor Jakub Gierszał was awarded with Shooting Stars Award for his portrayal of Dominik Santorski, Suicide Room's main character.", "Suicide Room was distributed by Wolfe Video, the oldest and largest exclusive distributor of LGBT films in North America.", "He created a concept of a unique full-length documentary he directed - Warsaw Uprising (2014) which was a critical and box office success with 700.000 viewers in Polish cinemas.", "The film received very good reviews from Los Angeles Times (“Warsaw Uprising” is not only a unique, remarkably assembled documentary-narrative hybrid but also a powerful look at the personal and public devastation that can occur during wartime.", "Movies rarely feel as authentic as this”) to Village Voice (Despite its context in a global conflict, “Uprising” is a strangely intimate film.)", "to Times of Israel (…a mesmerizing account of the fierce house-to-house fighting against the German.)", "Warsaw Uprising was awarded with Golden Reel Award 2015 for Best Documentary and Polish Film Award for Best Documentary and Best Sound Design.", "His biggest box office success came with a blockbuster he wrote and directed - an epic period film Warsaw 44 (2014).", "He wrote the script in January 2006 and the film took 8 years to produce.", "Warsaw 44 depicts a tragic story of young people fighting in Warsaw Uprising.", "The film premiered at Busan Film Festival, won Golden Lions for Best Actress, Best Sound, Best Special Effects at Gdynia Film Festival, received Polish Film Awards for Discovery of the Year, Best Production Design, Best Costume Design, Best Film award at China Golden Rooster & Hundred Flowers FF and was followed by 1.800.000 admissions to Polish cinemas and a worldwide distribution.", "In 2015 he directed second season of crime series Blood Of The Blood, a format based on Dutch series Penose starring Agata Kulesza.", "2016 was a year in which Komasa switched from film set to a theater stage to create an epic contemporary dance multimedia show Ksenophony at Malta Festival Poznań to commemorate 60th anniversary of his hometown's Poznań protests of 1956.", "In the show a rare technic of algorhytmic kinetic lights was used.", "In 2017 he started a collaboration with Primetime Emmy Award and Writers Guild of America Awards nominee scriptwriter Wendy West and producer Barry Josepshon and formatted and directed an AXN / Netflix cyber-crime series Ultraviolet.", "In 2018 he directed Corpus Christi which premiered in 2019 at Venice Film Festival where it won two awards: Europa Cinemas Label Award and Edipo Re Inclusion Award.", "At Gdynia Film Festival Komasa was awarded with 10 awards including Best Director Award and the film won awards for Best Screenplay, Best Supporting Actress, Audience Award, Journalist Award, Elle Rising Star for Main Actor Bartosz Bielenia.", "It was awarded with Silver Star and Best Actor Award at El Gouna Film Festival.", "For his performance Bartosz Bielenia won awards at numerous festivals including: Palm Springs International Film Festival, Chicago Film Festival, Stockholm Film Festival, Bordeaux Film Festival, Zbigniew Cybulski Award, Shooting Stars Award.", "Corpus Christi was nominated for the Best International Feature Film at the 92nd Academy Awards.", "His film The Hater (2020) became one of the first movies disrupted by COVID-19 outbreak premiering on 6 March 2020 in Poland before the cinemas in the country were closed down 6 days later due to partial national lockdown administered by the Polish government.", "To mitigate inevitable losses and take advantage of still ongoing advertising campaign The Hater began being distributed on VOD platforms domestically on 18 March.", "The Hater was selected to International Main Competition at 2020 Tribeca Film Festival, which ultimately went online due to the outbreak of COVID-19.", "The film won Best International Narrative Feature award and its world rights were acquired by Netflix.", "Filmography\n\nShorts\n Nice To See You (2003)\n Mary Komasa: Lost Me (2016)\n\nFull length films\n Ode to Joy segment \"Warsaw\" (2005)\n The Flow documentary (2007)\n Suicide Room (2011)\nWarsaw Uprising documentary (2014)\n Warsaw 44 (Miasto 44) (2014)\n Corpus Christi (Boże Ciało) (2019)\nThe Hater (2020)\n\nTV Series\n Teatr telewizji (TV Series) - Golgota wrocławska episode (2008)\n Krew z krwi (TV Series, second season) (2015)\n Ultraviolet (TV Series, 5 episodes) (2018)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nInterview with Jan Komasa about Corpus Christi\nInterview with Jan Komasa about his documentary Warsaw Uprising\n\nPolish film directors\n1981 births\nFilm people from Poznań\nLiving people\nŁódź Film School alumni" ]

[ "Jan Tadeusz Komasa is a Polish film director, screenwriter, and producer best known for directing Suicide Room, Warsaw 44, and Corpus Christi, which were nominated for the Best International Feature Film at the 92nd Academy Awards.", "His previous works won awards.", "Komasa was born in western Poland.", "His father is an actor and professor at the National Academy of Dramatic Art in Warsaw.", "Gina Komasa is a singer, music producer, and music supervisor.", "She was a director of the National Festival of Polish Song in Opole and the Sopot International Song Festival.", "His brother is a bass-baritone singer who studied in New York and London.", "Maria Komasa-azarkiewicz is a singer, composer and wife of a composer.", "Zofia Komasa is a costume designer.", "Komasa's family moved to Warsaw in 1988.", "He was a student at Stanislaw Moniuszko Primary Music School.", "He and his siblings were child actors due to their mother's work at Polish Television.", "His father played a part in the movie.", "Watching the film crew work and meeting Steven Spielberg made him think about becoming a film director.", "He graduated from the National Film School.", "He directed a short film at the age of 21 called Nice to See You, which won 3rd prize at the prestigious Cannes Film Festival.", "At the age of 23, he directed a part of a trilogy of films, Ode to Joy, which won many awards, including the Special Jury Prize at the Gdynia Film Festival.", "Over 30 festivals presented Ode to Joy, including Chicago International Film Festival, Karlovy Vary Film Festival, Jerusalem Film Festival, Moscow International Film Festival, Pali Film Festival, and more.", "He directed music videos, commercials, and a full-length documentary film, The Flow, which won the lead actor's award at the Krakw Film Festival and the Grand Prix at the Monte-Carlo Television Festival.", "He wrote, directed, and screened his first feature film, Suicide Room, at the Berlin Film Festival in 2011.", "The film generated a big buzz and led to a box office success with 900.000 admissions in Polish cinemas.", "Komasa won several awards, including the Polish Film Award for Discovery of the Year, Best Editing, Best Film and Best Score at Giffoni Film Festival, and the Best Polish Film award at MTV Movie.", "The Shooting Stars Award was given to the leading actor for his portrayal of the Suicide Room's main character.", "Wolfe Video is the oldest and largest exclusive distributor of LGBT films in North America.", "Warsaw Uprising was a critical and box office success and had 700.000 viewers in Polish cinemas.", "The Los Angeles Times gave a very good review of the film, \"Warsaw Uprising\", which is a unique, remarkably assembled documentary-narrative hybrid but also a powerful look at the personal and public devastation that can occur during wartime.", "Despite its context in a global conflict, \"Uprising\" is a strangely intimate film.", "The fierce house-to-house fighting against the German was told to the Times of Israel.", "Warsaw Uprising won two awards, one for Best Documentary and one for Best Sound Design.", "His biggest box office success was an epic period film called Warsaw 44.", "The film took 8 years to make after he wrote the script.", "The story of young people fighting in Warsaw Uprising is depicted in Warsaw 44.", "At the Gdynia Film Festival, the film won Best Special Effects, Best Production Design, and Best Costume Design.", "He directed the second season of the crime series Blood Of The Blood, which starred Agata Kulesza.", "In celebration of the 60th anniversary of the protests in his hometown of Pozna, Komasa created an epic contemporary dance multimedia show called Ksenophony at the Malta Festival.", "A rare technic of algorhytmic lights was used in the show.", "He collaborated with Wendy West, a Writers Guild of America Awards nominee, and Barry Josepshon, a producer, on a cyber-crime series called Ultraviolet.", "He directed a film that won two awards at the Venice Film Festival.", "Komasa won 10 awards at the Gdynia Film Festival, including the Best Director Award and the Best Supporting Actress and Journalist Awards.", "It received two awards at the El Gouna Film Festival.", "The Zbigniew Cybulski Award was one of the awards Bartosz won for his performance.", "The film was nominated for an Academy Award.", "His film The Hater was one of the first movies disrupted by the COVID-19 outbreak and was released in Poland on 6 March 2020.", "To mitigate inevitable losses and take advantage of still ongoing advertising campaign, The Hater began being distributed on VOD platforms domestically on 18 March.", "Due to the outbreak of COVID-19, The Hater was removed from the International Main Competition at the 2020 Tribeca Film Festival.", "The film won the Best International Narrative Feature award.", "Mary Komasa: Lost Me is a full length film." ]

[ "Jan Tadeusz Komasa", "Komasa", "Wiesław Komasa", "Gina Komasa", "Szymon Komasa", "Maria Komasa", "Mary Komasa", "Komasa", "Komasa", "Komasa", "Jan Komas", "Jan Komas" ]

[ "Jan Tadeusz Komasa", "Komasa", "Gina Komasa", "Maria Komasa", "Komasa", "Komasa", "Komasa" ]

[ "Thomas Ady (fl.", "17th century) was an English physician and humanist who was the author of two sceptical books on witchcraft and witch-hunting.", "His first and best known work,\nA Candle in the Dark: Or, A Treatise Concerning the Nature of Witches & Witchcraft, was used unsuccessfully by George Burroughs, formerly the Puritan minister of the parish, in his defense during the Salem witch trials.", "Ady's second publication, published in 1661, was a reprint of his first, with a new title, A Perfect Discovery of Witches.", "The work could have been re-named in honour of Reginald Scot's Discoverie of Witchcraft, the first book of its kind in the English language.", "But pamphlets about cases of witchcraft tended to use 'Discovery' in their titles (The most strange and admirable discouerie of the three witches of Warboys, The vvonderfull discouerie of witches in the countie of Lancaster, etc.).", "Ady's point is that he discovers what 'witches' really are, despite all the accusations: innocent.", "His third publication was The Doctrine of Devils proved to be the grand apostacy of these later times.", "An essay tending to rectifie those undue notions and apprehensions men have about daemons and evil spirits (1676).", "A Candle in the Dark\n\nIn A Candle in the Dark, Ady attacked current ideas of witchcraft by arguing directly about what the Bible actually says.", "Ady has the intellectual firepower to dispute the significance of words translated simply as 'witch' in the King James Bible, deploring the competence of the translators.", "Exodus 22:18 he explains as meaning that a 'juggler', a fraud who deploys \"false Miracles, to delude and seduce the people to Idolatry\" should not be suffered to live (not 'witch' or 'sorceress').", "Ady is markedly willing to read the bible metaphorically.", "In the first of the book's three parts, Ady argues that the well-known prohibition against witches in Deuteronomy 18:10-11\n\nThere shall not be found among you any one that maketh his son or his daughter to pass through the fire, or that useth divination, or an observer of times, or an enchanter, or a witch.", "Or a charmer, or a consulter with familiar spirits, or a wizard, or a necromancer.", "([Authorized King James Version])\n\nshould be read to define witches as \"the popish (Catholic) rout, the contrivers of charms to delude the people.", "(emphasis in original).", "He questions why contemporary proofs of witchcraft do not have biblical support (see page image).", "Where is it written in all the Old and New Testaments that a witch is a murderer, or hath power to kill by witchcraft, or to afflict with any disease or infirmity?", "Where is it written that witches have biggs (nipples) for imps to suck on ... that the devil setteth privy marks upon witches ... that witches can hurt corn or cattle ... or can fly in the air .... Where do we read of a he-devil or she-devil, called incubus or succubus, that useth generation or copulation?", "Ady's anti-Catholicism is ferocious.", "If he earnestly wants to end one persecution, he is willing to start another:\n He that will be zealous for God, in obeying the command given in Exod.", "22.18.", "Suffer not a Witch to live, must leave his fond ignorant course of teaching people to hang up poor, and widows, and aged, and lame helpless people, and must bend his devotion against that Whore of Rome (as all the world ought to do) as also against the Mahometan Witches among the Turks.", "Therefore it were a good Law in England, if duly kept, That no Jesuite, or Popish Priest should be suffered to live, in any part of these Dominions, because these Witches are they that bewitch the people (where they be tollerated) by their several deluding impostures, leading the people to Idolatry, and also to the undermining of Governments.", "Ady's view is that the Civil War was God punishing the English for shedding innocent blood in witchcraft persecutions.", "He expresses particular disgust for the techniques of sleep-deprivation by which Matthew Hopkins coerced confessions, and is indignant about the execution in 1645 of an octogenarian minister, Master Lewis, on the basis of wild stories and purported teats on the old man's body (haemorrhoids, says Ady).", "Ady points to both Scotland and Germany as places where the misguided attempt to deflect God's wrath by action against 'witches' has in practice drawn down that very wrath on each nation.", "In dealing with apparently voluntary confessions, Ady takes an enlightened view that those who confess are just melancholics (mentally disturbed) who have been given by demonology a template to which they conform themselves in their delusions:\nTruly if such Doctrins had not been taught to such people formerly, their melancholly distempers had not had any such objects to work upon, but who shall at last answer for their confession, but they that have infected the mindes of common people with such devillish doctrins?", "This insight anticipates psychological study of those who are 'acting under a description' (in the analysis offered by Ian Hacking).", "Ady writes like a typical 17th century intellectual: a contemporary reader can feel intellectually bludgeoned as his arguments mount up (he really does reach as far as a \"sixteenthly\").", "The third part attacks contemporary writers on witchcraft and demonology.", "Ady suggests the book Daemonologie attributed to King James was ghostwritten by the Bishop of Winchester.", "He also disagrees strongly with Thomas Cooper (\"a bloody persecutor of the poor\"), author of the book The Mystery of Witchcraft (1617) and with William Perkins's Discourse of the Damned Art of Witchcraft (1608), calling it \"a collection of mingled notions\" from Jean Bodin, Bartolommeo Spina, and \"other popish blood suckers\" who wrote \"great volumes of horrible lies and impossibilities.\"", "Perkins was a very distinguished puritan divine: Ady ingeniously suggests that this posthumously published work by the great man was erroneously put into print, and was actually Perkins' notes for a refutation of witchcraft belief.", "Ady also corrects John Gaule (author of Select Cases of Conscience touching Witches and Witchcrafts (1646), making a personal exhortation to the cleric to renounce his errors, and Mysmatia, the Mag-astromancer (1652)).", "George Gifford (author of A Discourse of the Subtle Practices of Devils by Witches and Sorcerers (1587) and A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts (1593) is more gently treated, as having more \"spirit of truth\" in him than many of his (clerical) profession).", "The scholar and librarian George Lincoln Burr called A Candle in the Dark \"one of the bravest and most rational of the early protests\".", "Quotes\nI will speak of one man ... that went about in King James his time ... who called himself, the Kings Majesties most excellent Hocus Pocus, and so was called, because that at the playing of every Trick, he used to say, Hocus pocus, tontus tabantus, vade celeriter jubeo, a dark composure of words, to blinde the eyes of the beholders, to make his Trick pass the more currently without discovery (Thomas Ady, \"A Candle in the Dark\", 1655).", "This quote from \"A Candle in the Dark\" was used an epigraph to Dan Chapman's 2014 novel, \"Closed Circuit\".", "The Doctrine of Devils\n\nAdy's third publication on witchcraft was published anonymously in 1676.", "It is a powerful rhetorical performance.", "To express his scorn for demonology, Ady deploys an informal style, developed from Scot's use of ridicule.", "Ady writes in a confrontational way: \n This doctrine of the unlimited power of Devils in naturals, thus by Christians entertained, is the highest and most abominable Apostacy, that ever was or can be in respect of Christ.", "(Chapter V) \n\n I Will not absolutely, positively, and definitively say it of Demonologers, That they worship the Devil directly ... Let Demonologers look out, abroad, round; but let them look home inward, and to themselves too: I fear they may find those abominable Idolators nearer home, than where they look for them.", "They are not simple or gross Idolators, such as worship wood and stone ... a finer, purer, neater, sprucer sort of Christians, Protestants or Papists (Angelicks as they would be thought) may take themselves by the Nose, and say, we are the Men.", "Is there any reason, ground, motive or hint, to fasten this to any but them?", "One Apostle saith, In the latter times, some will obstinately worship Devils, That will be the great villany in the latter age; The other saith, They will give heed to the doctrine of Devils: Put both together and this is the result, They that give heed to the doctrine of Devils, are the great Apostates, and obstinate worshippers of the Devil, which is the worst and most abominable Idolatry of the latter times, or ever was in any time.", "(Chapter XIX) \n\nAdy is indignant that demonology makes Satan a 'greater Miracler' (in 'To the Reader') than Christ.", "He argues flatly against demonic possession: passages in the New Testament where Christ drives out devils from possessed people are represented by Ady as the way the gospel writers described Christ healing the mad.", "Nor will he have the 'hypostatical union' of godhead and human nature easily reproduced by devils combining their nature with that of a human being.", "For Ady, the witch hunt is: \n Bloody, Barbarous, Cruel and Murtherous Opinion, an Opinion that Butchers up Men and Women without Fear or Wit, Sense or Reason, Care or Conscience, by droves; So many in Somerset, so many in Lancashire---so many in another County, Ten, Twenty, Thirty at a clap (Chapter XXIV) \n\nAdy insists on the fictiveness of demonology: 'this Babel of Confusion, is built merely upon the Sandy Foundation of Tales and Fables' (Chapter XXVIII).", "It is a product of 'Demonologistical Winter-Tales, and Witchcraftical Legendaries' (Chapter XXX), a demonologist 'would needs prove by Tale upon Tale' (XXXI).", "Impatient, scornful, accusatory by turns, Ady's last book shows no diminishing of his anger.", "Influences\n\nThomas Ady's works are directly influenced by Reginald Scot and his Discoverie of Witchcraft.", "He called Scot 'the Chief and First Anti-demonologist, of this Nation at least' (in his The Doctrine of Devils).", "They are also influenced by works such as Hocus Pocus Junior on juggling and stage magic.", "Works of the period sometimes used specific examples of illusionist tricks to reveal superstition.", "Ady's works resemble other works on freedom of conscience written at that time, particularly Roger Williams's well-known The Bloudy Tenant of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience, written in 1644.", "Like Ady, Williams makes extensive use of scripture to show why religious persecution is wrong.", "Influenced\nAdy's Candle in the Dark contains the first record of the nursery rhyme Mathew, Mark, Luke, and John.", "His book also is one of the earliest references to the origin of the word hocus pocus as a Latin-like phrase used by a conjurer to distract his audience from his sleight of hand, which also relates to where the word hoax comes from.", "See the articles Hocus Pocus (magic) and hoax on Wikipedia for more information, as well as the etymologies for hoax and hocus pocus.", "An extract from his book, A Candle in the Dark: Or, A Treatise Concerning the Nature of Witches & Witchcraft, was used by George Burroughs, formerly the minister in the parish, in his own defense during the Salem witch trials.", "Cotton Mather comments in hostile fashion in his Wonders of the Invisible World: 'he gave in a paper, to the Jury; wherein, altho' he had many times before, granted, not only that there are Witches, but also that the present sufferings of the Countrey are the Effect of horrible Witchcrafts, yet he now goes to, evince it, That there neither are, nor ever were, Witches that having made a compact with the Divel, Can send a Divel to Torment other people at a distance.", "This paper was transcribed out of Ady; which the Court presently knew, as soon as they heard it.", "But he said, he had taken none of it out of any Book; for which his evasion afterwards was, that a Gentleman gave him the discourse, in a manuscript, from whence he Transcribed it.", "The Jury brought him in guilty; But when he came to die, he utterly deny'd the Fact, whereof he had been thus convicted.'", "It is remarkable (if it is true) that the Court in Salem were so quick to identify an extract from such a witchcraft-sceptical text.", "Ady's books here, or Reginald Scot's and Roger Williams' works cited earlier, resemble books on conscience that came later that also use the Bible, notably those of the Christian Abolitionist Movement.", "For instance, A Condensed Anti-Slavery Bible Argument (1845) by George Bourne, and God Against Slavery (1857) by George B. Cheever.", "Life\n\nThere is no Oxford Dictionary of National Biography life of Ady, and this is a surprising omission.", "Some biographical information about Ady is independent of his writings.", "On 10 June 1634 Thomas Ady or Adye of Weathersfield, \"A famous Dr of Physick\", married Barbara the daughter of William Sparrow of Sible Hedingham.", "Of Ady's father-in-law, it is said in the history of Essex (1831) that \"William Sparrow, of Sible Hedingham, the eldest surviving son, succeeded his father, who died in 1589: he married Joan, daughter of John Finch, of Gestingthorp, by whom he had three sons, John, William, and Joseph, and two daughters, Jame and Barbara; the last of whom was married to Thomas Ady, M.D.", "of Wethersfield.", "William, the second son, was a clothier, father of William, attorney-at-law, of Sible Hedingham, and died in 1648.\".", "They lived in Wethersfield, and their son was educated at Felsted and Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge; and was admitted to Gray's Inn in 1667.", "Records show that Barbara was baptised on 9 September 1610, and Thomas left a PCC will [PROB 11/339] dated 15 October 1662 and proved 20 May 1672, in which he describes himself as \"being a professed member of the true Christian Protestant Church of England desireing to live and dye in the true Christian faith\".", "He named his wife Barbara, daughter Dorothy married to William Collard, son Thomas under 21 years, and daughters Joana and Barbara in his will.", "His daughter Barbara married Mark Mott, who died and was buried in Wethersfield 22 May 1694.", "See also\nDiscoverie of Witchcraft\nMatthew, Mark, Luke and John\nHocus Pocus (magic)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nCandle in the Dark, *A Perfect Discovery of Witches and *The Doctrine of Devils – full text of Ady's books.", "Biography by George Knowles.", "Reaction to The Discovery of Witchcraft by Stephen Forrester.", "The Advent of Modern Thought in Popular Literature from The Cambridge History of English and American Literature.", "Discussion on the JREF forum.", "Year of birth unknown\nYear of death unknown\n17th-century English medical doctors\n17th-century English writers\n17th-century English male writers\nCritics of witch hunting\nEnglish humanists\nPlace of birth unknown\nWitchcraft in England" ]

[ "Thomas Ady was 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519", "The author of two books on witchcraft and witch-hunting was an English physician.", "His first and best known work, A Candle in the Dark: Or, A Treatise Concerning the Nature of Witches & Witchcraft, was used unsuccessfully by the Puritan minister of the parish in his defense during the Salem witch trials.", "A Perfect Discovery of Witches was the new title of Ady's second publication.", "The Discoverie of Witchcraft is the first book of its kind in the English language.", "The most strange and admirable discouerie of the three witches of Warboys, The vvonderfull discouerie of witches in the countie of Lancaster, etc., were all referred to in pamphlets as 'Discovery'.", "Despite all the accusations, Ady discovers what 'witches' really are.", "The Doctrine of Devils was his third publication.", "Men have apprehensions about daemons and evil spirits.", "Ady argued about what the Bible actually says in A Candle in the Dark.", "The significance of words translated as 'witch' in the King James Bible is disputed by Ady.", "He says that a 'juggler', a fraud who deploys \"false Miracles, to delude and seduce the people to idolatry\" should not live.", "Ady is willing to metaphorically read the bible.", "In the first part of the book, Ady argues that there is a prohibition against witches in the bible.", "A wizard, a necromancer, a charmer, or a consulter with spirits.", "According to the King James Version, witches are \"the popish (Catholic) rule, the contrivers of charms to delude the people\".", "The emphasis is in original.", "He wonders why modern proof of witchcraft don't have biblical support.", "Where is it written in the Old and New Testaments that a witch is a murderer, a witch who can kill by witchcraft, or a witch who can afflict with a disease?", "Where are we told that witches can hurt corn or cattle and that witches can fly in the air?", "Ady's anti-Catholicism is ferocious.", "He is willing to start another persecution if he wants to end one.", "22.18.", "To live, must leave his ignorant course of teaching people to hang up poor, and widows, and old, and helpless people, and also against the Whore of Rome, as all the world ought to do.", "It was a good Law in England that no Jesuite, or Popish Priest should live in any part of the country.", "Ady believes that the Civil War was punishment for the English for killing innocent people.", "He is angry about the techniques of sleep-deprivation and the execution of an elderly minister, Master Lewis, on the basis of wild stories and purported teats on the old man's body.", "Ady points to Scotland and Germany as places where the misguided attempt to distract God's wrath by action against 'witches' has in practice drawn down that very wrath on each nation.", "Ady believes that those who confess are just melancholics who have been given by demonology a template to which they conform themselves in their delusions.", "The psychological study of those who are acting under a description is anticipated by this insight.", "Ady writes like a typical 17th century intellectual, with a contemporary reader feeling intellectually bludgeoned as his arguments mount up.", "Contemporary writers are attacked on witchcraft and demonology in the third part.", "The book Daemonologie attributed to King James was ghostwritten, according to Ady.", "He disagrees with the author of The Mystery of Witchcraft, Thomas Cooper, as well as with the author of the Discourse of the Damned Art of Witchcraft, William Perkins.", "Ady suggests that this posthumously published work by the great man was actually Perkins' notes for a refutation of witchcraft belief, as he was a very distinguished puritan divine.", "John Gaule, author of Select Cases of Conscience touching Witches and Witchcrafts, was corrected by Ady.", "George Gifford has more \"spirit of truth\" in him than many of his profession's.", "One of the bravest and most rational of the early protests was called A Candle in the Dark.", "In King James' time, there was a man who called himself, the Kings Majesties most excellent Hocus Pocus, and so was called, because at the playing of every trick, he used to say, Hocus pocus, tont.", "Dan Chapman's novel, \"Closed Circuit\", was based on this quote from \"A Candle in the Dark\".", "The third publication on witchcraft was published in 1676.", "It is a powerful performance.", "Ady uses an informal style to express his disdain for demonology.", "The doctrine of the unlimited power of devils in naturals is the highest and most despicable Apostacy that ever was or can be in respect of Christ, according to Ady.", "I don't want to say that Demonologers worship the Devil directly, but I do want them to look at themselves.", "They are not simple or gross idols, such as worship wood and stone.", "Is there a reason, ground, motive or hint to get this to them?", "One Apostle said, \"In the latter times, some will obstinately worship Devils, that will be the great villany in the latter age.\" The other said, \"They will give heed to the doctrine of Devils.\"", "Ady is angry that demonology makes Satan a greater miracler than Christ.", "He points to passages in the New Testament where Christ drives out devils from possessed people as proof that demonic possession is wrong.", "He won't have a godhead and a human nature that can be reproduced by devils.", "The witch hunt is an Opinion that Butchers up Men and Women without Fear or Wit, Sense or Reason, Care or Conscience, by droves.", "It is a product of the book 'Demonologistical Winter-Tales, and Witchcraftical Legendaries'.", "Ady's last book showed no change in his anger.", "The works of Thomas Ady are influenced by the works of Reginald Scot.", "He referred to Scot as the Chief and First Anti-demonologist of this Nation.", "They are influenced by works such as Hocus Pocus Junior.", "Examples of illusionist tricks were used in works of the period.", "Ady's works are similar to other works written at that time, including Roger Williams's The Bloudy Tenant of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience.", "Williams uses scriptures to show why religious persecution is wrong.", "Influenced Ady's Candle in the Dark contains the first record of a nursery rhyme.", "One of the earliest references to the origin of the word hocus pocus as a Latin phrase used by a conjurer to distract his audience from his sleight of hand is in his book.", "The etymologies for hoax and hocus pocus can be found in the articles Hocus Pocus (magic) and hoax on Wikipedia.", "An extract from his book, A Candle in the Dark: Or, A Treatise Concerning the Nature of Witches & Witchcraft, was used by George Burroughs in his defense during the Salem witch trials.", "He gave in a paper, to the jury, not only that there are Witches, but also that the present sufferings of the Countrey are the Effect.", "As soon as the court heard the paper, it was transcribed out of Ady.", "He said that a Gentleman gave him the discourse, in a manuscript, from whence he transcribed it.", "When he died, he denied the fact that he had been convicted.", "The Court in Salem were quick to identify an extract from the text.", "Ady's books are similar to books on conscience that came later that also use the Bible.", "George B. Cheever wrote God Against Slavery and A Condensed Anti-Slavery Bible Argument.", "There is no Oxford Dictionary of National Biography of Ady.", "Some biographical information about Ady is unrelated to his writing.", "On June 10, 1634, Thomas Ady or Adye of Weathersfield married Barbara the daughter of William Sparrow of Sible Hedingham.", "According to the history of Essex, William Sparrow, Ady's father-in-law, succeeded his father, who died in 1589.", "It is of Wethersfield.", "William, the father of William, the attorney-at-law of Sible Hedingham, died in 1648.", "Their son was admitted to Gray's Inn in 1667, after he was educated at Felsted and Sidney Sussex College.", "Records show that Barbara was christened on September 9, 1610, and that Thomas left a church on October 15, 1662, in which he claimed to be a member of the true Christian Protestant Church of England.", "He named his wife Barbara, daughter Dorothy married to William Collard, son Thomas under 21 years, and daughters Joana and Barbara in his will.", "His daughter Barbara married Mark Mott, who died in 1694.", "Candle in the Dark is a full text of Ady's books.", "George Knowles wrote a biography.", "Stephen Forrester had a reaction to The Discovery of Witchcraft.", "The Cambridge History of English and American Literature shows the advent of modern thought in popular literature.", "There is a discussion on the forum.", "17th-century English medical doctors, 17th-century English writers, and 17th-century English male writers were critics of witch hunting." ]

[ "Thomas Ady", "Ady", "Ady", "Ady", "Ady", "Ady", "Ady", "Ady", "Ady", "Ady", "Ady", "Thomas Cooper", "Thomas Ad", "Ady", "Ady", "Ady", "Ady", "Thomas Ady", "Ady", "Ady", "Ady", "Ady", "Ady", "Thomas Ady", "Adye", "Ady", "Thomas Ady", "Thomas", "Thomas" ]

[ "Thomas Ady", "Ady", "Ady", "Ady", "Ady", "Ady", "Ady", "Ady", "Ady", "Ady", "Thomas Cooper", "Ady", "Ady", "Ady", "Ady", "Thomas Ady", "Ady", "Ady", "Ady", "Ady", "Thomas Ady", "Adye", "Ady", "Thomas", "Thomas", "Ady" ]

[ "Jose Luis Torres-Padilla (born December 1954), also known by his pen name J. L. Torres, is a Puerto Rican and American fiction writer, poet, literary scholar, critic and editor.", "He was born in Cayey, Puerto Rico and grew up in the South Bronx.", "His work focuses on diasporic Puerto Rican literature and culture.", "He is married and has two sons.", "Biography\nTorres received a B.A.", "from Vassar College, where he majored in Hispanic Studies and Psychology.", "He went on to receive an M.F.A.", "in Creative Writing from Columbia University, and an M.A.", "and Ph.D. from the University of Southern California in 1994, where he wrote a dissertation on critical essays of the Chicano Renaissance.", "Early in his career, Torres served as the managing editor of Latin N.Y. Magazine.", "He also worked as a freelance writer for Nuestro, the first nationally published, monthly, general-interest magazine, in English, for and about Latinos in the United States.", "After receiving his M.F.A, he moved to Puerto Rico to teach at the University of Puerto Rico at Cayey.", "While there, Torres had his first story, \"Kerchiefs on a Fence,\" published by Chiricu Journal in 1984.", "In 2000, he started a position in the Department of English at the State University of New York at Plattsburgh, where he teaches and co-founded and edited the Saranac Review.", "To date, Torres has published a collection of short stories, a novel and a poetry collection, besides numerous stories and poems in journals such as the North American Review, Puerto del Sol, Crab Orchard Review, Denver Quarterly, and the Doctor T.J. Eckleburg Review.", "In 1993, his story, \"My Father's Flag,\" was selected by editors Harold Augenbraum and Ilan Stavans for inclusion in Growing Up Latino, published by Houghton-Mifflin.", "Torres's work focuses on the diasporican experience, living in the in-betweeness that forms and informs the Puerto Rican experience in the United States and Puerto Rico.", "In a review of his novel The Accidental Native, Shakti Castro writes that \"Rennie Falto is a Puerto Rican character for the new millennium… The Accidental Native represents a new phase of Puerto Rican literature, giving us a character that rebels against the usual and challenges what it means to be Puerto Rican, and the proscribed ways in which to be a Latino.\"", "This perspective underlines what Torres calls \"writing from the post-barrio universe,\" signaling a redefinition and re-configuration of the term \"Nuyorican.\"", "The Accidental Native marks the first novel written in English dealing with the Nuyorican reverse migration to Puerto Rico.", "Claudio Iván Remeseira of NBCLatino recommended it as one of “5 great reads by Latino and Caribbean authors” for 2013.", "In her review of the novel, Donna Chavez writes that \"Torres does capture the conflicts and challenges Puerto Ricans experience when returning to their homeland, but he reaches beyond the specific to the universal, illuminating the lives and feelings of any second-generation American in a similar situation.\"", "In 2008, Arte Público Press published Torres's first collection of short fiction, The Family Terrorist and Other Stories.", "In his review for the Multicultural Review, Aaron Michael Morales wrote of the collection: \"Sexy, provocative, brave even, Torres gives plenty of space in ten of his eleven stories…for an exploration of how men construct their identities in relation to the men with whom they interact.\"", "The author and scholar Manuel Muñoz included the collection in his review essay \"Crossing Territories: New Spaces in Six Works of Fiction,\" published in the journal Western American Literature in 2011.", "Torres's collection of poetry Boricua Passport was published by 2Leaf Press in 2014.", "Reviewer Marilyn McCabe wrote that \"[Torres's] poems explore his Bronx boyhood with its mix of gritty urban reality and the richness of the Puerto Rican culture of his neighborhood...He also explores the Puerto Rico of today, both its complexities and his attachment to and alienation from the very place that he is supposed to consider 'home.'\"", "As a literary scholar and critic, Torres has contributed essays and reviews to the study of multi-ethnic literature, particularly Latino literature and the literature of the Puerto Rican Diaspora.", "He co-edited with Carmen Haydee Rivera, a critical anthology of the literature of the Puerto Rican diaspora, Writing Off the Hyphen: New Perspectives on the Literature of the Puerto Rican Diaspora, which was published in 2008.", "The Puerto Rican scholar Frances Aparicio, in her review of the book, wrote that \"There is no other literary anthology that is timely, up to date, and that brings together such a wide array of topics and approaches that do justice to the complexities of U.S. Puerto Rican literature.\"", "In 2011, Torres was awarded a Fulbright to teach US multiethnic literature at the University of Barcelona and the Autonomous University of Barcelona.", "In 2020, Torres's second collection of short stories, Migrations, won the Inaugural Tomas Rivera Book Prize, sponsored by the University of California, Riverside, and the Los Angeles Review of Books and judged by Luis Alberto Urrea.", "At SUNY Plattsburgh, Torres teaches courses on American literature, U.S. Latino/a and ethnic literatures, creative writing, rhetoric and composition, and literary theory.", "His scholarship includes articles on Piri Thomas, Juan Flores, and Giannina Braschi.", "Publications\nMigrations.", "LARB Libros, 2021.", "Inaugural Winner of the Tomás Rivera Book Prize.", "Boricua Passport: Poems.", "2Leaf Press, 2014.", "The Accidental Native: A Novel.", "Arte Público Press, 2013.", "The Family Terrorist and Other Stories.", "Arte Público Press, 2008.", "Writing Off the Hyphen: New Perspectives on the Literature of the Puerto Rican Diaspora.", "Co-Edited with Carmen Haydee Rivera, U. of Washington Press, 2008.", "Awards and Honors\nFulbright Senior Scholar, Barcelona, Spain, 2011.", "CCCC Scholars for the Dream Award.", "Grant from Recovering the US Hispanic Literary Heritage Project.", "See also\n\nList of Puerto Ricans\nList of Puerto Rican writers\nPuerto Rican literature\nPuerto Ricans in the United States\n\nReferences\n\n1954 births\nLiving people\nColumbia University alumni\nPeople from Cayey, Puerto Rico\nPuerto Rican writers\nAmerican male novelists\nVassar College alumni\n21st-century American novelists\n20th-century American male writers\n21st-century American male writers\nNovelists from New York (state)" ]

[ "He is a Puerto Rican and American fiction writer, poet, literary scholar, critic and editor.", "He was born in Puerto Rico and grew up in the South Bronx.", "His work focuses on Puerto Rican literature.", "He has two sons.", "A B.A. was received by Torres.", "He majored in Hispanic Studies and Psychology at the college.", "He received an M.F.A.", "There is an M.A. in Creative Writing from Columbia University.", "He received his PhD from the University of Southern California in 1994 for his work on critical essays of the Chicano Renaissance.", "He was the managing editor of Latin N.Y. Magazine.", "Nuestro was the first nationally published, monthly, general-interest magazine in English for and about Latinos in the United States.", "He taught at the University of Puerto Rico at Cayey after receiving his M.F.A.", "His first story, \"Kerchiefs on a Fence,\" was published in 1984.", "He began teaching and co-founding the Saranac Review at the State University of New York at Plattsburgh in 2000.", "Many stories and poems have been published in journals such as the North American Review, Puerto del Sol, Crab Orchard Review, Denver Quarterly, and the Doctor T.J. Eckleburg Review.", "His story, \"My Father's Flag,\" was published in Growing Up Latino in 1993.", "The in-betweeness that forms and informs the Puerto Rican experience in the United States and Puerto Rico is the focus of Torres's work.", "\"Rennie Falto is a Puerto Rican character for the new millennium, giving us a character that rebels against the usual and challenges what it means to be Puerto Rican.\"", "This perspective shows what Torres calls \"writing from the post-barrio universe,\" signaling a redefinition and re-configuration of the term \"Nuyorican.\"", "The Accidental Native deals with the reverse migration of Nuyoricans to Puerto Rico.", "It was recommended by NBCLatino as one of five great reads by Latino and Caribbean authors.", "In her review of the novel, Donna Chavez writes that \"Torres does capture the conflicts and challenges Puerto Ricans experience when returning to their homeland, but he reaches beyond the specific to the universal, illuminating lives and feelings of any second- generation American in a similar situation.\"", "The Family Terrorist and Other Stories was published in 2008.", "\"Sexy, provocative, brave even, Torres gives plenty of space in ten of his eleven stories for an exploration of how men construct their identities in relation to the men with whom they interact.\"", "The collection was included in a review essay by the author in the journal Western American Literature.", "Boricua Passport was published by 2Leaf Press.", "\"Torres's poems explore his Bronx boyhood with its mix ofgritty urban reality and the richness of the Puerto Rican culture of his neighborhood... He also explores the Puerto Rico of today, both its complexities and his attachment to and alienation from the very place.\"", "The study of multi-ethnic literature, particularly Latino literature and the literature of the Puerto Rican Diaspora, has been contributed to by Torres.", "He co-edited with Carmen Haydee Rivera, a critical anthology of the literature of the Puerto Rican diaspora, writing off the hyphen: New Perspectives on the Literature of the Puerto Rican Diaspora, which was published in 2008.", "There is no other literary anthology that brings together such a wide array of topics and approaches that do justice to the complexity of U.S. Puerto Rican literature, wrote the Puerto Rican scholar in her review of the book.", "He taught US multiethnic literature at the University of Barcelona and the Autonomous University of Barcelona.", "In 2020, his second collection of short stories, Migrations, won the inaugural Tomas Rivera Book Prize, which was sponsored by the University of California, Riverside, and the Los Angeles Review of Books.", "American literature, U.S. Latino/a and ethnic literatures, creative writing, rhetoric and composition, and literary theory are all taught by Torres.", "His scholarship has articles on Juan Flores.", "Publications moving.", "LARB Libros will be in 2021.", "The Toms Rivera Book Prize has a winner.", "Poems about Boricua Passport.", "2Leaf Press was published in 2004.", "The Accidental Native is a novel.", "The book is called Arte Pblico Press.", "There are stories about the family terrorist.", "The Pblico Press was published in 2008.", "New Perspectives on the Literature of the Puerto Rican Diaspora is a book.", "Carmen Haydee Rivera, U. of Washington Press, co-edited.", "There are awards and honors for senior scholars.", "The Dream Award is given to scholars.", "Recovering the US Hispanic Literary Heritage Project received a grant.", "There is a list of Puerto Rican writers in the United States." ]

[ "Jose Luis Torres Palla", ". Torres", "Torres", "Torres", "Torres", "Torres", "Torres", "Torres", "Torres", "Torres", "Torres", "Torres", "Torres", "Torres", "Torres", "Torres", "Luis Alberto", "Torres", "Juan Flores" ]

[ "Torres", "Torres", "Torres", "Torres", "Torres", "Torres", "Torres", "Torres", "Juan Flores" ]

[ "Anna Goldsworthy (born 9 June 1974) is an Australian writer, teacher and classical pianist.", "Life\nGoldsworthy was born in Adelaide as the eldest daughter of the writer Peter Goldsworthy and Helen Goldsworthy.", "She began studying the piano at the age of six.", "At the age of eleven she was accepted into the Elder Conservatorium, studying with the distinguished pedagogue Eleonora Sivan, to whom she attributes the fact that she is now a pianist.", "Goldsworthy completed her Bachelor of Music degree with honours at the Elder Conservatorium before acquiring a Master of Music degree at Texas Christian University, where she held the F. Howard and Mary D. Walsh Graduate Piano Scholarship and studied with Tamás Ungár.", "In 2004, she graduated from the University of Melbourne with a Doctor of Musical Arts degree under the supervision of Ronald Farren-Price, who has been an important mentor.", "Her thesis topic was \"Fanny Hensel and Virtuosity\".", "Additionally, Goldsworthy has studied in Moscow with Lev Naumov – a pupil of Heinrich Neuhaus, who had been a pupil of Leopold Godowsky – with the support of an Arts SA Emerging Artist Award, and in the Advanced Performance Program at the Australian National Academy of Music.", "Musical career\nGoldsworthy is an accomplished classical pianist.", "In 2009 she was a juror for Chamber Music Australia's Asia Pacific Chamber Music Competition.", "In 2004, Goldsworthy completed a world tour performing in festivals and concert halls in Australia, Asia, Europe and North and South America.", "Highlights included appearances at the Teatro Colón for the Buenos Aires International Music Festival, at the Prince Yong Theatre in Beijing, for the Orchestra of Colours in Athens, and for the Festival Musicale delli Nazioni in Rome.", "In 2005, she performed the Clara Schumann concerto in the Masters Series of the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra, and undertook a three-month residency at the Australia Council Studio at the Cité internationale des arts in Paris.", "She currently teaches piano at the University of Melbourne, and the University of Adelaide – alongside Stefan Ammer and Lucinda Collins – and is artist-in-residence at Janet Clarke Hall.", "Artistic director of the Port Fairy Spring Music Festival\nGoldsworthy was appointed in May 2009 as artistic director of the Port Fairy Spring Music Festival from 2010, succeeding Stephen McIntyre who retired at the conclusion of the festival in October 2009.", "In announcing the appointment, festival chairman Paul Clarkson said \"Anna Goldsworthy is already well known to the festival's audiences as a highly regarded performer and presenter.", "The festival this year celebrates its 20th anniversary and I am sure Anna will bring exciting new perspectives to the programming as it enters its third decade.\"", "Coriole music festival \nAnna Goldsworthy is the artistic director of he Coriole music festival, appointed in 2019.", "Recordings and broadcasts\nGoldsworthy's debut solo CD, Come With Us, was released by ABC Classics in January 2008.", "In March 2010 with her trio, Seraphim Trio, she recorded Schubert's Trout Quintet for ABC Classics.", "In July 2010 she recorded for ABC Classics the music that features in her book Piano Lessons.", "Her two-part radio documentary on the Mendelssohn siblings Fanny and Felix, Art is not for women: only for girls, was broadcast on ABC Classic FM in 2004.", "Chamber music \nAlongside Goldsworthy's solo performances, she has received acclaim as a chamber musician.", "She is a founding member of the Seraphim Trio, which has performed throughout Asia and Europe, and appears regularly in Australia for Musica Viva.", "The trio studied chamber music with Hatto Beyerle at the Hochschule für Musik, Theater und Medien Hannover, and was awarded the prize for the Leading Piano Trio in the 2001 National Chamber Music Competition.", "In 2007, the trio launched a national concert series.", "Writing\nGoldsworthy has published numerous essays on music and cultural issues, and writes regularly for The Monthly.", "Memoirs\nHer memoir Piano Lessons was released by Black Inc in September 2009.", "It was shortlisted in the 2010 New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards for Best Non Fiction and in the 2010 Australian Book Industry Awards in the categories of Best Non-Fiction and the Newcomer of the Year, which she won.", "The book was sold to St. Martin's Press in the US and the movie rights have been sold to Australian director Ana Kokkinos.", "Welcome to Your New Life, also a memoir, was released by Black Inc in March 2013.", "Plays\nGoldsworthy is credited alongside her father, Peter Goldsworthy, as writing the stage adaptation of Maestro which the State Theatre Company of South Australia performed in early 2009.", "Piano Lessons was adapted by Goldsworthy as a stage presentation for the Queensland Music Festival in August 2011.", "Fiction \nAnna Goldsworthy published her third book, Melting Moments, her first work of fiction, and released it on 3 March 2020.", "It is a domestic book set in South Australia beginning in 1941, with the main character, Ruby, who travels to Adelaide.", "It was officially released on Adelaide 2020 writers' week, with an interview of Anna Goldsworthy and other Black Inc. author Anna Krien, who discussed how it felt going from \"fact to fiction\".", "Bibliography\n\nBooks\n\nEssays and reporting\n\"Unfinished Business: Sex, Freedom and Misogyny\" in Quarterly Essay No.", "50, June 2013 \nArticles and essays published in The Monthly:\n \"A Change is Gonna Come\", February 2007, No.", "20\n \"The Beast of Beethoven\", May 2007, No.", "23\n \"Do Androids Dream of Electric Pianos?", "\", June 2007, No.", "24\n \"Ein Schwindel!", "\", August 2007, No.", "26\n \"Like Love in a Marriage\", September 2007, No.", "27\n \"Wunderbar\", December 2007, January 2008, No.", "30\n \"Improvisations\", March 2008, No.", "32\n \"Voices of the land\", September 2014.", "Critical studies and reviews\n Review of Welcome to your new life.", "Awards\nPiano\nArts SA Emerging Artist Award\nDavid Paul Landa Memorial Scholarship for Pianists\nFinalist 2010 Melbourne Prize\n\nWriting\nWinner, 2010 Australian Book Industry Awards for Newcomer of the Year\nShortlisted 2011 National Biography Award\nShortlisted 2010 Australian Book Industry Awards for Best Non-Fiction\nShortlisted 2010 NSW Premier's Literary Awards Douglas Stewart Prize for Non-Fiction\nShortlisted 2010 Colin Roderick Award\nShortlisted 2021 Colin Roderick Award\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\nThe Seraphim Trio website\nPiano Lessons\n\n1974 births\nLiving people\nAustralian women novelists\nAustralian classical pianists\nAustralian women pianists\nPeople educated at Pembroke School, Adelaide\nUniversity of Melbourne alumni\nPeople from Adelaide\n21st-century women musicians\n21st-century classical pianists" ]

[ "Anna Goldsworthy is an Australian writer, teacher and classical pianist.", "Peter Goldsworthy and Helen Goldsworthy were the parents of Life Goldsworthy.", "She started studying the piano when she was six.", "She attributes the fact that she is now a pianist to the fact that she was accepted into the Elder Conservatorium at the age of eleven.", "After completing her Bachelor of Music degree at the Elder Conservatorium, Goldsworthy obtained a Master of Music degree from Texas Christian University.", "She graduated with a Doctor of Musical Arts degree from the University of Melbourne under the supervision of Ronald Farren-Price.", "Her thesis was aboutanny Hensel.", "Goldsworthy received the support of an Arts SA Emerging Artist Award and the Advanced Performance Program at the Australian National Academy of Music.", "Goldsworthy is an accomplished pianist.", "She was a juror for the Asia Pacific Chamber Music Competition.", "In 2004, Goldsworthy performed in festivals and concert halls in Australia, Asia, Europe and North and South America.", "There were appearances at the Teatro Coln in Buenos Aires, the Prince Yong Theatre in Beijing, and the Festival Musicale delli Nazioni in Rome.", "She undertook a three-month residency at the Australia Council Studio at the Cité internationale des arts in Paris in 2005, after performing the Clara Schumann concerto in the Masters Series of the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra.", "She is an artist-in-residence at Janet Clarke Hall and teaches piano at the University of Melbourne.", "In May 2009, Goldsworthy was appointed artistic director of the Port Fairy Spring Music Festival, succeeding Stephen McIntyre who retired at the conclusion of the festival in October 2009.", "The festival chairman said that Anna Goldsworthy is already well known to the festival's audiences as a highly regarded performer and presenter.", "Anna will bring exciting new perspectives to the programming as it enters its third decade, as the festival celebrates its 20th anniversary.", "Anna Goldsworthy is the artistic director of the Coriole music festival.", "Come With Us, Goldsworthy's debut solo CD, was released by ABC Classics in January 2008.", "She recorded the trout quintet with her trio.", "She recorded the music for ABC Classics in July of 2010.", "The two-part radio documentary on the Mendelssohn siblings, Art is not for women, only for girls, was broadcast in 2004.", "She has received praise as a chamber musician.", "She is a founding member of the Seraphim trio, which has performed throughout Asia and Europe.", "At the 2001 National Chamber Music Competition, the trio was awarded the prize for the Leading Piano Trio.", "The trio launched a concert series in 2007.", "Many essays on music and cultural issues have been published by Writing Goldsworthy.", "The memoir Piano Lessons was released by Black Inc.", "She won the Newcomer of the Year in the 2010 Australian Book Industry Awards and was a finalist in the 2010 New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards for Best Non Fiction.", "The movie rights have been sold to an Australian director.", "The memoir Welcome to Your New Life was released by Black Inc.", "The State Theatre Company of South Australia performed the stage adaptation of Maestro in early 2009, written by Peter Goldsworthy and Plays Goldsworthy.", "Goldsworthy adapted Piano Lessons as a stage presentation in August 2011.", "Anna Goldsworthy's third book, Melting Moments, her first work of fiction, was released on March 3, 2020.", "The book is set in South Australia in 1941 and has a main character named Ruby.", "Anna Krien, author of Black Inc., discussed how it felt going from \"fact to fiction\" in an interview with Anna Goldsworthy.", "\"Unfinished Business: Sex, Freedom and Misogyny\" was reported in the Quarterly Essay No.", "In February 2007, The Monthly: \"A Change is Gonna Come\" published articles and essays.", "\"The Beast of Beethoven\" was published in May 2007.", "Do you dream of playing electric pianos?", "June 2007, No.", "\"Ein Schwindel!\"", "August 2007, No.", "September 2007, \"Like Love in a Marriage\".", "\"Wunderbar\", December 2007, January 2008, No.", "The March 2008 issue of \"improvisations\".", "There were 32 \"Voices of the land\" in September.", "There are reviews of Welcome to your new life.", "The David Paul Landa Memorial Scholarship for Pianists was a finalist in the 2010 Australian Book Industry Awards." ]

[ "Anna Goldsworthy", "Peter Goldsworthy", "Helen Goldsworthy", "Anna Goldsworth", "Anna", "Anna Goldsworthy", "Peter Goldsworthy", "Anna Goldsworth", "Anna Goldsworthy", "Anna Krien" ]

[ "Anna Goldsworthy", "Peter Goldsworthy", "Helen Goldsworthy", "Anna Goldsworth", "Anna", "Anna Goldsworth", "Peter Goldsworthy", "Plays Goldsworthy", "Anna Goldsworthy", "Anna Krien", "Anna Goldsworth" ]

[ "Captain John Cleves Symmes Jr. (November 5, 1780 – May 28, 1829) was an American Army officer, trader, and lecturer.", "Symmes is best known for his 1818 variant of the Hollow Earth theory, which introduced the concept of openings to the inner world at the poles.", "Early life\n\nJohn Cleves Symmes Jr. was born in Sussex County, New Jersey, son of Thomas and Mercy (née Harker) Symmes.", "He was named for his uncle John Cleves Symmes, a delegate to the Continental Congress, a Colonel in the Revolutionary War, Chief Justice of New Jersey, father-in-law of US President William Henry Harrison and pioneer in the settlement and development of the Northwest Territory.", "Though Justice Symmes had no male children, the younger John Cleves Symmes was often referred to by his later military rank, or with the suffix of \"Jr.\", so as to distinguish him from his famous uncle.", "Symmes \"received a good common English education\" and on March 26, 1802, at the age of twenty-two, obtained a commission as an Ensign in the US Army (with the assistance of his uncle).", "He was commissioned into the 1st Infantry Regiment and was promoted to Second Lieutenant on May 1, 1804, to First Lieutenant on July 29, 1807, and to Captain on January 20, 1813.", "In 1807, Symmes fought a pistol duel with Lieutenant Marshall.", "Symmes suffered a wound in his wrist; Marshall one in his thigh.", "Afterwards, the two men became friends.", "On December 25, 1808, Symmes married Mary Anne Lockwood (nee.", "Pelletier), a widow with six children, all of whom he was to raise alongside his own children by Mary.", "During the War of 1812, Symmes was initially stationed in Missouri Territory until 1814 when his 1st Infantry Regiment was sent to Canada, arriving just in time to provide relief to American forces at the Battle of Lundy's Lane.", "Symmes also served during the Siege of Fort Erie, and continued in his Army career until being honorably discharged on June 15, 1815.", "After leaving the Army, Symmes moved to St. Louis (then a frontier settlement) and went into business as a trader.", "He sold supplies to Army, and obtained a license to trade with the Fox Indians.", "However, his business venture was unsuccessful and in 1819, Symmes moved his family to Newport, KY.", "But while failing as a trader, Symmes was contemplating the rings of Saturn and developing his theory of the Hollow Earth—a theory which he would spend the remainder of his life promoting.", "Hollow Earth theory\n\nDeclaration and reaction\nOn April 10, 1818, Symmes announced his Hollow Earth theory to the world, publishing his Circular No.", "1.", "While a few enthusiastic supporters would ultimately lionize Symmes as the \"Newton of the West\", in general the world was not impressed.", "Symmes had sent his declaration (at considerable cost to himself) to \"each notable foreign government, reigning prince, legislature, city, college, and philosophical societies, throughout the union, and to individual members of our National Legislature, as far as the five hundred copies would go.\"", "Symmes's son Americus wrote of the reaction to Circular No.", "1 in 1878, recounting \"[i]ts reception by the public can easily be imagined; it was overwhelmed with ridicule as the production of a distempered imagination, or the result of partial insanity.", "It was for many years a fruitful source of jest with the newspapers.\"", "Symmes, though, was not deterred.", "He began a campaign of circulars, newspaper letters, and lectures aimed at defending and promoting his hypothesis of a Hollow Earth—and to build support for a polar expedition to vindicate his theory.", "Symmes's theory\n\nIn its original form, Symmes's Hollow Earth theory described the world as consisting of five concentric spheres, with our outer earth and its atmosphere as the largest.", "He visualized the Earth's crust as being approximately 1,000 miles (1,610 km) thick, with an Arctic opening about 4,000 miles (6,450 km) wide, and an Antarctic opening around 6,000 miles (9,650 km) wide.", "Symmes proposed that the curvature of the rim of these polar openings was gradual enough that it would be possible to actually enter the inner earth without being aware of the transition.", "He argued that due to the centrifugal force of Earth's rotation, the Earth would be flattened at the poles, leading to a vast passage into the inner Earth.", "Symmes's concept of polar openings connecting the Earth's surface to the inner Earth was to be his unique contribution to Hollow Earth lore.", "Such polar openings would come to be known as \"Symmes Holes\" in literary Hollow Earths.", "Symmes held that the inner surfaces of the concentric spheres in his Hollow Earth would be illuminated by sunlight reflected off of the outer surface of the next sphere down and would be habitable, being a \"warm and rich land, stocked with thrifty vegetables and animals if not men\".", "He also believed that the spheres revolved at different rates and upon different axis, and that the apparent instability of magnetic North in the Arctic could be explained by travelers moving unawares across and along the verge between the inner and outer earths.", "Symmes generalized his theory beyond just the Earth, claiming that \"the Earth as well as all the celestial orbicular bodies existing in the inverse, visible and invisible, which partake in any degree of a planetary nature, from the greatest to the smallest, from the sun down to the most minute blazing meteor or falling star, are all constituted, in a greater or less degree, of a collection of spheres\".", "Ultimately, Symmes was to simplify his theory, abandoning the series of concentric inner spheres, and teaching \"only one concentric sphere (a hollow earth), not five\" by the time he embarked on his lecture tour of the East Coast.", "Origins of Symmes's theory\n\nWriting in August 1817 to his stepson, Anthony Lockwood, Symmes for the first time stated that \"I infer that all planets and globes are hollow\".", "But Symmes' theory was far from unprecedented.", "While the idea of polar openings leading into a Hollow Earth was Symmes's innovation, the concept of a Hollow Earth had an intellectual pedigree dating back to the 17th century and Edmond Halley.", "Halley proposed his Hollow Earth theory as an explanation for the different locations of the geographic and magnetic poles of the Earth.", "While Halley's contemporaries found the geomagnetic data he had gathered to be of interest, his proposal of a Hollow Earth was never widely accepted.", "The theory remained dear to Halley; he chose to have his final portrait (as Astronomer Royal) painted depicting him holding a drawing of the Earth's interior as a set of concentric spheres.", "Some scholars have proposed that Symmes may have learned of Halley's Hollow Earth via Cotton Mather's book, The Christian Philosopher, a popular survey of science as natural theology.", "Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler has often been claimed as a proponent of a Hollow Earth theory.", "The version of the Hollow Earth theory ascribed to Euler lacked the concentric spheres of Halley's proposal, but added the element of an interior sun.", "But Euler may never have actually suggested any such thing; Euler scholar, C. Edward Sandifer, has examined Euler's writings and found no evidence for any such belief.", "Whether or not Euler ever proposed a Hollow Earth, Symmes and some of his contemporaries certainly thought Euler had.", "In an 1824 exchanges of newspaper letters with Symmes, D. Preston implied that Symmes theory was not original, and cited both Halley and Euler as earlier examples.", "Symmes himself insisted that he had not known of Hollow Earth proposals of Halley and Euler at the time he conceived his theory, and that he had only learned of their works much later.", "Symmes disciple, James McBride, promoting and explain Symmes theory in his book, Symmes's Theory of Concentric Spheres (1826), cited Euler as an earlier proponent of a similar theory.", "Circulars, lectures, and Symzonia\n\nFor the first two years after the publication of his theory, Symmes confined his promotional efforts to circulars and letters published in newspapers and magazines.", "In all, he issued seven additional circulars from 1818 to 1819, including Light Between the Spheres, which gained a national audience via its publication in the National Intelligencer.", "But though Symmes made converts, his theory continued to be greeted with general ridicule.", "In 1819, Symmes moved his family from St. Louis to Newport, Kentucky.", "And in 1820, Symmes began to promote his theory directly, lecturing on it in Cincinnati and other towns and cities in the region, making use of a wooden globe with the polar sections removed to reveal the inner Earth and the spheres within.", "(Symmes's modified globe can now be found in the collection of Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University.)", "Symmes was not a commanding lecturer; he was uncomfortable as a public speaker, hesitant in speaking, and possessed of an unfortunate nasal voice.", "Still, he persevered.", "Symmes began to make converts and his ideas began to filter into the public consciousness, and popular support for his proposed Arctic expedition started to build.", "In 1820, he sat for a never-completed portrait by artist John J. Audubon for Cincinnati's Western Museum.", "Audubon wrote on the back of the sketch, \"John, Cleeves Simms—The man with the hole at the Pole—Drawn and a good likeness it is\".", "Some have claimed he was the real author of: Symzonia; Voyage of Discovery, which was attributed to \"Captain Adam Seaborn\".", "A recent reprint gives him as the author.", "Other researchers argue against this idea.", "Some think it was written as a satire of Symmes's ideas, and believe they identified the author as early American writer Nathaniel Ames.", "McBride and Reynolds—the disciples\n\nSymmes himself never wrote a book of his ideas, as he was too busy expounding them on the lecture circuit, but others did.", "His follower James McBride wrote and published Symmes' Theory of Concentric Spheres in 1826.", "Another follower, Jeremiah N. Reynolds apparently had an article that was published as a separate booklet in 1827: Remarks of Symmes' Theory Which Appeared in the American Quarterly Review.", "In 1868 a professor W.F.", "Lyons published The Hollow Globe which put forth a Symmes-like Hollow Earth theory, but did not mention Symmes.", "Symmes's son Americus then republished The Symmes' Theory of Concentric Spheres to set the record straight.", "Legacy\n\nAmericus Symmes\nSymmes's death left his eldest son, seventeen-year-old Americus Symmes, the sole support of the family, with an estate significantly in debt.", "Americus provided for his mother and siblings and paid off his father's debts.", "He also championed his father's legacy, erecting a memorial to him (a pylon topped with a globe carved in the shape of a hollow sphere) and publishing in 1878 an edited collection of his father's papers, Symmes's Theory of Concentric Spheres: Demonstrating That the Earth is Hollow, Habitable Within, and Widely Open About the Poles, Compiled by Americus Symmes, from the Writings of his Father, Capt.", "John Cleves Symmes (not to be confused with the book of a very similar title published by James McBride in 1826).", "Literary\nSymmes features as the source of information about the hollow Earth used as a literary trope in Grigsby, Alcanoan O and Mary P. Lowe's \"Nequa, or The Problem of the Ages\" (1900).", "Compare a fictional echo of Symmes in Ian Wedde's Symmes Hole (1987); and a focus on both Symmes and Reynolds in James Chapman's Our Plague: A Film From New York (1993).", "John Cleves Symmes also makes an appearance in Rudy Rucker's steampunk novel, The Hollow Earth, and in Felix J. Palma's The Map of the Sky.", "Samuel Highgate Syme, the subject of The Syme Papers in Benjamin Markovits's book of the same name, is based on John Cleves Symmes.", "Place names\nCleves, Ohio is named for Symmes, as are Symmes Township, Hamilton County, Ohio and Symmes Township, Lawrence County, Ohio and a waterway, Symmes Creek.", "References\n\nExternal links\n John Cleves Symmes, Captain, Circular No.", "1, (St. Louis, MO: Privately Publibout the Poles, Compiled by Americus Symmes, from the Writings of his Father, Capt.", "John Cleves Symmes, 1780–1829.'']", "(Louisville, KY: Bradley & Gilbert, 1878)\n\n1779 births\n1829 deaths\nPeople from New Jersey\nHollow Earth proponents\nPeople from Sussex County, New Jersey\nUnited States Army officers\nUnited States Army personnel of the War of 1812\nMilitary personnel from New Jersey" ]

[ "Captain John Symmes Jr. was an American Army officer, trader, and lecturer.", "The concept of openings to the inner world at the poles was introduced by Symmes in his 1818 variant of the hollow earth theory.", "John Cleves Symmes Jr. was born in New Jersey.", "He was named for his uncle John Symmes, a delegate to the Continental Congress, a Colonel in the Revolutionary War, Chief Justice of New Jersey, father-in-law of US President William Henry Harrison and pioneer in the settlement and development of the Northwest Territory.", "Though Justice Symmes had no male children, the younger John Cleves Symmes was often referred to by his military rank as \"Jr.\", so as to distinguish him from his famous uncle.", "Symmes obtained a commission in the US Army at the age of twenty-two after receiving a good English education and the assistance of his uncle.", "He was promoted to Second Lieutenant on May 1, 1804, to First Lieutenant on July 29, 1807, and to Captain on January 20, 1813.", "Symmes fought Lieutenant Marshall with a pistol.", "Symmes had a wound in his wrist and Marshall had a wound in his thigh.", "The two men became friends after that.", "Symmes married Mary Anne Lockwood on December 25, 1808.", "He was to raise his six children with Mary, a widow with six children of her own.", "Symmes was stationed in Missouri Territory until 1814, when he was sent to Canada to provide relief to American forces at the Battle of Lundy's Lane.", "Symmes was discharged from the Army after serving during the Siege of Fort Erie.", "Symmes went into business as a trader after leaving the Army.", "He obtained a license to trade with the Fox Indians.", "Symmes moved his family to Newport, Kentucky after his business venture failed.", "Symmes spent the rest of his life promoting his theory of the hollow earth after failing as a trader.", "Symmes announced his Hollow Earth theory to the world on April 10, 1818.", "1.", "Symmes was not seen as the \"Newton of the West\" by the world.", "Symmes sent his declaration to \"every notable foreign government, reigning prince, legislature, city, college, and philosophy societies, throughout the union, and to individual members of our National Legislature, as far as the five hundred copies would go.\"", "Americus wrote about the reaction to Circular No.", "The reception by the public can easily be imagined, but it was overwhelmed with ridicule as the production of a distempered imagination, or the result of partial insanity.", "It was a good place to make fun of the newspapers.", "Symmes was not deterred.", "He began a campaign of circulars, newspaper letters, and lectures aimed at defending and promoting his hypothesis of a hollow earth, and to build support for a polar expedition to vindicate his theory.", "Symmes's theory described the world as consisting of five spheres, with the atmosphere being the largest.", "He imagined the Earth's surface to be 1,000 miles thick, with an opening of 4,000 miles wide, and an opening of 9,700 miles wide.", "Symmes proposed that it would be possible to enter the inner earth without being aware of the transition.", "He said that due to the force of Earth's rotation, the Earth would be flattened at the poles.", "Symmes's idea of polar openings connecting the Earth's surface to the inner Earth was a unique contribution to the lore.", "Symmes holes would come to be known as polar openings.", "Symmes believed that the inner surfaces of the spheres would be illuminated by sunlight reflected off of the outer surface of the next sphere and that it would be a warm and rich land.", "He believed that the instability of the magnetic North could be explained by travelers moving unawares across and along the verge between the inner and outer earths.", "Symmes claimed that the Earth as well as all the other orbicular bodies existing in the inverse, visible and invisible, which partake in any degree of a planetary nature, from the greatest to the smallest, from the sun down to the most minute.", "Symmes was to simplify his theory and teach only one hollow earth, not five, by the time he embarked on his lecture tour of the East Coast.", "Symmes for the first time stated in August 1817 that all planets and globes are hollow.", "Symmes' theory was not new.", "While Symmes's innovation was the idea of polar openings leading into a hollow earth, the idea of a hollow earth had an intellectual background dating back to the 17th century.", "The different locations of the geographic and magnetic poles of the Earth were explained by theHollow Earth theory.", "The proposal of a hollow earth was never accepted by the public.", "The final portrait of Astronomer Royal was painted depicting him holding a drawing of the Earth's interior as a set of circles.", "The Christian Philosopher, a popular survey of science as natural theology, may have been the source of Symmes' knowledge of the world.", "The theory of a hollow earth has been championed by a Swiss mathematician.", "The element of an interior sun was added to the version of the Hollow Earth theory.", "C. Edward Sandifer, a scholar of Euler's writings, found no evidence for a suggestion of such a thing.", "Symmes and some of his peers thought that Euler had proposed a hollow earth.", "Symmes theory was implied to be not original in an 1824 exchange of newspaper letters.", "Symmes insisted that he didn't know about theHollow Earth proposals until after he conceived his theory.", "James McBride wrote a book called Symmes's Theory of Concentric Spheres in which he cited an earlier proponent of a similar theory.", "Symmes restricted his promotional efforts to circulars and letters published in newspapers and magazines for the first two years after the publication of his theory.", "Light Between the Spheres, which was published in the National Intelligencer, was one of seven additional circulars issued by him.", "Symmes' theory continued to be ridiculed even though he made converts.", "Symmes moved his family to Kentucky in 1819.", "Symmes began lecturing on his theory directly in Cincinnati and other towns and cities in the region, using a wooden globe with the polar sections removed to reveal the inner Earth and the spheres within.", "Symmes's globe can be found in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences.", "Symmes was not a commanding lecturer, he was hesitant in speaking, and possessed of an unfortunate nasal voice.", "He persevered.", "Symmes began to make converts and his ideas began to filter into the public consciousness and popular support for his proposed expedition began to build.", "He sat for a never-completed portrait by John J. Audubon for Cincinnati's Western Museum.", "Audubon wrote on the back of the sketch, \"John, Cleeves Simms--The man with the hole at the Pole--Drawn and a good likeness it is\".", "Symzonia; Voyage of Discovery, which was attributed to \"Captain Adam Seaborn\", has been claimed to be the real author.", "He is the author according to a recent reprint.", "Some researchers disagree with this idea.", "It is thought that it was written as a satire of Symmes's ideas, and that the author was an American writer named Nathaniel Ames.", "Symmes never wrote a book of his ideas, as he was too busy expounding them on the lecture circuit, but others did.", "Symmes' Theory of Concentric Spheres was written by James McBride.", "A booklet called Remarks of Symmes' Which Theory Appeared in the American Quarterly Review was published by another follower.", "W.F. was a professor.", "The Hollow Globe was published by Lyons but did not mention Symmes.", "Americus published The Symmes' Theory of Concentric Spheres to set the record straight.", "Americus Symmes was the sole beneficiary of his father's estate, which DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "Americus paid off his father's debts and provided for his family.", "He championed his father's legacy by building a memorial to him and publishing an edited collection of his father's papers, Symmes's Theory of Concentric Spheres: Demonstrating That.", "The book of a very similar title was published by James McBride.", "Grigsby, Alcanoan O and Mary P. Lowe used Literary Symmes as a source of information about the hollow Earth.", "Symmes and Reynolds are both featured in James Chapman's Our Plague: A Film From New York.", "Rudy Rucker's steampunk novel, The Hollow Earth, and Felix J. Palma's The Map of the Sky contain an appearance by John Cleves Symmes.", "The subject of The Syme Papers is based on John Cleves Symmes.", "Symmes Township, Hamilton County, Ohio and Symmes Township, Lawrence County, Ohio are all named for Symmes Creek.", "External links to John Symmes, Captain.", "Americus Symmes wrote Privately Publibout the Poles from the Writings of his Father.", "John Symmes was born in 1780.", "People from New Jersey were involved in the War of Military personnel from New Jersey." ]

[ "John Cleves Symmes Jr", "Symmes", "John Cleves Symmes Jr", "Symmes", "John Cleves Symmes", "Justice Symmes", "John Cleves Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "John J", "John", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "John Cleves", "Symmes", "Symmes", "John Cleves", "Symmes", "John Cleves", "Symmes", "John Cleves", "Symmes", "Symmes", "John Cleves", "Symmes" ]

[ "John Symmes Jr", "Symmes", "John Cleves Symmes Jr", "John Symmes", "Justice Symmes", "John Cleves Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "John J", "John", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "Symmes", "John Cleves", "Symmes", "John Cleves", "Symmes", "John Symmes", "Symmes", "John Symmes" ]

[ "Daryle Pasquale Lamonica (born July 17, 1941) is a former American football quarterback who played in the American Football League (AFL) and the National Football League (NFL) for 12 seasons, primarily with the Oakland Raiders.", "He spent his first four seasons mostly as a backup for the Buffalo Bills, who selected him in the 24th round of the 1963 AFL Draft.", "Lamonica played his next eight seasons as the primary starter of the Raiders, including after they joined the NFL through the AFL–NFL merger.", "Nicknamed \"The Mad Bomber\" due to his affinity for throwing the long pass in virtually any situation, Lamonica led the Raiders to four consecutive division titles between 1967 and 1970, along with a Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl II.", "He was twice named AFL Most Valuable Player (MVP), in addition to receiving three AFL All-Star selections, two NFL Pro Bowl selections, and two first-team All-AFL honors.", "During his MVP seasons, he led the AFL in passing touchdowns, along with leading the league in passing yards en route to his second MVP.", "Lamonica holds a .791 winning percentage, which is the second-highest for an NFL quarterback.", "He also holds a .900 winning percentage in the AFL, the highest in league history.", "Early life\nOf Italian and Irish ancestry, Lamonica grew up on a ranch in the Central Valley of California.", "Lamonica played in the first Little League World Series He lettered in four sports and was an all-state quarterback at Clovis High School in Clovis, a Fresno suburb.", "In 1974, the high school named its football stadium after him.", "After high school, he turned down a professional baseball contract with the Chicago Cubs.", "Lamonica played college football at the University of Notre Dame, and was the team's starting quarterback for three seasons.", "In 30 total games from 1960 through 1962, he had 99 completions for 211 attempts for a 46.9 completion percentage and 1,363 yards, with eight touchdowns and 16 interceptions.", "He rushed 144 times for 353 yards and 10 touchdowns.", "He participated in the 1962 East-West Shrine Game held at Kezar Stadium in San Francisco, passing 20-for-28 with 349 yards while being named Most Valuable Player.", "Professional football\n\nBuffalo Bills\nLamonica was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the 24th round of the 1963 AFL draft.", "He was also selected by the two-time defending NFL champion Green Bay Packers in the 12th round of the 1963 NFL draft.", "He chose to go with the Bills, as he perceived his chances of playing were better there.", "In his rookie year, he played sparingly in games with Jack Kemp being the primary quarterback while Lamonica came into duty after injuries or ineffectiveness, which led to him being dubbed \"the Fireman\".", "However, he was tasked to start the last two games for the Bills.", "In each, he led them to victory, notably going 10-for-16 with 115 yards with a touchdown in a 45–14 win over the New York Jets.", "For the season, he had 33 completions on 71 attempts for 437 yards, with three touchdowns and four interceptions.", "In the tiebreaker playoff for the division title, he entered in for Kemp late in the game, going 9-for-24 for 168 yards with a touchdown and three interceptions, as the Bills lost 26–8 at home to the Boston Patriots.", "Lamonica had much of the same in terms of playing time in 1964, going 55 of 128 with 1,137 yards with six touchdowns and eight interceptions.", "On rushing, he was most efficient, having 55 carries for 289 yards (a 5.3 average per carry) for six touchdowns, which was tied for the most in the league alongside others such as Sid Blanks and his teammate Cookie Gilchrist.", "He started one of the last games of the season against the Denver Broncos, going 6-of-21 for 89 yards with a touchdown and interception, but Buffalo prevailed 30–19.", "For 1965, the same was true once again.", "He went 29 of 70 for 376 yards, with three touchdowns and six interceptions.", "For the third and final season, he started a game for the Bills, going 3-of-14 for 83 yards with a touchdown and interception in a 29–18 win over the Houston Oilers.", "For his fourth and final year in Buffalo in 1966, he went 33-of-84 for 549 yards, having four touchdowns and five interceptions.", "In the three Buffalo runs to the AFL title game from 1964 to 1966, he had minimal participation, throwing only one pass.", "Oakland Raiders\nOn March 14, 1967, Lamonica was traded to the Oakland Raiders with Glenn Bass for Art Powell and Tom Flores.", "He played with Oakland until his final year in 1974.", "With John Rauch at the helm as coach, Lamonica thrived.", "He threw 220-for-425 for 3,228 yards with thirty touchdowns and twenty interceptions while rushing for four touchdowns.", "The team went 13–1 in the regular season and won the division title with Lamonica at the helm; in the AFL title game against the Oilers on December 31, he went 10-of-24 for 111 yards with two touchdowns as the Raiders won, 40–7, to win their first championship as a franchise.", "Two weeks later, he faced off against the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl II.", "He went 15-of-34 for 208 yards, with two touchdowns and one interception (returned by Herb Adderley for a touchdown), as the Raiders lost 33–14.", "Lamonica was given the American Football League Most Valuable Player Award for the season by United Press International, the Associated Press, and The Sporting News.", "The following year, he was efficient once again, going 206-of-416 for 3,245 yards in thirteen games (Lamonica missed the ninth game of the season, which George Blanda started).", "He threw 25 touchdowns and fifteen interceptions.", "His longest completed pass was 82 yards, his longest as a Raider for his career.", "He threw 249.6 yards per game, a career high.", "In the infamous Heidi Game, he went 21-of-34 for 311 yards with four touchdowns and two interceptions, with his final touchdown to Charlie Smith being the deciding points in a nail-biting victory.", "The Raiders charged to a 12–2 record, tied with Kansas City for the best record in the Western Division.", "They trounced the Chiefs 41–6 to return to the AFL championship.", "Playing against the New York Jets at Shea Stadium, Lamonica went 20-of-47 for 401 yards with a touchdown, but the Jets rallied to defeat Oakland 27–23.", "The next year in 1969 (the last for the AFL and first for John Madden as coach), Lamonica kept consistency once again.", "He had career highs with 221 completions, 426 attempts, 3,302 yards, 34 touchdowns, and 25 interceptions.", "He had 235.9 yards per game.", "The Raiders went 12–1–1, winning the Western Division once again.", "On October 19, against the Buffalo Bills, Lamonica set a new record with six touchdown passes in the first half, a record that has been matched only once, by Aaron Rodgers against the Chicago Bears on November 9, 2014.", "Lamonica's team went to the playoffs once again, which had been expanded to four teams for the final year of the AFL.", "In the divisional playoff game versus overmatched Houston, he threw 13-of-17 for 276 yards with six touchdowns and one interception for a 56–7 victory.", "In the AFL Championship Game (the last game between two AFL teams), facing the Chiefs in Oakland, Lamonica threw 15-of-39 for 167 yards and three interceptions as the Chiefs won, 17–7, to advance to Super Bowl IV.", "Lamonica was given the American Football League Most Valuable Player Award for the season by United Press International and The Sporting News, with Joe Namath being named Most Valuable Player by the Associated Press.", "It was in Oakland that Lamonica's passing acumen in long passes earned him the nickname \"the Mad Bomber,\" though his accuracy was sometimes suspect, as indicated by the fact that as a Raider starter from 1967 to 1972, his best completion average was only 53.0% (in 1972).", "Lamonica regressed a bit for 1970, throwing 179-of-356 for 2,516 yards with 22 touchdowns and fifteen interceptions as the team went 8–4–2.", "The team was aided by the fourth quarter heroics of George Blanda, who came off the bench for Lamonica in five straight games (games six to ten) in the fourth quarter, helping them win four games and tie once.", "The team snuck through into the NFL playoffs, edging out Kansas City for the newly-installed AFC West division title.", "In their divisional playoff, Lamonica went 8-of-16 for 187 yards and two touchdowns as the Raiders prevailed, 21–14, over the Miami Dolphins in Oakland.", "In the AFC Championship Game against the Baltimore Colts, Lamonica went 1-of-4 for six yards before a hit by Bubba Smith resulted in him being taken out for Blanda as the Raiders were beaten, 27–17.", "He had no fumbles for the year, with his passing yard count without fumbles being a record that still stands.", "On September 17, 1972, Lamonica had a perfect passing rating of 158.3.", "In a game that was started by Ken Stabler with additional play from George Blanda, Lamonica stepped in to throw 8-of-10 for 172 yards with two touchdowns, turning a 20–7 trouncing by the Pittsburgh Steelers into a 34–28 loss.", "Lamonica started the remaining thirteen games for the season.", "He had 149 completions on 281 attempts for 1,998 yards, having a career high 53.0 completion percentage while having eighteen touchdowns and twelve interceptions.", "He went 10-2-1 for the year, leading them to a Western Division title.", "In the divisional playoff game that year against Pittsburgh at Three Rivers Stadium on December 23, he went 6-of-18 for 45 yards with two interceptions.", "Ken Stabler stepped in late in the game, and while he only went 6-of-12 for 57 yards, his thirty yard rush for a touchdown gave the Raiders a late 7–6 lead with less than two minutes remaining.", "However, Franco Harris caught a tipped pass from Terry Bradshaw in what is now known as the Immaculate Reception to give Pittsburgh a 13–7 victory.", "It was Lamonica's last playoff appearance.", "With Lamonica, the Raiders won four straight Western Division titles (three AFL and one AFC) and one American Football League championship.", "Lamonica was a three-time American Football League All-Star and twice was selected as the AFL's Most Valuable Player, in 1967 and 1969.", "Lamonica went as a starter, second best in NFL history (Otto Graham is the highest at .810).", "In the American Football League, Lamonica's winning percentage as a starter was , on 40 wins, 4 losses and 1 tie in 45 games, the best ever in the AFL.", "Although excellent at man-for-man coverage, he had a hard time reading zone defenses, more prevalent in the 1970s, and his throwing was sometimes inaccurate.", "He was replaced in 1973 by Ken Stabler, who, despite a weaker arm, was better at both, leading the 1976 team to victory in Super Bowl XI.", "World Football League\nLamonica was the 25th player to jump from the NFL to the World Football League (WFL) on April 16, 1974, when he signed a multiyear contract to join the Southern California Sun in 1975.", "He went 9-of-19 for ninety yards and one touchdown in limited playing time in his only season in the WFL which folded in late October of that year.", "After football\nIn recent years, he hosted a national fishing show on Fox Sports Net called Outdoors with the Pros.", "Football Nation named Lamonica the 67th best quarterback since the 1970 merger.", "The Professional Football Researchers Association named Lamonica to their Hall of Very Good Class of 2013.", "See also\n List of American Football League players\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n|-\n\n \n\n1941 births\nLiving people\nAmerican football quarterbacks\nAmerican people of Irish descent\nAmerican people of Italian descent\nBuffalo Bills players\nNotre Dame Fighting Irish football players\nOakland Raiders players\nSouthern California Sun players\nAmerican Conference Pro Bowl players\nAmerican Football League All-Star players\nAmerican Football League Most Valuable Players\nSportspeople from Fresno, California\nSportspeople from Clovis, California\nPlayers of American football from California\nAmerican Football League players" ]

[ "A former American football quarterback who played in the American Football League (AFL) and the National Football League (NFL) for 12 seasons, Daryle Pasquale Lamonica was born on July 17, 1941.", "He was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the 24th round of the 1963.", "After the Raiders joined the NFL through the league's merger, Lamonica played his next eight seasons as the primary starter.", "Nicknamed \"The Mad Bomber\" due to his affinity for throwing the long pass in almost any situation, Lamonica led the Raiders to four consecutive division titles between 1967 and 1970, along with a Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl II.", "He received three All-Star selections, two Pro Bowl selections, and two first-team All-AFL honors.", "He was the leader of the league in passing yards and passing touchdown, as well as the leader of the league in passing yards.", "The second-highest winning percentage for an NFL quarterback is held by Lamonica.", "He holds the highest winning percentage in the history of the league.", "Growing up on a ranch in the Central Valley of California, Lamonica had Italian and Irish ancestry.", "He played in the first Little League World Series and was an all-state quarterback.", "The football stadium at the high school was named after him.", "He turned down a professional baseball contract after high school.", "At the University of Notre Dame, Lamonica was the team's starting quarterback for three seasons.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He had 353 yards and 10 touchdown.", "The 1962 East-West Shrine Game was held at Kezar Stadium in San Francisco and he was named the Most Valuable Player.", "The Buffalo Bills drafted Lamonica in the 24th round of the 1963.", "He was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the 12th round of the 1963.", "He thought his chances of playing were better in the Bills.", "Jack Kemp was the primary quarterback in his first year, which led to him being dubbed \"the Fireman\" because he came into duty after injuries or ineffectiveness.", "He started the last two games for the Bills.", "He went 10-for-16 with 115 yards and a touchdown in a win over the New York Jets.", "He had 33 completions on 71 attempts for 437 yards and three touchdown for the season.", "In the playoffs for the division title, he entered in for Kemp late in the game and went 9-for-24 for 168 yards with a touchdown and three turnovers, as the Bills lost 26–8 at home to the Boston Pats.", "In 1964, Lamonica played in 55 games and had 1,137 yards with six touchdown and eight turnovers.", "He had 55 carries for 289 yards and six touchdown, which was tied for the most in the league with Cookie Gilchrist and Sid Blanks.", "He started one of the last games of the season against the Broncos, but Buffalo prevailed 30–19.", "The same thing happened in 1965, again.", "He went 29 of 70 and had three touchdown and six turnovers.", "In the third and final game of his career, he started for the Bills and went 3-of-14 for 83 yards with a touchdown and an interception in a 29-18 win over Houston.", "In his fourth and final year in Buffalo, he went 33 of 84 for 548 yards, with four touchdown and five turnovers.", "He only threw one pass in the three Buffalo runs to the title game.", "Glenn Bass was traded to the Oakland Raiders with Art Powell and Tom Flores.", "He played for Oakland until 1974.", "John Rauch was the coach.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "The team went 13–1 in the regular season and won the division title with Lamonica at the helm; in the final game of the season, he led the Raiders to their first championship as a franchise.", "He faced off against the Packers in Super Bowl II.", "He went 15-of-34 for 208 yards, with two touchdown and one interception, as the Raiders lost 33–14.", "The American Football League's Most Valuable Player was awarded by the Associated Press, United Press International, and The Sporting News.", "In thirteen games, he went 206-of-408 for 3,245 yards, missing the ninth game of the season, which George Blanda started.", "He threw 25 touchdown passes.", "His longest pass as a Raider was 82 yards.", "He threw a career high in 2014–2018.", "He went 21-of-34 for 311 yards with four touchdown and two interception, with his final touchdown to Charlie Smith being the deciding point in a nail-biting victory.", "The Raiders are tied with Kansas City for the best record in the Western Division.", "They defeated the Chiefs 41–6 to return to the finals.", "The New York Jets defeated the Oakland Raiders 27–23.", "The year 1969 was the last for the AFL and the first for John Madden as coach.", "He had career highs in completions, attempts, and yards.", "He averaged 235.9 yards per game.", "The Western Division was won by the Raiders once again.", "On October 19, against the Buffalo Bills, Lamonica set a new record with six touchdown passes in the first half, a record that has been matched only once before by Rodgers against the Chicago Bears.", "For the second year in a row, the team went to the playoffs, this time with four teams instead of the usual two.", "In the divisional playoff game against Houston, he threw 13 of 17 for 281 yards with six touchdown and one error for a 56– victory.", "In the last game between the two teams in the Australian Football League, in Oakland, Lamonica threw 15-of-39 for 167 yards and three turnovers as the Chiefs won 17–7 to advance to Super Bowl IV.", "Joe Namath was named the Most Valuable Player of the American Football League by the Associated Press.", "The nickname \"the Mad Bomber\" was given to him by his ability to pass in long passes, though his accuracy was sometimes suspect, as indicated by the fact that as a Raider starter from 1967 to 1972, his best completion average was only 53.0%.", "The team went 8–4–2 in 1970, with Lamonica throwing 179-of-355 for 2,516 yards with 22 touchdown and fifteen interceptions.", "George Blanda came off the bench in the fourth quarter and helped the team win four games and tie one.", "The team snuck into the playoffs and beat Kansas City for the division title.", "In the divisional playoffs, Lamonica went 8-of-16 for 187 yards and two touchdown as the Raiders defeated the Miami Dolphins in Oakland.", "The Raiders were beaten 27–17 by the Baltimore Colts in the AFC Championship Game in which Lamonica went 1-of-4 for six yards before being taken out for Blanda.", "He had no turnovers for the year, which is a record that still stands.", "On September 17, 1972, Lamonica had a perfect passing rating.", "In a game that was started by Ken Stabler with additional play from George Blanda, Lamonica stepped in to throw 8-of-10 for 172 yards with two touchdown and a 34–28 loss.", "The rest of the season was started by Lamonica.", "He had 149 completions on 281 attempts for 1,998 yards and a career high 53.0% completion percentage.", "They won the Western Division title after he went 10-2-1.", "He went 6-of-18 for 45 yards in the playoffs against Pittsburgh at Three Rivers Stadium.", "Ken Stabler stepped in late in the game, and while he only went 6-of-12 for 57 yards, his thirty yard rush for a touchdown gave the Raiders a late 7–6 lead with less than two minutes remaining.", "Franco Harris caught a tipped pass from Terry Bradshaw to give Pittsburgh a 13–7 victory.", "It was Lamonica's last time in the playoffs.", "The Raiders won four straight Western Division titles and one American Football League title.", "The American Football League's Most Valuable Player in 1967, and 1969 was Lamonica.", "Otto Graham is the highest at.810 in the history of the NFL.", "In the American Football League, Lamonica's winning percentage as a starter was the best ever, with 40 wins, 4 losses and 1 tie in 45 games.", "He was good at man-for-man coverage, but he had a hard time reading zone defenses, and his throwing was sometimes inaccurate.", "Ken Stabler replaced him in 1973, and he led the team to victory in Super Bowl XI.", "The World Football League (WFL) had 25 players jump from the National Football League to the league on April 16, 1974.", "In his only season in the WFL, he went 9-of-19 for ninety yards and one touchdown in limited playing time.", "He hosted a fishing show on the Fox Sports Net.", "The 67th best quarterback has been named by Football Nation.", "The Hall of Very Good Class of 2013 was named by the Professional Football Researchers Association.", "List of American Football League players References External links" ]

[ "Daryle Pasquale Lamonica", "Lamonica", "Lamonica", "Lamonica", "Lamonica", "Lamonica", "Lamonica", "Lamonica", "Lamonica", "Lamonica", "Lamonica" ]

[ "Daryle Pasquale Lamonica", "Lamonica", "Lamonica", "Lamonica", "Lamonica" ]

[ "is a Japanese musician, best known as leader and guitarist of the power metal band Galneryus.", "He also performs guitar and lead vocals in Spinalcord (formerly known as Aushvitz) and was formerly a member of Animetal.", "Under his own name, Syu has released one studio album, one cover album and one instrumental album, each featuring collaborations with many guest musicians.", "He was voted Best Guitarist in online music magazine Beeasts music awards four years in a row, from 2015 to 2018.", "His work on Galneryus' song \"Emotions\" was named the 73rd best guitar instrumental by Young Guitar Magazine in 2019.", "Early life \nWith parents who played the piano, Syu started playing the instrument at the age of four, but soon stopped.", "He then started playing the violin at age six, and continued to do so until he was 12 or 13 years old.", "In fourth grade of elementary school, he discovered X Japan and dove into rock music.", "With Yoshiki his favorite member, Syu started to play drums alongside violin.", "He played the drums in a band called Cross-Large, but could not find good musicians to play with.", "He switched to guitar after finding it easier because guitar and violin are relatively similar.", "He also said he could better express himself through guitar than through drums.", "Career\nSyu joined visual kei band Valkyr in August 1998, nearly a year later they released their first demo tape, titled \"Love of Insanity\".", "In August 2000, they released a \"making of\" VHS.", "In 2001 they finally released their first single, \"Batta\".", "After releasing 5 demos, a single and a VHS, the band broke up on April 24, 2002.", "When Valkyr broke up, Syu formed the bands Galneryus and Aushvitz with its remaining members.", "While at a live house in Kujō, Osaka, Syu heard fellow Kansai-native Yama-B on the radio and knew he wanted to work with him.", "Galneryus formed in 2001 with only Syu and Yama-B as official members.", "Valkyr keyboardist A was one of their support musicians.", "In 2002, they signed to VAP and began work on their first full-length album titled The Flag of Punishment.", "In 2008 they released their fifth album Reincarnation, which became their last with Yama-B as he left amicably due to musical differences.", "He was replaced by Masatoshi \"Sho\" Ono and in 2010 Galneryus released their sixth full-length album, aptly titled Resurrection.", "Visual kei band Aushvitz was formed in 2002 with Syu on guitar and vocals and his Valkyr bandmate Kyoichi on bass.", "They released their first single, , in September of that year.", "It is with Aushvitz that Syu is free to do what he wants musically, and they have a theme of \"violence, hardness, and extreme sorrow\".", "He chose the name Aushvitz, a reference to the Auschwitz concentration camp, with the \"hope it won't happen again\" and wanting to \"express my heart-rending feelings\" and the members wear prison uniforms.", "In 2006 Galneryus drummer Jun-ichi joined.", "Although Syu announced in June 2006 that they would be changing their name with their next release, it was not until 2008 that the new name Spinalcord was unveiled and the single, \"The Spinalcord\", was released.", "They released their first album, Remember Me'Til Your Dying Day, on September 23, 2009.", "When asked about the future of Spinalcord in 2017, Syu expressed dissatisfaction with his vocals at the time, but said if he could achieve a quality of singing that would allow him to perform for an audience, he would like to.", "In 2003, Syu joined the Eizo Sakamoto-led Animetal as their new guitarist and moved from Osaka to Tokyo.", "He joined at the suggestion of producer Yorimasa Hisatake.", "He recorded four albums with them before they went on indefinite hiatus in 2006.", "On September 29, 2010, Syu released a cover album on HPQ titled Crying Stars -Stand Proud!-, covering songs from the 1980s and 1990s by Racer X, Yngwie Malmsteen, Arch Enemy and more.", "It features many guests including his Galneryus and Spinalcord bandmates, Eizo Sakamoto, and other well-known musicians like Panther.", "In 2014 Syu composed the music for , which Ryuji Aoki sang as the opening theme song for the anime adaptation of Laughing Under the Clouds.", "Syu contributed significantly to the first solo album by Rami, 2016's Aspiration.", "Vap released his instrumental solo album You Play Hard on November 9, 2016.", "It features Katsuji (Animetal, Gargoyle) and Yasuhiro Mizuno (Saber Tiger) in addition to Galneryus members.", "Syu's album Vorvados was released on January 23, 2019 by Warner Music Japan.", "It features collaborations with guest vocalists such as Fuki (Unlucky Morpheus), Sono (Matenrou Opera) and Dancho (Nogod), and English musician Jacky Vincent.", "In 2020, Syu was one of many metal musicians from around the world who contributed to a cover of Deep Purple's \"Burn\" for the Metal For Kids United charity organization.<ref>{{cite web |title=MEGADETH, ANTHRAX Members Guest On 'Metal For Kids Uniteds Cover Of DEEP PURPLE's 'Burn' |url=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/megadeth-anthrax-members-guest-on-metal-for-kids-uniteds-cover-of-deep-purples-burn/ |website=Blabbermouth |date=2020-10-05 |accessdate=2020-12-29}}</ref>\n\n Style and influences \nSyu has said that \"all progressive- and symphonic metal guitarists have influenced my work\" and that he has too many guitar influences to list.", "Some he has named include Ulrich Roth, Michael Schenker, Yngwie Malmsteen, Paul Gilbert, John Petrucci, and Gary Moore.", "He has also stated that hide and X influenced him greatly, and that he really liked Luna Sea \"in their prime\".", "Lovebites guitarist Midori has cited Syu as one of her guitar influences.", "When composing music and trying to decide which of his projects the song will go to, Syu said he imagines the vocalist's voice and whether or not it matches the song.", "Syu stated that a song must still be good even when stripped down to just vocals and piano.", "The guitarist has also said that while he wants to stand out, the vocalist should stand out the most.", "Equipment \nSyu has a signature series of guitars available from ESP Guitars.", "91\n You Play Hard (November 9, 2016, instrumental album) No.", "43\n Vorvados'' (January 23, 2019) No.", "24\n\nReferences \n\nGalneryus VAP profile\nValkyr JaME Profile\n\nExternal links \n \n Official blog\n Syu ESP guitar gallery\n\nJapanese heavy metal guitarists\nJapanese heavy metal singers\nSeven-string guitarists\nVisual kei musicians\n1980 births\nLiving people\nMusicians from Hyōgo Prefecture\n21st-century Japanese guitarists\n21st-century Japanese male singers\nAnimetal members\nWarner Music Japan artists" ]

[ "The leader and guitarist of the power metal band Galneryus is a Japanese musician.", "He is a guitarist and vocalist in the band Avitz and is also a member of the band Animetal.", "One studio album, one cover album, and one instrumental album have been released by Syu under his own name.", "Four years in a row, he was voted the best guitarist in online music magazine Beeasts.", "His work on Galneryus' song \"Emotions\" was named the 73rd best guitar instrumental by Young Guitar Magazine.", "Syu stopped playing the piano when he was four years old because his parents were 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884", "He continued to play the violin until he was 13 years old.", "He discovered X Japan in fourth grade.", "Syu started to play drums with his favorite member.", "He played in a band but couldn't find good musicians to play with.", "He switched to guitar because it was easier than the violin.", "He said he could better express himself through guitar.", "The first demo tape by Career Syu was released a year after they joined the band.", "They released a \"making of\" VHS in 2000.", "\"Batta\" was their first single.", "The band broke up on April 24, 2002, after releasing 5 demos, a single and a VHS.", "Syu formed the bands Galneryus and Aushvitz after Valkyr broke up.", "Syu heard Yama-B on the radio and knew he wanted to work with him.", "Syu and Yama-B were the official members of Galneryus.", "A was a support musician.", "They began work on their first full-length album in 2002 after signing to VAP.", "They released their fifth album in 2008 and it was their last with Yama-B due to musical differences.", "He was replaced by Masatoshi \"Sho\" Ono and in 2010 Galneryus released their sixth full-length album.", "The band Aushvitz was formed in 2002 with Syu on guitar and vocals and his Valkyr bandmate Kyoichi on bass.", "Their first single was released in September of that year.", "It is with Aushvitz that Syu is free to do what he wants musically, and they have a theme of \"violence, hardness, and extreme sorrow\".", "He chose the name Aushvitz, a reference to the Auschwitz concentration camp, with the hope that it won't happen again, and the members wear prison uniforms.", "Jun-ichi joined the Galneryus.", "Although Syu announced in June 2006 that they would be changing their name with their next release, it was not until 2008 that the single, \"The Spinalcord\", was released.", "On September 23, 2009, they released their first album, Remember Me'Til Your Dying Day.", "Syu was dissatisfied with his vocals at the time, but said if he could achieve a quality of singing that would allow him to perform for an audience, he would like to.", "Syu moved from Osaka to Tokyo in 2003 to join the Eizo Sakamoto-led Animetal.", "He joined at the suggestion of a producer.", "He recorded four albums with them.", "On September 29, 2010, Syu released a cover album on HPQ titled Crying Stars - Stand Proud!-, covering songs from the 1980s and 1990s by Racer X, Yngwie Malmsteen, Arch Enemy and more.", "It has many guests including his Galneryus bandmates, Eizo Sakamoto, and other well-known musicians.", "Ryuji Aoki sang the opening theme song for Laughing Under the Clouds, which was composed by Syu.", "The first solo album by Rami was called Aspiration.", "You Play Hard was released on November 9, 2016 by Vap.", "In addition to Galneryus members, it features Katsuji and Yasuhiro Mizuno.", "Syu's album was released by Warner Music Japan.", "It has collaborations with guest singers such as Fuki, Sono, and Dancho.", "In 2020, Syu was one of many metal musicians from around the world who contributed to a cover of Deep Purple's \"Burn\" for the Metal For Kids United charity organization.", "He has named some of them.", "He said that hide and X influenced him a lot, and that he really liked Luna Sea.", "Syu is one of the guitar influences of Lovebites guitarist Midori.", "Syu said he imagines the vocalist's voice and whether or not it matches the song when he composes music.", "When a song is stripped down to just vocals and piano, it must still be good.", "The guitarist said that the vocalist should stand out the most.", "ESP Guitars has a signature series of guitars.", "You Play Hard is an instrumental album.", "No. 43 Vorvados'' was published on January 23, 2019.", "There are 24 references to Galneryus VAP profile." ]

[ "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu" ]

[ "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Career Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu", "Syu" ]

[ "Stevonne Latrall Smith Sr. (born May 12, 1979) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver for sixteen seasons in the National Football League (NFL), primarily with the Carolina Panthers, also playing for the Baltimore Ravens.", "He played college football for the Utah Utes, and was drafted by the Panthers in the third round of the 2001 NFL Draft.", "Smith, a five-time Pro Bowl selection and three-time All-Pro, emerged as one of the NFL's most productive wide receivers of the 21st century, leading the league in catches, receiving yards, and touchdowns in 2005.", "He played for the Panthers for thirteen seasons before signing with the Ravens in March 2014, and is the Panthers' all-time leader in total touchdowns (67), receptions (836) and receiving yards (12,197).", "In 2011, he became the 35th player in NFL history to amass 10,000 receiving yards.", "At the time of his retirement, he ranked seventh in NFL career all-purpose yards (19,180), seventh in NFL career receiving yards (14,731), twelfth in career receptions (1,031), and 25th in receiving touchdowns (81).", "Smith generated more than 1,000 all-purpose yards in eleven different seasons and at least 1,900 all-purpose yards in four of his first five seasons.", "High school career\nSmith attended University High School in Los Angeles, and was a letterman in football and track & field.", "In football, he played running back and defensive back, and was an All-Metro League selection as well as an All-California Interscholastic Federation selection.", "Smith graduated from University High School in 1997.", "In track & field, he set a handful of school records, was named as an All-City selection as a high-hurdler, and also excelled in the triple jump and 300m hurdles.", "He had personal-bests of 14.95 seconds in the 110m hurdles and 38.73 seconds in the 300m hurdles.", "College career\nAfter graduating from high school, Smith attended Santa Monica College.", "While playing for the Santa Monica Corsairs football team, Smith quickly defined himself as a talented football player, and earned a starting position.", "During this time, Smith was teammates with future NFL wide receiver Chad Johnson, surprising fans of the small college team with their unexpected talents.", "While impressing spectators with his performance on the football field, Santa Monica's head coach, Robert Taylor, encouraged Smith to not play for riches or fame, but to play so that he might earn a scholarship to a Division-I school, where he could receive a better education.", "He also advised Smith and Johnson to not do touchdown celebrations and as Smith said, \"they put the cuffs on us.\"", "Smith took Taylor's advice to heart, and excelled in his academics, not missing a single day of classes while attending Santa Monica.", "After completing two years at Santa Monica College, Smith transferred to the University of Utah, where he established himself as a standout wideout for the Utah Utes football team in the Mountain West Conference where he was a teammate of future NFL running back Mike Anderson.", "While at the University of Utah, Smith set a record for yards per catch with a 20.6 average, and was chosen to play for the conference's all-star team twice.", "However, he missed their bowl game in his final season due to injury.", "After the Blue–Gray All-Star game on December 25, 2000, Smith began to receive attention from various NFL scouts.", "He was named offensive MVP of the January 13, 2001, East–West Shrine Game.", "He and his wife have endowed an athletics scholarship at the University of Utah.", "Professional career\n\nCarolina Panthers\n\n2001 season\nThe Carolina Panthers chose Smith in the third round (74th overall) during the 2001 NFL Draft.", "Smith spent a majority of his rookie season as a kick and punt returner, leading all rookies in net yardage with 1,994 yards, and landing in fourth place among all NFL players behind Priest Holmes, Marshall Faulk, and Derrick Mason.", "In his first play as a professional, Smith returned the opening kickoff of the first game of the season for a touchdown.", "Smith also had 10 catches for 154 yards, and rushed 4 times for 43 yards.", "However, the team finished 1-15, winning only their season opener against the Minnesota Vikings.", "2002 season\nDuring the 2002 NFL season, Smith earned a starting position as a wide receiver and continued as the team's kick returner and punt returner.", "Smith finished the 2002 season with 54 receptions for 872 yards and 3 touchdowns.", "2003 season and Super Bowl XXXVIII\nDuring the 2003 season, Smith played a critical role for the Panthers offense and helped lead them to their first NFC title in franchise history.", "He finished the regular season with 88 receptions for 1,110 yards and 7 touchdowns.", "He eclipsed the 1,000 receiving yards mark for the first time in his career in 2003.", "During the NFC divisional playoffs, Smith caught a 69-yard pass and ran it for a touchdown in the 2nd overtime period to defeat the St. Louis Rams 29–23.", "He finished that game with 6 catches, 163 yards, and the one TD.", "In Super Bowl XXXVIII, he caught 4 passes for 80 yards and a touchdown, and returned a kickoff for 30 yards in the Panthers' 32–29 loss to the New England Patriots.", "2004 season and injury\nSmith suffered a severe break in his leg during the 2004 NFL season opener against the Green Bay Packers, and was out for the remainder of the year.", "Before the injury, he managed to record 6 catches for 60 yards, and even attempted a pass which fell incomplete.", "2005 season and comeback\nIn the 2005 NFL season, Smith recovered from his injury to have the best season of his career.", "He earned the \"Triple Crown\" of receiving, leading the NFL in receptions (103), receiving yards (1,563), and receiving touchdowns (12) and became only the third player, Jerry Rice (1990) and Sterling Sharpe (1992), to accomplish this feat in the Super Bowl era.", "Smith also returned 27 punts for 286 yards.", "His 10.6 yards/punt return was the second-highest of his career, after his 10.7 yards/punt return in his rookie season.", "Smith dominated the first two rounds of the 2005–06 NFL playoffs.", "In a Wild Card Round victory over the New York Giants, Smith caught 10 passes for 84 yards and a touchdown, and rushed for 12 yards and another score.", "The Panthers then defeated the Chicago Bears in the divisional round, aided by Smith's franchise record 12 receptions for 218 yards and 2 touchdowns.", "Smith and the Panthers then faced the Seattle Seahawks in the NFC Championship.", "Although he scored on a 59-yard punt return, Smith was held to 33 receiving yards on 5 catches, and the Panthers lost by a score of 34–14.", "Smith, along with teammates Jake Delhomme, Julius Peppers, and Mike Wahle were invited to the 2006 Pro Bowl after the season.", "Smith also shared the 2005 NFL Comeback Player of the Year Award with New England Patriots' linebacker Tedy Bruschi.", "2006 season\n\nAfter suffering a hamstring injury and developing an ingrown toenail in training camp before the 2006 season, Smith returned to the field after missing two weeks of action.", "Smith was double covered frequently but still managed to battle through that and injuries to finish the year with 83 catches for 1,186 yards and 8 touchdowns.", "He was also invited to the 2007 Pro Bowl, his second Pro Bowl in a row and third overall.", "His contract ran up after the season.", "On March 1, he signed an extension.", "2007 season\nBy May 4, he signed a new extension worth $45 million for six years.", "Smith started 15 games for the Panthers during their 2007 season, and led Carolina with 87 catches, 1,002 receiving yards, and 7 touchdowns despite playing with four different starting quarterbacks due to injury to starting quarterback Jake Delhomme.", "2008 season\nSmith made headlines during the 2008 training camp when he was involved in an altercation with teammate Ken Lucas on August 1, 2008.", "Smith broke Lucas's nose during the fight and was later sent home for the remainder of the day after reportedly apologizing.", "Smith was given a two-game suspension by the team.", "Smith then suffered a severe concussion during the 2008 preseason opener against the Indianapolis Colts, where Smith was hit in the head when catching a pass.", "He continued to play that game, but did not travel with the team to their next game against the Philadelphia Eagles.", "After returning from suspension and scoring his first touchdown of the 2008 season, Smith presented the ball to Lucas on the sideline.", "Despite his 2-game suspension, Smith was voted to play in the 2009 Pro Bowl after he managed to catch 78 passes for 1,421 receiving yards and 6 touchdowns, leading the NFL in receiving yards per game.", "2009 season\nDuring Week 16 of the 2009 NFL Season, Smith broke his left forearm on a touchdown catch in a game against the New York Giants causing him to sit out the final game of the year.", "Smith finished the year with 982 yards on 65 receptions and 7 touchdowns, just 18 yards shy of a fifth consecutive 1,000 yard receiving season.", "On January 1, 2010, Smith was placed on injured reserve following the injury, and on June 19, 2010, Smith broke his arm again while playing flag football.", "2010 season\n2010 was Smith's worst season as a starter since 2002.", "Although he led the team in both receptions and receiving yards, he only managed 46 catches for 554 yards.", "In addition, he only caught two touchdown passes, 1 fewer than rookie David Gettis.", "Smith's low numbers were due to the total lack of team offense behind rookie quarterback Jimmy Clausen.", "The Panthers finished last in most offensive categories and with a 2–14 record, which was the worst in the 2010 season, securing the 1st overall pick in the 2011 NFL Draft.", "Smith's dissatisfaction led to widespread rumors amongst the Panthers fan base that the star receiver wanted to be traded from the team for the 2011 season.", "2011 season\nSmith opened up the 2011 season strong, gaining 178 yards and 2 touchdowns on 8 catches, including a 77-yard reception for a touchdown.", "Smith followed his week 1 performance with another 150-yard receiving game, but had a fumble during the game as well.", "On November 27, 2011, Smith surpassed the 1,000-yard receiving mark.", "During Week 14, he became the 35th player in NFL history to reach the 10,000-yard receiving mark after a 125-yard performance against the Atlanta Falcons.", "Smith reached a total of 1,394 yards on 79 catches, and was one catch away from reaching the 700 rec mark.", "Smith was selected to his fifth Pro Bowl.", "2012 season\nPrior to the season, he signed a three-year extension worth $18 million.", "Smith played in all 16 games in 2012, recording 73 receptions for 1,174 yards and four touchdowns.", "2013 season\n\nIn 2013, Smith continued to play well, despite hauling in only 64 receptions, his lowest since 2010.", "On December 22, 2013, Smith received a PCL sprain against the New Orleans Saints.", "The Panthers came out on top of the Saints 17-13.", "Smith received his 800th reception in the 2013 season.", "Smith was released by the Panthers on March 13, 2014.", "Baltimore Ravens\n\n2014 season\nPrior to signing with the Ravens, Smith stated that if he happens to meet his former team, the Panthers, again, to \"put your goggles on cause there's going to be blood and guts everywhere.\"", "On March 14, 2014, Smith signed a three-year contract with the Baltimore Ravens, worth $11.5 million with a $3.5 million bonus.", "In the Ravens' season opener against the Cincinnati Bengals, Smith caught 7 passes for 118 yards and an 80-yard touchdown, but the Ravens lost the game 23–16.", "In Week 3 against the Cleveland Browns, Smith caught 5 passes for 101 yards, including a 32-yard reception that set up the game-winning field goal, as the Ravens won 23–21.", "In Week 4, Smith faced his old team.", "On the Ravens' second possession of the game, quarterback Joe Flacco threw a pass which was tipped by Owen Daniels and landed in the arms of Smith, who took the ball to the end zone for a 61-yard touchdown.", "Later in the game, Flacco fumbled a snap.", "He picked up the ball and threw a pass to a covered Smith, who caught it in the back of the endzone, despite being held by cornerback Melvin White.", "Smith finished the game with 7 catches for 139 yards and two touchdowns as the Ravens defeated the Panthers 38–10.", "In Week 6, Smith caught a 56-yard touchdown pass in a game in which Flacco threw a career-high five touchdown passes and set the record for the fastest time to throw them (16:03).", "Smith finished the game with five catches for 110 yards and that 56-yard score.", "In Week 15, Smith caught his 900th career reception against the Jacksonville Jaguars, as the Ravens won 20–12.", "In Week 17, Smith reached the single-season 1,000-yard mark for the eighth time in his career.", "In that game, the Ravens defeated the Cleveland Browns 20–10 and clinched a playoff berth.", "Smith finished the 2014 regular season with 79 receptions, 1,065 yards and 6 touchdowns.", "He also fumbled twice and lost one.", "In the wild card round of the playoffs, Smith caught five passes for 101 yards as the Ravens defeated the division rival Pittsburgh Steelers for the first time ever in the playoffs.", "In the divisional round of the playoffs, Smith caught three passes for 44 yards and a touchdown, as the Ravens lost and had their season ended by the eventual Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots.", "2015 season\nDuring a press conference on August 10, 2015, Smith announced the upcoming season would be his last.", "During the Ravens' third preseason game, against the Redskins, Smith was ejected along with cornerback Chris Culliver.", "Smith's son went to Twitter, saying, \"1st time I've ever gotten to watch a game with my dad.", "Thanks @NFL\".", "The Ravens' Twitter account tweeted that Smith was ejected for a skirmish, and his son responded to it by saying, \"Actually got ejected for ballin too hard\".", "Smith was named starting punt returner after Week 1; at 36, he was and is among the oldest punt returners in league history.", "In the Ravens' first win against the Pittsburgh Steelers in Week 4, he was forced to leave the game in third quarter due to a lower back injury he suffered after a hit from linebacker Lawrence Timmons.", "Two days later, it was announced that Smith broke four of his ribs in the Week 4 game.", "In a Week 8 game against the San Diego Chargers, Smith tore his achilles tendon, and it was announced he would be out for the rest of the 2015 season.", "He ended the season having played seven games, racking up 46 catches for 670 yards and three touchdowns.", "On December 30, 2015, Smith announced that he would be returning to the Ravens for the 2016 season.", "2016 season\nSmith had another solid year with the Ravens, he caught 70 passes for 799 yards and 5 touchdowns.", "In Week 4, he had his only 100+ yard game of the season against Oakland, where he had eight receptions for 111 yards and a touchdown.", "In the game, Smith finally passed Andre Johnson to become the NFL's active leader in receiving yards.", "Smith also reached the 1,000 reception mark, the 14th player to reach this milestone.", "On January 2, 2017, Smith officially announced his retirement from the NFL.", "He retired with 1,031 receptions (then 12th all-time) for 14,731 yards (7th) and 81 touchdowns (tied for 17th with Art Powell).", "NFL career statistics\n\nCareer accomplishments\n\n In 2001, Smith was the first rookie to make the Pro Bowl as a special teams player since Tyrone Hughes in 1993.", "In 2003, Smith's 404 postseason receiving yards were the 2nd most ever (behind Jerry Rice's 409 in 1988).", "In 2005, Smith became the first player since Washington Redskins' receiver Art Monk in 1984 to lead the NFL in receptions for a team that ran more often than it passed.", "In 2005, Smith earned the NFL's receiving \"triple crown\", leading the league in receptions (103), yards (1,563) and touchdowns (12).", "In 2008, Smith became the only player in history to lead the league in receiving yards per game despite being on an offense that was last in pass attempts.", "Smith and Hall of Famer Tim Brown are the only players in NFL history who have at least 1,000 receptions and have scored touchdowns on runs, catches, punt returns and kick returns.", "Smith is one of only three players in history to run back two punts for touchdowns and catch a touchdown pass in the same game.", "Smith led the NFL in receiving yards per game in the 2008 NFL season.", "All-time Panthers leader in receiving yards (12,197), passing Muhsin Muhammad (9,255) in 2011.", "Caught his 1,000th career reception on November 20, 2016, in a game against the Dallas Cowboys.", "In 2014, he applied to the NFL for a jersey nameplate change from 'Smith' to 'Smith Sr.' upon the announcement of his son's impending birth.", "Smith is an Evangelical Christian.", "In 2007, Smith went on an evangelism trip to Togo and Nigeria to talk to soccer players about Jesus.", "Before every away game, Smith Sr. and his family donated shoes to the homeless.", "He would also wash their feet beforehand.", "His goal is to hand out half a million pairs of shoes.", "To provide this service Smith works with Samaritan's Feet.", "He says, \"This is an opportunity for me to give back, to serve....to kind of, really for me, open up the next chapter of my life.\"", "Smith planned to take the initiative global after retiring from football.", "Smith and his wife, Angie, have four children: Peyton, Baylee, Boston, and Steve Jr.; Smith changed the name on the back of his jersey to Smith Sr. when Steve Jr., nicknamed \"Deuce\", was born.", "On June 14, 2017, it was reported by The Charlotte Observer that he secretly paid the full college tuition of Twitter personality and author Elexus Jionde.", "He said of paying for her $40,000 a year education at Ohio State: \"It's not about taking and how much can you get for yourself.", "It's about your life and (taking advantage of) all the resources and applying them and then paying it forward to someone else.\"", "In 2019, Smith played for the \"Home\" roster during the NBA All-Star Celebrity Game at the Bojangles' Coliseum in Charlotte, North Carolina.", "The roster was made up of celebrities with Carolina roots.", "On July 9, 2019, the Panthers announced that Smith would be inducted into the team's Hall of Honor along with Jake Delhomme, Jordan Gross, and Wesley Walls.", "See also\n\nList of National Football League annual receptions leaders\nList of National Football League annual receiving touchdowns leaders\nList of National Football League annual receiving yards leaders\nList of National Football League players with multiple 1,000-yard receiving seasons\nList of National Football League career all-purpose yards leaders\nList of National Football League career receptions leaders\nList of National Football League career receiving yards leaders\nList of National Football League career receiving touchdowns leaders\n\nReferences\n\nFootnotes\n\nExternal links\n\nBaltimore Ravens bio\nCarolina Panther bio\n \n\n1979 births\nLiving people\nAfrican-American players of American football\nAmerican Protestants\nAfrican-American Christians\nAmerican football return specialists\nAmerican football wide receivers\nBaltimore Ravens players\nCarolina Panthers players\nNational Conference Pro Bowl players\nPlayers of American football from Los Angeles\nSanta Monica Corsairs football players\nUniversity High School (Los Angeles) alumni\nUtah Utes football players\n21st-century African-American sportspeople\n20th-century African-American sportspeople\n10,000 receiving yards club" ]

[ "Stevonne Latrall Smith Jr., also known as Stevonne Latrall Smith, is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver for sixteen seasons in the National Football League.", "He was drafted by the Carolinas in the third round of the 2001 NFL Draft.", "Smith, a five-time Pro Bowl selection and three-time All-Pro, emerged as one of the NFL's most productive wide receivers of the 21st century, leading the league in catches, receiving yards, and touchdown in 2005.", "He was a member of the Carolinas for thirteen seasons before signing with the Ravens in March 2014, and is the all-time leader in touchdown, reception, and receiving yards.", "He became the 35th player in NFL history to reach 10,000 receiving yards.", "He was seventh in all-purpose yards (19,180), seventh in receiving yards (14,731), twelfth in career receptions (1,031), and 25th in receiving touchdown (81).", "Smith had at least 1,900 all-purpose yards in four of his first five seasons.", "Smith was a letterman in football and track at University High School in Los Angeles.", "He was an All-Metro League selection as well as an All-California Interscholastic Federation selection in football.", "Smith attended University High School.", "He excelled in track and field, setting a number of school records, being named an All-City selection as a high-hurdler, and also excelled in the triple jump and 300m hurdles.", "In the 300m hurdles, he had a personal-best of 38.73 seconds.", "Smith attended Santa Monica College after graduating high school.", "Smith earned a starting position on the Santa Monica Corsairs football team because he was a talented football player.", "Smith was teammates with future NFL wide receiver Chad Johnson, surprising fans of the small college team with their unexpected talents.", "While impressing spectators with his performance on the football field, Santa Monica's head coach, Robert Taylor, encouraged Smith to not play for fame but for a scholarship to a Division-I school, where he could receive a better education.", "Smith said \"they put the cuffs on us\" when he was told not to do touchdown celebrations.", "Smith excelled in his academics, not missing a single day of classes while attending Santa Monica, and took Taylor's advice to heart.", "After completing two years at Santa Monica College, Smith transferred to the University of Utah, where he became a teammate of Mike Anderson, who went on to play in the National Football League.", "While at the University of Utah, Smith set a record for yards per catch with a 20.6 average, and was chosen to play for the conference's all-star team twice.", "He missed the bowl game due to an injury.", "Smith began to receive attention from various NFL scouts after the Blue–Gray All-Star game in 2000.", "He was the offensive Most Valuable Player of the Shrine Game.", "The University of Utah has an athletics scholarship endowed by him and his wife.", "Smith was selected in the third round of the 2001 NFL draft.", "Smith spent most of his first season as a kick and punt returner, leading all rookies in net yardage with 1,994 yards, and landing in fourth place among all NFL players.", "Smith returned the opening kick of the season for a touchdown.", "Smith rushed four times for 43 yards and had 10 catches for 154 yards.", "The team won their season opener against the Vikings.", "Smith earned a starting position as a wide receiver and continued as the team's kick returner and punt returner.", "Smith had 54 catches for 902 yards and 3 touchdown in 2002.", "During the 2003 season, Smith played a critical role in the offense and helped lead the team to their first title in franchise history.", "He had 88 catches for 1,110 yards and 7 touchdown in the regular season.", "He reached the 1,000 receiving yards mark in 2003 for the first time in his career.", "In the 2nd overtime period, Smith caught a 69-yard pass and ran it in for a touchdown to defeat the Rams.", "He had 6 catches and 163 yards in that game.", "He caught 4 passes for 80 yards and a touchdown, and returned a kick for 30 yards in the Super Bowl XXXVIII loss to New England.", "Smith broke his leg in the 2004 season opener against the Green Bay Packers and was out for the rest of the year.", "He was able to record 6 catches for 60 yards before the injury.", "Smith had the best season of his career in 2005 after recovering from an injury.", "He earned the \"Triple Crown\" of receiving, leading the NFL in catches (103), receiving yards (1,563), and receiving touchdown (12), and became only the third player to accomplish this feat in the Super Bowl era.", "Smith returned 27 punts for 286 yards.", "His 10.8 yards/punt return in his first season was the lowest of his career.", "Smith was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Smith caught 10 passes for 84 yards and a touchdown in the Wild Card Round victory over the New York Giants.", "Smith set a franchise record with 12 catches for 218 yards and 2 touchdown as the Carolinas defeated the Chicago Bears in the divisional round.", "Smith and the Carolinas faced the Seattle Seahawks in the playoffs.", "Although he scored on a 59-yard punt return, Smith was held to 33 receiving yards on 5 catches, and the Panthers lost by a score of 34–14.", "Smith and his teammates were invited to the Pro Bowl after the season.", "Smith and Tedy Bruschi shared the 2005 Comeback Player of the Year Award.", "In training camp before the 2006 season, Smith developed an ingrown toenail, but he returned to the field after missing two weeks of action.", "Smith finished the year with 83 catches for 1,186 yards and 8 touchdown despite being double covered frequently.", "He was invited to the Pro Bowl for the second year in a row.", "His contract ended after the season.", "He signed an extension on March 1.", "He signed a new six-year extension on May 4.", "Smith led Carolina with 87 catches, 1,002 receiving yards, and 7 touchdown despite playing with four different starting quarterbacks because of Jake Delhomme's injury.", "During the 2008 training camp, Smith was involved in an altercation with teammate Ken Lucas.", "Smith was sent home for the rest of the day after breaking Lucas's nose during the fight.", "Smith was suspended for two games.", "Smith suffered a severe concussion during the 2008 preseason opener when he was hit in the head while catching a pass.", "He did not travel with the team to their next game because he continued to play that game.", "Smith presented the ball to Lucas on the sideline after scoring his first touchdown of the season.", "Despite being suspended for 2 games, Smith was voted to play in the Pro Bowl in 2009, leading the league in receiving yards.", "Smith broke his left forearm in a game against the New York Giants and sat out the final game of the season.", "Smith finished the year with 962 yards on 65 reception and 7 touchdown, just 18 yards shy of a fifth consecutive 1,000 yard receiving season.", "Smith broke his arm playing flag football and was placed on injured reserve.", "Smith's worst season as a starter was in 2010.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He caught two touchdown passes, 1 less than David Gettis.", "Smith's low numbers were due to the lack of offense behind Jimmy Clausen.", "The 2010 season was the worst in the history of the Carolinas, with a 2–14 record and the 1st overall pick in the draft.", "There were rumors that Smith wanted to be traded from the team for the upcoming season.", "Smith was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Smith was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Smith surpassed the 1,000-yard receiving mark on November 27, 2011.", "He became the 35th player in NFL history to reach the 10,000-yard receiving mark after a 125-yard performance against the Atlanta Falcons.", "Smith had a total of 1,394 yards on 78 catches and was one catch away from reaching the 700 rec mark.", "Smith was selected to the Pro Bowl for the fifth time.", "He signed a three-year extension prior to the 2012 season.", "Smith played in all 16 games in 2012 and had 73 catches for 1,174 yards and four touchdown.", "Despite hauling in only 64 catches, Smith continued to play well.", "Smith was injured against the New Orleans Saints.", "The Saints lost to the panthers 17-13.", "Smith received his 800th reception.", "Smith was released by the Carolinas.", "Smith stated prior to signing with the Ravens that he would put his goggles on if he met his former team.", "Smith signed a three-year contract with the Baltimore Ravens in March of last year.", "Smith caught 7 passes for 118 yards and an 80 yard touchdown, but the Ravens lost the game 23–16.", "Smith caught 5 passes for 101 yards, including a 32-yard reception that set up the game-winning field goal, in the Ravens' 23–21 victory over the Cleveland Browns in Week 3.", "Smith faced his old team in Week 4.", "On the Ravens' second possession of the game, quarterback Joe Flacco threw a pass which was tipped by Owen Daniels and landed in the arms of Smith, who took the ball to the end zone for a 61-yard touchdown.", "Flacco fumbled a snap.", "He picked up the ball and threw a pass to a covered Smith, who caught it in the back of the endzone despite being held by White.", "Smith had 7 catches for 139 yards and two touchdown in the Ravens victory.", "In Week 6, Smith caught a 56-yard touchdown pass in a game in which Flacco threw a career-high five touchdown passes and set the record for the fastest time to throw them.", "Smith finished the game with five catches and a 56-yard touchdown.", "In the 15th week of the season, Smith caught his 900th career reception as the Ravens won 20–12.", "Smith reached the 1,000-yard mark for the eighth time in his career.", "The Ravens secured a playoff spot in that game.", "Smith had 1,065 yards and 6 touchdown in the regular season.", "He lost one and fumbled twice.", "In the wild card round of the playoffs, Smith caught five passes for 101 yards as the Ravens defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers for the first time ever in the playoffs.", "Smith caught three passes for 44 yards and a touchdown in the divisional round of the playoffs, but the Ravens lost and their season ended in the Super Bowl.", "Smith held a press conference on August 10, 2015, to announce the upcoming season would be his last.", "Smith and Culliver were ejected during the third preseason game.", "Smith's son said that he had never gotten to watch a game with his dad.", "Thanks to the National Football League.", "Smith's son responded to the Ravens' account that Smith was ejected for a skirmish by saying, \"Actually got ejected for ballin too hard\".", "At 36 years old, Smith is one of the oldest punt returners in league history.", "He was forced to leave the game in the third quarter due to a back injury he sustained after a hit from Lawrence Timmons.", "Smith broke four of his ribs in the Week 4 game.", "Smith tore his achilles in the Week 8 game against the San Diego Chargers and will be out for the rest of the season.", "He played seven games and had 46 catches for 670 yards and three touchdown.", "Smith announced on December 30, 2015, that he would be returning to the Ravens for the 2016 season.", "Smith had a good year with the Ravens, he caught 70 passes for 799 yards and 5 touchdown.", "He had his only 100 yard game of the season in Week 4 against Oakland, where he had eight catches for 112 yards and a touchdown.", "Smith became the NFL's active leader in receiving yards in the game.", "Fourteen players have reached the 1,000 reception mark, including Smith.", "Smith retired from the NFL on January 2nd.", "He retired with 14,731 yards and 81 touchdown, tying Art Powell for 17th on the all-time list.", "Smith was the first player since 1993 to make the Pro Bowl as a special teams player.", "Smith's 404 receiving yards were the 2nd most ever, behind Jerry Rice's 409.", "Smith was the first player since Art Monk in 1984 to lead the league in catches for a team that ran more often than it passed.", "Smith had a triple crown in 2005, leading the league in reception (103), yards (1,563) and touchdown (12).", "Smith was the only player in history to lead the league in receiving yards per game despite being on an offense that was last in pass attempts.", "Smith and Tim Brown are the only players in the history of the National Football League who have scored touchdown on runs, catches, punts and kick returns.", "Smith is only the third player in history to run back two punts for a touchdown and catch a touchdown pass in the same game.", "Smith led the league in receiving yards per game.", "In 2011, the all-time leader in receiving yards was Muhsin Muhammad.", "He caught his 1,000th reception in a game against the Dallas Cowboys.", "Upon the announcement of his son's impending birth, he applied for a jersey change from 'Smith' to 'Smith Sr.'", "Smith is a Christian.", "Smith went to Africa in 2007, to preach to soccer players about Jesus.", "They donated shoes to the homeless before every game.", "He would wash their feet.", "He wants to give out half a million shoes.", "Smith works with Samaritan's Feet to provide this service.", "He says, \"This is an opportunity for me to give back, to serve, to kind of open up the next chapter of my life.\"", "After retiring from football, Smith was going to take the initiative global.", "Smith has four children with his wife, including Steve Jr., who was christened \"Deuce\" when he was born.", "The Charlotte Observer reported on June 14, 2017, that he paid the full college tuition of Elexus.", "He said that paying for her $40,000 a year education at Ohio State was not about taking and how much you can get for yourself.", "Paying it forward to someone else is about taking advantage of all the resources and applying them.", "Smith played for the \"Home\" team during the NBA All-Star Celebrity Game in Charlotte, North Carolina.", "The celebrities on the roster were from the Carolinas.", "Smith will be joining Jake Delhomme, Jordan Gross, and Wesley Walls in the team's Hall of Honor.", "National Football League players with multiple 1,000-yard receiving seasons List of National Football League career all-purpose yards leaders" ]

[ "Stevonne Latrall Smith Sr", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith Sr", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith Sr", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Steve Jr", "Smith", "Smith Sr", "Steve Jr", "Smith", "Smith" ]

[ "Stevonne Latrall Smith Jr", "Stevonne Latrall Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith Sr", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Steve Jr", "Smith", "Smith" ]

[ "Peter N. Skouras (born March 21, 1963) is a retired Greek-American soccer midfielder who was the \"First American Born Professional Soccer player to sign a contract in a European First Division.\"", "On December 15, 1984 Skouras signed a first team contract with Greek First Division power Olympiakos Piraeus pioneering the way for American professional soccer players to create careers in Europe and around the world.", "Skouras' professional career in Europe began with the opportunity and exposure provided by the United States Soccer Federation's Youth National Team programs which began in England as a youth professional with Brighton & Hove Albion of the English First Division.", "Skouras played professionally in both the United States and Greece for over ten seasons.", "Player\nIn 1978, Skouras was selected by the United States Soccer Federation to participate in the prestigious Montigue, France International (U-15) youth tournament.", "Coached by Bill Muse and Lothar Osiander and captained by Skouras, the US played two scoreless games against Romania and Portugal before losing 5–0 to France and 1–0 to West Germany.", "Upon his return to the United States, Skouras was identified by English 1st Division Club Brighton & Hove Albion, who were on tour in the United States.", "Brighton manager Alan Mullery offered Skouras a three-month trial at Brighton.", "After signing \"apprentice forms\" and spending one season with Brighton & Hove Albion's apprentice professional ranks, Skouras' work permit application was denied by the U.K. Home Office.", "Peter Skouras returned to the United States and turned professional at the age of sixteen with the California Sunshine of the American Soccer League, making Skouras the youngest native born American professional soccer player of his time.", "In the fall of 1980 and at the conclusion of the CONCACAF qualifications of which the United States coached by Walt Chyzowich and assisted by Bob Gansler qualified for the Coca-Cola Youth World Cup in Australia, Skouras was once again the youngster on the United States U-20 squad.", "At the age of 17, Skouras was signed immediately by Ron Newman and the San Diego Sockers of the North American Soccer League making him the youngest native born North American in a league dominated by foreign international stars.", "Despite a major reconstruction knee surgery, Skouras survived and played two NASL indoor seasons, four NASL outdoor seasons and one Major Indoor Soccer League season with the Sockers while American players were being released on a daily basis.", "In 1984 at 21 years of age, the North American Soccer League ceased operations and Skouras made the trip to West Germany to continue his ambitions and living.", "After multiple trials at Bundesliga clubs, Skouras finally landed a contract with Karlsruhe Sport Club.", "After observing Skouras, Werner Olk the Karlsruhe manager gave the \"green light\" for the acquisition of Skouras which officially made Skouras the \"First American\" to sign a European First Division contract.", "Ironically and in a matter of days, Skouras was transferred to Greek Super League power Olympiakos Piraeus with the confirmation of former Netherlands and current Manager Georg Keßler and United States National Team Manager Alketas Panagoulias.", "Skouras spent one year at Olympiakos (December 1984 – 1985) playing in a few number of matches.", "However, being selected week in and week out in the squads of 16 was not a simple feat in such a \"massive club\" as Olympiakos.", "Returning to the United States in 1986 and signing for a short period with the San Jose Earthquakes of the American Professional Soccer League (APSL), PAOK Thessaloniki of the Greek Super League signed Skouras under the direction of former Dutch National Team Manager Thijs Libregts.", "Due to Skouras' physical style of play, injuries plagued Skouras throughout his stay in the Greek Sub-Capital.", "Skouras continued his footballing career in the Greek Super League with Diagoras Rhodes for the 1987-88 season, and in the Greek Second Professional Division with Panseraikos F.C.", "who in 1988–89 were promoted to the Greek Super League under the technical guidance of Athanasios Dokas.", "In 1990, Skouras returned to the United States and the Los Angeles Heat of the American Professional Soccer League.", "After a few number of matches, injury again plagued Skouras with a severely torn hamstring and would bring his playing career to an end.", "Skouras was 27 years of age.", "Coach\nOn September 16, 1994, the Buffalo Blizzard of the National Professional Soccer League hired Skouras as head coach.", "Due to serious health reasons, Skouras stepped down and was replaced by Brian May.", "Upon his return, in 1994 Skouras assisted the Hellenic Football Federation with \"Scouting\" data for then National Team Manager Alketas Panagoulias.", "Additionally, Skouras worked with numerous players both professional and youth on an individual level where fitness was concerned.", "In 1989, Skouras also \"Scouted\" for the California Youth Soccer Association-South (CYSA-S) while under the direction of former US National Team Coach, Steve Sampson who implemented a massive youth player identification program in the Southern California area.", "Skouras possesses his United States Soccer Federation National Coaching License.", "Education\nToday, Skouras is pursuing a Bachelor's degree within the discipline of Social & Behavioral Science at the California State University Dominguez Hills.", "References\n\nExternal links\n American stats\n Career stats\n https://web.archive.org/web/20150217025808/http://homepages.sover.net/~spectrum/year/1978.html\n http://www.rsssf.com/players/foreign-players-in-grk6080.html\n\n1963 births\nLiving people\nAmerican soccer coaches\nAmerican soccer players\nAmerican expatriate soccer players\nAmerican Soccer League (1933–1983) players\nCalifornia Sunshine players\nExpatriate footballers in Greece\nMajor Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) players\nNational Professional Soccer League (1984–2001) coaches\nNorth American Soccer League (1968–1984) indoor players\nNorth American Soccer League (1968–1984) players\nOlympiacos F.C.", "players\nOlympiacos Volou 1937 F.C.", "players\nPAOK FC players\nUnited States Soccer Federation\nSan Diego Sockers (original MISL) players\nSan Diego Sockers (NASL) players\nAmerican people of Greek descent\nAssociation football midfielders\nAmerican expatriate sportspeople in Greece\nSoccer players from New York (state)\nSportspeople from New York City" ]

[ "The \"First American Born Professional Soccer player to sign a contract in a European First Division\" is Peter N. Skouras.", "Skouras was the first American professional soccer player to sign a first team contract with a Greek team.", "Skouras' professional career in Europe began with the opportunity and exposure provided by the United States Soccer Federation's Youth National Team programs which began in England as a youth professional.", "Skouras played professionally in both the United States and Greece.", "Skouras was selected by the United States Soccer Federation to participate in the prestigious Montigue, France International (U-15) youth tournament.", "The US played two games against Portugal and Romania and lost both of them, but they were coached by Bill Muse and Lothar Osiander and captained by Skouras.", "After returning to the United States, Skouras was identified by English 1st Division Club BRIGHTON & HOBLEY, who were on tour in the United States.", "Skouras was offered a three-month trial by Alan Mullery.", "Skouras' work permit application was denied by the U.K. Home Office after he signed \"apprentice forms\".", "Skouras was the youngest native born American professional soccer player of his time when he became a professional at the age of sixteen.", "Skouras was once again on the United States U-20 squad after the United States qualified for the Coca-Cola Youth World Cup in Australia in the fall of 1980.", "Skouras was signed by the San Diego Sockers of the North American Soccer League at the age of 17 making him the youngest native born North American in the league.", "While American players were being released on a daily basis, Skouras played in the Major Indoor Soccer League with the Sockers, despite having a major knee reconstruction.", "Skouras traveled to West Germany in 1984 after the North American Soccer League ceased operations.", "Skouras finally got a contract with the club.", "Skouras became the \"First American\" to sign a European First Division contract after the manager of Karlsruhe gave the \"green light\" for the acquisition.", "Skouras was transferred to Greek Super League power Olympiakos Piraeus with the confirmation of former Netherlands and current Manager Georg Keler and United States National Team Manager Alketas Panagoulias.", "Skouras was at Olympiakos for a year in 1984 and 1985.", "Being selected week in and week out in the squad of 16 was not an easy feat in such a massive club.", "Skouras was signed by the PAOK Thessaloniki of the Greek Super League under the direction of the former Dutch National Team Manager.", "Skouras had injuries during his stay in the Greek Sub-Capital.", "Skouras played in the Greek Super League with Diagoras Rhodes and in the Greek Second Professional Division with Panseraikos F.C.", "They were promoted to the Greek Super League under the guidance of Athanasios Dokas.", "The Los Angeles Heat of the American Professional Soccer League were founded by Skouras in 1990.", "Skouras' playing career was ended by injury after a number of matches, after he tore his hamstring.", "Skouras was 27 years old.", "The Buffalo Blizzard of the National Professional Soccer League hired Skouras as their head coach in 1994.", "Skouras stepped down due to health reasons and was replaced by Brian May.", "In 1994 Skouras assisted the Hellenic Football Federation with \"Scouting\" data.", "Skouras worked with many professional and youth players on an individual level.", "Skouras wasScouted for the California Youth Soccer Association-South in 1989 under the direction of former US National Team Coach, Steve Sampson, who implemented a massive youth player identification program in the Southern California area.", "Skouras has a coaching license from the United States Soccer Federation.", "Skouras is pursuing a Bachelor's degree in Social & Behavioral Science at the California State University.", "There are external links to American career statistics.", "There were players from 1937 F.C.", "The PAOK FC players are from the United States and the San Diego Sockers are from the American people of Greek descent." ]

[ "Peter N", ". Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Peter Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras" ]

[ "Peter N", ". Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras", "Skouras" ]

[ "Ilene Kristen (born Ilene Schatz; July 30, 1952) is an American actress.", "She is best known for her role as Delia Ryan in the ABC soap opera Ryan's Hope (1975–1979, 1982–1983, 1986–1989) and her Emmy-nominated performances as Roxy Balsom on One Life to Live (2001–2012).", "Life and career\n\nIlene Kristen was born Ilene Schatz in Brooklyn, New York.", "She is the daughter of Arthur Schatz of Williamsburg, Brooklyn and Myrna Levin of Boro Park, Brooklyn.", "Her father was a hairdresser who owned a series of beauty parlors across Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Palm Beach, Florida.", "She has a younger sister, Karen Schatz.", "Ilene lived in Brooklyn until the age of 13.", "She then moved to Forest Hills, Queens and lived there for two years.", "In 1968, she moved to Manhattan’s Upper West Side on West 76th Street.", "She attended PS 217 in Brooklyn, Russell Sage Junior High School in Queens, and Professional Children's School in Manhattan.", "Upon graduating high school, she went to Finch College where she majored in Drama and minored in Art History.", "She first studied dance under Sara Felcher—and, later, under Alwin Nikolais, Jojo Smith, Matt Mattox, Luigi, and Jaime Rogers (one of the Sharks in West Side Story).", "Her early inspirations were the dancer Bambi Lynn and Sondra Lee, whose performance as Tiger Lily in Jerome Robbins’s Peter Pan left the young Kristen mesmerized.", "Kristen was inspired to someday become a professional actor when she saw the Off-Broadway show The Fantasticks.", "She later studied acting under the celebrated acting coach Jack Waltzer.", "Her first television appearance was in 1961 on bandleader Ted Steele’s Dance Party, based in Newark, New Jersey.", "Her first professional job was on NBC's The Bell Telephone Hour as a dancer when she was 14 years old.", "She was brought on board by the show's choreographer Matt Mattox.", "Kristen was a dancer in the ensemble of the 1967 musical Henry, Sweet Henry, based upon The World of Henry Orient.", "This was the first of several collaborations with the choreographer Michael Bennett, with whom she later worked on the television show Let Us Entertain You (starring Robert Morse) and the show Pinocchio (with Peter Noone of Herman’s Hermits).", "In her senior year of professional children’s school, she was on the road with a comedy revue, The Six New Happenings.", "The revue toured in Dallas and Houston.", "They were booked in the largest room at the Sahara Hotel in Lake Tahoe.", "But once the Sahara realized that most of the cast was under-aged, had them kicked out, replaced by Johnny Carson.", "She was set to replace the lead actress in the show Steambath, but the show was closed before Kristen got to take over the role.", "Its producer Dick Scanga felt bad for Kristen, so he offered her a job in his producing office.", "She ended up working odd jobs on major Broadway productions: catering the opening-night party of the show Lenny (which later became the 1974 film by Bob Fosse) and gold-leafing in Robin Wagner’s scenery department for Jesus Christ Superstar.", "She made her screen debut in the female lead role in the 1971 comedy film Preacherman.", "Her big break came when she auditioned for the role of Patty Simcox in the original Broadway production of Grease (1972), in which she starred for two years.", "In 1975, she auditioned for and landed the role of Delia Ryan in the ABC daytime soap opera Ryan’s Hope.", "She worked on the show until 1979, when she moved to California.", "In Los Angeles, she appeared in film Why Would I Lie?", "starring Treat Williams.", "She played Winona, a prostitute, in The Lady in Red (her scene was with Christopher Lloyd), then did an episode of Family.", "In 1982, she also played Peter Falk's sister-in-law in a stage production of Knives, which was written and directed by John Cassavetes.", "On television in 1982, she did a stint on One Life to Live as Georgina Whitman.", "She appeared in the comedy revue Strange Behavior (1983-84), which led to her being considered for a role on NBC’s Saturday Night Live.", "She also starred in Charles Strouse’s and Warren Leight’s Mayor, the musical based on Ed Koch’s memoir of the same name.", "She played Leona Helmsley, the “Queen of Mean,” among other characters.", "In 1986, after starring in Moss Hart’s Light Up the Sky, Kristen was asked to return to Ryan’s Hope.", "Kristen, always adept with comedy, says that her last four years at Ryan’s Hope were happy ones, as the writers gave her a lot of funny material to work with.", "During this period (1986-90), Kristen toured around the club circuits, performing with rock bands and jazz musicians at Mikell's in the Upper West Side.", "She did another off-Broadway show, Cowboy, a musical tribute to the life of the painter Charlie “Kid” Russell.", "During the final three years of Ryan’s Hope, Kristen worked at a homeless shelter, the Prince George.", "Through the Children's Aid Society, she served as the kids’ introduction to the arts and movies.", "A group of these children later appeared on several episodes of Ryan’s Hope.", "From 1990-1991, she starred in Loving, portraying Norma Gilpin, a dees-dems-doze broad from Brooklyn.", "She was coupled with the Tony Award-winning actor and director Walter Bobbie, who had originated the role of Roger in the Broadway production of Grease alongside Kristen in 1972.", "After that stint, Kristen did three off-Broadway productions: All That Glitters, Trust, and The Gig at the Goodspeed.", "She was also Madeleine Thompson, an alcoholic wannabe socialite, on Another World.", "In the late 1990s, Kristen served as the co-artistic director and literary manager for Musical Theatre Works, alongside Gordon Greenberg.", "She came out to California to serve as one of the producers for the film Angels with Angles, starring Frank Gorshin and Rodney Dangerfield.", "After returning to New York City in 2001, she was approached for the role of the gambling, beer-guzzling and always-inappropriate hairdresser Roxy Balsom on One Life to Live.", "She was asked the day before the events of September 11, 2001.", "At that point in time, she had begun to question the importance of acting; she’d always seen performance as a healing art, and felt that the kind of character that she wanted to create should be entertaining, vivacious, and funny—because people needed it.", "She ended up playing Roxy Balsom for ten years.", "Kristen was nominated for two consecutive Daytime Emmy Awards in 2004 and 2005 in the Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series category for her role as Roxy in One Life to Live.", "After One Life to Live was off the air, she featured on General Hospital as Delia, her character from Ryan’s Hope, between 2013 and 2015.", "Kristen guest-starred in the number of television shows, including Law & Order, The Sopranos, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and Unforgettable.", "In the fall of 2013, she appeared on General Hospital reprising her old role of Delia Ryan from Ryan's Hope who was revealed to be Ava Jerome's natural mother, and made periodic appearances as the storyline dictated.", "Kristen is a supporter of the emerging digital series genre and has appeared on the Daytime Emmy-winning series The Bay and Pride: The Series.", "In 2018, she played Dolly Faye in Mélange.", "The pilot featured Morgan Fairchild and was written and produced by Tom D'Angora.", "Personal life\n\nKristen currently resides in Manhattan with director Gary Donatelli.", "She has been a member of the Ensemble Studio Theatre since 1984 and she is on their Board of Directors.", "Music\n\nThroughout the 1990s, she was a regular performer with her band at the Triad Theatre.", "In 2015, Kristen released her first album, I’m Not Done With U Yet!, produced by Scott Yahney and self-penned with various co-writers.", "It is available on Amazon and iTunes.", "As a songwriter, Ilene has penned album cuts for teenage phenom Kaitlyn Lusk and jazz guitarist Chuck Loeb, as well as produced for the label Tuxedo Records.", "Jean Renoir Cinema\n\nIn 1977, Kristen founded the Jean Renoir Cinema with Ray Blanco, a young Cuban anti-Castro emigré, and Nancy Newell, one of the first women ever admitted to the Projectionists Guild.", "Through Blanco’s distribution company, Bauer International (later Liberty Films), the Renoir saw through the first U.S. theatrical distributions of Wim Wenders’s early German features (including Kings of the Road and Alice in the Cities), as well as films by Hans-Jürgen Syberberg, Alexander Kluge, Gregory Nava’s The Confessions of Amans, and Martha Coolidge’s Not a Pretty Picture.", "The Jean Renoir also presented the first American screenings of films from Luis Buñuel’s Mexican period, including Illusion Travels by Streetcar, Daughter of Deceit, and El Bruto.", "The Renoir also mounted one of the first significant film festivals devoted to Cuban cinema in the United States.", "In the opening weekend, Blanco and Kristen screened films by its namesake director Jean Renoir: Toni, La Marseillaise, and La Bête Humaine.", "The lobby featured a framed personal letter from Renoir, which gave Kristen and Blanco permission to use his name for the theater.", "The Renoir remained open until the end of 1977 due to plumbing and landlord problems.", "During this time, Kristen produced a film, The Aftermath, starring Karen Allen.", "Filmography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Ilene Kristen Official Web Site\n\nAmerican soap opera actresses\nAmerican stage actresses\nActresses from New York City\nPeople from Brooklyn\nLiving people\n1952 births\nJewish American actresses\n21st-century American actresses\n21st-century American Jews" ]

[ "Ilene Kristen was born on July 30, 1952.", "She is best known for her roles in Ryan's Hope and One Life to Live.", "Ilene Schatz was born in Brooklyn, New York.", "She is the daughter of Arthur and Myrna.", "Her father owned beauty parlors in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Palm Beach, Florida.", "Karen is her younger sister.", "Ilene lived in Brooklyn until she was 13 years old.", "She lived in Forest Hills for two years.", "She moved to Manhattan's Upper West Side in 1968.", "She attended PS 217 in Brooklyn, Russell Sage Junior High School in Queens, and Professional Children's School in Manhattan.", "She majored in Drama and minored in Art History at Finch College after graduating high school.", "She studied dance under Sara Felcher, Alwin Nikolais, Jojo Smith, Matt Mattox, Luigi, and one of the Sharks in West Side Story.", "She was inspired by the performance of Sondra Lee as Tiger in Peter Pan.", "When she saw The Fantasticks, she was inspired to become an actor.", "She studied acting under Jack Waltzer.", "She appeared on Ted Steele's Dance Party in Newark, New Jersey, in 1961.", "She was a dancer on The Bell Telephone Hour when she was 14 years old.", "Matt Mattox brought her on board.", "The musical Henry, Sweet Henry was based on The World of Henry Orient.", "She later worked with Michael Bennett on Let Us Entertain You and Peter Noone of Herman's Hermits.", "She was on the road with a comedy show in her senior year of school.", "The revue was in Dallas and Houston.", "They were in the largest room at the hotel.", "The cast was kicked out once the Sahara realized that most of them were young.", "She was supposed to replace the lead actress in the show, but the show was closed before she got to take over.", "Dick Scanga felt bad for Kristen and offered her a job in his office.", "She worked in the scenery department for Jesus Christ Superstar and was in charge of the opening-night party for the show.", "She played the female lead in the 1971 comedy film Preacherman.", "She starred in the original Broadway production of Grease for two years after auditioning for the role of Patty Simcox.", "She played the role of Delia Ryan in the daytime soap opera Ryan's Hope.", "She moved to California in 1979.", "Why Would I Lie? was filmed in Los Angeles.", "Treat Williams is starring.", "She had a scene with Christopher Lloyd in The Lady in Red and did an episode of Family.", "She played Peter Falk's sister-in-law in a stage production of Knives.", "She did a stint on One Life to Live in 1982.", "She was considered for a role on Saturday Night Live after appearing in a comedy show.", "She starred in the musical based on Ed Koch's memoir of the same name.", "She played the Queen of Mean.", "After starring in Moss Hart's Light Up the Sky,Kristen was asked to return to Ryan's Hope.", "In her last four years at Ryan's Hope, the writers gave her a lot of funny material to work with.", "At Mikell's in the Upper West Side, he performed with rock bands and jazz musicians.", "Cowboy is a musical tribute to the life of the painter Charlie \"Kid\" Russell.", "During the last three years of Ryan's Hope,Kristen worked at a homeless shelter.", "She was the children's introduction to the arts and movies.", "A group of children appeared on Ryan's Hope.", "She starred in Loving from 1990 to 1991.", "She was accompanied by the Tony Award-winning actor and director Walter Bobbie, who had originated the role of Roger in the Broadway production of Grease.", "All That Glitters, Trust, and The Gig at the Goodspeed were all off-Broadway productions.", "Madeleine Thompson was on Another World.", "Gordon Greenberg was the co-artistic director and literary manager for Musical Theatre Works.", "She came to California to work as a producer on the film Angels with Angles.", "She was offered the role of the always-inappropriate hairdresser on One Life to Live after returning to New York City.", "The day before the events of September 11, 2001, she was asked.", "She had begun to question the importance of acting; she had always seen performance as a healing art, and felt that the kind of character that she wanted to create should be entertaining and funny.", "She played the character for ten years.", "In 2004, and 2005, she was nominated in the Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series category for her role in One Life to Live.", "After One Life to Live ended, she appeared on General Hospital as a character from Ryan's Hope.", "Law & Order, The Sopranos, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and Unforgettable were some of the television shows that she guest- starred in.", "She reprised her role of Delia Ryan from Ryan's Hope on General Hospital in the fall of 2013.", "The Bay and Pride: The Series were both Daytime Emmy-winning series and have appeared on the show.", "She played Dolly in Mélange.", "Tom D'Angora wrote and produced the pilot.", "Gary Donatelli is the director of personal life.", "She is a member of the Board of Directors of the Ensemble Studio Theatre.", "She was a regular performer with her band at the theater.", "Her first album, I'm Not Done With U Yet!, was self-penned with various co-writers.", "It is available on the internet.", "Ilene has written album cuts for jazz guitarist Chuck Loeb, as well as produced for the label Tuxedo Records.", "The Jean Renoir Cinema was founded in 1977 by a group of people, including a young Cuban anti-Castro emigré, and one of the first women ever admitted to the Projectionists Guild.", "The Renoir was seen through the first U.S. theatrical distribution of early German films, including Kings of the Road and Alice in the Cities.", "The first American screenings of films from Luis Buuel's Mexican period were presented by the Jean Renoir.", "One of the first significant film festivals devoted to Cuban cinema in the United States was mounted by the Renoir.", "Jean Renoir's films were screened in the opening weekend.", "The lobby featured a framed personal letter from Renoir, which gave the actors permission to use his name for the theater.", "Plumbing and landlord problems kept the Renoir open until the end of 1977.", "Karen Allen was in the film, The Aftermath.", "American soap opera actresses American stage actresses Actresses from New York City People from Brooklyn" ]

[ "Ilene Kristen", "Ilene Schatz", "Ilene Kristen", "Ilene Schatz", "Ilene", "Kristen", "Kristen", "Kristen", "Kristen", "Kristen", "Kristen", "Kristen", "Kristen", "Kristen", "Kristen", "Kristen", "Kristen", "Kristen", "Kristen", "Kristen", "Kristen", "Kristen", "Ilene", "Kristen", "Kristen", "Kristen", "Kristen", "Ilene", "Kristen" ]

[ "Ilene Kristen", "Ilene Schatz", "Ilene", "Kristen", "Kristen", "Kristen", "Ilene" ]

[ "Mahesh Rangarajan (born 22 April 1964) is a researcher, author and historian with a special interest in environmental history and colonial history of British and contemporary India.", "He has taught Environmental Studies and History at Ashoka University and Krea University, and served as the Vice Chancellor of Krea University.", "He appears frequently on Indian television as a political analyst.", "He is also a columnist in the print media writing on wildlife conservation, political and environmental issues.", "In 2010, he chaired the Elephant Task Force (Gajah) of the Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests.", "The Task Force was formed to formulate measures for the protection of elephants in India.", "Early life\nMahesh Rangarajan was born in New Delhi and finished his ICSE and ISC from St. Columba's School, Delhi.", "He then did a Bachelor of Arts in History (Honours) from Hindu College, University of Delhi.", "He received the Rhodes scholarship in 1986 to do a BA in Modern History from Balliol College at Oxford, which he finished in 1988.", "He graduated from Delhi university and then from Oxford each with First Class.", "He was awarded a doctorate (D.Phil.)", "in Modern History from Nuffield College, Oxford University in 1993, the subject being 'Forest policy in the Central Provinces.'", "He was awarded a studentship at Nuffield and was also a Beit Senior Scholar, 1991–1992.", "Career\nMahesh Rangarajan studied at Hindu College, Delhi University (1982-1985) and at the University of Oxford (1986-1993) where he was a Rhodes Scholar.", "He worked as the assistant editor of The Telegraph (Kolkata) for a year during 1993–94.", "He taught at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA from 2002 to 2004, and served as Professor, Department of History, University of Delhi, 2007-2011 and as Director, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi, 2011–2015.", "He was a Professor of Environmental Studies and History at Ashoka University.", "He was appointed as Vice-Chancellor of Krea University in July 2021 and stepped down from this position in less than a year citing personal reasons.", "In 2000 he co-authored Towards Co-existence, and the following year a brief work, India's Wildlife History, An Introduction, Battles over Nature, a book he co-authored with Vasanth Saberwal analyses present-day conservation conflicts and finds their roots in India's colonial past and in the governance system that was adopted as an independent nation state.", "The book Making Conservation Work (2007) co-edited with Ghazala Shahabhuddin looks at ways of securing India's biodiversity in the new century.", "The same year 2007 he Co-edited a Reader Environmental Issues in India.", "He was a member of the founding team and corresponding editor of the Cambridge-based journal Environment and History (founded 1996) headed by Richard Grove and also of the journal Conservation and Society (founded 2003).", "He is a member of the executive board of the Association of South Asian Environmental Historians.", "Political commentary\nHe is a columnist and essayist and writes frequently in the newspapers and magazines.", "He also appears on television as a political analyst during elections.", "He is known for his commentary on issues and writes analytical articles for Indian and international media.", "Awards\nIn 1988, he was awarded the Martin Wright Prize at Balliol College and the Charles Wallace Scholar and Beit Scholar at Nuffield College, Oxford University in 1991.", "He was a Junior fellow of the Nehru Memorial Museum & Library.", "He was awarded the TN Khooshoo Memorial Prize for Environment and Development in 2014.", "Books\n Fencing the Forest, Conservation and Ecological Change in India’s Central Provinces, 1860-1914, Oxford University Press, Delhi and Oxford, 1996; OUP Paperback, 1999.", "Ed., The Oxford Anthology of Indian Wildlife, Volume I, Hunting and Shooting, Oxford University Press, Delhi and Oxford.", "Ed., Volume II, Watching and Conserving, Oxford University Press, Delhi and Oxford.", "Co-authored with V.K.", "Saberwal and A. Kothari (2001), People, Parks and Wildlife: Towards Coexistence.", "New Delhi: Orient Longman.", "India's Wildlife History: An Introduction Permanent Black in association with the Ranthambhore Foundation, Delhi, 2001, Paperback, 2006.", "Vasant Kabir Saberwal and M Rangarajan, Ed.", "Battles over Nature, Science and the politics of conservation, Permanent Black, Delhi, 2003, Paperback, 2006.", "Edited, Environmental Issues in India: A Reader, Delhi: Pearson Longman, Published January 2007.", "Ghazala Shahabuddin and Mahesh Rangarajan edited, Making Conservation Work, Securing biodiversity in this new century (Delhi: Permanent Black, June 2007).", "William McNeill, Jose Padua and Mahesh Rangarajan Ed.", "Environmental History As if Nature Existed, (Delhi: OUP, 2010).", "ed., Bharat main paryavaran ke mudde, Hindi translation of the Reader by Rita Sridhar, (Delhi: Pearson, 2009).", "Mahesh Rangarajan and K. Sivaramakrishnan Ed., India's Environmental History Volume I, From Earliest times to the Colonial Era.", "Volume II: Colonialism, Modernity and the Nation, (April 2012, pp.", "1200).", "Mahesh Rangarajan, N. Balakrishnan, Deepa Bhatnagar eds., Selected Works of C. Rajagopalachari, Vol.", "1, 1907-1921 (Hyderabad: Blackswan Pvt Ltd., 2013).", "Mahesh Rangarajan, MD Madhusudan and Ghazala Shahabuddin edited, Nature Without Borders,( Hyderabad: Orient Black Swan, 2014)\n M Rangarajan and K. Sivaramakrishnan ed.", "Shifting Ground, People, animals and mobility in India's Environmental history, (Delhi: OUP, 2014).", "Mahesh Rangarajan, Nature and Nation, Essays in Environmental History, ( Ranikhet: Permanent Black, 2015).", "See also\n Ramachandra Guha\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Featured Articles by Mahesh Rangarajan on India Environment Portal\n Bibliography on Open Library\n\n20th-century Indian historians\n1964 births\nLiving people\nWriters from Delhi\nSt. Columba's School, Delhi alumni\nHindu College, Delhi alumni\nAlumni of Balliol College, Oxford\nAlumni of Nuffield College, Oxford\nIndian male essayists\nPsephologists\nEnvironmental historians\nIndian Rhodes Scholars\nDelhi University faculty\nHistorians of India\n20th-century Indian essayists\nIndian political scientists\n21st-century Indian historians" ]

[ "There is a researcher, author and historian with a special interest in environmental history and colonial history of British and contemporary India.", "He taught Environmental Studies and History at Ashoka University and served as the Vice Chancellor of the university.", "He is a political analyst on Indian television.", "He writes about political and environmental issues in the print media.", "The Elephant Task Force was chaired by him in 2010.", "The Task Force was formed to protect elephants in India.", "He was born in New Delhi and finished his education at St. Columba's School.", "He obtained a Bachelor of Arts in History from the University of Delhi.", "He received the Rhodes scholarship in 1986 to study Modern History at Balliol College at Oxford.", "He graduated from Oxford and Delhi universities with First Class.", "He received a PhD.", "The subject was forest policy in the Central Provinces.", "He was a student at Nuffield and also a senior scholar.", "He studied at Hindu College, Delhi University and the University of Oxford, where he was a Rhodes Scholar.", "He was the assistant editor of The Telegraph for a year.", "From 2002 to 2004, he taught at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA, and from 2007 to 2011, he was the Director of the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library in New Delhi.", "He was a professor at Ashoka University.", "He stepped down from his position as Vice-Chancellor of the university in less than a year due to personal reasons.", "Towards Co-existence was co-authored by him and Vasanth Saberwal and India's Wildlife History, An introduction, Battles over Nature was written with him.", "The book is about ways of securing India's biodiversity in the new century.", "He co-edited a Reader Environmental Issues in India in 2007.", "He was a member of the founding team and corresponding editor of the Cambridge-based journal Environment and History.", "He is on the executive board of the Association of South Asian Environmental Historians.", "He writes political commentary for newspapers and magazines.", "He is a political analyst on television.", "He writes analytical articles for Indian and international media.", "He received the Martin Wright Prize at Balliol College in 1988 and the Charles Wallace Scholar at Oxford University in 1991.", "He was a junior fellow at the museum.", "He received a prize for environment and development.", "In India's Central Provinces, 1860-1914, Oxford University Press, Delhi and Oxford, 1996; OUP Paperback, 1999.", "The Oxford anthology of Indian Wildlife, Volume I, Hunting and shooting was published by Oxford University Press.", "The second volume of Watching and Conserving was published by Oxford University Press.", "Co-authored with V.K.", "People, Parks and Wildlife: Towards Coexistence was written by Saberwal and A. Kothari.", "Orient Longman is in New Delhi.", "India's Wildlife History: An introduction permanent black was published in 2001.", "The Ed. of Vasant Kabir Saberwal and M Rangarajan.", "Permanent Black is a book about battles over nature, science and the politics of conservativism.", "In January 2007, Pearson Longman published Edited, Environmental Issues in India: A Reader.", "Securing biodiversity in this new century was edited by Ghazala Shahabuddin and Mahesh Rangarajan.", "The authors are William McNeill, Jose Padua and Mahesh Rangarajan.", "Delhi: OUP, 2010; Environmental History As if Nature Existed.", "Rita Sridhar wrote a Hindi translation of the Reader.", "From Earliest times to the Colonial Era is the first volume of India's Environmental History.", "The second volume is called \"Colonialism, Modernity and the Nation\".", "1200).", "The Selected Works of C. Rajagopalachari was edited by Mahesh Rangarajan.", "1, 1907-1921 was written by Blackswan.", "The edited version of Nature Without Borders was published by Orient Black Swan.", "Shifting Ground, People, animals and mobility in India's Environmental history.", "The Essays in Environmental History was written by Mahesh Rangarajan.", "There are links to External links on the India Environment Portal." ]

[ "Mahesh Rangarajan", "Mahesh Rangarajan", "Mahesh", "Rangarajan", "M Rangarajan", "Mahesh", "Rangarajan", "Mahesh", "Mahesh", "Rangarajan", "Mahesh", "Rangarajan", "Mahesh", "Rangarajan", "M Rangarajan", "Mahesh", "Rangarajan", "Mahesh", "Rangarajan" ]

[ "M Rangarajan", "Mahesh", "Rangarajan", "Mahesh", "Rangarajan", "Mahesh", "Mahesh", "Rangarajan" ]

[ "Christopher Columbus Kraft Jr. (February 28, 1924 – July 22, 2019) was an American aerospace engineer and NASA engineer and manager who was instrumental in establishing the agency's Mission Control Center operation.", "More than any other person, Kraft was responsible for shaping the organization and culture of NASA's Mission Control.", "As his protégé Glynn Lunney commented, \"the Control Center today ... is a reflection of Chris Kraft\".", "Following his graduation from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1944, Kraft was hired by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), the predecessor organization to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).", "He worked for over a decade in aeronautical research before being asked in 1958 to join the Space Task Group, a small team entrusted with the responsibility of putting America's first man in space.", "Assigned to the flight operations division, Kraft became NASA's first flight director.", "He was on duty during such historic missions as America's first crewed spaceflight, first crewed orbital flight, and first spacewalk.", "At the beginning of the Apollo program, Kraft retired as a flight director to concentrate on management and mission planning.", "In 1972, he became director of the Manned Spacecraft Center (later Johnson Space Center), following in the footsteps of his mentor Robert R. Gilruth.", "He held the position until his 1982 retirement from NASA.", "During his retirement, Kraft consulted for numerous companies, including IBM and Rockwell International, and published an autobiography entitled Flight: My Life in Mission Control.", "In 2011, the Mission Control Center building was named after him.", "When Kraft received the National Space Trophy from the Rotary Club in 1999, the organization described him as \"a driving force in the U.S. human space flight program from its beginnings to the Space Shuttle era, a man whose accomplishments have become legendary\".", "Early life and education \nChristopher Columbus Kraft Jr. was born in Phoebus, Virginia, on February 28, 1924.", "He was named after his father, Christopher Columbus Kraft, who was born in New York City in 1892 near the newly renamed Columbus Circle.", "Kraft's father, the son of Bavarian immigrants, had found his name an embarrassment, but passed it along to his son nonetheless.", "In later years, Kraft — as well as other commentators — would consider it peculiarly appropriate.", "Kraft commented in his autobiography that, with the choice of his name, \"some of my life's direction was settled from the start.\"", "His father died on New Year's Day in 1957, aged 64.", "His mother, Vanda Olivia Suddreth, was a nurse.", "As a boy, Kraft played in an American Legion drum-and-bugle corps and became the state champion bugler.", "He went to school in Phoebus, where the only school went to the ninth grade.", "Phoebus did not have a high school, so he attended Hampton High School.", "He was also a keen baseball player and continued to play baseball in college; one year he had a batting average of 0.340.", "In September 1941, Kraft began his studies at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) and became a member of the Corps of Cadets.", "The United States entered World War II in December 1941, and he attempted to enlist in the United States Navy as a V-12 aviation cadet, but was rejected because of a burned right hand that he had suffered at age three.", "He graduated in December 1944 with a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering.", "NACA career \nOn graduation, Kraft accepted a job with the Chance Vought aircraft company in Connecticut.", "He had also sent an application to the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), a government agency whose Langley Research Center was in Hampton, Virginia; Kraft considered it to be too close to home, but applied as insurance.", "On arrival at Chance Vought he was told that he could not be hired without his birth certificate, which he had not brought with him.", "Annoyed by the bureaucratic mindset of the company, he decided to accept the offer from NACA instead.", "In the 1940s, NACA was a research and development organization, devoted to cutting-edge aeronautical research.", "At the Langley Research Center, advanced wind tunnels were used to test new aircraft designs, and studies were taking place on new concepts such as the Bell X-1 rocket plane.", "Kraft was assigned to the flight research division, where Robert R. Gilruth was then head of research.", "His work with NACA included the development of an early example of gust alleviation systems for aircraft flying in turbulent air.", "This involved compensating for variations in the atmosphere by automatically deflecting the control surfaces.", "He also discovered that wingtip vortices, and not prop-wash, are responsible for most of the wake turbulence in the air that trails flying aircraft.", "This finding was forgotten and later rediscovered independently.", "Although he enjoyed his work, Kraft found it increasingly stressful, especially since he did not consider himself to be a strong theoretician.", "In 1956, he was diagnosed with an ulcer and started thinking about a change of career.", "Flight director\n\nFlight operations \nIn 1957, the Russian flight of Sputnik 1 prompted the United States to accelerate its fledgling space program.", "On July 29, 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, which established NASA and subsumed NACA within this newly created organization.", "Langley Research Center became a part of NASA, as did Langley employees such as Kraft.", "Even before NASA began its official existence in October, Kraft was invited by Gilruth to become a part of a new group that was working on the problems of putting a man into orbit.", "Without much hesitation, he accepted the offer.", "When the Space Task Group was officially formed on November 5, Kraft became one of the original 33 personnel (25 of them engineers) to be assigned.", "This marked the beginning of America's man-in-space program, which came to be called Project Mercury.", "As a member of the Space Task Group, Kraft was assigned to the flight operations division, which made plans and arrangements for the operation of the Mercury spacecraft during flight and for the control and monitoring of missions from the ground.", "Kraft became the assistant to Chuck Mathews, the head of the division, and was given the responsibility of putting together a mission plan.", "Given Mathews' casual analysis of the problem, it almost sounded simple:\n\nHowever, when Kraft began to plan NASA's flight operations, no human being had yet flown in space.", "In fact, the task before him was vast, requiring attention to flight plans, timelines, procedures, mission rules, spacecraft tracking, telemetry, ground support, telecommunications networks and contingency management.", "One of Kraft's most important contributions to crewed spaceflight would be his origination of the concept of a mission control center.", "Many of the engineers in Project Mercury had previously worked on the flight test of aircraft, where the role for ground support was minimal.", "However, Kraft soon realized that an astronaut could only do so much, particularly during the fast-moving launch phase; the Mercury spacecraft would require real time monitoring and support from specialist engineers.", "These concepts shaped the Mercury Control Center, which was at Cape Canaveral in Florida.", "Another important concept pioneered by Kraft was the idea of the flight director, the man who would coordinate the team of engineers and make real-time decisions about the conduct of the mission.", "As Mathews later recalled, Kraft came to him one day saying, \"There needs to be someone in charge of the flights while they're actually going on, and I want to be that person.\"", "In this informal way, the position of flight director was born.", "A pivotal experience for Kraft was the flight of Mercury-Atlas 5, which sent a chimpanzee named Enos on the first American orbital spaceflight carrying a live passenger.", "Coverage of these early missions that carried non-human passengers could often be tongue-in-cheek; a Time magazine article on the flight, for example, was titled \"Meditative Chimponaut\".", "Yet Kraft viewed them as important tests for the men and procedures of Mission Control, and as rehearsals for the crewed missions that would follow.", "Originally, the flight of Mercury-Atlas 5 had been intended to last for three orbits.", "However, the failure of one of the hydrogen peroxide jets controlling the spacecraft's attitude forced Kraft to make the decision to bring the capsule back to Earth after two orbits.", "After the flight, astronaut John Glenn stated that he believed a human passenger would have been able to bring the capsule under control without the need for an early re-entry, thus (in the words of Time) \"affirming the superiority of astronauts over chimponauts.\"", "Yet for Kraft, the flight of Enos represented proof of the importance of real-time decision-making in Mission Control.", "It also gave him his first experience of the responsibility that he as flight director would have for the life of another, whether human or chimpanzee.", "Mercury \nKraft served as flight director during all six of the crewed Mercury missions.", "Only during the final flight—Mercury-Atlas 9, which lasted for over a day—did he share responsibility with his deputy John Hodge.", "Mercury-Atlas 6, the February 20, 1962, flight of John Glenn, proved to be a testing experience both for Mission Control and for Kraft.", "One book on the history of the Apollo program calls it \"the single event that decisively shaped Flight Operations\".", "The mission, the first orbital flight by an American, unfolded normally until Glenn began his second orbit.", "At that point Kraft's systems controller, Don Arabian, reported that telemetry was showing a \"Segment 51\" indicator.", "This suggested that the capsule's landing bag, which was meant to deploy upon splashdown in order to provide a cushion, might have deployed early.", "Kraft believed that the Segment 51 indicator was due to faulty instrumentation rather than to an actual early deployment.", "However, if he was wrong, it would mean that the capsule's heat shield, which fitted on top of the landing bag, was now loose.", "A loose heat shield could cause the capsule to burn up during re-entry.", "On consulting with his flight controllers, Kraft became convinced that the indication was false, and that no action was needed.", "However, his superiors, including Mercury capsule designer Max Faget, felt differently.", "They overruled Kraft, telling him to instruct Glenn to leave the capsule's retrorocket package on during re-entry.", "The reasoning was that the package, which was strapped over the heat shield, would hold the heat shield in place if it was loose.", "Kraft, however, felt that this was an unacceptable risk.", "\"I was aghast,\" he remembered.", "\"If any of three retrorockets had solid fuel remaining, an explosion could rip everything apart.\"", "Yet, he agreed to follow the plan advocated by Faget and by Walt Williams, his superior in the flight operations division.", "The retrorockets would be kept on.", "Glenn landed safely, but an inspection of his capsule revealed that one of the landing bag switches had been faulty.", "Kraft was right; the heat shield had not been loose after all.", "The lessons that he drew from this experience were clear.", "His assistant on the mission, Gene Kranz, considered Glenn's flight \"the turning point ... in Kraft's evolution as a flight director.\"", "Before the flight of Mercury-Atlas 7, Kraft had objected to the choice of Scott Carpenter as the astronaut for the mission, telling Walt Williams that Carpenter's lack of engineering skills might put the mission or his own life in danger.", "The mission suffered from problems including an unusually high rate of fuel usage, a malfunctioning horizon indicator, a delayed retrofire for re-entry, and a splashdown that was downrange from the target area.", "Throughout the mission, Kraft found himself frustrated by the vagueness of Carpenter's communications with Mission Control, and what he perceived as Carpenter's inattention to his duties.", "\"Part of the problem,\" he recalled, \"was that Carpenter either didn't understand or was ignoring my instructions.\"", "While some of these problems were due to mechanical failures, and responsibility for some of the others is still being debated, Kraft did not hesitate to assign blame to Carpenter, and continued to speak out about the mission for decades afterwards.", "His autobiography, written in 2001, reopened the issue; the chapter that dealt with the flight of Mercury-Atlas 7 was titled \"The Man Malfunctioned.\"", "In a letter to The New York Times, Carpenter called the book \"vindictive and skewed\", and offered a different assessment of the reasons for Kraft's frustration: \"in space things happen so fast that only the pilot knows what to do, and even ground control can't help.", "Maybe that's why he is still fuming after all these years\".", "At the end of the Mercury program, Kraft was invited to attend a ceremony in the White House Rose Garden, where he received the NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal.", "It was awarded by President John F. Kennedy and Administrator of NASA James E. Webb.", "\"None of us have many days in our lives like that one,\" Kraft remembered.", "Gemini \nDuring the Gemini program, Kraft's role changed again.", "He was now the head of mission operations, in charge of a team of flight directors, although still also serving as a flight director.", "Due to the greater length of Gemini missions, Mission Control was now manned on a three-shift basis.", "\"Clearly, with flight control facing a learning curve,\" space historian David Harland has said, \"these arrangements were an experiment in their own right.\"", "Yet, Kraft proved to be remarkably successful at passing on responsibility to his fellow flight directors—arguably too successful, as Gene Kranz found during his first shift handover on Gemini 4.", "As Kranz recalled, \"He just said, 'You're in charge,' and walked out.\"", "The Gemini program represented a string of firsts for NASA—the first flight with two astronauts, the first rendezvous in space, the first spacewalk—and Kraft was on duty during many of these historic events.", "America's first spacewalk happened during the Gemini 4 mission; Kraft, at his console, found that he had to force himself to concentrate on his work, distracted by Ed White's \"mesmerizing\" descriptions of the Earth below.", "He could easily understand the euphoria that White felt at the spectacle, yet he also was mindful of the discipline required to keep the flight safe.", "White delayed his return to the capsule, and a communication problem prevented capsule communicator Gus Grissom from getting the crew to hear the order to terminate the spacewalk.", "When contact was finally re-established, Kraft expressed his frustration on his ground link to Grissom:\n\nAfter Gemini 7, Kraft stepped back from his work at Mission Control, allowing other flight directors to take charge of the remaining missions so that he could devote more time to planning for the Apollo program.", "He served on two review boards at North American Aviation, the contractor responsible for the Apollo capsule.", "Yet Kraft still felt pangs at not being at the center of the action, particularly after the emergency re-entry of Gemini 8.", "Both astronauts and mission controllers had made the right decisions, but, as Kraft confessed to Robert Gilruth, he found himself wishing that he had been the one on the spot.", "Apollo 1 fire \nWith the beginning of the Apollo program, Kraft expected to return to his role in Mission Control.", "He would have been lead flight director on the first crewed Apollo mission (later known as Apollo 1), which was scheduled to launch in early 1967.", "However, on January 27, 1967, the three crew members were killed in a fire during a countdown test on the pad.", "At the time of the fire, Kraft was in Mission Control, but under the circumstances there was little he could do.", "He was asked by Betty Grissom, the widow of astronaut Gus Grissom, to be one of the pallbearers at Grissom's funeral at Arlington National Cemetery.", "Public profile \nDuring the sixties, Kraft was a household name in America.", "He appeared on the cover of the August 27, 1965, issue of Time, in which he was profiled as the \"Conductor in a Command Post\".", "In his interview with Time, Kraft compared himself with namesake Christopher Columbus, displaying what the magazine described as \"an almost angry pride\" in his work.", "\"We know a lot more about what we have to do than he did,\" Kraft said.", "\"And we know where we're going.\"", "The article described Kraft's role in the Gemini 5 mission, and drew on Kraft's frequent comparisons of his position as flight director with that of an orchestra conductor.", "Kraft had originally been surprised at Times decision to put him on the cover, telling the NASA public affairs officer that \"they've got the wrong guy.", "It should be Bob Gilruth ... not me.\"", "However, he eventually came to terms with the idea, and the portrait that was painted for the cover became one of his prized possessions.", "Relations with astronaut corps \nAfter John Glenn's flight, Kraft had vowed that he would no longer allow his decisions as flight director to be overruled by anyone outside Mission Control.", "The mission rules, whose drafting had been overseen by Kraft, stated that \"the flight director may, after analysis of the flight, choose to take any necessary action required for the successful completion of the mission.\"", "For Kraft, the power that the flight director held over every aspect of the mission extended to his control over the actions of the astronauts.", "In his 1965 interview with Time, he stated:\n\nOccasionally, Kraft intervened in order to ensure that his conception of the flight director's authority was maintained.", "By the time that the Apollo 7 mission flew, he had been promoted to head of the flight operations division; thus, it was Glynn Lunney who served as lead flight director and had to deal directly with behavior by the crew that Kraft considered \"insubordinate\".", "As Kraft commented in his memoirs, \"it was like having a ringside seat at the Wally Schirra Bitch Circus\".", "Mission commander Wally Schirra, annoyed by last-minute changes in the crew's schedule and suffering from a bad cold, repeatedly refused to accept orders from the ground.", "Although Schirra's actions were successful in the short term, Kraft decreed in consultation with astronaut chief Deke Slayton that none of the Apollo 7 crew would fly again.", "Schirra had decided before the flight that he would retire after Apollo 7.", "Kraft had made a similar pronouncement before, in the case of astronaut Scott Carpenter.", "After Carpenter's troubled Mercury mission, Kraft wrote, \"I swore an oath that Scott Carpenter would never again fly in space.\"", "The result: \"He didn't.\"", "Manager and mentor\n\nApollo mission planning \nAfter the Apollo 1 fire in 1967, Kraft had reluctantly concluded that his responsibilities as a manager would keep him from serving as a flight director on the next crewed mission, Apollo 7, and on missions thereafter.", "Henceforth his involvement in the Apollo program would be at a higher level.", "As the director of Flight Operations, Kraft was closely involved in planning the broad outlines of the program.", "He was one of the first NASA managers to become involved in the decision to send Apollo 8 on a circumlunar flight.", "Due to problems with Lunar Module development in 1968, NASA faced the possibility of a full Apollo test mission being delayed until 1969.", "As a substitute, George Low, the manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office, came up with the idea of assigning a new mission profile to Apollo 8, one that could be flown without the lunar module.", "The idea was discussed in early August at a meeting between Low, Kraft, Gilruth and Deke Slayton:\n\nLow's plan was to fly the mission in December, which left little time for the flight operations division to train and prepare.", "After agreeing that the mission was possible in principle, Kraft went to his mission planners and flight directors in order to determine whether they and their teams could be ready within the tight schedule that was projected.", "\"My head was abuzz with the things we'd have to do,\" remembered Kraft.", "\"But it was one hell of a challenge\".", "On August 9, Gilruth, Low, Kraft and Slayton flew to Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, where they briefed NASA managers including Wernher von Braun and Rocco Petrone on the planned mission.", "On August 14, they, along with the Huntsville group, traveled to NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C. to brief Deputy Administrator Thomas O. Paine.", "In turn, Paine recommended the mission to Administrator James E. Webb, who gave Kraft and his colleagues the authority to begin preparations for the mission.", "In planning for Apollo 8, one of the responsibilities Kraft faced was ensuring that a fleet would be waiting to recover the crew when they splashed down at the end of the mission.", "This proved an unusual challenge, because much of the Navy's Pacific Fleet would be on leave over the Christmas and New Year's Eve period.", "Kraft had to personally meet with Admiral John McCain in order to persuade him to make the requisite resources available to NASA.", "Apollo missions \n\nOn Christmas Eve, 1968, Apollo 8 went into orbit around the Moon.", "Only ten years earlier, Kraft had joined Gilruth's newly founded Space Task Group.", "Now, the two men sat together in Mission Control, reflecting on how far they had come.", "Around them, the room was filled with cheers, but Kraft and Gilruth celebrated more quietly.", "Kraft again found himself a spectator during the landing of Apollo 11, which he viewed from Mission Control, sitting with Gilruth and George Low.", "He played a more active role in events during the unfolding of the Apollo 13 crisis.", "Called into Mission Control by Gene Kranz almost immediately after the accident.", "Mentor \nMany Apollo engineers, later to become top managers, considered Kraft to have been one of the best managers in the program.", "He personally hand-picked and trained an entire generation of NASA flight directors, including John Hodge, Glynn Lunney and Gene Kranz, the last of whom referred to Kraft simply as \"The Teacher\".", "In the words of the space historians Murray and Cox, Kraft \"set the tone for one of the most striking features of Flight Operations: unquestioning trust—not of superiors by subordinates, but the other way around.\"", "The principles that Kraft had inculcated continued to have an impact at Johnson Space Center long after he retired.", "As Glynn Lunney reflected in 1998:\n\nKraft could, however, be a tough taskmaster, making it clear that there was no place in the flight operations division for those who failed to live up to his exacting standards.", "\"To err is human\", went one of his favorite sayings, \"but to do so more than once is contrary to Flight Operations Directorate policy.\"", "Subordinates who seriously displeased Kraft could find themselves deprived of the opportunity to make it up to him.", "Kraft possessed the power to end careers at Johnson Space Center; as mission controller Sy Liebergot recalled, \"if he was behind you, you had as much leverage as you needed; if he was against you, you were dead meat.\"", "Center director \n\nIn 1969, Kraft was named deputy director of the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC).", "On January 14, 1972, he became the director of the MSC, replacing Gilruth, for whom Kraft had worked since his arrival at Langley in 1945.", "Space commentator Anthony Young has described Kraft as a \"superb successor\" to Gilruth, second only to him in the history of center directors.", "Kraft was eligible to retire in the early 1980s, but he chose not to take the option.", "He remained as center director in the status of a \"reemployed annuitant,\" receiving his government pension, but still employed by NASA.", "In 1981 he had been involved in a conflict with the NASA Administrator and other top officials over the conduct of the STS-2 mission, and over issues relating to NASA organization and management.", "This contributed to making his position at NASA more tenuous.", "In April 1982, Kraft made what newspaper reports called a \"surprise announcement\" that he intended to step down as center director at the end of the year.", "He denied that his resignation had anything to do with the threatened possibility of Johnson Space Center losing its leading role in Space Shuttle operations or in the development of NASA's Space Station Freedom.", "Retirement\n\nConsultant \nAfter his retirement, Kraft served as a consultant for Rockwell International and IBM, and as director-at-large of the Houston Chamber of Commerce.", "In 1994, he was appointed chairman of the space shuttle management independent review team, a panel made up of leading aerospace experts, whose remit was to investigate ways in which NASA could make its Space Shuttle program more cost effective.", "The panel's report, known as the Kraft report, was published in February 1995.", "It recommended that NASA's Space Shuttle operations should be outsourced to a single private contractor, and that \"NASA should consider ... progression towards the privatization of the space shuttle.\"", "It also criticized the effect of safety changes made by NASA after the Challenger accident, saying that they had \"created a safety environment that is duplicative and expensive.\"", "Fundamental to the report was the idea that the Space Shuttle had become \"a mature and reliable system ... about as safe as today's technology will provide.\"", "The report was controversial even at the time of its publication.", "John Pike, space policy director for the Federation of American Scientists, commented that \"the Kraft report is a recipe for disaster.", "They are basically saying dismantle the safety and quality assurance mechanisms set in place after the Challenger accident\".", "NASA's Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel also took issue with the report, saying in May 1995 that \"the assumption that the Space Shuttle systems are now 'mature' smacks of a complacency which may lead to serious mishaps.\"", "Nonetheless, NASA accepted the recommendations of the report, and in November 1995, responsibility for shuttle operations was turned over to the United Space Alliance.", "Nine years later, the Kraft report was again criticized, this time by the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) as part of its consideration of the organizational and cultural causes of the Columbia accident.", "\"The report,\" it said, \"characterized the Space Shuttle program in a way that the Board judges to be at odds with the realities of the Shuttle Program.\"", "According to the CAIB, the Kraft report had contributed to the undesirable safety culture within NASA, allowing NASA to view the shuttle as an operational—rather than experimental—vehicle, and distracting attention from continuing engineering anomalies.", "Autobiography \nIn 2001, Kraft published his autobiography, Flight: My Life in Mission Control.", "It dealt with his life up until the end of the Apollo program, only briefly mentioning his time as center director in the epilogue.", "The book was generally well-reviewed.", "In a The New York Times review, space writer Henry S. F. Cooper Jr. called it a \"highly readable memoir,\" while the Kirkus Review summed it up as a \"[s]nappy, highly detailed account of ... 20th century America's most dramatic technological achievement.\"", "Reviewers almost unanimously commented on the outspokenness of Kraft's storytelling, and his readiness to personally criticize those with whom he had disagreed.", "Cooper noted that Kraft \"pull[s] no punches about some of [his colleagues'] shortcomings,\" and Kliatt magazine said that he \"isn't afraid to name names.\"", "Personal life \nSince 1950, Kraft was married to Betty Anne Kraft, formerly Turnbull, whom he met in high school.", "They had two children, Gordon and Kristi-Anne.", "In his autobiography, Kraft recognized the sacrifices that his family made as a result of his work for NASA, saying that \"I was ... more of a remote authority figure to Gordon and Kristi-Anne than a typical American father.\"", "Kraft was an Episcopalian, serving as a lay reader at his local church.", "During the sixties, the Kraft family was deeply involved in church activities: Betty Anne taught Sunday school and served on the altar guild; Gordon was an Acolyte; and Kristi-Anne sang in the choir.", "In addition to his duties as a lay reader, Kraft spent some time teaching a class in adult Bible study.", "As he recalled:\n\nKraft was an avid golfer ever since he was introduced to the game in the 1940s by his friend and NASA colleague Sig Sjoberg.", "He cited the good golfing as a reason for staying in Houston after his retirement.", "Kraft died on July 22, 2019, in Houston, aged 95, two days after the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 moonwalks.", "No cause was given.", "Awards and honors \n\nKraft received numerous awards and honors for his work.", "These include the NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal; four NASA Distinguished Service Medals; the Distinguished Citizen Award, given to him by the city of Hampton, Virginia in 1966; the John J. Montgomery Award in 1963; and the Goddard Memorial Trophy, awarded by the National Space Club in 1979.", "In 1999, Kraft received the National Space Trophy from the Rotary National Award for Space Achievement Foundation, which described him as \"a driving force in the U.S. human space flight program from its beginnings to the Space Shuttle era, a man whose accomplishments have become legendary\".", "In 2006, NASA gave Kraft the Ambassador of Exploration Award, which carried with it a sample of lunar material brought back by Apollo 11.", "Kraft in turn presented the award to his alma mater, Virginia Tech, for display in its College of Engineering.", "He was be inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame, on October 1, 2016.", "The Johnson Space Center renamed its Mission Control Center the Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center in his honor in 2011, as was Kraft Elementary School in Hampton, Virginia, near his hometown.", "In films \nKraft was portrayed by Stephen Root in the 1998 miniseries From the Earth to the Moon.", "He has been interviewed in numerous documentaries about the space program, including Apollo 13: To the Edge and Back (PBS).", "In 2018, he was portrayed in the film First Man by J. D. Evermore.", "In 2020, he was portrayed in the mini-series The Right Stuff (TV Series) by Eric Ladin.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n \n Interview with Christopher Columbus Kraft Jr. for NOVA series: To the Moon WGBH Educational Foundation, raw footage, 1998\n National Aviation Hall of Fame reveals names of four to be inducted in Class of 2016 at the National Aviation Hall of Fame\n \n\n1924 births\n2019 deaths\n20th-century American Episcopalians\nAmerican people of German descent\nAnglican lay readers\nASME Medal recipients\nCenter Directors of NASA\nEngineers from Virginia\nHampton High School (Virginia) alumni\nMembers of the United States National Academy of Engineering\nNASA flight controllers\nPeople from Elizabeth City County, Virginia\nVirginia Tech alumni" ]

[ "The man who was instrumental in establishing the agency's Mission Control Center was an American engineer and manager.", "He was responsible for shaping the organization and culture of NASA's Mission Control.", "The Control Center is a reflection of Chris.", "The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), the predecessor organization to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, hired him after he graduated from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.", "He joined the Space Task Group in 1959 to help put America's first man in space.", "NASA's first flight director was assigned to the flight operations division.", "He was on duty for America's first crewed spaceflight, first crewed orbital flight, and first spacewalk.", "He retired as a flight director at the beginning of the Apollo program to focus on management and mission planning.", "He became director of the Manned Spacecraft Center in 1972, following in the footsteps of his mentor Robert R. Gilruth.", "He retired from NASA in 1982.", "An autobiography titled Flight: My Life in Mission Control was published by Kraft after he retired.", "The Mission Control Center building was named after him.", "The organization described him as a \"driving force in the U.S. human space flight program from its beginnings to the Space Shuttle era, a man whose accomplishments have become legendary\".", "Christopher Columbus Kraft Jr. was born on February 28, 1924.", "He was named after his father, who was born in New York City in 1892.", "Even though his father found his name an embarrassment, he passed it along to his son.", "In later years, it would be considered peculiarly appropriate.", "Some of my life's direction was settled from the start with the choice of my name.", "His father died on New Year's Day.", "His mother was a nurse.", "The state champion bugler, as a boy, was in the American Legion drum-and-bugle corps.", "The only school he attended was in the ninth grade.", "He attended a high school that didn't have a high school.", "He played baseball in college and had a batting average of 0.340 in one year.", "In 1941, he began his studies at Virginia Tech and became a member of the Corps of Cadets.", "The United States entered World War II in December 1941, and he tried to join the Navy as a V-12 aviation cadet, but was rejected because of a burn on his right hand.", "He received a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering.", "He accepted a job with the Chance Vought aircraft company after graduating from NACA.", "The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), a government agency whose Langley Research Center was in Virginia, was one of the places he sent an application to.", "He was told that he couldn't be hired because he didn't have his birth certificate.", "He decided to accept the offer from NACA instead of the company.", "NACA was a research and development organization in the 1940s.", "At the Langley Research Center, advanced wind tunnels were used to test new aircraft designs, and studies were taking place on new concepts such as the Bell X-1 rocket plane.", "Robert R. Gilruth was the head of research at the time.", "His work with NACA included the development of an early example of a gust reduction system.", "The control surfaces were automatically diverted to compensate for variations in the atmosphere.", "Most of the wake turbulence in the air that trails flying aircraft is caused by wingtip vortices, not prop-wash.", "This finding was rediscovered after being forgotten.", "Since he didn't consider himself to be a strong theoretician, the stress of his work increased.", "He thought about a change of career after he was diagnosed with an ulcer.", "The Russian flight of Sputnik 1 prompted the United States to accelerate its space program.", "The National Aeronautics and Space Act was signed by President Eisenhower on July 29, 1958.", "Langley Research Center became a part of NASA.", "Before NASA began its official existence in October,Kraft was invited by Gilruth to become a part of a new group that was working on the problems of putting a man into space.", "He accepted the offer without hesitation.", "The Space Task Group was officially formed on November 5, and one of the original 33 personnel wasKraft.", "The beginning of America's man-in-space program came to be called Project Mercury.", "As a member of the Space Task Group,Kraft was assigned to the flight operations division, which made plans and arrangements for the operation of the Mercury spacecraft during flight and for the control and monitoring of missions from the ground.", "The assistant to the head of the division was given the responsibility of putting together a mission plan.", "No human being had yet flown in space when Kraft began to plan NASA's flight operations.", "The task before him required attention to flight plans, timelines, procedures, mission rules, and more.", "One of the most important contributions to crewed spaceflight was the idea of a mission control center.", "The role for ground support was minimal for many of the engineers in Project Mercury who worked on the flight test of aircraft.", "During the fast- moving launch phase, the Mercury spacecraft would require real time monitoring and support from specialist engineers.", "The Mercury Control Center was in Florida.", "The idea of the flight director, the man who would coordinate the team of engineers and make real-time decisions about the conduct of the mission, was an important concept pioneered by the man.", "One day, he said, \"There needs to be someone in charge of the flights while they're actually going on, and I want to be that person.\"", "The position of flight director was born in this way.", "The flight of Mercury-Atlas 5 sent a Chimpanzees on the first American orbital spaceflight carrying a live passenger.", "The coverage of these early missions that carried non-human passengers could often be tongue-in-cheek, as evidenced by a Time magazine article on the flight.", "They were important tests for the men and procedures of Mission Control, as well as rehearsals for the crewed missions that would follow.", "The flight of Mercury-Atlas 5 was supposed to last three times.", "The decision to bring the capsule back to Earth was made after one of the hydrogen peroxide jets controlling the attitude failed.", "After the flight, John Glenn stated that he believed a human passenger would have been able to bring the capsule under control without the need for an early re-entry.", "The flight of Enos was proof of the importance of real-time decision-making in Mission Control.", "It gave him the experience of being a flight director for the life of a human or a chimp.", "During the six crewed Mercury missions, Mercury was the flight director.", "He did not share responsibility with his deputy during the last flight, Mercury-Atlas 9.", "The February 20, 1962, flight of John Glenn proved to be a testing experience for Mission Control.", "One book on the history of the Apollo program says it was the single event that shaped Flight Operations.", "The first flight by an American, by Glenn, unfolded normally until he began his second flight.", "Don Arabian reported that there was a \"Segment 51\" indicator.", "The capsule's landing bag was supposed to deploy upon splashdown in order to provide a cushion.", "The Segment 51 indicator was faulty and not an actual early deployment, as INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals", "If he was correct, it would mean that the capsule's heat shield was loose.", "The capsule could burn up if the heat shield is loose.", "After consulting with his flight controllers, he became convinced that the indication was not true.", "His superiors, including Mercury capsule designer Max Faget, felt differently.", "Glenn was told to leave the capsule's retrorocket package on during re-entry.", "The package held the heat shield in place if it was loose.", "This was an unacceptable risk.", "He remembered that he was aghast.", "An explosion could rip everything apart if any of the three retrorockets had solid fuel remaining.", "He agreed to follow the plan advocated by Faget and Walt Williams.", "The retrorockets would stay on.", "Glenn landed safely, but an inspection of his capsule revealed that one of the landing bag switches was malfunctioning.", "The heat shield was not loose after all.", "The lessons he drew from this experience were clear.", "Gene Kranz considered Glenn's flight the turning point in his evolution as a flight director.", "Before the flight of Mercury-Atlas 7, Walt Williams was told that Scott Carpenter's lack of engineering skills might put the mission or his own life in danger.", "There was a high rate of fuel usage, a malfunctioning horizon indicator, and a splashdown that was downrange from the target area.", "Throughout the mission, he was frustrated by the vagueness of Carpenter's communications with Mission Control and what he perceived to be his inattention to his duties.", "Part of the problem 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266", "While some of these problems were due to mechanical failures, and responsibility for some of the others is still being debated, Kraft did not hesitate to assign blame to Carpenter, and continued to speak out about the mission for decades afterwards.", "His autobiography was written in 2001 and dealt with the flight of Mercury-Atlas 7.", "In a letter to The New York Times, Carpenter called the book \"vindictive and skewed\", and offered a different assessment of the reasons for Kraft's frustration: \"in space things happen so fast that only the pilot knows what to do, and even ground control can't", "He is still angry after all these years.", "At the end of the Mercury program, Kraft was invited to attend a ceremony in the White House Rose Garden, where he received the NASA Outstanding Leadership medal.", "President John F. Kennedy and the Administrator of NASA awarded it.", "\"None of us have a lot of days like that in our lives,\" he said.", "During the program, his role changed again.", "He still served as a flight director, but he was now the head of mission operations.", "Mission Control was staffed on a three-shift basis due to the longer missions.", "\"Clearly, with flight control facing a learning curve, these arrangements were an experiment in their own right,\" space historian David Harland has said.", "Gene Kranz found that passing on responsibility to his fellow flight directors was too much for him.", "He said, \"You're in charge,\" and walked out.", "The first flight with two astronauts, the first rendezvous in space, the first spacewalk, and many other historic events were all part of the program.", "During the first spacewalk in America, he had to force himself to concentrate on his work because he was distracted by Ed White's \"mesmerizing\" descriptions of the Earth below.", "He was aware of the discipline required to keep the flight safe, yet he was also aware of the euphoria that White felt at the spectacle.", "White delayed his return to the capsule because of a communication problem, and the crew couldn't hear the order to end the spacewalk because of the communication problem.", "In order to devote more time to planning for the Apollo program, Kraft stepped back from his work at Mission Control, allowing other flight directors to take charge of the remaining missions.", "He was a member of the review boards at North American Aviation.", "Not being at the center of the action, especially after the emergency re-entry of Gemini 8, was a bit of a problem.", "Both astronauts and mission controllers made the right decisions, but as he confessed to Robert Gilruth, he wished he had been the one on the spot.", "With the beginning of the Apollo program, Kraft was expected to return to his role in Mission Control.", "The first crewed Apollo mission was scheduled to launch in early 1967.", "The three crew members were killed in a fire during a test on the pad.", "Under the circumstances, there wasn't much he could do at the time of the fire.", "He was asked to be one of the pallbearers at the funeral.", "Kraft was a household name in America during the sixties.", "He was profiled as the \"Conductor in a Command Post\" in the August 27, 1965, issue of Time.", "In his interview with Time, he compared himself to Christopher Columbus and the magazine described it as \"an almost angry pride\" in his work.", "\"We know a lot more about what we have to do than he did.\"", "We know where we're going.", "The article drew on the comparisons of his position as flight director and that of an orchestra conductor to describe his role in the Gemini 5 mission.", "The NASA public affairs officer was surprised by the Times decision to put him on the cover.", "It should be Bob Gilruth.", "The portrait that was painted for the cover became one of his prized possessions after he came to terms with the idea.", "After John Glenn's flight,Kraft vowed that he would not allow his decisions as flight director to be overruled by anyone outside Mission Control.", "After analysis of the flight, the flight director may choose to take any necessary action required for the successful completion of the mission.", "The power that the flight director held over every aspect of the mission extended to his control over the actions of the astronauts.", "In 1965, he stated in an interview with Time that he sometimes had to intervene in order to maintain his conception of the flight director's authority.", "By the time the Apollo 7 mission flew, he had been promoted to head of the flight operations division, which meant that he had to deal with unruly crew members.", "It was like having a ringside seat at the circus.", "The commander refused to accept orders from the ground because he was annoyed by last-minute changes in the crew's schedule.", "The Apollo 7 crew will not fly again after Schirra's actions were successful in the short term.", "Schirra decided before the flight that he would retire after Apollo 7.", "In the case of Scott Carpenter, Kraft made a similar statement.", "I swore an oath that Scott Carpenter wouldn't fly in space again.", "\"He didn't.\"", "Manager and mentor Apollo mission planning after the Apollo 1 fire in 1967, he reluctantly concluded that his responsibilities as a manager would keep him from serving as a flight director on the next crewed mission, Apollo 7, and on missions thereafter.", "He would be involved in the Apollo program at a higher level.", "The broad outlines of the program were planned by the director of Flight Operations.", "He was involved in the decision to send Apollo 8 on a circumlunar flight.", "The possibility of a full Apollo test mission being delayed until 1969 was due to problems with the lunar module.", "George Low, the manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office, came up with the idea of assigning a new mission profile to Apollo 8, one that could be flown without the lunar module.", "Low's plan was to fly the mission in December, which left little time for the flight operations division to train and prepare.", "After agreeing that the mission was possible in principle, he went to his mission planners and flight directors to see if they could be ready in time.", "\"My head was throbbing with the thought of what we'd have to do.\"", "It was one hell of a challenge.", "NASA managers, including Wernher von Braun, were briefed on the planned mission by Gilruth, Low, and Slayton when they flew to Marshall Space Flight Center in Alabama on August 9.", "They traveled to NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C. to brief the deputy administrator.", "Administrator James E. Webb gave the authority to begin preparations for the mission.", "When planning for Apollo 8, one of the responsibilities was to make sure that a fleet would be waiting to recover the crew when they splashed down.", "The Navy's Pacific Fleet would be on leave over the Christmas and New Year's Eve period.", "In order to convince McCain to make the resources available to NASA, he had to personally meet with the admiral.", "Apollo 8 went into space on Christmas Eve 1968.", "The Space Task Group was founded ten years before.", "The two men sat together in Mission Control to reflect on how far they had come.", "The room was filled with cheers, but the two men celebrated quietly.", "While watching the landing of Apollo 11 from Mission Control, he sat with Gilruth and George Low.", "He was more involved in the unfolding of the Apollo 13 crisis.", "Gene Kranz was called into Mission Control after the accident.", "Many Apollo engineers, later to become top managers, considered Kraft to be one of the best managers in the program.", "He trained an entire generation of NASA flight directors, including the last of whom referred to him as \"The Teacher\".", "According to space historians Murray and Cox, one of the most striking features of Flight Operations is unquestioning trust, not of superiors by subordinates, but the other way around.", "After he retired, the principles that he had instilled continued to have an impact at Johnson Space Center.", "It was clear that there was no place in the flight operations division for those who failed to live up to the standards of the taskmaster, as reflected in 1998 by Glynn Lunney.", "\"To do so more than once is contrary to Flight Operations Directorate policy\", was one of his favorite sayings.", "Subordinates who were displeased could not make it up to him.", "\"If he was against you, you were dead meat; if he was behind you, you had as much leverage as you needed; if he was behind you, he 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110", "The Manned Spacecraft Center had a deputy director in 1969.", "He became the director of the MSC on January 14, 1972, replacing Gilruth, who had worked at Langley since 1945.", "Anthony Young is the only person in the history of center directors to describe a successor as a \"superb successor\" to Gilruth.", "In the early 1980s, he was eligible to retire, but he chose not to.", "He was still employed by NASA even though he was a \"reemployed annuitant.\"", "He was involved in a conflict with the NASA Administrator and other top officials over issues relating to NASA organization and management.", "His position at NASA was made more tenuous by this.", "According to reports, in April 1982, the center director made a surprise announcement that he intended to step down at the end of the year.", "He denied that his resignation had anything to do with Johnson Space Center losing its leading role in Space Shuttle operations or the development of NASA's Space Station Freedom.", "He was a consultant for IBM and a director-at-large of the Houston Chamber of Commerce.", "He was appointed chairman of the space shuttle management independent review team in 1994 to investigate ways in which NASA could make its Space Shuttle program more cost effective.", "The report was published in February 1995.", "The recommendation was that NASA should consider privatization of the space shuttle.", "After the Challenger accident, NASA created a safety environment that is duplicative and expensive.", "The Space Shuttle had become a mature and reliable system about as safe as today's technology will provide, according to the report.", "The report was controversial when it was published.", "The Federation of American Scientists believes that the report is a recipe for disaster.", "The safety and quality assurance mechanisms were put in place after the Challenger accident.", "NASA's Safety Advisory Panel said in May 1995 that the assumption that the Space Shuttle systems are now'mature' smacks of a complacency which may lead to serious accidents.", "The United Space Alliance took over responsibility for shuttle operations in November 1995 after NASA accepted the recommendations of the report.", "Nine years later, the Columbia Accident Investigation Board criticized the report again as part of its consideration of the organizational and cultural causes of the accident.", "The Space Shuttle program was portrayed in a way that the Board judges to be at odds with, according to the report.", "The report contributed to the undesirable safety culture within NASA by allowing them to view the shuttle as an operational vehicle rather than an experimental one.", "Flight: My Life in Mission Control was published in 2001.", "His life was covered until the end of the Apollo program, only briefly mentioning his time as center director.", "The reviewers were generally positive about the book.", "The Kirkus Review described it as a \"nappy, highly detailed account of America's most dramatic technological achievement.\"", "Reviewers commented on the outspokenness and willingness to personally criticize those he had disagreed with.", "The magazine said that he \" isn't afraid to name names\", and Cooper noted that he pulls no punches about some of his colleagues' weaknesses.", "He met Betty Anne in high school and married her in 1950.", "They had two children.", "In his book, he said that he was more of a remote authority figure to his children than a typical American father.", "He was a lay reader at his church.", "Gordon, Betty Anne, and Kristi-Anne were involved in church activities during the sixties.", "He taught a class in adult Bible study while also being a lay reader.", "His friend and NASA colleague Sigjo Sjoberg introduced him to the game of golf in the 1940s.", "He decided to stay in Houston after his retirement because of the good golfing.", "Two days after the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 moonwalks,Kraft died in Houston at the age of 95.", "There was no cause given.", "Awards and honors were 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "The NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal, four NASA distinguished service medals, and the John J. Montgomery Award are some of the awards he has received.", "In 1999, he received the National Space Trophy from theRotary National Award for Space Achievement Foundation, which described him as \"a driving force in the U.S. human space flight program from its beginnings to the Space Shuttle era, a man whose accomplishments have become legendary\".", "A sample of lunar material brought back by Apollo 11 was carried with the Ambassador of Exploration Award.", "Virginia Tech received the award for display in its College of Engineering.", "He was going to be in the National Aviation Hall of Fame.", "The Mission Control Center at the Johnson Space Center was renamed in honor of Christopher C.Kraft Jr.", "The 1998 mini-series From the Earth to the Moon starred Stephen Root.", "He was interviewed in Apollo 13: To the Edge and Back, which 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846", "He was portrayed in First Man by J. D. Evermore.", "He was portrayed in a mini-series by Eric Ladin in 2020.", "The National Aviation Hall of Fame reveals the names of four people to be in the Class of 2016" ]

[ "Christopher Columbus Kraft Jr", "Kraft", "Chris Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Christopher Columbus", "Kraft", "Christopher Columbus", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Chuck Mathews", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraftos", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Scott Carpenter", "Carpenter", "Kraft", "Carpenter", "Carpenter", "Carpenter", "Kraft", "Carpenter", "Carpenter", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Christopher Columbus", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Krafthir", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Scott Carpenter", "Carpenter", "Kraft", "Scott Carpenter", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "John McCain", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Cox", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Challenger", "Challenger", "Kraft", ". Cooper", "Kraft", "Cooper", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Christopher", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Christopher Columbus", "Kraft" ]

[ "Chris", "Christopher Columbus", "Kraft", "Kraft", "GilruKraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Scott Carpenter", "Carpenter", "Carpenter", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Kraft", "Christopher Columbus", "Kraft", "Scott Carpenter", "Kraft", "Scott Carpenter", "McCain", "Kraft", "Cox", "Challenger", "Cooper", "Kraft", "Christopher" ]

[ "Elizabeth Rayner Belloc (; 16 June 1829 – 23 March 1925) was one of the most prominent English feminists and campaigners for women's rights in Victorian times and also a poet, essayist and journalist.", "Early life \nBessie Rayner Parkes was born in Birmingham, Warwickshire, England, daughter of Joseph Parkes (1796–1865), a prosperous solicitor and a liberal with Radical sympathies, and Elizabeth (\"Eliza\") Rayner Priestley (1797–1877), granddaughter of the scientist and Unitarian minister Joseph Priestley (1733–1804).", "Eliza always considered herself an American, having been born in Northumberland, Pennsylvania.", "Although not in great sympathy with her daughter over Bessie's strong wish to make changes in the status of women, Elizabeth nevertheless loved her dearly and did not actively oppose her; Joseph Parkes's support for his daughter's aspirations was moderate.", "Unusually for girls of her background, Bessie was sent to a progressive Unitarian boarding school at age 11, a period of her life which she enjoyed.", "Parkes' passion for writing stemmed from the cultured life she was exposed to as a child, as her parents were avid consumers of the arts.", "Self-taught poetry was Parkes's earliest passion, which later led her to use her talents in her activism.", "Activism \nParkes became gradually aware of the unjust, contradictory, and even absurd situation of women in Great Britain, though there were many differences according to the social class they belonged to.", "The first endeavour that Parkes and her friend Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon took on was to try to change the restrictive property laws that applied to married women, see Married Women's Property Act 1870.", "Parkes also joined a group called the Committee for the Ladies' Address to their American Sisters on Slavery in 1853.", "The group of women worked to secure 576,000 signatures on their anti-slavery petition in the United States.", "Around the same time Parkes also was starting to advocate for the education of young women with her essay \"Remarks on the Education of Girls\".", "In this essay Parkes outlined her concern that women were limited to very few careers and criticised society regarding how little power women had compared to men.", "Parkes was also indignant about the distinction made between \"ladies\" and \"women\".", "\"Ladies\", that is to say middle-class women, lost social status if they earned money, the only acceptable exceptions being writing, painting, or teaching, which for the most part meant governessing.", "Due in part to her efforts, by the close of the century, it became acceptable for a middle-class woman to acquire a proper education and train to do paid work.", "Working-class women had always belonged to the work force, whether they wanted to or not.", "Parkes and her activist friends interacted with women in other countries of Europe and in the United States, adding a very considerable international dimension to their efforts.", "In the 1860s, Parkes belonged to the first women's group which set out to obtain voting rights.", "Friendships \nBessie Rayner Parkes' wide circle of literary and political friends included George Eliot, Harriet Martineau, Anna Jameson, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Robert Browning, Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon, Elizabeth Blackwell, Lord Shaftesbury, Herbert Spencer, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Elizabeth Gaskell, William Thackeray, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, John Ruskin, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti.", "Her most fruitful friendship was with Barbara Bodichon, for out of their joint efforts grew the first organized women's movement in Britain.", "The closest friendship Rayner forged was her friendship with fellow activist Barbara Leigh Smith.", "They met in 1846, and their friendship inspired much of Parkes' work.", "After a trip around Europe they both felt deeply inspired to pursue the activism they would carry out later on in their lives.", "The English Woman's Journal \nParkes became the principal editor of the first feminist British periodical – the English Woman's Journal – published monthly in London between 1858 and 1864.", "Its closure was due both to financial reasons and to the conflicts that arose among its sponsors and chief contributors.", "Parkes was one of the founders of The English Woman's Journal and it later became the hub for those wanting to participate in the women's right movement.", "The offshoots that sprang from it were many and varied, such as the Society for the Promotion of the Employment of Women, the Victoria Printing Press (entirely staffed by women), the Law-Copying Office, and the Langham Place Group, where women gathered informally to discuss their lives or simply have a rest.", "The journal was a very important part of the community and the women's right movement in England as it provided many women with employment and an education that could never be taken away from them.", "The Victoria Printing Press \nThe Victoria Printing Press was a business venture started by Parkes in 1860 to aid in her plan for the education of young women.", "As Parkes was a firm believer in all young women being trained in some skill, the printing press was a way for her to address that problem.", "Parkes herself did not know how to print when she purchased the printing press, so she hired a man to teach her and then instructed her staff how to print.", "The Victoria Printing Press became the sole printer of The English Woman's Journal from 1860 until it closed in 1864.", "The press also printed The Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science and other publications that were in line with the views of Parkes, Smith and their all female staff.", "Parkes is quoted to have said to the women she was employing in her printing press that learning such a trade was \"One dream of my life\".", "Conversion to Roman Catholicism \nAnother important part of Parkes' life story was her path to the Roman Catholic Church, to which she converted in 1864.", "After growing up in a radical Unitarian household Parkes, was familiar with Scripture from a young age.", "As she grew older Parkes found herself becoming more and more devout in the Christian faith.", "Comparing her earlier poetry to her later works, there are many Biblical references appearing while she was still a Unitarian, which only became more prominent as Parkes reached older age.", "She kept up with events occurring in the Oxford Movement, but what impressed her was the social work carried out by Catholic nuns.", "She knew three English Cardinals personally, and recalled them in her writings.", "Marriage and children \nAged 38, Bessie Rayner Parkes fell in love with a Frenchman of delicate health, named Louis Belloc, himself the son of a notable woman, Louise Swanton Belloc.", "She met her husband on a trip to La Celle St.", "Cloud with her friend Barbara Smith, now Bodichon.", "Louis had never been the healthiest of men when they had met, being diagnosed with unspecified brain inflammation.", "They were married on 19 September 1867 at St. James Catholic Church in London.", "Their five-year-long marriage, spent in France, was lovingly recounted by their daughter in her memoir, I Too Have Lived in Arcadia (the title is a reference to Et in Arcadia ego).", "They soon had two healthy children, but Parkes did have one miscarriage.", "The family lived through the Franco-Prussian War and was deeply affected by it on a material level.", "It appears that the family relocated to England prior to the death of her husband, at least temporarily.", "After the death of husband Parkes moved back to England where she never truly got over the death of her husband.", "Their children, Marie Belloc Lowndes (1868–1947) and Joseph Hilaire Belloc (1870–1953), went on to become renowned writers in their different ways.", "In 1902, Joseph, married and the father of three children, applied for naturalisation in Britain; he gave as his residence 104 Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, London and his occupation as a staff Lecturer of the University of Oxford extension scheme.", "Later life \nParkes continued to write until late in life and remained a keen observer of politics and society.", "However, following her marriage and the death of her husband, her active involvement in the organized women's movements abated.", "She travelled in the United States with her son in 1896 and continued writing.", "Parkes published five more works in the last 30 years of her life.", "Anguish over the stupidity of war and pride in her country coloured her feelings during the First World War.", "Almost at its close, her eldest grandchild, a Second Lieutenant in the Royal Air Force, went missing.", "He was shot down and killed near Cambrai, in France.", "She died in 1925, aged 95.", "At her death Parkes left £3,688 in her will, which is the equivalent to £222,355, in 2019.", "Published work \nBessie Rayner Parkes published fourteen books: poetry, essays, biography, memoirs, travel, and literature for children and adolescents, as well as a very effective booklet on women's rights and dozens of articles.", "Much of her literary work was well received during her lifetime and her poetry was admired by John Ruskin and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.", "Poems (London, John Chapman, 1852) \nPoems was Parkes' first book to be published.", "It contained 66 poems, most of written upon the theme of nature.", "Much of this can be attributed to the inspiration Parkes drew from her trip around Europe with her lifelong friend Barbara Leigh Smith, in 1850.", "The injustices she saw as she traveled around Europe were also an inspiration for her work and also sparked her need to advocate for women's equal rights.", "Books by Bessie Rayner Parkes \nSummer Sketches and Other Poems (London, John Chapman, 1854)\n Remarks on the Education of Girls, with Reference to the Social, Legal, and Industrial Position of Women in the Present Day (London, John Chapman, 1854, 1st unsigned edition, 3rd signed edition 1856).", "Gabriel: A Poem (London, John Chapman, 1856)\n The History of our Cat Aspasia (London, Bosworth and Harrison, 1856).", "Illustrated by Annie Leigh Smith.", "Ballads and Songs (London, Bell & Daldy, 1863)\n Essays on Woman's Work (London, Alexander Strahan, 1865)\n Vignettes: Twelve Biographical Sketches (London and New York, Alexander Strahan, 1866)\n La Belle France (London, Dalby, Isbister & Co., 1877).", "Signed Bessie Parkes-Belloc.", "Peoples of the World (London, Paris & New York, Cassell Petter & Galpin, [1870]).", "Signed Bessie Parkes-Belloc.", "In a Walled Garden (London, Ward & Downey, 1st edition, 1895, 5th edition 1900).", "Signed Bessie Rayner Belloc.", "A Passing World (London, Ward & Downey, 1897).", "Signed Bessie Rayner Belloc.", "Historic Nuns (London, Duckworth, 1898).", "Signed Bessie R. Belloc.", "The Flowing Tide (London, Sands & Co., 1900).", "Signed Bessie Rayner Belloc.", "In Fifty Years (London, Sands & Co., 1904).", "Signed Bessie Rayner Belloc.", "Further reading \n\n Anderson, Bonnie S. Joyous Greetings, The International Women's Movement, 1830–1860 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).", "Belloc Lowndes, Mrs.", "I, too, have lived in Arcadia (London: Macmillan, 1941).", "Fulmer, Constance M. \"Bessie Rayner Parkes\".", "Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 240: Late 19th Century and Early 20th Century British Women Poets (Detroit: Gale Group, 2001).", "Herstein, Sheila R. A Mid-Victorian Feminist, Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985).", "Hirsch, Pam.", "Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon (London: Chatto & Windus, 1998).", "Lowndes, Emma.", "Turning Victorian Ladies into Women: The Life of Bessie Rayner Parkes, 1829–1925 (Palo Alto, CA: Academica Press, 2011).", "Lowndes, Susan, ed.", "Diaries and Letters of Marie Belloc Lowndes, 1911–1947 (London: Chatto & Windus, 1971).", "Rendall, Jane.", "\"'A Moral Engine'?", "Feminism, Liberalism and the English Woman's Journal\", in Jane Rendall, ed., Equal or Different: Women's Politics 1800–1914 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1987).", "---.", "\"Friendship and Politics: Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon (1827–91) and Bessie Rayner Parkes (1829–1925)\", in Susan Mendus & Jane Rendall, eds., Sexuality and Subordination (London: Routledge, 1989).", "References\n\nExternal links \nWorks by or about Bessie Rayner Parkes (Belloc) at HathiTrust\nWorks by or about Bessie Rayner Belloc at Internet Archive\nWorks by or about Bessie Rayner Parkes (Belloc) at Google Books\nProfile and a selection of poems by Bessie Rayner Parkes on the UK Literary Heritage site\n Bessie Rayner Parkes @ Orlando Project (for subscribers only)\n Full text of Ballads and Songs (1863)\n Full text of In a Walled Garden (1895)\n Catalog description of personal papers of Bessie Rayner Parkes at Girton College Archive, Cambridge\n \n\n1829 births\n1925 deaths\nConverts to Roman Catholicism\nEnglish essayists\nEnglish feminists\nEnglish magazine editors\nEnglish people of American descent\nEnglish women poets\nEnglish Roman Catholics\nEnglish women non-fiction writers\nWomen magazine editors\nBessie\nBessie\nPriestley family\n19th-century British journalists\nWomen of the Victorian era" ]

[ "One of the most prominent English feminists and advocates for women's rights in Victorian times was Elizabeth Rayner Belloc.", "Bessie Rayner Parkes was the daughter of Joseph Parkes, a prosperous solicitor and a liberal with Radical sympathies, and Elizabeth \"Eliza\" Rayner, granddaughter of the scientist and Unitarian minister Joseph Priestley.", "She was born in Pennsylvania and considered herself an American.", "Although not in great sympathy with her daughter over her desire to change the status of women, Elizabeth still loved her and did not oppose her; Joseph Parkes's support for her was moderate.", "It was unusual for a girl of her background to be sent to a boarding school at the age of 11.", "Parkes' passion for writing stems from the cultured life she was exposed to as a child, as her parents were avid consumers of the arts.", "Parkes's earliest passion was self-taught poetry, which eventually led to her activism.", "The situation of women in Great Britain was unjust, contradictory, and even absurd, though there were many differences according to the social class they belonged to.", "The Married Women's Property Act 1870 was the first attempt by Parkes and her friend to change the restrictive property laws that applied to married women.", "The Committee for the Ladies' Address to their American Sisters on Slavery was formed by Parkes.", "The group of women worked to get signatures for their anti-slavery petition.", "Parkes began to advocate for the education of young women with her essay \"Remarks on the Education of Girls\".", "Parkes wrote about her concern that women were limited to very few careers and criticized society for how little power women had compared to men.", "Parkes was angry about the difference between \"ladies\" and \"women\".", "Middle-class women lost social status if they earned money, the only acceptable exceptions being writing, painting, or teaching, which for the most part meant governessing.", "By the close of the century, it became acceptable for a middle-class woman to acquire a proper education and train to do paid work.", "Working-class women have always been part of the work force.", "In addition to interacting with women in other countries of Europe and the United States, Parkes and her friends interacted with women in the United States.", "Parkes was a member of the first women's group to try and get voting rights.", "The circle of literary and political friends of Bessie Rayner Parkes was large.", "The first organized women's movement in Britain was started by her and Barbara Bodichon.", "Barbara Leigh Smith was the closest friend Rayner forged.", "Their friendship inspired a lot of Parkes' work.", "They both felt inspired after a trip around Europe to pursue activism in their lives.", "The English Woman's Journal Parkes was the principal editor of the first feminist British periodical.", "Conflicts among its sponsors and chief contributors led to its closing.", "The English Woman's Journal was started by Parkes and later became the hub for those wanting to participate in the women's right movement.", "The Society for the Promotion of the Employment of Women, the Victoria Printing Press, the Law-Copying Office, and the Langham Place Group all sprang from it.", "The journal was a very important part of the community and the women's right movement in England as it provided many women with employment and an education that could never be taken away from them.", "The Victoria Printing Press was started in 1860 by Parkes to aid in her plan for the education of young women.", "The printing press was a way for Parkes to address the problem of young women not being trained in some skill.", "Parkes didn't know how to use a printing press so she hired a man to teach her and her staff how to use it.", "The English Woman's Journal was printed from 1860 to 1864 by the Victoria Printing Press.", "The Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science was printed by the press in line with the views of Parkes, Smith and their all female staff.", "Parkes said to the women she was employing in her printing press that learning such a trade was one dream of her life.", "Parkes' conversion to Roman Catholicism was an important part of her life story.", "Parkes was familiar with the Bible from a young age.", "Parkes became more and more religious as she grew older.", "Parkes became more prominent as she got older and there were many biblical references in her later works.", "The social work carried out by Catholic nuns impressed her the most.", "She remembered three English cardinals in her writings.", "Bessie Rayner Parkes fell in love with a Frenchman named Louis Belloc, who was the son of a notable woman.", "She and her husband went to La Celle St.", "Cloud is with her friend Barbara Smith.", "When they met, Louis was diagnosed with brain inflammation and had never been the healthiest of men.", "They were married in London in 1867.", "Their five-year-long marriage, spent in France, was recounted in their daughter's memoir, I Too Have Lived in Arcadia.", "Parkes had a miscarriage, but they had two healthy children.", "The family was deeply affected by the Franco-Prussian War and lived through it.", "The family relocated to England prior to her husband's death.", "After the death of her husband, Parkes moved back to England where she never really got over it.", "Marie Belloc Lowndes and Joseph Hilaire Belloc went on to become renowned writers.", "In 1901, Joseph, the father of three children and a staff lecturer at the University of Oxford, applied for naturalisation in Britain.", "Parkes was a keen observer of politics and society and continued to write until late in life.", "Her involvement in the organized women's movements waned after her marriage and the death of her husband.", "She traveled to the United States with her son in 1896.", "Parkes published five more works in the last 30 years.", "During the First World War, she was angry over the stupidity of war and her country's pride.", "Her oldest grandchild, a Second Lieutenant in the Royal Air Force, went missing.", "He was shot and killed in France.", "She was 95 years old when she died.", "Parkes left a total of £222,355 in her will.", "Fourteen books were published by Bessie Rayner Parkes, including poetry, essays, biography, memoirs, travel, and literature for children and adolescents, as well as a very effective booklet on women's rights and dozens of articles.", "Her literary work was well received and her poetry was well received.", "Poems was Parkes' first book to be published.", "Most of the poems were written on the theme of nature.", "Parkes drew inspiration from her trip around Europe with her lifelong friend Barbara Leigh Smith.", "The injustices she saw as she traveled around Europe inspired her to advocate for women's equal rights.", "Remarks on the Education of Girls, with reference to the Social, Legal, and Industrial Position of Women in the Present Day was written by Bessie Rayner Parkes.", "Gabriel: A Poem is a poem by John Chapman.", "AnnieLeigh Smith illustrated it.", "Vignettes: Twelve Biographical Sketches are from London and New York.", "Signed by Bessie Parkes-Belloc.", "The people of the world are London, Paris & New York.", "Signed by Bessie Parkes-Belloc.", "The first edition of In a Walled Garden was published in 1895.", "It was signed by Bessie Rayner Belloc.", "A passing world was written by London, Ward & Downey.", "It was signed by Bessie Rayner Belloc.", "The Historic Nuns are from London.", "It was signed by Bessie R. Belloc.", "The Flowing Tide was published in 1900.", "It was signed by Bessie Rayner Belloc.", "In Fifty Years was written by London, Sands & Co.", "It was signed by Bessie Rayner Belloc.", "Anderson, Bonnie S. Joyous Greetings, The International Women's Movement was published in 2000.", "Mrs. Belloc, Mrs. Lowndes.", "I have also lived in Arcadia.", "\"Bessie Rayner Parkes\" was written by Fulmer.", "The Dictionary of Literary Biography covers the late 19th century and early 20th century British women poets.", "Herstein is the author of A Mid-Victorian Feminist.", "Pam.", "BarbaraLeigh Smith Bodichon was published in 1998.", "Emma Lowndes.", "The Life of Bessie Rayner Parkes is a book about turning Victorian Ladies into Women.", "Susan Lowndes, ed.", "The diaries and letters of Marie Belloc Lowndes were published in 1971.", "Jane Rendall.", "\"'A Moral Engine'?\"", "Feminism, Liberalism and the English Woman's Journal was written by Jane Rendall.", "---.", "Susan Mendus and Jane Rendall wrote a book about friendship and politics.", "Works by or about Bessie Rayner Parkes (Belloc) can be found at HathiTrust and at Internet Archive." ]

[ "Elizabeth Rayner Belloc", "Bessie Rayner Parkes", "Joseph Parkes", "Eliza ) Rayner Priestley", "Bessie", "Joseph Parkes", "Bessie", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Bessie", "Rayner", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Bessie", "Rayner", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Bessie", "Rayner", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Bessie", "Rayner", "Bessie", "Parkesoc", "Bessie", "Parkes", "Bessie", "Rayner", "Bessie", "Rayner", "Bessie", "Bessie", "Rayner", "Bessie", "Rayner", "Bessie", "Rayner", "Bessie", "Rayner", "Bessie", "Rayner", "Parkes", "Bessie", "Rayner", "Parkes", "Bessie", "Rayner", "Bessie", "Rayner", "Bessie", "Rayner", "Parkesssie", "Bessie", "Rayner", "Parkes", "Bessie", "Bessie" ]

[ "Elizabeth Rayner Belloc", "Bessie Rayner Parkes", "Joseph Parkes", "Rayner", "Joseph Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Bessie", "Rayner", "Parkes", "Rayner", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Bessie", "Rayner", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Bessie", "Rayner", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Parkes", "Bessie", "Rayner", "Parkes", "Bessie", "Parkes", "Bessie", "Parkes", "Bessie", "Rayner", "Bessie", "Rayner", "Bessie", "Bessie", "Rayner", "Bessie", "Rayner", "Bessie", "Rayner", "Parkes" ]

[ "Jennifer Rubin (born June 11, 1962) is an American political commentator who writes opinion columns for The Washington Post.", "Previously she worked at Commentary, PJ Media, Human Events, and The Weekly Standard.", "Her work has been published in media outlets including Politico, New York Post, New York Daily News, National Review, and The Jerusalem Post.", "A conservative political commentator throughout most of her career, she became a vocal critic of President Donald Trump and in September 2020, she announced that she no longer identified as a conservative.", "In 2021, she became a staunch advocate of the Biden administration.", "Early life and education\nRubin is Jewish and spent her early years in the New Jersey suburbs of Philadelphia, moving with her family as a child to California in 1968.", "Rubin earned her Bachelor of Arts and Juris Doctor from the University of California, Berkeley, finishing first in her class in law school.", "Career\n\nLabor and employment law\nBefore moving into opinion writing, Rubin was a labor and employment lawyer in Los Angeles, working for Hollywood studios, for 20 years.", "She now describes herself as a \"recovering lawyer\".", "Commenting on working with her from 2000 to 2005, Hollywood animator and trade union leader Steve Hulett spoke to Media Matters \"We used to chew the fat all the time in her office and over at lunch at Café del Sol near Dreamworks.", "She supported Kerry in 2004 and worked closely with Katzenberg, who is a big time Democratic donor.", "I didn't know what to think when she moved east and started blogging like mad as a conservative.", "I don't know if it's a marketing pose, or if she really believes it, or what.\"", "Opinion writer\nIn 2005, she moved to Northern Virginia with her husband and two children.", "She offered a column to The Weekly Standard about Mitt Romney, and continued doing freelance work for two years before joining Commentary.", "Rubin's move to The Washington Post in November 2010 became a national news story and was discussed by the media on all sides of the political spectrum, ranging from The American Conservative and The Weekly Standard, to Salon and Slate.", "In welcoming remarks, The Washington Post editorial page editor Fred Hiatt wrote, \"her provocative writing has become 'must read' material for news and policy makers and avid political watchers.\"", "In 2011, she was included on the list of \"50 Most Influential American Jews\" by The Jewish Daily Forward.", "Slate blogger David Weigel called Rubin \"one of the right's most prolific online political writers\".", "The Commentary editor John Podhoretz writes of Rubin, \"She is a phenomenon, especially considering that for the first two decades of her working life, she was not a writer or a journalist but a lawyer specializing in labor issues.\"", "In August 2013, former Washington Post ombudsman Patrick Pexton criticized Rubin in an open letter from his new desk at the Washington City Paper, saying that he received more complaint emails about Rubin than any other Post employee.", "Writing that her columns were \"at best ... political pornography\", he said \"Have Fred Hiatt, your editorial page editor—who I like, admire, and respect—fire opinion blogger Jennifer Rubin.", "Not because she's conservative, but because she's just plain bad.\"", "Fred Hiatt, editorial page editor for the Post, responded in a statement to Politico, \"I appreciate Patrick's perspective but I think he is quite wrong about Jennifer Rubin.", "Regular readers of her blog know that she is an indefatigable reporter who is as hard on politicians on the right when she thinks they get things wrong as on the other side.\"", "Political views and commentaries \nRubin was a conservative, but she has also stated that the term has been \"ruined\" by pro-Trump conservatives and that she would \"prefer to be a 19th century liberal or a wet Tory\".", "She has described herself as \"a Pat Moynihan Democrat, a Scoop Jackson Democrat, an Andrew Cuomo Democrat.", "I'm not a Bernie Sanders Democrat.\"", "Rubin has supported the Likud government in Israel, and has been a critic of Hamas and of the Palestine Liberation Organization leadership.", "In November 2011, Rubin retweeted an anti-Hamas blog post that Post ombudsman Patrick Pexton called \"reprehensible\".", "Rubin later told Pexton that she endorsed and shared the views in the Post that \"expressed an understandable desire for righteous vengeance against the kidnappers and human rights abusers of Gilad Shalit\".", "Pexton said, \"in agreeing with the sentiment, and in spreading it to her 7,000 Twitter followers who know her as a Washington Post blogger, Rubin did damage to the Post and the credibility that keeps it afloat.\"", "Andrew Sullivan wrote, \"we have a blogger at the WaPo endorsing throwing Arab prisoners into the sea to meet righteous divine punishment.\"", "Post editorial page editor Fred Hiatt defended Rubin, saying, \"As a general matter I think it isn't wise for me to comment on the work of the ombudsman, who is entitled to his views, and over whom I do not have editorial control.", "However, I will say this: I think Jennifer is an excellent journalist and a relentless reporter.", "I think because she has strong views, and because she is as willing to take on her home team, as it were, as the visitors, she comes under more scrutiny than many and is often the target of unjustified criticism.", "I think she brings enormous value to the Post.\"", "In 2011, Rubin wrote a blog post suggesting that the 2011 Norway attacks were carried out by Islamic jihadists.", "Columnist James Fallows of The Atlantic criticized the piece as \"rushed\" and noted the subsequent discovery that the attack was carried out by Anders Behring Breivik, a native Norwegian who was not a Muslim.", "Another Atlantic columnist, Jeffrey Goldberg, responded that the criticism was unwarranted, noting that other publications such as Wired and even The Atlantic itself had printed similar speculation; Goldberg concluded: \"It is not perverse or absurd for normal people to think of al Qaeda when they hear of acts of mass terrorism.", "It is logical, in fact, to suspect al Qaeda.\"", "In a follow-up column, Rubin acknowledged that early suspicions of a jihadist attack had proven to be mistaken.", "International Relations scholar Daniel W. Drezner has described her views on foreign policy as neoconservative.", "Criticism of Donald Trump \nRubin has been one of the most vocal conservative-leaning writers to criticize Donald Trump, as well as the overall behavior of the Republican Party during Trump's term in office.", "Rubin denounced Donald Trump's decision to withdraw from the 2015 Paris Agreement as \"a dog whistle to the far right\", and designed to please his \"climate change denial, right-wing base that revels in scientific illiteracy.\"", "Previously, after Barack Obama had approved the agreement, Rubin characterized it as \"nonsense\" and argued that it would not achieve anything.", "Rubin described Trump's 2017 decision to not implement parts of the Iran nuclear deal as the \"emotional temper tantrum of an unhinged president.\"", "She had previously said that \"if you examine the Iran deal in any detail, you will be horrified as to what is in there.\"", "Rubin strongly supported the United States officially recognizing Jerusalem as Israel's capital and moving its embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.", "Early in his presidency, she criticized Trump for not doing so, saying that it was indicative of his tendency to \"never keep his word.\"", "She concluded that Trump \"looks buffoonish in his hasty retreat\".", "In December 2017, after Trump announced that he would move the embassy, she said it was \"a foreign policy move without purpose.\"", "In a tweet referred to by CNN Media, Mike Huckabee questioned Rubin, writing: \"Jen Rubin is WAPO's excuse for conservative,\" and adding that Rubin's \"contempt for all things Trump exposes her and WAPO as fake news\".", "In April 2021 Rubin was declared winner of the second annual Liberal Hack Tournament, hosted by the \"Ruthless\" variety program, becoming the first woman to win the title.", "Domestic policy views \nConor Friedersdorf of The Atlantic argued that after the 2012 presidential election, Rubin criticized aspects of the Mitt Romney campaign that she had previously praised, with Friedersdorf insisting that she had acted as \"a disingenuous mouthpiece for her favored candidate\".", "In a November 21, 2013, column, Rubin called on the National Organization for Marriage (NOM) to end its campaign against same-sex marriage.", "Personal life\nRubin and her husband, Jonathan, have two sons.", "The couple moved to Oakton, Virginia from Los Angeles in 2005.", "See also\nStop Trump movement\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Jennifer Rubin: Right Turn (The Washington Post)\n\n1960s births\nDate of birth missing (living people)\nLiving people\nAmerican bloggers\nAmerican columnists\nAmerican political writers\nJewish American attorneys\nJewish American writers\nJewish American journalists\nJewish women writers\nLawyers from Los Angeles\nMSNBC people\nNew Jersey lawyers\nThe Washington Post people\nUniversity of California, Berkeley alumni\nUC Berkeley School of Law alumni\nVirginia lawyers\nWriters from New Jersey\nWriters from Virginia\nAmerican women columnists\nAmerican women bloggers\nPeople from Oakton, Virginia\n21st-century American non-fiction writers\n21st-century American women writers" ]

[ "Rubin is an American political commentator who writes opinion columns for The Washington Post.", "She used to work at PJ Media, Human Events, and The Weekly Standard.", "Her work has been published in a number of media outlets.", "In September 2020, she announced that she no longer identified as a conservative after becoming a vocal critic of President Donald Trump.", "She became an advocate of the Biden administration.", "Rubin was raised in the New Jersey suburbs of Philadelphia and moved to California with her family in 1968.", "Rubin received her Bachelor of Arts and Juris Doctor from the University of California, Berkeley.", "Rubin was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "She calls herself a \"recovering lawyer\".", "Steve Hulett spoke to Media Matters about working with her from 2000 to 2005 and how they used to chew the fat all the time in her office.", "She supported Kerry and worked with him.", "When she moved east, I didn't know what to think.", "I don't know if it's a marketing pose or if she really believes it.", "She moved to Northern Virginia with her husband and two children.", "She offered a column to The Weekly Standard about Romney, and continued doing work for two years.", "Rubin's move to The Washington Post in November 2010 became a national news story and was discussed by the media on all sides of the political spectrum.", "The Washington Post editorial page editor wrote that her provocative writing has become \"must read\" material for news and policy makers.", "She was included on a list of the most influential American Jews.", "Rubin is one of the right's most prolific online political writers.", "Rubin was not 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Rubin was criticized by Patrick Pexton in an open letter from his new desk at the Washington City Paper.", "He wrote that her columns were \"at best political pornography\".", "She's just plain bad, not because she's conservative, but because.", "Fred Hiatt, editorial page editor for the Post, said in a statement that he thinks Patrick is wrong about Rubin.", "She is an indefatigable reporter who is as hard on politicians on the right as she is on the other side.", "Rubin stated that she would prefer to be a 19th century liberal and that she was a conservative because the term has been \"ruined\" by pro-Trump conservatives.", "She describes herself as a Pat Moynihan Democrat, a Scoop Jackson Democrat, and an Andrew Cuomo Democrat.", "I'm not a democrat.", "Rubin was a critic of Hamas and the Palestine Liberation Organization.", "Rubin retweeted a post that was called \"reprehensible\" by Pexton.", "Rubin told Pexton that she endorsed and shared the views in the Post that expressed an understandable desire for righteous vengeance against the kidnappers and human rights abusers of Gilad Shalit.", "Rubin did damage to the Post and the credibility that keeps it afloat by spreading the sentiment and agreeing with it, said Pexton.", "Andrew Sullivan wrote that there is a person at the WaPo who supports throwing Arab prisoners into the sea to meet righteous divine punishment.", "Post editorial page editor Fred Hiatt defended Rubin, saying, \"As a general matter I think it isn't wise for me to comment on the work of the ombudsman, who is entitled to his views, and over whom I do not have editorial control.\"", "I think she is an excellent journalist and a relentless reporter.", "She comes under a lot of scrutiny and is often the target of unwarranted criticism because she has strong views and is willing to take on her home team.", "She brings a lot of value to the Post.", "Rubin wrote a post suggesting that the Norway attacks were carried out by Islamic Jihad.", "James Fallows of The Atlantic criticized the piece as \"rushed\" and noted that the attack was carried out by a native Norwegian who was not a Muslim.", "Jeffrey Goldberg, a columnist for The Atlantic, responded that the criticism was unwarranted, noting that other publications had printed similar speculation; Goldberg concluded: \"It is not perverse or absurd for normal people to think of al Qaeda when they hear of acts of mass terrorism.\"", "It's logical to suspect al Qaeda.", "Rubin acknowledged that early suspicions of a jihadist attack had been wrong.", "According to Daniel W. Drezner, her views on foreign policy are neoconservative.", "Rubin is one of the most vocal conservative writers to criticize Donald Trump, as well as the behavior of the Republican Party during Trump's term in office.", "Rubin denounced Donald Trump's decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement as a dog whistle to the far right, and designed to please his \"climate change denial, right-wing base that revels in scientific illiteracy.\"", "Rubin characterized the agreement as \"nonsense\" after Barack Obama approved it.", "Rubin said that Trump's decision to not implement parts of the Iran nuclear deal was an emotional temper tantrum.", "If you examine the Iran deal in any detail, you will be horrified, she had previously said.", "Rubin was in favor of the United States officially recognizing Jerusalem as Israel's capital and moving its embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.", "She criticized Trump for not doing so, saying that it was indicative of his tendency to never keep his word.", "She thought that Trump looked buffoonish in his hasty retreat.", "After Trump announced that he would move the embassy, she said it was a foreign policy move without purpose.", "Mike Huckabee questioned Rubin, writing that Rubin'stempt for all things Trump exposes her and the station as fake news.", "Rubin became the first woman to win the title when she was declared the winner of the second annual Liberal Hack Tournament in April 2021.", "Rubin criticized aspects of the Romney campaign that she had previously praised, with Friedersdorf of The Atlantic arguing that she had acted as a \"deceitful mouthpiece for her favored candidate\".", "Rubin called on the National Organization for Marriage to end its campaign against same-sex marriage.", "Rubin and her husband have two sons.", "The couple moved to Virginia from Los Angeles.", "The Washington Post has a link to the Stop Trump movement." ]

[ "Jennifer Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Jennifer Rubin", "Jennifer Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Jennifer", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Jen Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Jennifer Rubin" ]

[ "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin", "Rubin" ]

[ "Oliver John Barkley (born 28 November 1981) is a former English rugby union player who played for Bath, Gloucester, Racing Metro, Grenoble, Scarlets and London Welsh at fly-half between 2001 and 2016.", "Early career\nBarkley was born in Hammersmith, London but raised in Wadebridge, Cornwall.", "He was educated at Wadebridge School, and later at Colston's Collegiate School, Bristol where, under the guidance of Peter Mallorie and Alan Martinovic, he captained the team to a Daily Mail Cup success in 2000.", "Professional career\nBarkley was spotted by Andy Robinson and Brian Ashton while playing for Colston's in 1999–2000.", "He made his Heineken Cup début for Bath on 6 October 2001, coming on as a reserve against Swansea.", "He scored his first Heineken Cup try in a game against Italian club Gran Rugby, whilst playing at fullback on 11 October 2002 in Parma.", "He made his début for England during the summer tour to North America in 2001 in a game against the United States on 16 June in San Francisco, coming on in the second half as a replacement in the 48–19 win.", "He was 19 years old at the time, and had not yet made a senior appearance for his club.", "He returned to the England side as a reserve in the opening game of the 2004 RBS Six Nations against Italy in Rome.", "He held his position for the subsequent match against Ireland at Twickenham.", "He made a breakthrough in 2004 when Sir Clive Woodward handed him England's number 10 jersey for the Six Nations Championship matches against Wales when he replaced an injured Paul Grayson at fly half and France, scoring 27 points over the two games.", "It is thought that from his promotion in the 2004 Six Nations he became a regular member of the squad.", "Later on in 2004, during the mid-year tests against the southern hemisphere nations, Barkley was a reserve for the matches against the All Blacks in Auckland and Wallabies in Brisbane.", "He started off the 2005 Six Nations as a reserve in the opening match against Wales in Cardiff, but started the next match against France at Twickenham, where he scored a try in the 17–18 defeat.", "He subsequently started the remaining matches against Ireland, Italy and Scotland.", "He was a reserve in two other matches in 2005, against Australia and Samoa.", "Barkley dislocated his thumb in a club match against Leinster, the injury ruling him out of the opening game of the 2006 Six Nations Championship against Wales.", "England coach Andy Robinson named him in his touring party to Australia in June.", "Barkley was also one of the 18 players of the touring squad who were named in a 24-man England squad to take on the Barbarians at Twickenham on 28 May.", "Barkley inspired the first English win over the Barbarians since 2002, as he accumulated 21 points in the match, including one try.", "He was the starting fly-half for the first of two tests against Australia, England losing 34–3, with Barkley scoring England's only points of the match in the form of a penalty goal.", "Barkley came off the bench in the second test in Melbourne, which was England's last match on the short tour.", "On 1 August 2006 Barkley was arrested in Newquay by police using CS spray after a fight in which a man suffered a broken jaw, but was later released without charge.", "He was selected for the England Saxons for the 2007 Churchill Cup.", "He was a member of England's 2007 World Cup squad.", "In search of a new challenge, Barkley joined Gloucester Rugby in July 2008 on a two-year contract after 6 years at Bath.", "In April 2009, it was announced that he would be returning to Bath after just one season at Gloucester because he felt that Bath was where his heart was and that the club could offer him better opportunities.", "However, Barkley's new stint at Bath did not start well, breaking his leg at a pre-season contact session.", "He has now recovered from the injury and is back playing.", "After only four games back for Bath (one as a replacement and three starting at inside centre), Barkley was already receiving praise for his outstanding performances, with coach Steve Meehan claiming that he should be pressing for a place in Martin Johnson's 44-man squad to tour Australia in the summer.", "He scored his first try back for Bath against Harlequins\n\nBarkley was a key player for Bath in the 2010–11 premiership season, playing a part in 14 matches and scoring 142 points including a last-minute penalty against London Irish in a 24–25 away win.", "His season was cut short during Bath's away fixture against Gloucester in the premiership after a collision with teammate Butch James saw him break his leg in two places.", "On 20 September 2012 it was announced that Barkley had signed a contract with Racing Metro under the Medical Joker rule.", "He scored 16 points in his last Bath game, at the Rec against Sale.", "On 13 May 2013, Barkley would leave Racing Metro to join Grenoble in the French Top 14 on a two-year contract for the 2013/14 season.", "However, on 29 January 2014, it was announced Barkley would leave Grenoble with immediate effect due to the move to the French club not working out well for himself.", "On 3 February 2014, Barkley signed for Welsh region Scarlets in the Pro12 on a four-month contract until the end of the season.", "On 9 June 2014 it was announced that Barkley had signed for London Welsh at the conclusion of his four-month contract at Scarlets.", "In 2016 after London Welsh were liquidated Barkley coached Kowloon in the Hong Kong Premiership.", "Journalism\nBarkley began contributing to online men's lifestyle magazine Blokely in 2011.", "The National Association for Children of Alcoholics (NACOA)\nBarkley is a Patron for NACOA – a charity that provides information, advice and support for anyone affected by their parents drinking.", "Barkley says \"Nacoa is a worthy cause and I intend to do the best I can to raise awareness of this hidden illness, an illness that’s close to home for me.", "Alcohol abuse is everywhere and it’s not only the drinkers who bear the brunt.", "More often than not, it’s the family or close friends that are affected both emotionally and physically.", "The unconditional support that Nacoa offers is crucial.", "To know there is somebody on the end of the phone can sometimes be the difference that person needs to help them through the day, month and sometimes a lifetime.\"", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n1981 births\nLiving people\nBath Rugby players\nCornish rugby union players\nEngland international rugby union players\nEnglish rugby union players\nGloucester Rugby players\nPeople educated at Colston's School\nRacing 92 players\nRugby union centres\nRugby union fly-halves\nRugby union players from Hammersmith" ]

[ "A former English rugby union player who played for Bath, Gloucester, Racing Metro, Grenoble, Scarlets and London Welsh between 2001 and 2016 is named Oliver John Barkley.", "He was raised in Wadebridge, Cornwall, but was born in London.", "He was captain of the team that won the Daily Mail Cup in 2000 under the guidance of Peter Mallorie and Alan Martinovic.", "While playing for Colston's in 1999–2000, Barkley was spotted by Andy Robinson and Brian Ashton.", "He was a reserve for Bath in the 2001 Heineken Cup.", "He scored his first try for the club in a game against Gran Rugby in Parma.", "He made his England debut during the summer tour to North America in 2001 in a game against the United States in San Francisco, coming on in the second half as a replacement.", "He was 19 years old at the time and hadn't made a senior appearance for his club.", "He was a reserve in the opening game of the 2004 Six Nations against Italy.", "He was in his position for the match against Ireland.", "When Sir Clive Woodward handed him England's number 10 jersey for the Six Nations Championship matches against Wales and France in 2004, he scored 27 points in two games.", "His promotion in the 2004 Six Nations is thought to have made him a regular member of the squad.", "During the mid-year tests against the southern hemisphere nations, he was a reserve for the matches against the All Blacks and the Aussies.", "He scored a try in the 17–18 defeat to France in the 2005 Six Nations, despite being a reserve in the opening match against Wales.", "He started against Ireland, Italy and Scotland.", "In 2005, he was a reserve in two matches.", "He was out of the opening game of the 2006 Six Nations Championship due to a thumb injury.", "He was named in the England tour party to Australia.", "There were 18 players in the touring squad who were named in the England squad to play the Barbarians on May 28.", "It was the first English win over the Barbarians since 2002 and it was inspired by Barkley, who had 21 points in the match.", "He was the starting fly-half for England in the first test against Australia, which they lost 34–3 and he scored the only points of the match in the form of a penalty goal.", "The second test in Melbourne was England's last match on the short tour.", "After a fight in which a man suffered a broken jaw, Barkley was arrested by police and released without charge.", "He was selected for the England Saxons.", "He was in the England World Cup squad.", "After 6 years at Bath, Barkley joined Gloucester Rugby on a two-year contract in July 2008 in search of a new challenge.", "In April 2009, it was announced that he would be returning to Bath after just one season at Gloucester because he felt that the club could offer him better opportunities.", "At a pre-season contact session, Barkley broke his leg and his new stint at Bath did not start well.", "He is back playing after recovering from his injury.", "After only four games back for Bath (one as a replacement and three starting inside centre), Barkley was already receiving praise for his outstanding performances, with coach Steve Meehan claiming that he should be pressing for a place in Martin Johnson's 44-man squad to tour Australia in the summer.", "He scored his first try for Bath against Quins in the 2010–11 season, playing a part in 14 matches and scoring 142 points, including a last-minute penalty against London Irish.", "His season was cut short when he broke his leg in two places during Bath's away fixture against Gloucester.", "On September 20, 2012 it was announced that Barkley had signed a contract with Racing Metro.", "He scored 16 points in his last game in Bath.", "On 13 May of last year, Barkley left Racing Metro to join Grenoble in the French Top 14 for the next two years.", "The move to the French club not working out well for him caused him to leave Grenoble immediately.", "On February 3, 2014, he signed a four-month contract with the Scarlets in the Pro12 for the remainder of the season.", "At the conclusion of his four-month contract at Scarlets, it was announced that Barkley had signed for London Welsh.", "Kowloon was coached by Barkley after London Welsh went out of business.", "The online men's lifestyle magazine Blokely has been contributed to by Journalism Barkley.", "NACOA is a charity that provides information, advice and support for anyone affected by their parents drinking.", "\"Nacoa is a worthy cause and I intend to do the best I can to raise awareness of this hidden illness, an illness that is close to home for me.\"", "The drinkers are not the only ones who suffer from alcohol abuse.", "It is the family or close friends that are affected most often.", "The support that Nacoa gives is crucial.", "Sometimes a difference can be made by knowing there is someone on the end of the phone.", "People educated at Colston's School Racing 92 players Rugby union centres Rugby union fly-halves Rugby union players from Hammersmith" ]

[ "Oliver John Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley" ]

[ "Oliver John Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley", "Barkley" ]

[ "Davide Carbone (born 1971, in Melbourne, Australia) is an Australian music producer, composer, sound designer and technologist.", "Listed as one of the 7 most influential Australian music producers of all time by Australia's premier audio and music publication Mixdown Magazine, Carbone has released several records, produced music for major artists, composed music and created sound design for TV, film, theatre, and video games, and developed music making software.", "Biography\nCarbone was born in 1971 in Melbourne and started as a DJ in the Melbourne nightclub scene.", "In 1990 he started an electronic music show called Rhythmatic on Australian radio station 3RRR.", "Carbone formed the techno group, Future Sound of Melbourne (FSOM) with Josh Abrahams and acid house DJ Steve Robbins.", "They released 12\" singles on Shock Records, Sony Music imprint Volition Records and also released tracks on Belgium's underground dance-music label, Two Thumbs Records.", "Future Sound of Melbourne won the ARIA Award for \"Best Dance Release\" for their Chapter One album in 1996.", "In 1998, Carbone relocated to Bristol, England where he started drum and bass record label BS1 Records.", "The label was responsible for launching the career of artists such as\nTC.", "Carbone performed at the 1999 Roskilde Festival in Denmark.", "Carbone also released several drum and bass singles through BS1 Records, 31 Records and React.", "His single El Dorado debuted at No.", "5 in the UK dance singles chart in 2002.", "In 2004, Carbone moved to London where he produced the sample pack Davide Carbone's Drum & Bass Masterclass for Loopmasters.", "Released in 2006, the sample pack garnered critical acclaim from the music press including an MTM (Music Tech Magazine) recommended award.", "During his period in London, Carbone composed several pieces for TV, film and Video Games.", "His music appeared on Discovery Channel and the Japanese video games Get Amped 2, Get Amped Tournament Edition and Cosmic 21.", "Get Amped 2, a Massively multiplayer online game (MMO) has over twenty million registered players.", "Carbone also joined UK music production house Delicious Digital where he composed over one hundred pieces of music, some of which featured on BBC Radio 5 Live, BBC Two and the promo video for House of Saddam which was awarded a 2009 gold Promax Award.", "In 2009, Carbone returned to Melbourne, Australia where he formed s:amplify with Josh Abrahams.", "Under this new moniker Carbone teamed with Carl Cox to co-write and co-produce Cox's artist album All Roads Lead to the Dancefloor, released in 2011.", "This trio also provided remixes for Moby, Miguel Bosé Josh Wink and Gilles Peterson, among others.", "Carbone also provided complete sonic and music branding packages for 774 ABC Melbourne, Melbourne TV network Channel 31, Melbourne public transport company Metro Trains Melbourne, Macquarie University in Sydney, Tahiti Toursime, and Fiji Airways for which the rebranding package that included Carbone's music was awarded with the Rebrand 2014 Best of Award.", "s:amplify have also composed music for Tourism Australia, Alienware, Ford, Jaguar Cars, BMW, Telstra and the International Cricket Council.", "In 2011, s:amplify were featured on the front cover of the April issue of Music Tech magazine and were appointed musical directors for the City of Sydney New Year's Eve fireworks show.", "The 2011/2012 12-minute NYE Fireworks show on Sydney Harbour showcased 24 Australian songs including original composition from Carbone.", "Carbone and Abrahams were again appointed musical directors for the 2012/2013 Sydney New Year's Eve fireworks show where they worked alongside Kylie Minogue to produce the 12-minute soundtrack for the show which culminated in a music composition by Carbone that featured exclusive content from Kylie.", "Carbone also created the 30-minute soundtrack for the highest commemorative status given to an Australian event since the Sydney 2000 Olympics, the International Fleet Review.", "Carbone worked closely alongside the Royal Australian Navy Band to create the soundtrack.", "Carbone was again appointed musical director for 2013/2014 Sydney New Year's Eve fireworks show where he worked alongside creative director Reg Mombassa and composed several pieces including the orchestral finale which was attended by 2 million people and broadcast to over a billion people worldwide.", "Carbone has tutored at various universities and colleges including the City Literary Institute and RMIT University.", "In 2012 Carbone founded the School of Synthesis in Melbourne which was set up to offer high end intensive courses in advanced music and audio production.", "Carbone was nominated for best soundtrack for his work on the award-winning short film 'Woody' at the 2013 APRA Screen Music Awards and was again nominated at the 2015 and the 2017 APRA Screen Music Awards for his work for Tahiti Tourism and Hennessy.", "He also produced the top selling sample pack 'Carl Cox - My Life in Music' which was awarded 10/10 by Computer Music Magazine quoting 'One of the most essential sample packs we have ever heard'.", "In 2015 Carbone designed 'Carbon Electra', a virtual analog synthesiser that features factory presets from internationally acclaimed artists including Mike Huckaby, DJ Pierre, Freemasons, Kosheen, D-Product and Dom Kane.", "Carbon Electra received several positive reviews in major magazines including Sound on Sound, DJ Mag, Computer Music and was awarded the Music Tech Magazine ‘Editors Choice Award’.", "In 2016 Carbone composed the original score and created sound design for the video game Ticket to Earth including the trailer music.", "The game was featured on the App Store (iOS) and received may positive reviews.", "The soundtrack was also well received.", "Pocket Gamer, wrote \" an awesome soundtrack, the beautiful art style and soundtrack are key elements to immersing yourself\" Touch Arcade awarded Ticket To Earth 'Game of The Week' whilst stating \"Fantastic music - seriously, turn the sound up.\"", "Carbone has also remixed several tracks as part of the Carl Cox Collective and produced and co-wrote an album for Australian artist Wensday titled 'Fading' which debuted in the top 5 [Triple J] Unearthed charts.", "In 2017 Carbone as Carbon Electra released the 'Mussenden EP' on Intec Digital, and as FSOM released 'The 90's Anthology' album featuring tracks never before available online.", "Carbone designed and released the highly successful music software 'Scaler' to worldwide critical acclaim as the first piece of software that analyses musical performances and notation in order to detect the scale and key and suggest alternate scales, chord voicings and chord progressions.", "Scaler received several positive reviews in major magazines and webzines including a 10/10 'Excellence Award' and 'Editors Choice Award' in MusicTech Magazine, a 9/10 in Computer Music, and a review in Sound on Sound which called Scaler 2 \"A triumph\".", "In 2020 Scaler 2 was awarded a MusicTech 'Gear of the Year' Award by its readers.", "Recently, Carbone released his 'Carbon Electra' album on BS1 Records which featured 12 original tracks including 'Eventide', 'Chosen' and 'Rebelist'.", "The Carbon Electra LP was launched to a global audience and featured on Apple Music, Spotify, Beatport, BBC Radio One and Drum and Bass Arena.", "The album received several positive reviews and was called 'A Masterpiece' by WUB Magazine.", "Carbone has also recently co-composed the music for Tumi's global campaign featuring the actor Alexander Skarsgard, written the soundtrack for the video game 'Torque Drift' announced at the Game Developers Conference, and composed the music for the Australian Football League AFL Finals advertising campaign 'Don't Believe in Never'.", "Carbone also attended the 'Open Saudi, Open Hearts, Open Doors' event in which he worked with local musicians and composers to score the entire multi-sensory show to commemorate the launch of E-visa tourist scheme into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.", "Davide Carbone was also awarded a 'Techno Pioneer Award' at the Melbourne Underground Techno Awards for his role in introducing Techno Music into Australia and was heavily featured in the book 'Techno Shuffle: rave culture and the Melbourne underground'.", "Discography\n \"Melodia\" / \"Alien 8\" (1992) Candyline Records\n \"Beyond E.P.\"", "(1992) Candyline Records\n \"Shiva Ratri\" (1993) Two Thumbs\n \"The Avatar E.P.\"", "(1994) Candyline Records\n \"System X\" (1995) Volition\n \"Chapter One\" (1995) Volition\n \"Dicted\" (2000) BS1 Records\n \"Do You Copy?\"" ]

[ "Davide Carbone is an Australian music producer, composer, sound designer and technologist.", "Carbone is listed as one of the 7 most influential Australian music producers of all time by Australia's premier audio and music publication Mixdown Magazine.", "Carbone was born in 1971 and began DJing in the nightclub scene.", "He started a radio show called Rhythmatic in 1990.", "Future Sound of Melbourne was formed by Carbone, Josh Abrahams and Steve Robbins.", "They released tracks on Belgium's underground dance-music label, Two Thumbs Records, as well as on Sony Music's Volition Records.", "Chapter One was 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "BS1 Records was started by Carbone in Bristol, England.", "The career of artists was launched by the label.", "Carbone performed at a festival.", "BS1 Records, 31 Records and React were where Carbone released several drum and bass singles.", "His single made it to the top of the charts.", "5 were in the UK dance singles chart in 2002.", "Carbone moved to London in 2004, where he produced a sample pack.", "The sample pack was released in 2006 and received praise from the music press.", "Carbone composed pieces for TV, film and Video Games during his time in London.", "The Japanese video games Get Amped 2, Get Amped Tournament Edition and Cosmic 21 featured his music.", "There are over twenty million registered players in Get Amped 2.", "Carbone's music was used in the promo video for House of Saddam which was awarded a gold Promax Award in 2009, as well as a number of other pieces of music.", "Carbone formed s:amplify with Josh Abrahams in 2009.", "All Roads Lead to the Dancefloor was co-written and co-produced by Carbone and Carl Cox.", "They also provided remixes for other people.", "Carbone provided complete sonic and music branding packages for a number of companies, including ABC, Channel 31, Metro Trains, and Tahiti Toursime.", "Tourism Australia, Alienware, Ford, Jaguar Cars, BMW, Telstra, and the International Cricket Council have all had their music composed by s:amplify.", "s:amplify was featured on the front cover of the April issue of Music Tech magazine and were appointed musical directors for the New Year's Eve fireworks show.", "There were 24 Australian songs included in the NYE fireworks show in 2011.", "Carbone and Abrahams were appointed musical directors for the second year in a row for the New Year's Eve fireworks show in Australia, this time they worked with Kylie Minogue to produce a music composition for the show.", "The soundtrack for the International Fleet Review was created by Carbone.", "The soundtrack was created by Carbone and the Royal Australian Navy Band.", "Carbone was appointed musical director for the second year in a row for the New Year's Eve fireworks show which was attended by 2 million people and broadcast to over a billion people worldwide.", "Carbone has worked at various universities and colleges.", "Carbone founded the School of Synthesis in 2012 to offer high end intensive courses in music and audio production.", "Carbone was nominated for best soundtrack for his work on the award-winning short film 'Woody' at the 2013).", "He produced the top selling sample pack 'Carl Cox - My Life in Music' which was awarded 10/10 by Computer Music Magazine.", "Carbone designed 'Carbon Electra', a virtual analog synthesiser that features factory preset from internationally acclaimed artists such as Mike Huckaby, DJ Pierre, Freemasons, Kosheen, D-Product and Dom Kane.", "Sound on Sound, DJ Mag, Computer Music, and Music Tech Magazine all had positive reviews of Carbon Electra.", "The original score and sound design for the video game Ticket to Earth was created by Carbone.", "The game received positive reviews after it was featured on the App Store.", "The soundtrack was well received.", "Touch Arcade awarded Ticket To Earth 'game of the week' and stated \" Fantastic music - seriously, turn the sound up.\"", "Carbone is a member of the Carl Cox Collective as well as producing and co-writing an album for an Australian artist called 'Fading' which made it to the top 5 of the Triple J Unearthed charts.", "FSOM released 'The 90's Anthology' album featuring tracks never before available online as Carbon Electra released the 'Mussenden EP'.", "Carbone designed and released the highly successful music software 'Scaler' to worldwide critical acclaim as the first piece of software that analyses musical performances and notation in order to detect the scale and key and suggest alternate scales.", "In MusicTech Magazine, Scaler received a 10/10 \"Excellence Award\" and a 9/10 \"Editors Choice Award\", while a review in Sound on Sound called Scaler 2 \"A triumph\".", "Scaler 2 received a MusicTech 'Gear of the Year' Award in 2020.", "There are 12 original tracks on Carbone's album on BS1 Records.", "The Carbon Electra was launched to a global audience and was featured on Apple Music, Beatport, and Drum and Bass Arena.", "The album was called 'A Masterpiece' by WUB Magazine.", "Carbone co-composed the music for Tumi's global campaign featuring the actor Alexander Skarsgard, wrote the soundtrack for the video game 'Torque Drift' announced at the Game Developers Conference, and composed the music for the Australian Football League's advertising campaign 'Don'.", "Carbone worked with local musicians and composers to score the entire multi-sensory show to commemorate the launch of the E-visa tourist scheme into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.", "Davide Carbone was awarded a 'Techno Pioneer Award' at the Melbourne Underground Techno Awards for his role in introducing Techno Music into Australia.", "Candyline Records \"Beyond E.P.\" has a discography called \"Melodia\".", "\"Shiva Ratri\" is a record by Candyline Records.", "Candyline Records \"System X\" (1995) Volition \"Chapter One\" (1995) Volition \"Dicted\" (2000) BS1 Records \"Do You Copy?\"" ]

[ "Davide Carbone", "Carbone", "Carbone", "Carbone", "Carbone", "Davide", "Carbone", "Carbone", "Carbone", "Carbone", "Carbone", "Carbone", "Carbone", "Carbone", "Davide", "Carbone" ]

[ "Davide Carbone", "Carbone", "Carbone", "Carbone", "Carbone", "Carbone", "Carbone", "Davide", "Carbone" ]

[ "Henrietta Maria Stanley, Baroness Stanley of Alderley (née Dillon-Lee; 21 December 1807 – 16 February 1895), was a British Canadian-born political hostess and campaigner for the education of women in England.", "She was a founder and benefactor of Girton College,Cambridge at the University of Cambridge, but also a signatory of a petition against women's suffrage.", "She was the grandmother of philosopher Bertrand Russell.", "Early life and family \nBorn in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Lady Stanley was the eldest child of Henry Dillon, 13th Viscount Dillon, and the Hon.", "Henrietta Browne, the sister of Dominick Browne, 1st Baron Oranmore and Browne.", "She was a descendant of both Charles II (by his mistress Barbara Villiers) and James II of England (by his mistress Catherine Sedley).", "Her ancestors were Roman Catholic and had had pronounced Jacobite leanings; one of them was Maréchal de camp Arthur Dillon, a supporter of the Old Pretender who lived in exile in France.", "Her grandfather Charles Dillon, 12th Viscount Dillon eventually converted to Anglicanism in 1767.", "In the 1790s her father served as an officer in the \"Catholic Irish Brigade\" that had been partly stationed in Nova Scotia.", "In 1814, Henrietta and her family moved to Florence, capital of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, where she attended the receptions of Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern, the widow of the Young Pretender.", "Her non-English upbringing was prominent and her grandson, the philosopher Bertrand Russell, commented:\n\nMy grandmother's outlook, throughout her life, was in some ways more Continental than English.", "She was always downright, free from prudery, and eighteenth-century rather than Victorian in her conversation.", "Her French and Italian were faultless, and she was passionately interested in Italian unity.", "In Florence she met Hon.", "Edward Stanley and married him on 7 October 1826.", "She became Baroness Eddisbury when her husband was created a peer in 1848.", "Two years later he succeeded as Baron Stanley of Alderley, by which title the couple was subsequently known.", "She corresponded with her mother-in-law, Maria, who had received an exceptional education.", "Maria wrote to her to applaud that she had admonished her son John Stanley for calling Indian people, \"niggers\".", "Education campaigns \n\nLady Stanley cultivated friendships with Thomas Carlyle, F. D. Maurice, and, from 1861, Benjamin Jowett.", "She presided over an intellectual and political salon, and was one of the original 'lady visitors' of Queen's College, London, founded by Maurice in 1848.", "This marked her stronger involvement in the campaign for the education of women and her decision to defend, as she later put it, \"the right of women to the highest culture hitherto reserved to men\".", "She proceeded to take part in the campaign whose aim was to secure the admission of women to the university local examinations.", "In 1867, she turned down an offer to become a member of the committee planning a women's university college, saying that \"it is not liked to see my name before the public\".", "The death of her husband on 16 June 1869, however, left her more free to pursue her campaign.", "The same year, along with Emily Davies and Barbara Bodichon, Lady Stanley founded Girton College.", "She soon became a prominent supporter of the National Union for the Improvement of Women's Education (1871), the Girls' Public Day School Company that became the Girls Day School Trust (1872) and the London School of Medicine for Women (1874).", "In early 1872 she was again invited to participate more formally in the administration of Girton, which she now accepted, and she joined the building subcommittee.", "The project, seen as daring and even scandalous, benefited from her social position; Lady Stanley considered \"social position, good sense and power of governing and conciliating\" necessary for the mistress of the college.", "She donated both money and time to Girton, standing in as its mistress during the illness of Annie Austin, and providing £1,000 for the establishment of its first library, which was built in 1884 and called the Stanley Library.", "One of the few executive committee members who dared confront Davies, Lady Stanley vehemently opposed the construction of a chapel, and instead favoured improving staff salaries and equipment.", "In 1888, she helped found Sydenham High Junior and Senior Schools with Maria Grey, Mary Gurney and Emily Shirreff.", "Politics and character \nThe Baroness Stanley of Alderley had great influence in social and political circles.", "While he was Patronage Secretary, Edward Stanley was described by Lord Palmerston as \"joint whip with Mrs Stanley\".", "She fell out with Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone over the issue of home rule and became closely associated with Women's Liberal Unionist Association.", "Along with Lady Randolph Churchill and the fellow female education campaigner Lady Frederick Cavendish, among others, she was a signatory of an appeal against female suffrage in June 1889.", "Bertrand Russell, her grandson, feared her ridicule and described her as \"an eighteenth century type, rationalistic and unimaginative, keen on enlightenment, and contemptuous of Victorian goody-goody priggery\".", "\"Grandmama Stanley at Dover Street\", according to Russell, \"had a considerable contempt for everything that she regarded as silly\".", "She died at her home in Dover Street, which she had shared with her unmarried daughter Maude.", "Issue\n Henry Edward John, 3rd Baron Stanley of Alderley (1827–1903)\n Hon.", "Alice Margaret (1828–1910), wife of Augustus Pitt Rivers\n Hon.", "(Henrietta) Blanche (1830–1921), later Countess of Airlie, wife of David Ogilvy; a grandmother of Clementine Churchill, and a great-grandmother of the Mitford sisters\n Hon.", "Maude Alethea (1832–1915), a youth work pioneer\n Hon.", "Cecilia (d. 1839)\n Hon.", "John Constantine (1837–1878), husband of hostess and politician Mary Jeune, Baroness St Helier\n Edward Lyulph Stanley, 4th Baron Stanley of Alderley (1839–1925)\n Hon.", "Algernon Charles Stanley (1843–1928), Roman Catholic Bishop of Emmaus (in partibus)\n Hon.", "Katherine Louisa (1844–74), later Viscountess Amberley, suffragette and birth control proponent; mother of the philosopher Bertrand Russell\n Hon.", "Rosalind Frances (1845–1921), later Countess of Carlisle, became the chatelaine of Castle Howard and a radical temperance campaigner.", "Lady Stanley's great-great-granddaughter, Nancy Mitford, wrote of the favouritism she showed in treating her children.", "Her eldest son, Henry, was her favourite, while her eldest daughter, Alice, was her least favourite and treated accordingly.", "Arms\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nBiography of Lady Stanley of Alderley, including three portraits\nGirton College on Lady Stanley\nPhotograph of Lady Stanley and her daughter Rosalind\n\n1807 births\n1895 deaths\nPeople from Halifax, Nova Scotia\nCanadian political hostesses\nEnglish people of Irish descent\nWomen of the Victorian era\nDaughters of viscounts\nHenrietta\nStanley of Alderney\nEnglish educational theorists\nFounders of English schools and colleges\nPeople associated with Girton College, Cambridge" ]

[ "Baroness Stanley was a British Canadian born political hostess and campaigner for the education of women in England.", "She was a founder and benefactor of the college, as well as signing a petition against women's suffrage.", "She was the mother of a philosopher.", "Lady Stanley was the oldest child of Henry and 13th Viscount Dillon and was born in Nova Scotia.", "Browne was the brother of 1st Baron Oranmore and Browne.", "She was a descendant of both Charles II and James II of England.", "One of her ancestors was a supporter of the Old Pretender who lived in exile in France.", "Her grandfather converted to Anglicanism in the 17th century.", "Her father was an officer in the \"Catholic Irish brigade\" that was partly stationed in Nova Scotia.", "In 1814, Henrietta and her family moved to Florence, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, where she attended the reception of Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern, the widow of the Young Pretender.", "Her non-English upbringing was prominent and her grandson, the philosopher, commented: My grandmother's outlook, throughout her life, was in some ways more Continental than English.", "She was free from prudery and Victorian in her conversation.", "She was interested in Italian unity and her French and Italian were perfect.", "She met a man in Florence.", "On October 7, 1824, Edward Stanley married him.", "When her husband was created a peer, she became Baroness Eddisbury.", "The title the couple was later known as was Baron Stanley.", "Her mother-in-law received an exceptional education.", "Maria applauded her for admonishing her son for calling Indians \"niggers\".", "Lady Stanley had friends with Thomas Carlyle, F. D. Maurice, and Benjamin Jowett.", "One of the original 'lady visitors' of Queen's College, London, she presided over an intellectual and political salon.", "She was more involved in the campaign for the education of women and her decision to defend, as she put it, \"the right of women to the highest culture hitherto reserved to men\".", "The aim of the campaign was to get women into the university.", "She turned down an offer to become a member of the committee planning a women's university college because she didn't want to be seen by the public.", "The death of her husband left her more free to pursue her campaign.", "Lady Stanley and Emily Davies founded a college.", "She supported the National Union for the Improvement of Women's Education, the Girls' Public Day School Company, and the London School of Medicine for Women.", "She joined the building subcommittee after being invited to participate more formally in the administration.", "Lady Stanley considered \"social position, good sense and power of governing and conciliating\" necessary for the mistress of the college and the project was seen as daring and even scandalous.", "During Annie Austin's illness, she gave both money and time to Girton, as well as providing £1,000 for the establishment of its first library, which was called the Stanley Library.", "Lady Stanley was one of the few executive committee members who dared confront Davies, and she opposed the construction of a chapel.", "She helped found Sydenham High Junior and Senior Schools in the late 19th century.", "The Baroness Stanley had a great influence on politics.", "Edward Stanley was a joint whip with Mrs Stanley.", "She was associated with the Women's Liberal Unionist Association after falling out with the Prime Minister over the issue of home rule.", "She was one of the women who signed an appeal against female suffragists in June 1889.", "She was described as \"an eighteenth century type, rationalistic and unimaginative, keen on enlightenment, and contemptuous of Victorian goody-goody priggery\" by her grandson.", "According to Russell, \"Grandmama Stanley at Dover Street had a contempt for everything that she regarded as silly\".", "She died at the home she shared with her daughter.", "Henry Edward John was the 3rd Baron Stanley ofAlderley.", "Alice Margaret was the wife of Augustus Pitt Rivers Hon.", "The great-grandmother of the Mitford sisters is a woman named Henrietta.", "A youth work pioneer is Hon. Maude Alethea.", "Cecilia was a Hon.", "John Constantine was the husband of hostess and politician Mary Jeune.", "The Roman Catholic Bishop of Emmaus is Algernon Charles Stanley.", "The mother of the philosopher Bertrand Russell Hon. was a birth control proponent.", "The chatelaine of Castle Howard was later known as the Countess of Carlisle.", "Nancy wrote about the favouritism she showed in treating her children.", "Her oldest son, Henry, was her favourite, while her oldest daughter, Alice, was her least favourite.", "The biographies of Lady Stanley and her daughter are External links." ]

[ "Henrietta Maria Stanley", "Stanley", "Stanley", "Henrietta Browne", "Henrietta", "Edward Stanley", "Stanley", "John Stanley", "Stanley", "Stanley", "Stanley", "Stanley", "Stanley", "Edward Stanley", "Stanley", "Stanley", "Stanley", "Henrietta", "Stanley", "Stanley", "Charles Stanley", "Stanley", "Stanley", "Stanley", "Stanley", "Henrietta Stanley" ]

[ "Stanley", "Stanley", "Henrietta", "Edward Stanley", "Stanley", "Stanley", "Stanley", "Stanley", "Stanley", "Stanley", "Edward Stanley", "Stanley", "Stanley", "Baron Stanley", "Henrietta", "Charles Stanley", "Stanley" ]

[ "Nora Cabaltera Villamayor (, born May 21, 1953) professionally known as Nora Aunor is a Filipina actress, recording artist, and film producer.", "Aunor has also appeared in several stage plays, television shows and concerts.", "She is known as Philippine cinema's \"Superstar\" and is regarded as the People's National Artist.", "The Hollywood Reporter called her \"The Grand Dame of Philippine Cinema\" for her performance in the movie Taklub and her contribution to the Philippine film industry.", "Aunor started her career as a singer, after winning a local talent search.", "She rose to fame in the following years as both a singer and actress.", "After her film debut All Over the World (1967), transitioned into heavy drama in films such as Tatlong Taong Walang Diyos (1976), Himala (1982) and Bona (1980).", "Her performances in The Flor Contemplacion Story (1995) and Thy Womb (2012), gave her international and local awards and nominations.", "For her work, Aunor received 17 FAMAS Award nominations and is a \"Hall of Fame\" inductee, winning five Best Actress Awards.", "She is the most nominated actress in the history of the Gawad Urian Awards with 21 nominations, winning seven.", "She has won eight trophies from PMPC Star Awards for her work in television and movies, as well as eight Metro Manila Film Festival, four Luna Awards, five Young Critics Circle Awards, a Cairo Film Festival award, an Asia Pacific Screen Awards, an Asian Film Awards, among others.", "Personal life\nAunor was born in Barrio San Francisco, Iriga, Camarines Sur to Antonia Cabaltera and Eustacio Villamayor.", "She has nine siblings, including Eddie Villamayor, a former actor.", "When Nora was growing up, her grandmother Lola Theresa taught her to sing; the first song she learned was \"The Way of a Clown\".", "Her aunt, Belen Aunor, taught her diction, interpretation, and expression while singing, and gave her her screen name.", "Before her fame, she lived a poverty stricken childhood and survived by selling peanuts on the buses and cold water in front of the Bicol Express Train Station.", "She became a champion at the Darigold Jamboree radio singing contest, singing her winning piece \"You and the Night and the Music.\"", "After that, she won in another radio singing contest, The Liberty Big Show.", "She entered the national singing contest, Tawag ng Tanghalan, was defeated on her first try, but became a champion on her second attempt.", "The Grand National Finals of Tawag ng Tanghalan was on May 29, 1967, where she sang \"Moonlight Becomes You.\"", "Aunor went to Mabini Memorial College (1959 to 1960) when she was in the first grade and transferred to Nichols Air Base Elementary School (1960 to 1962) when she reached the second grade.", "She finished high school at Generosa de Leon Memorial College in Paranaque, a branch of Centro Escolar University.", "Marriage and later life\nAunor was married to actor Christopher de Leon on January 25, 1975, in a civil ceremony.", "She and De León have one biological child: actor Ian de León (born 1975) and four adopted children Lotlot De Leon Matet de Leon, Kiko and Kenneth.", "She and her husband renewed their vows on January 27, 1976, in a religious service officiated by Rev Alleysius Rodríguez.", "The couple later separated, and their marriage was dissolved in 1996.", "Aunor became a permanent resident of the United States in 2008, but retains her Filipino citizenship.", "In 2011, she came back to the Philippines to resume her acting and singing career after an 8-year hiatus.", "Career\n\n1960s\n\nAfter winning the local talent search, Tawag ng Tanghalan in 1967, she made her first appearance as a guest at Timi Yuro's Araneta Coliseum concert.", "She made her first TV appearance as a guest in An Evening with Pilita hosted by Pilita Corrales and Carmen on Camera hosted by Carmen Soriano.", "On October 2, 1967, Aunor signed an eight-picture non-exclusive contract with Sampaguita Pictures, with the assurance that she would be given a singing part.", "Aunor made several youth-oriented films like All Over World and Way Out of the Country.", "From September to December 1967 Aunor had supporting and minor roles in six films.", "Meanwhile, she made several singles like \"Moonlight Becomes You\" and \"There's Just Forever\" for Citation Records, and \"No Return, No Exchange\" and \"You are My First Love\" for Jasper Recording.", "1968 was a less busy time; she only had minor roles in three films, mostly for musical numbers.", "By the beginning of 1969, she appeared in such movies as 9 Teeners, a popular TV show that time, and Young Girl, where she was teamed up for the first time with Tirso Cruz III.", "That year her contract with Sampaguita Pictures expired and she made movies with other studios, including Banda 24 and Drakulita for Barangay, Oh Delilah, Karate Showdown, Pabandying-Bandying and Adriana.", "Tower Records gave Aunor her first starring role opposite Tirso Cruz III, the \"D' Musical Teenage Idols\" by Tower Productions, directed by Artemio Marquez, was shown on September 23, 1969.", "Three days after, on September 26, 1969, Sampaguita Pictures released its 34th-anniversary presentation, Fiesta Extravaganza.", "Superstar holds the record as the longest-running musical variety show on Philippine prime-time TV.", "On December 19, 1969, during the coronation of Nora as muse of Sampaguita Family Club, Tirso gave her a doll \"Maria Leonora Theresa\", which reportedly became the most popular doll in Philippine showbiz history.", "1970s\nAunor continued to make teeny-bopper movies alongside Tirso Cruz III.", "They are known as Guy and Pip to their fans.", "Their biggest film, Guy and Pip, stayed in the cinemas for six months, had an unprecedented record-breaking box-office gross, and was seen by more than 4 million Filipinos.", "Adjusted for ticket-price inflation, Guy and Pip's P8-million gross in 1971 is equivalent to P560-million at 2009 average ticket prices.", "On April 2, 1970, 17-year-old Aunor signed an exclusive contract with Tower Records and was sued by Sampaguita Pictures for Breach of Contract.", "Nora eventually graduated from being a teen idol to dramatic actress she received her first Best Actress award in 1972 for her film And God Smiled at Me from Quezon City Film Festival.", "She was first nominated as a best actress in FAMAS (Filipino Academy for Movies, Arts and Sciences) for A Gift of Love.", "From 1972 to 1986 she was nominated consecutively for Best Actress by the FAMAS, the only actor or actress to ever achieve the feat.", "During this time, she also released several albums.", "In 1973, Aunor established her own movie production company, \"NV Productions\" and produced its first movie entitled Carmela.", "She was again nominated in the 22nd FAMAS Awards for Paru-parung Itim.", "She made Fe, Esperanza, Caridad (1974) another critically acclaimed movie which was directed by three different directors namely Cirio H. Santiago and two National Artists for film; Gerardo de Leon and Lamberto V. Avellana.", "This movie earned Nora her third nomination from the 23rd FAMAS Awards.", "She also produced and starred in the movie Banaue: Stairway to the Sky (1975) which was directed by national artist Gerardo de Leon.", "This is a story about the tribe of Ifugao and their struggles to achieve the promised land.", "Aunor received her fourth nomination from FAMAS Awards.", "Her co-star, fast-rising actor Christopher de Leon, later became her husband the father of her only son, Ian Kristoffer De Leon.", "In 1976, Aunor produced the movie Alkitrang Dugo through her own movie production company, NV Productions.", "This movie was based on the novel Lord of the Flies by the Nobel Prize-winning English author Sir William Golding.", "Aunor continued making critically acclaimed movies like the period drama Tatlong Taong Walang Diyos.", "She played the role of a school Teacher, named Rosario, who experienced the atrocities of World War II.", "Her very convincing performance made her win the first ever best actress award from the Manunuri ng Pelikulang Pilipino (Gawad Urian Award) and her first Best Actress Award from FAMAS.", "it was also considered by many as one of the greatest Filipino movies of all time.", "The double victory is considered by many as the first acting grand slam since there were only two award giving bodies for movies at that time.", "Before the year ended, Aunor made Minsa'y Isang Gamu-gamo (1976).", "This is the story of Corazon de la Cruz, a nurse who wanted to go to America to give a better future for her family, but her brother was shot by an American soldier on the eve of her flight to America.", "Knowing that the administration of President Ferdinand Marcos would not allow the public showing of any films criticizing the American existence in the Philippines, the producers tapped Aunor to star in the film believing that the superstar had connections with the president and his wife, former First Lady, Imelda Marcos.", "This film was the official entry of Premiere Productions to the 1976 Metro Manila Film Festival.", "In 1977, Aunor had a chance to do a romantic-comedy movie with the king of the Philippine movie Fernando Poe Jr.", "The title of the movie is Little Christmas Tree.", "The film was shown on November 25, 1977, and it was a blockbuster hit.", "This is the only collaboration between the two of the biggest stars of the Philippine movies.", "On December 25, 1977, her movie \"Bakya mo Neneng\" was the official entry of JE Productions to the 1977 Metro Manila Film Festival.", "She was paired to then movie actor and former Philippine President Joseph Estrada.", "In 1978 FAMAS Awards, Aunor received another nomination for her movie Bakya Mo Neneng, this is her six straight nomination from the academy.", "However, she failed to win an award but the movie won Best Picture.", "She also did a movie, Ikaw ay Akin, with Vilma Santos and Christopher de Leon.", "This film gave Aunor her second nomination as best actress from Gawad Urian.", "Later that year, her movie Atsay was the official entry to the 1978 Metro Manila Film Festival.", "It is one of the two best entries of the film festival along with Rubia Servios directed by Lino Brocka.", "Atsay was the only film to have won the Best Performer in the Metro Manila Film Festival history.", "In that year, the organizers decided to give just one citation for performers (no best actor nor actress nor supporting actor nor actress award) but only the Best Performer Award.", "Aunor was awarded the Best Performer award for her performance in this movie.", "Amy Austria who played a supporting role in this movie was a nominee for the Best Performer award.", "The film festival organizers wanted to have a gender sensitivity by stopping such sexist award.", "The move, however, was scrapped the following year.", "Atsay also received the Best Picture Award, Romeo Vitug for Best Cinematography and Eddie Garcia for Best Director.", "Aunor was nominated for the seventh time at the 27th FAMAS Awards.", "Before the end of the decade, she made two more movies for the 1979 Metro Manila Film Festival, Kasal-Kasalan, Bahay-Bahayan and Ina ka ng Anak Mo.", "Both lead actresses, Nora Aunor and veteran actress Lolita Rodriguez, were recognized as Best Actresses at the film fest award's night for the film Ina ka ng Anak Mo.", "The same film won best director for Brocka, Best Actor for Raoul Aragon and Best Picture.", "Aunor was also nominated and won at the 28th FAMAS Awards for her role.", "This was Aunor's second FAMAS Best Actress Award.", "1980s\n\nIn the 1980s Aunor continued to do quality films as well as commercial movies.", "Her first movie in the decade was Nakaw na Pag-ibig, another collaboration of Aunor and the National Artist for film Lino Brocka together with Hilda Koronel and Phillip Salvador, both of whom were Brocka protégés.", "However, the movie didn't do well in the box office.", "That same year, Aunor made a movie with Mario O'Hara after so many years.", "They made Kastilyong Buhangin with now Senator Lito Lapid as her screen leading man.", "The movie turned out to be monster hit.", "Before 1980 ended, two of Aunor's film were part of the 1980 Metro Manila Film Festival as official entries.", "Kung Akoy Iiwan Mo.", "directed by Laurice Guillen with Christopher de Leon and Roly Quizon.", "She played the role of Beatrice Alcala, a singing superstar, and how she showed her complex emotion through singing.", "The film won Best Sound Engineering and Best Cinematography.", "The other entry was Bona, a film by Lino Brocka.", "During the 1980 MMFF, there were three nominees for Best Actress: Aunor for Bona, Aunor for Kung Akoý Iiwan Mo, and eventual winner Amy Austria for Brutal.", "Aunor won her second Gawad Urian Best Actress for Bona, tying her with Gina Alajar, who won for Brutal; Alajar won her ninth Best Actress nomination from the 29th FAMAS Awards for the same movie.", "The film was also shown at the 1981 Cannes International Film Festival as an entry to the Director's Fortnight.", "In September 1982, the film competed at Figueira da Foz International Film Festival in Portugal and won the Premio de le Juri de la Federacion Internationale des Cine Clubs (Jury Prize of the International Federation of Cinema Clubs).", "It was the only Filipino Film cited as one of \"The Best 100 Films in the World\" by the Museum of Tolerance in Los Angeles, USA (1997).", "It is the only Filipino film to be archived at The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York.", "In 1981, Aunor made six movies most of them are romantic-comedy like the blockbusters Totoo ba ang Tsismis with Gabby Concepcion, Ibalik ang Swerti, with the ReyCards Duet, Dalaga si Mister, Binata si Misis with Christopher de Leon, and Rock N Roll, which was the official entry to the 1981 Metro Manila Film Festival.", "This film was also one of the top grosser of the said film fest.", "Aunor made only one serious drama that year, Bakit bughaw ang langit?.", "Aunor received her 10th FAMAS Best Actress nomination and 5th nomination from Gawad Urian for her performance in this film.", "She won best actress from the Catholic Mass Media Awards.", "Unfortunately, no print of this film is known to officially exist.", "Aunor, continued to make romance-comedy film in 1982, like Annie Sabungera with Ace Vergel, \"Palengke Queen\" with Matt Ranillo III.", "In that same year, Aunor gave 3 outstanding and unforgettable performances from her 3 drama movies.", "The first one is Mga Uod at Rosas, a story of a struggling artist who is frustrated with life and has been entertaining the thought of giving up his art.", "Aunor played Socorro, a landlady daughter who falls for the painter who is in love with a model.", "The story, written by Edgardo Reyes is hardly original, yet Romy Suzara's film is laudable with a bounty of beautiful imagery, crisp editing and impressive performances from Aunor as Socorro, Johnny Delgado as Ding Daleno and Lorna Tolentino in a brief role as Nina.", "The art of painting plays a central and integrative role in this movie.", "This film gave Aunor, her 11th nomination from FAMAS.", "The other one is in T-Bird at Ako, Aunor essayed the role of a lesbian who falls for a woman.", "Aunor in Himala played the role of a young woman, who claimed to have seen the Virgin Mary.", "The film became the first Filipino film to be included in the \"Competition Section\" of the prestigious Berlin International Film Festival and received many international awards like Bronze Hugo Awards, 19th Chicago Film Festival (1983) (winner), Asia-Pacific Film Festival Special Achievement for Best Depiction of Socially Involved Religion (1983), and Best Asian-Pacific Movie of All Time, CNN APSA Viewers Choice Award (2008)\n\nIn 1984, Aunor only made three movies.", "She portrayed an Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) who works as a nurse in America and her struggles to fight loneliness and homesickness in 'Merika.", "The film also tackles the story of Filipino illegal aliens who will do anything just to get a Green card.", "Directed by Gil Portes, Aunor's performance in this film gave her the very first best actress trophy from, (PMPC) Star Awards for Movies and her eighth Gawad Urian best actress nomination.", "The next film was given an \"A\" Rating by the Film Ratings Board, Condemned is a story of siblings Yolly (Aunor) and Efren (Dan Alvaro), and how their lives changed when Efren worked as a driver and a hired killer for ruthless money laundering lady Connie played by (Gloria Romero).", "The best scene of the film is the final confrontation between Yolly and Connie over the missing half million dollars makes for a gripping film-noir drama.", "The third and the last of this 1984 Nora Aunor Classic is Bulaklak sa City Jail, the film depicts the bad and sad situation of women in the City Jail and the only way to survive this gruesome situation is to turn yourself from the hunted to a hunter.", "The film was an official entry to the 1984 Metro Manila Film Festival, for her role as a pregnant prisoner and a victim of injustice, Angela Aguilar, Aunor won best actress from Metro Manila Film Festival, Catholic Mass Media Awards and her third best actress trophy from FAMAS.", "At the Gawad Urian that year, Aunor was a double nominee for Best Actress for the movies Bulaklak sa City Jail and Merika, the first actor to achieve such.", "She was also nominated for Best Actress at the Film Academy of the Philippines for Bulaklak sa Ciy Jail.", "In 1985, Aunor made five films.", "The first was Beloved, where Aunor reunited with Christopher de Leon together with Hilda Koronel and Dindo Fernando.", "The movie is about four people who are torn between the love of power and the power of love and infidelity.", "The film was also serialized in King Komiks.", "Next was Tinik sa Dibdib as Lorna, a long-suffering daughter of irresponsible parents who drove her to marry a security guard, who himself is the breadwinner of a very dysfunctional family.", "Her next project was Till We Meet Again.", "This was followed by a trilogy movie, Mga Kwento ni Lola Basyang which was even stronger at the box-office and finally, I Can't Stop Loving You, an entry to the year-end Metro Manila Film Festival, which was a top-grosser for that year.", "For the next three years, she slowed down in making movies releasing only a handful including her final team-up with Dolphy, My Bugoy Goes to Congress, which was a hit during the time that it was released.", "Other movies she made were I Love You Mama, I Love You Papa, in which she co-starred with her estranged husband, Christopher de Leon and their children, Lotlot and Ian Kristoffer; Sana Mahalin Mo Ako; Tatlong Ina, Isang Anak; and Balut...Penoy.", "1989 was a bittersweet year for Aunor.", "She filmed Bilangin ang mga Bituin sa Langit, about the rise and fall of a poor, hard-working, and determined barrio lass and her lifetime stormy relationship with a childhood sweetheart.", "Bilangin ang Bituin sa Langit is a movie for which Aunor won Best Actress in Gawad Urian, FAMAS, and FAP.", "On the other hand, her longtime musical-variety show Superstar was cancelled on October 1, 1989.", "They tried to revive the show when then transferred to Channel 13 on November 25, 1989, but it didn't last long.", "1990s\n\nIn the 1990s Aunor only made 10 movies – a far cry from the 60's, 70's and 80's where she made up to 10 movies a year.", "Showbiz insiders and others were saying that Aunor's popularity was waning.", "But most of these 10 movies were critically acclaimed and won not only local but international awards.", "Aunor also did three stages plays, the first two produced by Philippine Educational Theater Association (PETA), and performed her first major concert.", "In the first of these films Aunor portrayed an activist who went to the mountains to search for her husband who has been killed by the military.", "In the 1990 film Andrea, Paano Ba ang Maging Isang Ina?, Aunor plays a NPA rebel who leaves her newborn baby to search for her husband.", "The film won for Aunor all the Best Actress Awards given by the Philippines' five annual award-giving bodies at that time: Gawad Urian, Star Awards for Movies, Film Academy of the Philippines, and her fifth FAMAS Award for Best Actress, thus elevating her to the Hall of Fame.", "She won the first Young Critics Circle Award for Best Performance.", "The movie was also the official entry to the 1990 Metro Manila Film Festival and she also won the Best Actress award.", "On May 18, 1991, few days before her 38th birthday, she staged her first major concert at the Araneta Coliseum, thus earning the name \"concert queen\" for filling the big dome with about 30,000 eager fans.", "Her guests included Gary Valenciano, Mon Faustino, The Hotlegs, The Operas, and many more.", "Many showbiz personalities came to show their support to Aunor like Sharon Cuneta, Joseph Estrada, Regine Velasquez, Pilita Corrales, Danny Tan, Edgar Mortiz, Juan Rodrigo, Carlo Orosa, Ivy Violan, and others.", "Later that year, Aunor ventured into the world of theater and showed versatility and genius when she did the stage adaptation of her critically acclaimed movie, Minsa'y Isang Gamu-gamo.", "It was staged by the Philippine Educational Theater Association (PETA) and helmed by Socrates \"Soxy\" Topacio, then PETA's artistic head.", "Rody Vera penned the stage adaptation of Gamu-Gamo.", "She did two more stage plays, DH in 1992 and The Trojan Women in 1994.", "On December 25, 1991, Ang Totoong Buhay ni Pacita M. was part of the 1991 Metro Manila Film Festival.", "The film tells the story of Pacita M., a singer-entertainer in a seedy Quezon City nightclub whose daughter Grace was shot in the head by a stray bullet just as she was preparing to go off to college.", "Although initially, Pacita held out for a miracle to save her daughter from her vegetative state, eventually she relents and seeks to allow Grace a dignified death by turning off her respirator.", "The emotional battle becomes a personal epiphany for Pacita.", "This highly acclaimed movie directed by Elwood Perez bravely tackles the sensitive issue of euthanasia.", "Aunor won numerous awards for her performance, including the Metro Manila Film Festival Best Actress, her fourth Gawad Urian, and her third consecutive Best Actress trophy from the Film Academy of the Philippines.", "She won from Star Awards and from the Young Critics Circle Award for Best Performance.", "In 1992, Aunor was busy with her stage play, DH, a PETA production.", "PETA toured the play in North America, Europe, and Hong Kong.", "On the same year, Aunor returned to television via a once a week drama anthology, Star Drama Presents NORA.", "She won the Best Actress Award from Star Awards for Television (Philippine Movie Press Club).", "In 1994, she won the Best Actress in a Single Performance award from Star Awards for Television (Philippine Movie Press Club)for her performance i \"Spotlight\" for the episode: \"Good Morning, Ma'am\".", "She went back into the recording studio to record bonus tracks for a compilation album to be released in co-operation with Alpha Records and Warner Brothers.", "The new songs were written by an American songwriter, a neighbor of her sister Tita in San Diego, California.", "The songs were released as a single but sales suffered after a rumor circulated that Aunor had gotten an abortion while she was in San Diego.", "The song hit number 12 on the charts after two weeks and dropped off completely on its third week.", "In 1994, Aunor received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Film Academy of the Philippines.", "She is the youngest recipient of this special award.", "In 1995, Aunor found success in the box office when she did a biographical film about Flor Contemplacion, a Filipino domestic helper who was hanged in Singapore for allegedly killing her fellow maid.", "Her performance in The Flor Contemplacion Story got rave reviews earning her first international best actress awards from Cairo International Film Festival, she swept all the Best-Actress awards given by the Philippines' different award-giving bodies, including the Best Performance by Male or Female, Adult or Child, and Individual or Ensemble in Leading or Supporting Role given by the Young Critics Circle Award for Best Performance.", "Aunor's other 1995 film was Viva Films official entry to the 1995 Metro Manila Film Festival.", "Muling Umawit ang Puso is a story of a once-famous actress now struggling to regain her popularity but fails.", "Winner of 8 awards at the 1995 Metro Manila Film Festival including Best Picture, director, actress, Supporting Actor and Supporting Actress.", "In 1996, Aunor won her second international Best-Actress trophy from 1st East Asia Film and Television Award for her role as a psychotic woman and how she plans her revenge on the family of her parents' killer in Bakit May Kahapon Pa?.", "In 1999, Aunor made only one movie, Sidhi, written by Rolando Tinio, a National Artist for Theater and Literature.", "Later that same year Aunor received the Centennial Honor for the Arts conferred by the Cultural Center of the Philippines.", "2000s\nIn 2002, Aunor returned to Philippine television through her nightly drama show entitled, Bituin, a Filipino soap opera that was aired by ABS-CBN from September 23, 2002, to May 23, 2003.", "It starred Carol Banawa and Desiree del Valle, Aunor and Cherie Gil.", "The show is very consistent as one of the top rating shows of ABS-CBN, its highest rating was 48.7% for the \"Ultimate Showdown: The Diva VS The Supernova\" of Melody and Bernadette at the Araneta Coliseum, while the lowest was 29.5%, its fifth episode.", "Bituin was shown in different countries including Malaysia, Ghana and Cambodia.", "In 2004, Aunor made her last film shot entirely in the Philippines before she went on hiatus for almost 8 years.", "Naglalayag tells the story of a May–December affair between a middle-aged judge and a young taxi driver.", "It sparkles because of superb acting by Aunor and Yul Servo.", "Aunor portrayed a judge who recently presided over a well publicized criminal case trial.", "Her character Dorinda is a 50-year-old widow with a twenty-something-year-old son, Yul Servo played Noah Garcia, a courteous and charming taxi driver who keeps a rosary in his pocket and shares stories from the Bible.", "Stranded with a non-operational taxi, the 23-year-old novice driver Noah offers shelter to his passenger.", "The performances by Aunor and Servo gave them their international acting awards at the 31st Festival International du Film Indépendant de Bruxelles and the film won the jury prize, they also received local recognition.", "On December 1, 2005, Aunor received her own star on the Philippines Walk of Fame.", "She was one of the first inductees.", "This project was spearheaded by German Moreno.", "For the first time since she was inducted, Aunor visited her star on August 7, 2011, she even laid down to her star as the TV cameras documented the event.", "While in the US, Aunor did two independently produced movies namely Ingrata and Care Home.", "Even with only some limited run in few Metro Manila theaters, the movies, particularly Care Home, was still able to score for Aunor critical praise and even nominations for Best Actress, specially from PMPC STAR Awards for Movies in 2007.", "2010s\n\nAt the start of the decade, she was still doing series of concert in the United States and Canada performing to Filipino communities and to her fans as well.", "In February 2010, Aunor was shortlisted by the Green Globe Film Awards which was later renamed to Green Planet Movie Awards as one of the 10 Best Asian Actresses of the Decade.", "On March 23, 2010, Aunor was named one of the 10 Best Asian Actresses along with Gong Li and Maggie Cheung.", "She is the only Filipino actress to be shortlisted and won this award.", "Aunor underwent plastic surgery as part of her plan to return to show business.", "The legendary actress has been absent for years, and 2010 may be Nora's comeback year.", "She jumpstarted her career via two endorsement deals in Japan and one of them as an endorser of a Japanese Aesthetic and Lasix Center.", "However, something went wrong, Aunor lost her \"Golden Voice\" which propelled her to superstardom in the Philippine Showbiz Industry.", "During her concert in May 2010 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Aunor tearfully announced that it would be her last concert as she could no longer sing.", "Her voice was hoarse and raspy.", "As early as December 2010, news of Aunor's comeback to the Philippines was all over the news in both TV and broadsheets but there were no formal confirmations yet.", "Finally on August 2, 2011, Tuesday, Nora finally came back to the Philippines via Philippine Airlines flight 103\n\nOn her return, Aunor signed a 3-year contract with TV5, she did a mini series, Sa Ngalan ng Ina, and a historical movie with Gov.", "ER Ejercito entitled El Presidente a biopic of the first Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo which is intended for 2012 Metro Manila Film Festival She played the role of the second wife.", "Also in 2011, she received eight Lifetime Achievement Awards for film and music from different award giving bodies.", "Sa Ngalan ng Ina was the first project of Aunor after her return, she starred with Christopher de Leon and Bembol Roco.", "It was also the last directorial job of the late Mario O'Hara.", "Sa Ngalan ng Ina is a movie made for television or a miniseries is a political drama about a widow that ran as a governor when her husband was assassinated.", "In his review, film critic Noel Vera point out that the show is rare creature in Philippine television, the political melodrama.", "Longer and more complex soap operas have been mounted on Philippine television before, and politics has been touched upon before, but far as I can recall there has never been a series (the exact name of the genre is, I believe, the teleserye) fully driven by politics, hinging upon the election into office and subsequent administration of the main character.", "All of the performances were great especially Aunor which gave her a nomination from Golden Screen TV Awards and a best actress trophy from 2012 Star Awards for Television.", "This miniseries would be the last collaboration between Aunor and O'hara before his death from leukemia.", "In 2012, Aunor collaborated with the Cannes best director awardee Brillante Mendoza for the movie Thy Womb which was part of the 69th Venice International Film Festival.", "In the film, Aunor plays Shaleha, a barren Badjao midwife who helps her husband look for a wife who can bear a child.", "The film was nominated for Golden Lion for Best Film and Volpi Cup for best actress for Aunor.", "On the eve of Venice awards rites, Aunor was chosen by an independent film critics, the \"Premio Della Critica Indipendiente\" as their best performer and gave her the Bisato d’Oro.", "In November 2012, Aunor won the Best Actress Award from 6th Asia Pacific Screen Award and Best director for the same film.", "By virtue of her nomination from Asia Pacific Screen Award, she became the first Filipino actor to be inducted as a member of Asia Pacific Screen Academy.", "She was also nominated at the 55th Asia Pacific Film Festival, Dubai International Film Festival, 43rd International Film Festival of India, and won Best Actress at the 7th Asian Film Awards.", "At the 2012 Metro Manila Film Festival, Aunor won her eighth best actress award.", "The movie continues to be invited in Film Festivals all over the world having been shown to at least 25 international film festivals as of this writing.", "Also in 2012, Aunor guested in Enchanted Garden a fantasy-drama TV series.", "She played the role of Nana Sela a faith healer who happens to be Queen Oleya.", "She guested in Third Eye.", "In 2013, she returned to TV via her new soap opera, Never Say Goodbye.", "In 2013, she finished Ang Kwento Ni Mabuti an official entry to the 1st CineFilipino film Festival directed by acclaimed director Mes de Guzman.", "The movie is a morality tale set in rural Nueva Vizcaya.", "In the film, Aunor spoke Ilocano, the language of that area.", "On May 21, 2013, Aunor celebrated her 60th birthday dubbed as \"Nora at 60\" at the Meralco Multi-Purpose Hall.", "The venue was transformed into a virtual museum as posters of her classic films adorned the lobby and the hallway leading to the ballroom.", "On June 18, 2013, Aunor won the Gawad Urian Best Actress Award for the movie Thy Womb.", "This was her 17th nomination and her 7th win.", "On August 30, 2013, Aunor won her 4th international Best Actress award from the 3rd Sakhalin International Film Festival in Russia for the movie Thy Womb.", "Aunor wasn't able to attend the awarding ceremony but the award was received on her behalf by her director Brillante Mendoza who attended the Festival together with his writer Henry Burgos.", "2014 is the busiest year for Aunor after she came back from her hiatus.", "She started the year by filming her second tele-movie/miniseries with TV5 entitled When I Fall in Love, The miniseries was directed by Joel Lamangan.", "Aunor portrays Fely, a devoted wife, who takes care of Armando (Tirso Cruz III), the husband who has pancreatic cancer.", "The made-for-TV movie had its premiere showing in January 2014 and was seen on TV in February 2014.", "Aunor was honored as one of the \"People of the Year\" by People Asia magazine on January 21, 2014.", "In the promotional news of TV5, Aunor was announced to top-bill a TV5's musical-drama, Trenderas, which tells the tale of how three musically gifted young ladies rise from being sidewalk vendors to YouTube-famous singers.", "Aunor will play the role of Celina Palomar, a famous singer who mysteriously disappeared at the height of her popularity.", "After years of living a life of a recluse, music finds Celina again through three young, talented, and hopeful singers.", "On February 2, 2014, Aunor received her second Ani ng Dangal]Award from the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (Philippines) or NCCA.", "The Ani ng Dangal (Harvest of Honors) Awards recognizes artists who have earned international awards and accolades during the past year.", "in 2013, Aunor won 2 international Best Actress award from the 7th Asian Film Awards in Hong Kong and 3rd Sakhalin International Film Festival in Russia.", "On July 18, 2014, the University of the Philippines College of Mass Communication announced that for the year 2014, the recipient of Gawad Plaridel is Nora Aunor for Television, Music and Film.", "Aunor made four films in 2014 and one of them was Hustisya, which is part of the 10th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival.", "This is the first time that Aunor participated in the said Film festival.", "Hustisya is a story of a woman who works for a human trafficking agency controlled by a powerful syndicate.", "The movie was directed by the director Joel Lamangan and was penned by Ricky Lee.", "On August 10, 2014, during the awards night of the Cinemalays Independent Film Festival, Aunor won her first Best Actress award, she was so thankful for the award and promised to continue making meaningful movies and her movies will be an inspiration to the youth.", "The movie, was also declared by the Filmfest organizers as the box-office winner during its weeklong run.", "Before the middle of the year, Aunor has finished three other movies aside from Hustisya.", "One is a psychological horror drama entitled Dementia directed by newcomer director Perci Intalan.", "The other two movies, Padre de Pamilya and Whistleblower, were both directed by Adolfo Alix, Jr. On August 27, 2014, University of the Philippines College of Mass Communication conferred to her the Gawad Plaridel for her excellence in film and television.", "Gawad plaridel is the sole award in the University of the Philippines System given to outstanding media practitioners.", "Aunor gave a speech about how she became a singer, an actress, and eventually a movie producer\n\nIn 2012, Aunor received the Asian Achiever Award as Asia's Best Actress Awardee by the Asia Pacific Awards Council (APAC) led by noted Filipino consumers advocate Jonathan Navea.", "She will again receive the same prestigious accolade during the 26th Asia Pacific Excellence Awards on Araw ng Kagitingan on April 9, 2015, to be held at the AFP Theater commemorating the SAF 44 Heroes Tribute organized by the same organization together with Japanese performing artist Aisaku Yokogawa.", "On March 17, 2015, Nora publicly called for President Noynoy Aquino's resignation.", "On May 16, 2015, Aunor won her eight International Best actress for her film Dementia, that also won the Best Foreign Language Film at the St. Tropez International Film Festival in France.", "Aunor wasn't there to personally received her award but was accepted by its director Perci Intalan who was elated for the recognition.", "In 2015, Aunor received several recognition from the different Universities and colleges, naming her as a cultural Icon.", "Bicol University gaver her a very special recognition, she was presented with the ONRA Award upon the initiative of Ako Bicol Partylist Rep. Rodel M. Batocabe for bringing honor and pride to her fellow Bicolanos in particular, and to the country in general, through her achievements in the arts.", "The next School that presented her with a recognition is the Ateneo de Naga University which gave her \" Bulawan na Bikolnon\" award for giving pride to the Bicol Region.", "De La Salle University was the next University to hand her a recognition.", "Aunor was conferred the \"Gawada La Sallian para sa Sining\" for her contributions to Philippine Arts.", "National Teachers College and Far Eastern University also gave their recognition to Nora Aunor.", "On September 17, 2015, Aunor was conferred the Gawad CPP para sa Sining for Film and Broadcast Arts that was given by the Cultural Center of the Philippines.", "The Gawad CCP Para sa Sining is the highest award given by the CCP.", "The award was also conferred on Denisa Reyes for Dance; Fides Cuyugan Asensio for Music; Antonio Mabesa for Theater; Roberto Chabet for Visual Arts; Ricardo Lee for Literature; Paulo Alcazaren for Architecture; Ben Farrales for Design; Leoncio Deriada, Talaandig School of Living Traditions, Armida Siguion-Reyna, and Basilio Esteban Villaruz.", "The Missionary Society of St. Columban received the Tanging Parangal.", "In her speech, Aunor said the becoming an actress was a worthwhile decision, despite the heartaches.", "At the 63rd FAMAS Awards on September 20, 2015, Aunor together with other movie queens was recognized as the Iconic Movie Queen of Philippine Cinema.", "After the death of German Moreno, Aunor said she is ready to continue Moreno's late night variety-talk show Walang Tulugan with the Master Showdown; however the show was cancelled on February 13, 2016.", "Legacy\nIn 1983, Aunor was recognized as one of The Outstanding Women in the Nation's Service (TOWNS) in the Field of the Arts.", "In 1999, Aunor received the Centennial Honors for the Arts awarded by the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP).", "She was the only film actress included in the list of awardees.", "In 2010, she was hailed by the Green Planet Movie Awards as one of the \"10 Asian Best Actresses of the Decade\".", "She received the Ani ng Dangal Award (Harvest of Honors).", "from the National Commission for Culture and the Arts in 2013, 2014 and 2016.", "In 2013, she received the \"Light of Culture Awards from Philippine Centre of the International Theatre Institute and the ITI-Earthsavers UNESCO Dream Center for pioneering in the integration of theater, television, and film.", "In 2014, Aunor is the recipient of University of the Philippines College of Mass Communications, Gawad Plaridel Award.", "On September 17, 2015, Aunor was conferred the Gawad CCP para sa Sining for Film and Broadcast Arts, the highest award given by the Cultural Center of the Philippines.", "She was also conferred of the Gusi Peace Prize in 2015.", "Multimedia superstar\n\nCinema\n\nSince the late 1960s up to the present, Aunor has made more than 180 films in different genres, from Musicals, Comedy, romantic comedy, Romance and Love story.", "Later on, she made films in other genres such as drama, biographical, film noir, action, thriller, horror and art films.", "She has received numerous national and international awards and nominations.", "She is the first Filipino actress to win an International acting award in a major Film Festival (Cairo 1995 for the movie The Flor Contemplacion Story).", "She has been directed by four Philippine National Artist Awardees: Gerardo de Leon (Fe, Esperanza, Caridad and Banaue: Stairway to the Sky), Lamberto Avellana (Fe, Esperanza, Caridad), Lino Brocka (Ina ka ng Anak Mo, Nakaw na pag-ibig, Bona), and Ishmael Bernal (Himala).", "Music\n\nAunor has released more than 360 singles and recorded more than 200 songs and over 50 albums.", "She has notched more than 30 gold singles and with an estimated gross sales of one million units, Nora's cover of \"Pearly Shells\" (1971) is one of the biggest-selling singles in the Philippines.", "Due to a botched cosmetic surgery in Japan while endorsing a cosmetic surgery clinic based in Shinigawa and Makati, her vocal chords were damaged and she cannot sing due to paralysis of her left vocal chords.", "Television\nAunor started her career in television when she was given her own musical show via Nora-Eddie Show, with the late singer and former Tawag ng Tanghalan Champion Eddie Peregrina.", "The show later became, The Nora Aunor Show and eventually was re-titled Superstar.", "Radio\nAunor was heard and guested in Fiesta Extravaganza and in the long running afternoon radio program of German Moreno (The Germiside Show where he had a Guy and Pip portion) and only songs of Nora Aunor and Tirso Cruz were played over and over again from 2 to 3 pm every Sunday aired via DZMM.", "Stage\nAunor has performed in three plays: Minsa'y Isang Gamu-Gamo (1991), DH (Domestic Helper) in 1992, and The Trojan Women (1994).", "The first two were staged by the Philippine Educational Theater Association (PETA) and helmed by Socrates Topacio, then PETA's artistic head.", "Rody Vera penned the stage adaptation of Gamu-Gamo while renowned screenwriter Ricky Lee created DH.", "PETA toured both plays in North America, Europe, and Hong Kong.", "The third play, a Filipino adaptation of Euripides’ immortal tragedy, was produced by Cecille Guidote-Alvarez's theater company, directed by a Greek national, and staged at the Ninoy Aquino Parks and Wildlife.", "Product endorsement\nAt the peak of her career, Aunor was the top product endorser for television, print, and radio advertisements.", "The sales of Dial bath soap, for instance, shot up after Aunor endorsed it.", "Originally imported from the US, Dial soap first catered the AB bracket.", "When it was eventually manufactured locally, it courted the CD market by making Aunor its product endorser.", "Aunor appeared in a television commercial of Dial soap taking a shower and singing, \"Aren't you glad you used Dial?\".", "The television commercial proved successful as sales of Dial soap went up, and the masses, which comprise the bulk of her fans, patronized Dial soap.", "Aunor has endorsed many local and international brands.", "Awards and nominations\n\nAunor has been awarded, recognized and received multiple nominations from different organizations, academe, institutions, critics and award giving bodies for her work in film, television, music and theater.", "She is the most nominated actress for the leading role in the long history of FAMAS Awards, having nominated 17 times since 1973 when she was first nominated for A Gift of Love but only second to Eddie Garcia with 23 nominations both in leading and supporting role.", "With her fifth FAMAS Award for Best Actress in 1991, Aunor became the sixth performer to be elevated to the FAMAS Hall of Fame joining the likes of Eddie Garcia, Joseph Estrada, Charito Solis, Fernando Poe Jr. and Vilma Santos.", "This award is given to the person who won more than five times in its particular category.", "She is also the only performer in the long history of FAMAS Awards to be nominated for fifteen (15) straight years from 1973 to 1987.", "Aunor has more international best actress awards and nominations more than any other Filipino actor.", "She is the only Filipino actress who have won international awards from 5 different continents.", "19th Cairo International Film Festival in 1995 (Africa), 1st East Asia Film and Television Award in 1997 and Asian Film Awards in 2013 (Asia), 31st Festival International du Film Indépendant de Bruxelles in 2004 and Premio Della Critica Indipendiente in 2013 (Europe), Asia Pacific Screen Award in 2013 (Australia) and from the Green Planet Movie Award (North America).", "She has the most Lifetime Achievement Awards received locally and internationally for her contribution in film, television, music, and theater.", "Notable citations as a recording artist\nIn 1968, Nora Aunor was contracted by Alpha Records upon the recommendation of singer Carmen Soriano.", "Although Aunor's first singles were not major hits, she subsequently went on to smash local record sales with songs like \"It's Time to Say Goodbye\", \"Silently\", \"Forever Loving You\", \"It's Not Unusual\", and countless others.", "In her seven years with Alpha Records, Aunor was able to set all-time high record sales which up to this day has not been surpassed.", "At the height of her popularity as a recording artist in the late 1960s and early 1970s, local records soared up to 60% of national sales according to Alpha Records Philippines.", "She is the artist with the most singles in Philippine recording history (with more than 260 singles).", "Over-all she has recorded more than 500 songs.", "She has notched more than 30 gold singles, a record in the local music industry.", "With estimated sales of one million units, Nora's cover of \"Pearly Shells\" (1971) is one of the biggest-selling singles in the Philippines ever.", "She has recorded some 46 hit long-playing albums, and several extended plays.", "At the height of her popularity as a recording artist in the late 1960s and early 1970s, sales of local records soared up to 60% of national sales according to Alpha Records Philippines.", "She is the artist with the most singles in Philippine recording history (with more than 260 singles).", "Overall she has recorded more than 500 songs.", "She has notched more than 30 gold singles.", "With estimated sales of one million units, Nora's cover of \"Pearly Shells\" (1971) is one of the biggest-selling singles in the Philippines.", "Discography\n\nSelected filmography\n\nSee also\n List of awards and nominations received by Nora Aunor\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n The Artistry of Nora Aunor\n \n \n\n \n1953 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Iriga\nFilipino child actresses\nActresses from Manila\nFilipino film actresses\nFilipino television actresses\nFilipino television personalities\n20th-century Filipino musicians\nFilipino women pop singers\nContraltos\nFilipino expatriates in the United States\nFilipino women comedians\nActresses from Camarines Sur\nSingers from Camarines Sur\nBicolano actors\n20th-century Filipino actresses\n21st-century Filipino actresses\nBest Actress Asian Film Award winners\nAsia Pacific Screen Award winners" ]

[ "Nora Aunor is a Filipina actress, recording artist, and film producer who was born on May 21, 1953.", "Aunor has appeared in a number of shows.", "She is known as Philippine cinema's \"Superstar\" and as the People's National Artist.", "She was called \"The Grand Dame of Philippine Cinema\" by The Hollywood Reporter for her contribution to the Philippine film industry.", "Aunor started singing after winning a local talent search.", "She rose to fame as a singer and actress.", "After her film debut All Over the World, she transitioned into heavy drama in films such as Himala and Bona.", "She received international and local awards for her performances.", "Aunor won five Best Actress Awards and was nominated for 17 FAMAS Awards.", "She won seven of the 21 nominations she received for the Gawad Urian Awards.", "She won eight trophies from the PMPC Star Awards for her work in television and movies, as well as eight Metro Manila Film Festival, four Luna Awards, five Young Critics Circle Awards, a Cairo Film Festival award, an Asia Pacific Screen Awards, an Asian Film Awards, among others.", "Aunor was born in Barrio San Francisco to Antonia and Eustacio Villamayor.", "Eddie Villamayor is a former actor.", "\"The Way of a Clown\" was the first song that she learned to sing when she was a child.", "Belen Aunor gave her a screen name and taught her how to sing.", "She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "She won the Darigold Jamboree radio singing contest with her winning piece \"You and the Night and the Music\".", "She won The Liberty Big Show after that.", "She became a champion on her second try after being defeated on her first try in the national singing contest.", "On May 29, 1967, she sang \"Moonlight Becomes You\" at the Grand National Finals.", "When Aunor was in the first grade, she went to the Mabini Memorial College, and when she was in the second grade, she went to the Nichols Air Base Elementary School.", "She finished high school at Generosa de Leon Memorial College in Paranaque.", "Aunor was married to actor Christopher de Leon on January 25, 1975, in a civil ceremony.", "Ian de Len is the only biological child she and De Len have.", "On January 27, 1976, she and her husband renewed their vows in a religious service.", "Their marriage was dissolved in 1996.", "Aunor became a permanent resident of the United States in 2008.", "After an 8-year hiatus, she returned to the Philippines in 2011.", "She made her first appearance as a guest at Timi Yuro's Araneta Coliseum concert after winning the local talent search.", "She was a guest on An Evening with Pilita hosted by Pilita Corrales and Carmen on Camera hosted by Carmen Soriano.", "On October 2, 1967, Aunor signed an eight-picture non-exclusive contract with Sampaguita Pictures with the assurance that she would be given a singing part.", "All Over World and Way Out of the Country were made by Aunor.", "Aunor had roles in six films.", "She made several singles, including \"No Return, No Exchange\" and \"You are My First Love\" for Jasper Recording.", "She only had minor roles in three films in 1968.", "At the beginning of 1969 she appeared in 9 Teeners, a popular TV show that time, and Young Girl, where she was teaming up with her first husband.", "She made movies with other studios after her contract with Sampaguita Pictures expired.", "Aunor's first starring role was in the \"D' Musical Teenage Idols\", which was shown on September 23, 1969.", "The 34th-anniversary presentation, Fiesta Extravaganza, was released three days later.", "The longest-running musical variety show on Philippine prime-time TV is Superstar.", "The most popular doll in Philippine entertainment history is said to be \"Maria Leonora Theresa\".", "Aunor and Cruz III made a lot of movies in the 70s.", "Their fans call them Guy and Pip.", "Their biggest film, Guy and Pip, stayed in the cinemas for six months, had an unprecedented record-breaking box-office gross, and was seen by more than 4 million Filipinos.", "Guy and Pip's 1971 gross is equivalent to P560-million at average ticket prices.", "On April 2, 1970, 17-year-old Aunor signed an exclusive contract with Tower Records and was sued by Sampaguita Pictures.", "She received her first Best Actress award in 1972 for her film And God Smiled at Me, after graduating from being a teen idol.", "She was nominated for a best actress award in FAMAS for A Gift of Love.", "She was the only actor or actress to ever be nominated for Best Actress in consecutive years.", "She released several albums during this time.", "The first movie produced by Aunor's company was called Carmela.", "She received a nomination for the 22nd FAMAS Awards for Paru-parung Itim.", "She made another critically acclaimed movie, Fe, Esperanza, Caridad, which was directed by three different directors.", "This movie was nominated for a third time.", "She produced and starred in a movie called Banaue: Stairway to the Sky.", "The tribe of Ifugao are struggling to get their promised land.", "Aunor was nominated for the fourth time.", "Christopher de Leon was the husband of her only son's mother.", "Aunor produced the movie Alkitrang Dugo through her own production company.", "The novel Lord of the Flies was the basis for this movie.", "Aunor made a number of critically acclaimed movies.", "She played the role of a school teacher who experienced the atrocities of World War II.", "She won the first ever best actress award from the Manunuri ng Pelikulang Pilipino and the first best actress award from the FAMAS.", "It was considered to be one of the best Filipino movies of all time.", "Since there were only two award giving bodies for movies at that time, the double victory is considered the first acting grand slam.", "Aunor made Minsa'y Isang Gamu-gamo before the year ended.", "The story of Corazon de la Cruz, a nurse who wanted to go to America to give a better future for her family, but her brother was shot by an American soldier on the eve of her flight to America, is told in this story.", "The producers decided to cast Aunor in the film because they believed he had connections with the president and his wife.", "The film was entered into the Metro Manila Film Festival.", "Aunor had a chance to do a romantic-comedy movie with the king of the Philippine movie.", "The movie is called Little Christmas Tree.", "The film was a hit when it was shown in 1977.", "The two biggest stars of the Philippine movies collaborated.", "Her movie \"Bakya mo Neneng\" was the official entry to the Metro Manila Film Festival.", "Joseph Estrada was a movie actor and former Philippine President.", "Aunor received another nomination for her movie in 1978, this is her sixth nomination from the academy.", "She did not win an award but the movie did.", "Ikaw ay Akin is a movie she did with Vilma Santos and Christopher de Leon.", "Aunor was nominated for the second time as best actress from Gawad Urian.", "Atsay was the official entry of the Metro Manila Film Festival.", "It is one of the two best entries of the film festival.", "Atsay won the Best Performer award at the Metro Manila Film Festival.", "The Best Performer Award was the only citation given to performers in that year.", "Aunor won the Best Performer award for her performance.", "Amy Austria was nominated for the Best Performer award.", "The organizers of the film festival wanted to have a sensitivity to women.", "The move was scrapped the following year.", "The Best Picture Award went to Atsay, as well as the Best Director and Best Cinematography awards.", "Aunor was nominated for the seventh time.", "She made two more movies for the Metro Manila Film Festival at the end of the decade.", "The film Ina ka ng Anak Mo was nominated for two awards, one of which was the Best Actress award.", "The film won three awards: best director for Brocka, best actor for Aragon and best picture.", "Aunor won at the 28th FAMAS Awards for her role.", "Aunor received her second FAMAS Best Actress Award.", "Aunor did quality films as well as commercial movies in the 1980s.", "Nakaw na Pag-ibig was her first movie in the decade and was a collaboration of Aunor and the National Artist for film Lino Brocka.", "The movie did not do well in the box office.", "Aunor made a movie with Mario O'Hara.", "Senator Lito Lapid was her screen leading man.", "The movie was a monster hit.", "Two of Aunor's films were part of the 1980 Metro Manila Film Festival.", "There is a song called \"Kung Akoy Iiwan Mo.\"", "Christopher de Leon and Roly Quizon were involved.", "She played a role in how she showed her complex emotion through singing.", "The film won two awards.", "Bona was a film by Lino Brocka.", "Amy Austria won the Best Actress award during the MMFF in 1980.", "Gina Alajar won her ninth Best Actress nomination from the 29th FAMAS Awards for the same movie as she won her second Gawad Urian Best Actress for Bona.", "The film was shown at the Director's Fortnight at the 1981 Cannes International Film Festival.", "The film won the jury prize of the International Federation of Cinema Clubs at the Figueira da Foz International Film Festival in Portugal in 1982.", "The Museum of Tolerance in Los Angeles, USA named it one of the best 100 films in the world.", "The Museum of Modern Art in New York has an archive of Filipino films.", "Totoo ba ang Tsismis was one of the romantic-comedy movies made by Aunor in 1981.", "One of the top grossers of the film fest was this film.", "Aunor made one serious drama that year.", "Aunor received 5 nominations for her performance in the film.", "She was the winner of the Catholic Mass Media Awards.", "There is no official print of this film.", "\"Palengke Queen\" with Matt Ranillo III was one of the romance-comedy films made by Aunor in 1982.", "Aunor gave 3 outstanding and unforgettable performances in her 3 drama movies that year.", "Mga Uod atRosas is a story of a struggling artist who is frustrated with life and has entertained the thought of giving up his art.", "Aunor played a landlady daughter who falls for a painter who is in love with a model.", "The film is laudable with a bounty of beautiful imagery, crisp editing and impressive performances from Aunor as Socorro, Johnny Delgado as Ding Daleno and Lorna Tolentino in a brief role.", "The movie is about the art of painting.", "Aunor received her 11th nomination from FAMAS.", "Aunor essayed the role of a lesbian who falls for a woman in T-Bird at Ako.", "Aunor played the role of a young woman who claimed to have seen the Virgin Mary.", "The film was the first Filipino film to be included in the \"Competition Section\" of the prestigious Berlin International Film Festival and received many international awards.", "She portrayed an OFW who works as a nurse in America and her struggles to fight loneliness and homesickness.", "The film tells the story of illegal aliens who will do anything to get a green card.", "Aunor's performance in this film earned her the first best actress trophy from the (PMPC) Star Awards for Movies and her eighth Gawad Urian best actress nomination.", "The next film was given an \"A\" Rating by the Film Ratings Board, Condemned is a story of siblings Yolly and Efren, and how their lives changed when Efren worked as a driver and a hired killer for a ruthless money launderer.", "The best scene of the film is the final confrontation between Yolly andConnie over the missing half million dollars.", "The film depicts the bad and sad situation of women in the City Jail and the only way to survive is to turn yourself into a hunter.", "Aunor won the best actress trophy from the Metro Manila Film Festival and the Catholic Mass Media Awards for her role as a pregnant prisoner and a victim of injustice in the film.", "Aunor was a double nominee for Best Actress at the Gawad Urian, the first actor to achieve that.", "She was nominated for Best Actress at the Film Academy of the Philippines.", "Aunor made five films in 1985.", "The first was Beloved, where Aunor and Christopher de Leon were together.", "Four people are torn between love of power and love and infidelity in a movie.", "The film was aired in King Komiks.", "Tinik sa Dibdib was the daughter of irresponsible parents who was forced to marry a security guard in order to support her family.", "Till We Meet Again was her next project.", "I Can't Stop Loving You, an entry to the year-end Metro Manila Film Festival, was a top-grosser for that year.", "My Bugoy Goes to Congress was a hit during the time that it was released, but she slowed down in making movies for the next three years.", "She co-stars with her estranged husband, Christopher de Leon, and their children in I Love You Mama, I Love You Papa.", "Aunor had a difficult year in 1989.", "She filmed Bilangin ang mga Bituin sa Langit, about the rise and fall of a poor, hard-working, and determined barrio lass and her lifetime relationship with a childhood sweetheart.", "Aunor won the Best Actress award in Bilangin ang Bituin sa Langit.", "Superstar was canceled on October 1, 1989.", "The show didn't last long after it was transferred to Channel 13 in 1989.", "Aunor made up to 10 movies a year in the 60's, 70's and 80's, but she only made 10 movies in the 1990s.", "Aunor's popularity was said to be waning.", "Most of the 10 movies won international and local awards.", "Aunor did three stages plays, the first two of which were produced by the Philippine Educational Theater Association.", "Aunor portrayed an activist who went to the mountains to look for her dead husband in the first film.", "Aunor played a NPA rebel in the 1990 film, Paano Ba ang Maging Isang Ina?, who left her newborn baby to look for her husband.", "The film won for Aunor all the Best Actress Awards given by the Philippines' five annual award-giving bodies at that time: Gawad Urian, Star Awards for Movies, Film Academy of the Philippines, and her fifth FAMAS Award for Best Actress, thus elevating her to the Hall", "The first Young Critics Circle Award was for Best Performance.", "She won the Best Actress award at the Metro Manila Film Festival for her performance in the movie.", "A few days before her 38th birthday, she staged her first major concert at the Araneta Coliseum, filling the big dome with about 30,000 fans.", "Gary Valenciano, Mon Faustino, The Hotlegs, and many more were her guests.", "Many celebrities came to show their support for Aunor.", "Aunor did a stage adaptation of her movie, Minsa'y Isang Gamu-gamo, which was critically acclaimed.", "It was staged by the Philippine Educational Theater Association.", "The stage adaptation was written by Rody Vera.", "In 1992 and 1994 she did two more stage plays.", "The 1991 Metro Manila Film Festival took place on December 25, 1991.", "The story of Pacita M., a singer-entertainer in a seedy nightclub, and her daughter Grace, who was shot in the head by a stray bullet, is told in the film.", "Although initially, Pacita held out for a miracle to save her daughter, eventually she relents and seeks to allow Grace a dignified death by turning off her respirator.", "The emotional battle has a personal meaning for Pacita.", "The movie directed by Elwood Perez tackles a sensitive issue.", "Aunor won multiple awards for her performance, including the Metro Manila Film Festival Best Actress, her fourth Gawad Urian, and her third consecutive Best Actress trophy from the Film Academy of the Philippines.", "She won for Best Performance at the Young Critics Circle Award.", "Aunor was working on a stage play in 1992.", "The play was performed in North America, Europe, and Hong Kong.", "Aunor returned to television via a once a week drama anthology.", "She was the winner of the Best Actress Award at the Philippine Movie Press Club.", "She won an award for her performance in \"Good Morning, Ma'am\" at the Star Awards for Television in 1994.", "She went back into the studio to record bonus tracks for the album that would be released with Alpha Records and Warner Brothers.", "A neighbor of Tita's wrote the new songs.", "Aunor's songs were released as a single but sales were hurt by a rumor that she had gotten an abortion.", "The song dropped off completely on its third week after hitting number 12 on the charts.", "Aunor received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Film Academy of the Philippines in 1994.", "She is the youngest recipient.", "Aunor found success in the box office when she did a biographical film about a Filipino domestic worker who was hanged in Singapore for killing her fellow maid.", "She swept all the Best-Actress awards given by the Philippines' different award-giving bodies, including the Best Performance by Male or Female, Adult or Child, and Individual.", "Viva Films was an official entry in the 1995 Metro Manila Film Festival.", "A once-famous actress is trying to regain her popularity but fails.", "At the 1995 Metro Manila Film Festival, the winner of 8 awards was the director, actress, supporting actor and supporting actress.", "In 1996, Aunor won her second international Best-Actress trophy from 1st East Asia Film and Television Award for her role as a psychotic woman and how she plans her revenge on the family of her parents' killer.", "In 1999, Aunor made one movie, Sidhi, written by a National Artist for Theater and Literature.", "Aunor received the honor for the arts from the Cultural Center of the Philippines.", "Aunor returned to Philippine television in 2002 with her nightly drama show entitled, Bituin, a Filipino soap opera that was aired by ABS-CBN from September 23, 2002 to May 23, 2003", "Carol Banawa, Aunor and Cherie Gil were in the movie.", "The highest rating of the show was 48.7%, while the lowest was 29.5%, which was the fifth episode of the show.", "Bituin was shown in several countries.", "Aunor's last film shot in the Philippines was in 2004.", "A middle-aged judge and a young taxi driver had an affair in May and December.", "Superb acting by Aunor and Yul Servo made it sparkle.", "The judge who presided over the criminal case trial was portrayed by Aunor.", "Her character Dorinda is a 50-year-old widow with a twenty-something-year-old son, and Yul Servo was the taxi driver who kept a rosary in his pocket and shared stories from the Bible.", "Noah was stranded with a non-operational taxi and offered shelter to his passenger.", "The film won the jury prize at the 31st Festival International du Film Indépendant de Bruxelles and the performances by Aunor and Servo gave them their international acting awards.", "Aunor received a star on the Philippines Walk of Fame.", "She was a part of the first group.", "German Moreno spearheaded the project.", "Aunor visited her star for the first time since she was in the Hall of Fame on August 7, 2011.", "Ingrata and Care Home were independently produced movies by Aunor.", "Care Home was nominated for Best Actress in the PMPC STAR Awards for Movies in 2007, even though it only ran in a few Metro Manila theaters.", "She was performing in the United States and Canada for Filipino communities and her fans at the start of the decade.", "Aunor was one of the 10 Best Asian Actresses of the Decade after she was nominated for the Green Globe Film Awards.", "Aunor was one of the 10 Best Asian Actresses.", "This award was won by the only Filipino actress.", "Aunor had plastic surgery in order to return to show business.", "2010 may be the comeback year for the legendary actress, who has been absent for years.", "She began her career with two endorsement deals in Japan and one as an endorser of a Lasix Center.", "Aunor lost her \"golden voice\" which propelled her to superstardom in the Philippine Showbiz Industry.", "Aunor announced during her concert in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in May 2010 that it would be her last concert as she could no longer sing.", "Her voice was raspy.", "The news of Aunor's return to the Philippines was all over the news in both TV and broadsheets, but there were no formal confirmations yet.", "Aunor signed a 3-year contract with TV5 after coming back to the Philippines via Philippine Airlines flight 103 on August 2, 2011.", "She played the role of the second wife in a movie about the first Philippine President.", "She received eight Lifetime Achievement Awards for film and music in 2011.", "She starred with Christopher de Leon and Bembol Roco in the first project of Aunor.", "The last directorial job of Mario O'Hara was this one.", "A political drama about a widow who ran for governor after her husband was killed is a movie made for television.", "Noel Vera stated in his review that the show is rare in Philippine television.", "Longer and more complex soap operas have been mounted on Philippine television before, and politics has been touched upon before, but I can't remember if there has ever been a series that was fully driven by politics.", "Aunor received a nomination from the Golden Screen TV Awards and a best actress trophy from the 2012 Star Awards for Television.", "Aunor and O'hara collaborated before O'hara's death from leukemia.", "The 69th Venice International Film Festival was held in 2012 and Aunor collaborated with Brillante Mendoza on a movie.", "In the film, Aunor plays a barren Badjao midwife who helps her husband find a wife who can bear a child.", "The film was nominated for two awards, the Golden Lion for Best Film and the Volpi Cup for Best Actress for Aunor.", "Aunor was chosen as the best performer by the \"Premio Della Critica Indipendiente\" on the eve of the Venice awards.", "Aunor won two awards in November 2012 for her film.", "She became the first Filipino actor to join the Asia Pacific Screen Academy because of her nomination from the Asia Pacific Screen Award.", "She won the Best Actress award at the 7th Asian Film Awards.", "Aunor won the best actress award at the Metro Manila Film Festival.", "The movie has been shown to at least 25 international film festivals as of this writing, and continues to be invited in Film Festivals all over the world.", "In 2012 Aunor guested in a TV series.", "She played the role of a faith healer who was Queen Oleya.", "She was in Third Eye.", "She returned to TV with a new soap opera.", "An official entry in the 1st CineFilipino film Festival was finished by her.", "The movie is a morality tale.", "Aunor spoke the language of that area in the film.", "On May 21, 2013, Aunor celebrated her 60th birthday dubbed as \"Nora at 60\" at the Meralco Multi-Purpose Hall.", "Posters of her films adorned the lobby and hallway leading to the ballroom as the venue was transformed into a virtual museum.", "Aunor won the Gawad Urian Best Actress Award for her performance in the movie.", "Her 7th win was her 17th nomination.", "Aunor won her 4th international Best Actress award at the 3rd Sakhalin International Film Festival in Russia.", "Brillante Mendoza, Aunor's director, received the award on her behalf after she wasn't able to attend the ceremony.", "Aunor comes back from her hiatus in the busiest year of her life.", "She began the year by filming her second tele-movie/miniseries with TV5 entitled When I Fall in Love.", "Fely is a devoted wife who takes care of her husband who has cancer.", "The movie had its premiere in January and was seen on TV in February.", "Aunor was named one of the \"People of the Year\" by People Asia magazine.", "Aunor was announced to top-bill a TV5's musical-drama, Trenderas, which tells the tale of how three musically gifted young ladies rise from being sidewalk vendors to YouTube-famous singers.", "Aunor will play a famous singer who disappeared at the height of her popularity.", "After living a life of isolation, music finds her again through three young, talented, and hopeful singers.", "Aunor received her second award from the National Commission for Culture and the Arts.", "Artists who have earned international awards and accolades during the past year are honored by the Ani ng Dangal Awards.", "Aunor won two international Best Actress awards in the same year.", "The University of the Philippines College of Mass Communication announced on July 18 that the recipient of Gawad Plaridel for the year was Nora Aunor for Television, Music and Film.", "Hustisya is a film made by Aunor and is part of the 10th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival.", "Aunor participated in the film festival for the first time.", "Hustisya is a story of a woman who works for a human trafficking agency.", "The movie was written and directed by Ricky Lee.", "Aunor won her first Best Actress award at the Cinemalays Independent Film Festival and promised to continue making meaningful movies and her movies will be an inspiration to the youth.", "The film was declared the box-office winner during the weeklong run.", "Aunor finished three other movies before the middle of the year.", "Dementia is a psychological horror film directed by Perci Intalan.", "The University of the Philippines College of Mass Communication gave her an award for her excellence in film and television.", "The University of the Philippines System has only one award for outstanding media practitioners.", "Aunor gave a speech about how she became a singer, an actress, and eventually a movie producer.", "The 26th Asia Pacific Excellence Awards on Araw ng Kagitingan will be held on April 9, 2015, and she will receive the same prestigious accolade again.", "On March 17, 2015, she called for the president's resignation.", "Aunor won eight International Best Actress awards for her film Dementia at the St. Tropez International Film Festival in France.", "Aunor wasn't present to personally receive her award, but her director Perci Intalan accepted the award on her behalf.", "Aunor was named a cultural icon by universities and colleges in 2015.", "She was presented with the ONRA Award by Ako Bicol Partylist Rep. Rodel M. Batocabe for bringing honor and pride to her fellow Bicolanos.", "She received an award from the Ateneo de Naga University for giving pride to the Bicol Region.", "She received a recognition from De La Salle University.", "Aunor was honored for her contributions to Philippine arts.", "National Teachers College and Far Eastern University gave recognition to Aunor.", "On September 17, 2015, Aunor was given the Gawad CPP para sa Sining for Film and Broadcast Arts by the Cultural Center of the Philippines.", "The highest award given by the CCP is the Gawad CCP Para sa Sining.", "The award was given to Denisa Reyes for dance, Fides Cuyugan Asensio for music, Roberto Chabet for visual arts, Paulo Alcazaren for architecture, and Leoncio Deriada for design.", "The Tanging Parangal was given to the Missionary Society of St. Columban.", "Aunor said that the decision to become an actress was worth it.", "Aunor and other movie queens were recognized as the \"ICONIC Movie Queen of Philippine Cinema\" at the 63rd FAMAS Awards.", "Aunor said she was ready to continue the show after the death of German Moreno, however the show was canceled on February 13, 2016", "Aunor was one of the Outstanding Women in the Nation's Service in the Field of the Arts.", "The Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) awarded Aunor the Centennial Honors for the Arts in 1999.", "She was included in the list of awardees.", "She was named one of the \"10 Asian Best Actresses of the Decade\" by the Green Planet Movie Awards.", "She received an award.", "The National Commission for Culture and the Arts gave 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "She received the \"Light of Culture Awards\" from the Philippine Centre of the International Theatre Institute and the ITI-Earthsavers UNESCO Dream Center.", "The University of the Philippines College of Mass Communications gave Aunor the Gawad Plaridel Award.", "The highest award given by the Cultural Center of the Philippines was given to Aunor.", "She received the Peace Prize in 2015.", "Aunor has made more than 180 films in different genres, from Musicals, Comedy, romantic comedy, Romance and Love story.", "She made films in other genres such as drama, biographical, film noir, action, thriller, horror and art films.", "She has been nominated for many national and international awards.", "She is the first Filipino actress to win an international acting award.", "She has been directed by four Philippine National Artist Awardees.", "More than 200 songs and over 50 albums have been recorded by Music Aunor.", "With an estimated gross sales of one million units, the cover of \"Pearly Shells\" is one of the biggest-selling singles in the Philippines.", "Her vocal cords were damaged and she can't sing due to her left vocal cords being paralyzed.", "Television Aunor started her career in television when she was given her own musical show.", "The show was renamed, The Nora Aunor Show.", "In the long running afternoon radio program of German Moreno, Radio Aunor was played over and over again from 2 to 3 pm, and only songs of Aunor and Cruz were played.", "Stage Aunor has performed in three plays.", "The first two were staged by the Philippine Educational Theater Association.", "The stage adaptation of Gamu-Gamo was written by Rody Vera.", "The plays were performed in North America, Europe, and Hong Kong.", "The third play in Cecille Guidote-Alvarez's theater company was directed by a Greek national and was staged at the Ninoy Aquino Parks and Wildlife.", "Aunor was the top product endorser at the peak of her career.", "The sales of Dial bath soap went up after Aunor endorsed it.", "Dial soap was imported from the US.", "It courted the CD market by making Aunor its product endorser.", "Aunor appeared in a commercial for Dial soap singing, \"Aren't you glad you used Dial?\"", "As sales of Dial soap went up, the television commercial proved to be a success.", "Aunor has endorsed many brands.", "Aunor has received multiple nominations for her work in film, television, music and theater.", "Since 1973, when she was first nominated for A Gift of Love, she has been nominated 17 times for the leading role, making her the most nominated actress in the history of the FAMAS Awards.", "Aunor became the sixth performer to be elevated to the FAMAS Hall of Fame after receiving her fifth FAMAS Award for Best Actress in 1991.", "The person who won more than five times is given the award.", "She has been nominated for the FAMAS Awards for fifteen years in a row.", "Aunor has more international best actress awards than any other Filipino actor.", "She has won international awards from 5 different continents.", "The 19th Cairo International Film Festival took place in 1995 and the 1st East Asia Film and Television Award took place in 1997.", "She has won many awards for her work in film, television, music, and theater.", "A recording artist was contracted by Alpha Records after the recommendation of a singer.", "Aunor went on to smash local record sales with songs like \"It's Time to Say Goodbye\", \"Silently\", \"Forever Loving You\", \"It's Not Unusual\", and many others.", "Aunor was with Alpha Records for seven years and was able to set all-time high record sales.", "According to Alpha Records Philippines, local records soared up to 60% of national sales in the late 1960s and early 1970s.", "She has more than 260 singles in Philippine recording history.", "She has recorded over 500 songs.", "She has more than 30 gold singles, a record in the local music industry.", "The cover of \"Pearly Shells\" is one of the biggest selling singles in the Philippines ever.", "She has recorded many hit albums and plays.", "According to Alpha Records Philippines, sales of local records soared in the late 1960s and early 1970s due to her popularity as a recording artist.", "She has more than 260 singles in Philippine recording history.", "She has recorded over 500 songs.", "She has at least 30 gold singles.", "The cover of \"Pearly Shells\" is one of the biggest selling singles in the Philippines.", "A list of awards and nominations received by Nora Aunor can be found here." ]

[ "Nora Cabaltera Villamar", "Nora Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Nora", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Nora", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Nora", "Aunor", "Nora", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Nora Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Nora", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Nora", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Nora", "Aunord", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunord", "Nora Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Nora", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Nora Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Nora", "Nora", "Radio Aunor", "Nora Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Nora Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Nora", "Nora", "Nora Aunor", "Nora Aunor" ]

[ "Nora Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", ". Aunor", "Aunordrian", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunord", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Nora", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Nora Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Music Aunor", "Nora Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Aunor", "Nora Aunor" ]

[ "Jannie Engelbrecht (born 10 November 1938) was a Springbok rugby player who represented his country from 1960 to 1969.", "He gained a reputation for tenacity as a result of scoring two tries during a vital 1964 provincial match despite having broken his collarbone earlier in the game.", "Danie Craven described Engelbrecht as \"one of the best wings to ever have played for South Africa\", while others described him as fast and elusive \"with the excellent change of pace\".", "He held records for most appearances for South Africa as a wing (66) until 2006, and most career test tries scored by a South African (8) which was surpassed by Gerrie Germishuys (12) by 1981.", "Early life \nJannie Engelbrecht was born on 10 November 1938 to Attie and Joey Engelbrecht.", "His siblings included two brothers and three sisters.", "The elder Engelbrecht was a farmer who owned Kapel, a farm near Klawer in the Western Cape province of South Africa.", "Attie Engelbrecht contributed to organized agriculture and served on various religious and civil bodies.", "He died in about 1975, while Joey died in 1992.", "Jannie Engelbrecht received his secondary education at Paul Roos Gymnasium in Stellenbosch, where he also played rugby on the wing.", "Engelbrecht registered as an agricultural student at Stellenbosch University He lodged at Simonsberg Men's Residence, where he and two other students caused some consternation in 1961 when they \"borrowed\" two elephants from a visiting circus and brought it to the residence.", "In 1963 Engelbrecht became primarius of Simonsberg.", "Rugby career\n\nUniversity career \nAfter playing in an intervarsity match for the university's third team alongside Mannetjies Roux, Engelbrecht was promoted to the first team.", "Engelbrecht represented a Western Province Universities side in 1963 that won 11-9 against the touring Wallabies in Cape Town.", "He and Hannes Marais scored a try each in the match.", "Provincial career \n\nEngelbrecht was first selected to play for Western Province in 1960.", "In Western Province's 20-11 triumph at Newlands Stadium over the touring French team on 18 July 1964 Engelbrecht added a try to that scored by his teammate Dave Stewart.", "Engelbrecht is often remembered for his heroics during the 1 August 1964 Currie Cup clash between Western Province and Blue Bulls in Pretoria.", "Northern Transvaal were the favorites, having beaten Province 29-5 in their previous encounter that year.", "Their forwards dominated the first 40 minutes of the game, and the teams restarted with the home side 6-3 ahead.", "During the second half Engelbrecht broke his right collarbone after being tackled by Northern's captain, Louis Schmidt.", "Engelbrecht wanted to leave the field, but his captain, Doug Hopwood, refused.", "At the time substitutions were not permitted, and Province would have had to continue play with 14 men.", "Engelbrecht later recalled that the pain was so severe that he wanted to avoid at all costs being tackled again.", "Spurred by this urgency, he twice ran around the opposition to score, contributing to Province's 16-11 victory and claim to the Currie Cup.", "Schmidt had to suffer the ignominy of being booed by his home crowd as he left the field.", "He was dropped after the match and retired at the age of 27.\n\nInternational career \nStill only 20, Engelbrecht was called up for the 1959 Junior Springbok team that toured Argentina in August and September.", "The Junior Springboks comprised young players on the verge of making their international debuts.", "Captained by lock Peter Allen, the team won all 13 of their matches, including two in Buenos Aires against the local national team which featured Stanley and Ricardo Hogg.", "Engelbrecht's international career proper started with his selection for the first test against a touring Scottish team on 30 April 1960.", "He joined 9 other debutants at the EPRU Stadium in Port Elizabeth, including Doug Hopwood and John Gainsford.", "The test occurred in the midst of the state of emergency that had been declared on 30 March, following the Sharpeville massacre on 21 March, and which lasted until 31 August.", "During that period some 20,000 black South Africans would be detained.", "In the pre-dawn hours before the test government forces arrested 445 people in the townships around Port Elizabeth \n\nThe Glasgow Herald noted Craven's prediction of victory for the touring side but nevertheless favoured the untried Springboks.", "Scottish hopes were pinned on the greater fitness of their team and mobility of their pack.", "Engelbrecht was viewed as \"a danger man with great pace and outside swerve\".", "Danie Craven later recalled that Engelbrecht had injured his shoulder beforehand, and that Craven had to bandage the limb before the wing took to the field.", "In the event, the experience that 6 of the Springboks had gained on the 1959 Junior Springbok tour to Argentina was reflected in the home side's 18-10 win.", "In all Engelbrecht would play 67 times for the Springboks and score 44 tries.", "In 1965 he scored a hat-trick for the national side against a combined New Zealand regional side at Timaru, and in 1968 he produced 4 tries in a win over a French select team in Toulon.", "Engelbrecht celebrated his last appearance in the Springbok jersey on 16 August 1969 with two tries in the 2nd test against Australia at Kings Park in Durban.", "Strong winds hindered play, and for the first 18 minutes neither side could gain territorial dominance.", "Then Engelbrecht managed to snag a loose ball and score after Wallaby captain Greg Davis tried to kick from within his 22m area.", "His second try followed a scrum won by the Springboks near the touch line.", "Left wing Syd Nomis cut into the backline to create an overlap and Engelbrecht scored after receiving the ball from Mannetjies Roux, who had drawn the last defender.", "The test gained some notoriety in the Australian press as Craven allegedly said at the after-game reception that playing the Wallabies was like playing schoolboys, to which the Australian team responded by heckling him.", "Test history\n\nRugby administration\n\nEngelbrecht served on the executive committee of the Western Province Rugby Union, of which he was elected junior vice-president in 1992.", "He also sat on the executive for his university's club, the Stellenbosch Rugby Football Club, while Danie Craven was chair.", "After Craven's death, Engelbrecht assumed leadership of Stellenbosch RFC from 1993 until his resignation in 2004.", "In March 1993 he was appointed Springbok manager for the incoming tour by France and the outgoing tour to Australia, alongside new coach Ian McIntosh, and in April 1994 his contract was extended to the end of the 1995 Rugby World Cup.", "Lauded for the relaxed and open style that he brought to the position, Engelbrecht spoke out several times against dirty play by South African players.", "Series losses to France (1993), Australia (1993), and New Zealand (1994), led to the firing of the new manager and coach by Louis Luyt, president of the South African Rugby Union.", "Engelbrecht's disagreements with Luyt about the latter's interventions also played a role in this regard.", "While McIntosh demurred mildly at his dismissal, Engelbrecht was far more outspoken, blaming Luyt's ego for the fracas and the subsequent results.", "Personal life \nOn 7 December 1963 Engelbrecht married the Namibian Ellen Liebenberg in Windhoek.", "Earlier that year Ellen had won the Miss South Africa beauty pageant and in July was a semi-finalist at the Miss Universe competition in Miami Beach, Florida.", "Their children include Angeline (daughter), Jean (son), and Magdeline (daughter).", "The couple divorced in 2004 after Engelbrecht had had an extra-marital affair.", "See also\nList of South Africa national rugby union players – Springbok no.", "347\n\nReferences\n\n1938 births\nWestern Province (rugby union) players\nSouth Africa international rugby union players\nSouth African rugby union players\nRugby union wings\nLiving people" ]

[ "Jannie Engelbrecht was a rugby player for South Africa from 1960 to 1969.", "Despite having broken his collarbone earlier in the game, he scored two tries and gained a reputation for tenacity.", "Danie Craven described him as one of the best wings to ever have played for South Africa, while others said he was fast and elusive.", "He held records for most appearances for South Africa as a wing (66) until 2006 and most career test tries scored by a South African (12) which was surpassed by Gerrie Germishuys.", "Jannie was born to Attie and Joey on November 10, 1938.", "He had two brothers and three sisters.", "Kapel is a farm in the Western Cape province of South Africa owned by the elder Engelbrecht.", "Attie was involved in organized agriculture and served on various religious and civil bodies.", "He died in 1975, while Joey died in 1992.", "He played rugby on the wing while in secondary school.", "When he was a student at the university, he and two other students brought two elephants from a circus to the residence and caused a bit of a stir.", "In 1963, he became the leader of Simonsberg.", "He was promoted to the first team after playing in an intervarsity match for the university's third team.", "The Western Province Universities side won 11-9 against the visiting Australians in 1963.", "He and Marais each scored a try.", "In 1960, he was selected to play for Western Province.", "Dave Stewart scored a try in Western Province's 20-11 victory over the French team in Newlands Stadium on 18 July 1964.", "The 1 August 1964 Currie Cup clash between Western Province and Blue Bulls is often remembered for the heroics of Engelbrecht.", "Northern Transvaal had beaten Province in their previous encounter.", "The forwards dominated the first 40 minutes of the game, and the home side took a 6-3 lead into the break.", "He broke his collarbone in the second half after being tackled by Northern's captain.", "Doug Hopwood refused to allow Engelbrecht to leave the field.", "The Province would have had to play with 14 men.", "The pain was so bad that he wanted to avoid being tackled again.", "He ran around the opposition to score twice and help Province win the Currie Cup.", "As he left the field, he was booed by the crowd.", "He retired at the age of 27 after being dropped after the match.", "There were young players on the verge of making their international debut.", "Captained by Peter Allen, the team won all 13 of their matches, including two against the local national team.", "The first test of Engelbrecht's international career was against a touring Scottish team on April 30, 1960.", "He joined Doug Hopwood and John Gainsford as rookies at the stadium.", "The state of emergency was declared on 30 March and lasted until 31 August.", "Some 20,000 black South Africans would be arrested.", "The Glasgow Herald noted that in the pre-dawn hours before the test government forces arrested 445 people in the townships around Port Elizabeth.", "Scottish hopes were pinned on their team's fitness and mobility.", "He was viewed as a danger man with great pace.", "Danie Craven said that he had to bandage a limb before the wing took to the field after he injured his shoulder.", "The experience that 6 of the Springboks had gained on the 1959 Junior Springbok tour to Argentina was reflected in the home side's 18-10 win.", "He scored 44 tries for the Springboks and played 67 times.", "In 1965, he scored a hat-trick for the national side against a combined New Zealand regional side at Timaru, and in 1968, he scored 4 tries in a win over a French select team.", "He scored two tries in the second test against Australia at Kings Park in South Africa in 1969 to celebrate his last appearance in the jersey.", "Both sides were hampered by strong winds for the first 18 minutes.", "After Greg Davis tried to kick from within his 22m area, Engelbrecht grabbed a loose ball and scored.", "His second try followed a scrum.", "The left wing cut into the backline to create an overlap, and after receiving the ball from the last defender, he scored.", "At the after-game reception, the Australian team heckled him after he said that the test was like playing schoolboys.", "He was elected junior vice-president of the Western Province Rugby Union in 1992.", "He sat on the executive for his university's club.", "From 1993 until his resignation in 2004, Engelbrecht was the leader of Stellenbosch RFC.", "In March 1993 he was appointed the manager for the incoming tour by France and the outgoing tour to Australia, and in April 1994 his contract was extended to the end of the 1995 Rugby World Cup.", "The relaxed and open style that he brought to the position allowed him to speak out against dirty play by South African players.", "Louis Luyt, president of the South African Rugby Union, fired the manager and coach after the series losses to France, Australia, and New Zealand.", "There were disagreements about Luyt's interventions that played a part in this regard.", "He blamed Luyt's ego for the fracas and the subsequent results.", "On December 7, 1963, Engelbrecht married the Namibian Ellen Liebenberg.", "Ellen had won the Miss South Africa beauty contest and was a semi-finalist at the Miss Universe competition.", "Their children are Angeline, Jean, and Magdeline.", "After an extra-marital affair, the couple divorced in 2004.", "There is a list of South Africa's national rugby union players.", "There are 347 references to births of rugby union players in the Western Province." ]

[ "Jannie Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Jannie Engelbrecht", "Joey Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Jannie", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht" ]

[ "Jannie Engelbrecht", "Jannie", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht", "Engelbrecht" ]

[ "Sir George Alexander (19 June 185815 March 1918), born George Alexander Gibb Samson, was an English stage actor, theatre producer and theatre manager.", "After acting on stage as an amateur he turned professional in 1879 and, over the next eleven years, he gained experience with leading producers and actor-managers, including Tom Robertson, Henry Irving and Madge and W. H. Kendal.", "During this time, Alexander became interested in theatre management.", "In 1890 he took a lease on a London theatre and began producing on his own account.", "The following year, he moved to the St James's Theatre, where he remained, acting and producing, for the rest of his career.", "Among the most successful of the new plays he presented were Oscar Wilde's Lady Windermere's Fan (1892), A. W. Pinero's The Second Mrs Tanqueray (1893) and Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest (1895).", "Alexander followed Robertson and the Kendals in preferring a naturalistic style of writing and acting to the extravagantly theatrical manner favoured by some earlier actor-managers.", "He built around him a company of fine actors, many of whom were or later became leading figures in the profession, including Henry Ainley, Arthur Bourchier, Constance Collier, Julia Neilson, Fred Terry and Marion Terry.", "As an actor, Alexander's range was limited, and he did not attempt the great heroic roles or play much tragedy.", "His genre was naturalistic, and rarely very profound, comedy and drama, in which he was a recognised leader.", "Life and career\n\nEarly years\nAlexander was born in Reading, Berkshire, the eldest son of William Murray Samson (c. 1827–1892), a Scottish commercial traveller, and his first wife, Mary Ann Hine, née Longman.", "He was educated at private schools in Clifton, Bristol, and at Ealing, London, and then at Stirling High School, which he left when he was fifteen.", "His father was strongly opposed to the theatre and intended a commercial career for his eldest son.", "Alexander was apprenticed as a clerk to a drapery firm in the City of London.", "In his spare time Alexander began acting in amateur theatricals.", "On at least two occasions he appeared in amateur performances at the St James's Theatre, with which he was later to be professionally associated.", "In September 1879, aged 21, he abandoned commerce and became a professional actor, joining a repertory company at the Theatre Royal, Nottingham.", "Feeling the name \"Samson\" too redolent of scripture for an actor he adopted the stage name of George Alexander.", "After several roles in Nottingham he joined Tom Robertson's touring company for the 1879–1880 season, playing juvenile leads.", "He quickly began to attract favourable notices.", "The Era found his performances \"all that could be desired\" and \"entitled to warm praise\".", "In April 1881 Alexander made his London, though not yet his West End, debut at the Standard Theatre, Shoreditch, as Freddy Butterscotch in Robert Reece's The Guv'nor, which he had already played in the provinces, winning excellent notices; in an early indication of his flair for publicity, he took advertising space in The Era to reprint the most laudatory.", "While he was playing the role in Birmingham, Henry Irving saw a performance and engaged him to play Caleb Deecie, the blind man, in a revival of the comedy The Two Roses at the Lyceum Theatre in London.", "In the next production, Irving cast him as Paris in Romeo and Juliet.", "West End, 1880s\nIn August 1882 Alexander married Florence Jane Théleur (1857/8–1946), daughter of a French ballet master.", "They had no children.", "Florence shared with her husband not only his theatrical concerns but also his wider interest in public affairs.", "Later, after he became an actor-manager, she was a key figure in maintaining the company spirit and retaining the loyalty of actors and authors.", "During the 1880s Alexander broadened his theatrical experiences, mostly, but not exclusively, in London.", "At the Court Theatre in late 1882 he took over from Johnston Forbes-Robertson the role of the hero in the comedy The Parvenu.", "He played Shakespearian roles (Orlando, Romeo, Guiderius and Benedick) with Ellen Wallis's company.", "He joined the Kendals' company at the St James's, where his parts included de Riel in B.C.", "Stephenson's Impulse (1883) and Octave in Arthur Wing Pinero's The Ironmaster (1884).", "In July 1884 Alexander rejoined Irving's company.", "The theatre historian J. P. Wearing writes that Alexander received \"invaluable training from the acknowledged master of the profession\", although Irving was not an easy man to work for:\n\nWith Irving, Alexander visited the US twice, during the decade, in American tours (1884–1885 and 1887–1888).", "In Irving's company he progressed in a series of important supporting roles, such as Shakespeare's Orsino, Laertes, Bassanio and Macduff.", "In January 1886, having originally been cast as Valentin in W. G. Wills's Faust, he was promoted to the title role opposite Irving's Mephistopheles.", "Alexander played the part for 384 performances.", "Actor-manager\n\nAlexander had been nurturing managerial ambitions for some time, and in 1890 he secured a lease of the Avenue Theatre.", "At the time, he was contractually obliged to remain in the cast of a long-running melodrama called London Day by Day at the Adelphi Theatre, and so was unable to appear in his own first production as a manager.", "This turned out to be a stroke of good fortune, because the play he mounted as a fill-in until he was able to act in his own productions was a farce, Dr Bill, which was immensely successful, running for seven months and making Alexander financially secure.", "During the run his Aldephi contract expired and he joined the cast of Dr Bill.", "When it closed he appeared in the play with which he had planned to open, Alphonse Daudet's Struggle for Life.", "It was well reviewed but was a box-office failure, and he later commented that if he had been free to open in it at the start of his managerial career, that career would have been in jeopardy.", "As it was, he was able to carry on even when his manager absconded with the theatre's cash box.", "At the end of his lease of the Avenue, Alexander obtained that of the St James's, to which he moved in November 1890, and remained there for the rest of his life.", "Alexander had the theatre newly decorated and electric lighting installed.", "He opened with a double bill of comedies, Sunlight and Shadow and The Gay Lothario.", "He followed this with The Idler, by Haddon Chambers, a serious drama.", "It had already been a success in America and ran at the St James's through most of the remainder of the season, which concluded with a costume drama, Moliere, by Walter Frith, in which The Era considered that \"Mr Alexander was not only good, but at certain moments great\".", "When Alexander took over the St James's he had only eleven years' professional experience in the theatre, but Wearing and the chronicler of the theatre A. E. W. Mason both note that he had already reached a firm and enduring managerial policy.", "He sought to engage the best actors for his company: unlike some star actor-managers he did not wish to be supported by actors whose inferior talent would make the star look better.", "He did not, in fact, wish to be seen as the star, and regarded himself as a team player.", "In addition to maintaining a London company, Alexander frequently assembled touring companies to play his successes in the provinces.", "Among those he engaged for his companies were Arthur Bourchier, Lilian Braithwaite, Constance Collier, Kate Cutler, Julia Neilson, Godfrey Tearle, Fred Terry and Marion Terry.", "Like W. S. Gilbert, the Kendals and Bernard Shaw, Alexander was in favour of the naturalistic style of writing and acting propounded by Robertson.", "Other features of his management noted by Wearing were his continual support of British playwrights; his concern for his employees; and his care to avoid alienating his key clientele, the fashionable society audience.", "The writer Hesketh Pearson commented that Alexander catered to the tastes and foibles of London Society in its theatre-going just as the Savoy Hotel catered to them in restaurant-going.", "Within a year of taking over the St James's, Alexander began a mutually beneficial professional association with Oscar Wilde, whose Lady Windermere's Fan he presented in February 1892.", "As with many other of his playwrights, Alexander offered practical advice for making the play more stageable.", "His most important contribution to this play was to convince the reluctant Wilde that the most effective way of revealing the key plot point – that Mrs Erlynne is Lady Windermere's mother – would be to do so by degrees rather than in one melodramatic stroke in the final act.", "Alexander's diplomatic skills enabled him to get on well with even the most temperamental authors and actors, but he was more comfortable with less volatile colleagues.", "One such was Pinero, whose play The Second Mrs Tanqueray Alexander presented in May 1893.", "Like Lady Windermere's Fan it featured \"a woman with a past\", but unlike Wilde's play it ended in tragedy.", "It was thought daring at the time, but Alexander knew his audiences and kept to what Pearson called his \"safe path of correct riskiness\".", "It ran for 227 performances in its first production and was later much revived.", "The title role was first played by Mrs Patrick Campbell, who made her name in the part.", "His acting style contrasted sharply with hers: she was extrovert and bold, whereas Alexander was understated and subtle.", "A contemporary profile commented that his range did not extend to parts requiring great dramatic power or tragic passion: \"He is graceful in all that he does, but with an everyday humanity, the graceful, charming, well-bred, nicely-toned humanity proper to the drawing-rooms of Culture\".<ref>Bright, Addison.", "\"George Alexander\", The Theatre\", May 1892, p. 240</ref>\n\nBetween this and the play with which Alexander's name has become most closely associated – The Importance of Being Earnest – came Alexander's most conspicuous failure.", "The celebrated novelist Henry James had written a play, Guy Domville, about a hero who renounces the priesthood to save his family by marrying to produce an heir, but finally reverts to his religious calling.", "The play had been turned down by one London management, but Alexander took it on and opened it at the St James's on 5 January 1895.", "It was received politely by those in the more expensive parts of the house and impolitely by those in the cheaper seats.", "The reviews were unenthusiastic; Alexander kept the play on the bill for a month before turning to Wilde as a more theatrically adept writer.", "The Importance of Being Earnest and aftermath\n\nIn a biographical essay published in 1922, Pearson expressed the view that Alexander would be remembered in the profession for being an ideal actor-manager, and by the public for taking the risk of introducing Wilde's plays and producing \"the greatest farcical comedy in the English language\".", "Unlike Shaw, who thought The Importance of Being Earnest \"heartless ... hateful\" and inferior to Wilde's other plays, Alexander recognised its merits from the outset.", "He once again advised Wilde about the text; his most important contribution was to convince the author that the second and third acts should be merged, with a substantial cut in the text.", "The success of the play with audiences and critics was immediate and considerable, but it was short-lived.", "Within weeks of the premiere Wilde was arrested on a charge of committing homosexual acts and was tried, convicted and imprisoned.", "The public turned against him, and although Alexander tried to keep the production of the play going by removing the author's name from the playbills the day after the arrest, he had to withdraw the play after 83 performances.", "He further disappointed Wilde by declining to stand bail for him, and later, after Wilde's release from prison, failing to stop to talk to him when they passed in the street.", "Nevertheless he voluntarily paid Wilde a monthly sum for the rest of the latter's life, and bequeathed the rights in Lady Windermere's Fan and The Importance of Being Earnest to Wilde's son, Vyvyan Holland.", "Wearing observes that, later in 1895, Alexander himself was touched by sexual scandal, when he was arrested for soliciting a prostitute.", "Alexander maintained that the young woman was a beggar to whom he had charitably given a coin, and the case was dismissed.", "The play chosen to fill the gap left by the withdrawal of The Importance was The Triumph of the Philistines by Henry Arthur Jones.", "Alexander had earlier presented Jones's The Masqueraders (1894) with some success, but the new play, a satire of small-town narrow-mindedness, received mixed reviews and quickly closed; Alexander fell back on revivals, including The Second Mrs Tanqueray (without Mrs Patrick Campbell).\"St.", "James's Theatre\", The Morning Post, 21 June 1895, p. 3 In two productions during 1896 Alexander and his company moved temporarily away from drawing-room comedy and society drama, first with the Ruritanian swashbuckler, The Prisoner of Zenda, which ran for 255 performances; and at the end of the year a rare venture into Shakespeare, in As You Like It, with Alexander as Orlando, Julia Neilson as Rosalind and a supporting cast that included C. Aubrey Smith, Bertram Wallis, H. B. Irving, Robert Loraine and H. V. Esmond.", "At the end of 1899 Alexander closed the theatre to have it largely reconstructed, producing what The Era called \"one of the handsomest temples of the drama in London\", while retaining its charm and cosiness.", "20th century\nThe young poet Stephen Phillips furnished Alexander with a verse drama, Paolo and Francesca, based on an episode in Dante's The Divine Comedy, produced at the St James's in March 1902.", "Alexander played the fierce and sombre Giovanni Malatesta, a part far removed from his more usual urbane roles; the young Henry Ainley and Evelyn Millard were well received as the eponymous lovers, and the play ran for 134 performances.", "\"St James's Theatre\", The Times, 7 March 1902, p. 3 In February 1906 Alexander presented and appeared in Pinero's new drama His House in Order, which was an artistic and box-office success, running for 427 performances.", "Wearing comments that Alexander was a leader of fashion, starting a trend in men's attire by appearing in this play wearing a soft-collared shirt with a lounge suit.", "Alexander had the distinction of giving command performances for three successive British monarchs.", "Having appeared in Carton's Liberty Hall at Balmoral before Queen Victoria, the final command performance of her reign, he appeared before Edward VII, as Edward Thursfield in Alfred Sutro's The Builder of Bridges at Sandringham on 4 December 1908.", "And on 17 May 1911 in a royal command performance for George V he played Alfred Evelyn in Edward Bulwer-Lytton's Money'' in an all-star production at the Drury Lane, in which Alexander and Sir Herbert Tree were held to have carried off the honours.", "Alexander was knighted in 1911 and received an honorary LLD from the University of Bristol the following year.", "From 1907 to 1913 Alexander represented the South St Pancras division on the London County Council and served conscientiously on several of its committees.", "If his health had permitted he would, in Wearing's view, have stood for Parliament.", "He was an astute and capable committee man, giving substantial amounts of time to the Actors' Benevolent Fund, the Royal General Theatrical Fund, the Actors' Association and the Actresses' Franchise League.", "He was a key organiser of the Coronation Gala Performance in 1911 and the Shakespeare tercentenary celebration at Drury Lane in 1916.", "When the First World War broke out in 1914 Alexander's health was in decline, but as well as continuing to appear at the St James's he worked for charities including the Red Cross, the League of Mercy and the Order of St John of Jerusalem, organising fund-raising performances, fêtes and garden parties.", "Alexander died of tuberculosis and diabetes at his country home, Little Court, Chorleywood, Hertfordshire on 16 March 1918, at the age of 59.", "He was buried at Christ Church Cemetery in Chorleywood four days later.", "A memorial service was held at Holy Trinity, Sloane Street, in London on 22 March, attended by a large congregation, mainly comprising the theatrical profession and British society.", "A blue plaque unveiled in 1951 commemorates Alexander at his London house, 57 Pont Street, Chelsea.", "Notes, references and sources\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n \n \n \n \n \n\n1858 births\n1918 deaths\n20th-century English male actors\nActor-managers\nActors awarded knighthoods\nBritish actor-politicians\nEnglish male stage actors\nEnglish theatre managers and producers\nKnights Bachelor\nMale actors from Berkshire\nMembers of London County Council\nMunicipal Reform Party politicians\nActors from Reading, Berkshire\n19th-century theatre managers\n20th-century deaths from tuberculosis\nTuberculosis deaths in England\nDeaths from diabetes\n19th-century English businesspeople" ]

[ "Sir George Alexander was an English stage actor, theatre producer and theatre manager.", "He gained experience with leading producers and actor-managers, including Tom Robertson, Henry Irving, and W. H. Kendal, after acting on stage as an amateur.", "Alexander was interested in theatre management.", "He began producing on his own in 1890 after taking a lease on a London theatre.", "He stayed at the St James's Theatre for the rest of his career.", "Oscar Wilde's Lady Windermere's Fan and A. W. Pinero's The Second Mrs Tanqueray were the most successful of the new plays he presented.", "Alexander followed in the footsteps of Robertson and the Kendals, who preferred a naturalistic style of writing and acting.", "He built around him a company of fine actors, many of whom were or later became leading figures in the profession, including Henry Ainley and Arthur Bourchier.", "Alexander's range was limited, and he did not attempt the great heroic roles or play much tragedy as an actor.", "He was a recognised leader in his genre, which was comedy and drama.", "Alexander was the son of a Scottish commercial traveller and the first wife of Mary Ann Longman.", "He attended private schools in Bristol, London, and Ealing, and then left when he was fifteen.", "His father was against the theatre and wanted his son to have a career in it.", "Alexander was a clerk in the City of London.", "Alexander began acting in amateur theatricals in his spare time.", "He appeared in amateur performances at the St James's Theatre and later became a professional.", "He joined the repertory company at the Theatre Royal in September 1879 at the age of 21.", "He adopted the stage name George Alexander because he felt the name \"Samson\" was too redolent of scripture for an actor.", "He joined Tom Robertson's touring company and played juvenile leads.", "He began to get notices that were favorable.", "His performances all that could be desired were found by The Era.", "Alexander made his London debut as Freddy Butterscotch in The Guv'nor at the Standard Theatre, which he had already played in the provinces, in an early indication of his flair.", "Henry Irving was engaged to play the blind man in a revival of the comedy The Two Roses after seeing a performance in London.", "Irving cast him as Paris in the next production.", "Alexander was married to Florence Jane Théleur, daughter of a French ballet master.", "They didn't have any children.", "Florence shared her husband's interest in public affairs as well as his theatrical concerns.", "She was a key figure in maintaining the company spirit after he became an actor-manager.", "Alexander expanded his theatrical experiences, but not exclusively, in London.", "He played the role of the hero in the comedy The Parvenu at the Court Theatre.", "He played several roles in the Shakespearian plays.", "He was a part of the Kendals' company at the St James's.", "The Ironmaster was written by Arthur Wing Pinero.", "Alexander rejoined Irving's company in July 1884.", "Alexander received \"invaluable training from the acknowledged master of the profession\", although Irving was not an easy man to work for, according to the theatre historian J. P. Wearing.", "Shakespeare's Orsino, Laertes, Bassanio and Macduff were some of the important supporting roles he played in Irving's company.", "He was promoted to the title role of Mephistopheles in W. G. Wills's Faust in January 1886.", "Alexander played the part hundreds of times.", "Alexander secured a lease of the Avenue Theatre in 1890 while he was nurturing managerial ambitions.", "He was contractually obliged to remain in the cast of London Day by Day at the Adelphi Theatre and so was unable to appear in his own first production as a manager.", "The play he mounted as a fill-in until he was able to act in his own productions was a farce that ran for seven months and made Alexander financially secure.", "He joined the cast of Dr Bill after his contract expired.", "He was going to open the play, Struggle for Life, when it closed.", "He said that if he had been free to open in it at the start of his managerial career, that career would have been in jeopardy.", "He was able to continue even after his manager took the theatre's cash box.", "Alexander stayed at the St James's for the rest of his life after obtaining that of the Avenue at the end of his lease.", "Alexander had the theatre redecorated.", "There was a double bill of comedies, Sunlight and Shadow.", "The Idler was a serious drama.", "It had already been a success in America and ran at the St James's through most of the remainder of the season, which concluded with a costume drama, which The Era considered that \"Mr Alexander was not only good, but at certain moments great.\"", "Alexander had only eleven years of experience in the theatre when he took over the St James's.", "He sought to engage the best actors for his company, unlike some star actor-managers he did not wish to be supported by actors whose inferior talent would make the star look better.", "He didn't want to be seen as the star, but as a team player.", "Alexander assembled touring companies to play his successes in the provinces.", "Among those he engaged for his companies were Arthur Bourchier.", "Alexander was in favor of naturalistic writing and acting, like the Kendals and Bernard Shaw.", "His constant support of British playwrights, his concern for his employees, and his care to avoid alienating his key clientele were some of the features of his management noted by Wearing.", "Alexander caters to the tastes of London Society in its theatre-going just as the Savoy Hotel caters to them in restaurant-going according to the writer Hesketh Pearson.", "Alexander and Oscar Wilde had a professional association after Alexander took over the St James's.", "Alexander offered practical advice for making the play more stageable.", "The most important contribution to this play was to convince Wilde that the most effective way of revealing the key plot point was to do so by degrees rather than in one melodramatic stroke in the final act.", "Alexander's diplomatic skills made him comfortable with less volatile colleagues, but he was still able to get on well with the most volatile authors and actors.", "Pinero's play The Second Mrs Tanqueray Alexander was presented in May 1893.", "Lady Windermere's Fan featured a woman with a past, but unlike Wilde's play it ended in tragedy.", "Alexander kept his safe path of correct riskiness, even though it was thought daring at the time.", "It ran for over 200 performances in its first production.", "Mrs Patrick Campbell was the first person to play the title role.", "Alexander's acting style was more subtle than hers.", "\"He is graceful in all that he does, but with an everyday humanity, the graceful, charming, well-bred, nicely-toned humanity proper to the drawing-rooms of Culture\", said a contemporary profile.", "Alexander's failure came between this and the play with which Alexander's name has become most closely associated.", "Henry James wrote a play about a hero who abandons the priesthood to save his family by marrying and then reverting to his religious calling.", "Alexander opened the play at the St James's on January 5, 1895, despite it being turned down by one London management.", "It was respectfully received by those in the more expensive parts of the house and rudely received by those in the cheaper seats.", "Alexander kept the play on the bill for a month before turning to Wilde as a more theatrically astute writer.", "Pearson believed that Alexander would be remembered in the profession for being an ideal actor-manager, and by the public for taking the risk of introducing Wilde's plays.", "Alexander was not like Shaw, who thought the play was inferior to Wilde's other plays.", "His most important contribution was to convince the author that the second and third acts should be merged, with a substantial cut in the text.", "The success of the play with audiences and critics was immediate, but it was short-lived.", "Wilde was convicted and imprisoned after being arrested for committing homosexual acts within weeks of the premiere.", "Alexander had to withdraw the play after 83 performances because the public turned against him and he had to remove the author's name from the playbills the day after his arrest.", "After Wilde's release from prison, he failed to stop to talk to Wilde when they passed in the street.", "He paid Wilde a monthly sum for the rest of his life, and bequeathed the rights to Lady Windermere's Fan and The Importance of Being Earnest to Wilde's son, Vyvyan Holland.", "Alexander was arrested for soliciting a prostitute in 1895 and was touched by the scandal.", "Alexander said that the young woman was a beggar and that the case was dismissed because he had given her a coin.", "Henry Arthur Jones wrote The Triumph of the Philistines, which was chosen to fill the gap left by The Importance.", "Alexander presented Jones's The Masqueraders with some success, but the new play, a satire of small-town narrow-mindedness, received mixed reviews and quickly closed; Alexander fell back on revivals, including The Second Mrs Tanqueray.", "Alexander and his company moved away from drawing-room comedy and society drama, first with the Ruritanian swashbuckler, The Prisoner of Zenda, which ran in 1896.", "Alexander closed the theatre at the end of 1899 to have it reconstructed, which The Era called \"one of the handsomest temples of the drama in London\".", "Alexander was given a verse drama based on an episode in Dante's The Divine Comedy that was produced at the St James's.", "The play ran for 134 performances, with Alexander playing the fierce and sombre Giovanni Malatesta, and the young Henry Ainley and Evelyn Millard playing the eponymous lovers.", "Alexander appeared in Pinero's His House in Order, an artistic and box-office success, in February 1906.", "Wearing comments that Alexander was a leader of fashion, starting a trend in men's attire by appearing in this play wearing a soft collared shirt with a lounge suit.", "Alexander gave command performances for three British monarchs.", "He appeared before Edward VII as Edward Thursfield in Alfred Sutro's The Builder of Bridges at Sandringham as the final command performance of Queen Victoria.", "Alexander and Sir Herbert Tree were held to have carried off the honours after he played Alfred Evelyn in Edward Bulwer-Lytton's Money'' in an all-star production at the Drury Lane.", "Alexander was knighted in 1911 and received an honor from the University of Bristol the following year.", "Alexander was a conscientious member of several committees on the London County Council.", "He would have stood for Parliament if his health had allowed it.", "He gave a lot of time to the Actors' Association, the Royal General Theatrical Fund, and the Actresses' Franchise League.", "The Shakespeare tercentenary celebration at Drury Lane in 1916 was organised by him.", "When the First World War broke out in 1914 Alexander's health was in decline, but as well as continuing to appear at the St James's he worked for charities including the Red Cross and the Order of St John of Jerusalem.", "Alexander died of diseases at his country home, Little Court, Chorleywood, Hertfordshire, on 16 March 1918, at the age of 59.", "He was buried at Christ Church Cemetery.", "The memorial service was held at Holy Trinity in London on 22 March and was attended by a large congregation.", "Alexander's London house, 57 Pont Street, was the site of a plaque unveiled in 1951.", "There are references to births and deaths of English male actors." ]

[ "Sir George Alexander", "George Alexander Gibb Samson", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "George Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "George Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "George V", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander" ]

[ "George Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "George Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander", "Alexander" ]

[ "May Sabai Phyu (, also transcribed as May Sabe Phyu, Kachin: Lashi Labya Hkawn Htoi; born 5 August 1976) is a Kachin activist from Burma.", "She is active in promoting human rights, freedom of expression, peace, justice for Myanmar's ethnic minorities, anti-violence in Kachin State, and lately in combating violence against women and promoting gender equality issues.", "Early life\nPhyu was born in Yangon, Myanmar on 5 August 1976 of Kachin mother and Burmese father.", "She is the eldest daughter of four siblings.", "She married to Patrick Kum Ja Lee and the couple has three children - two daughters and a son.", "Career\nPhyu has a Bachelor of Science (Mathematics) degree from the University of Distance Education, Yangon, and a master's degree in Gender and Development Studies from Thailand's Asian Institute of Technology, where her thesis explored the gendered health impacts of the widely opposed Myitsone Dam construction in Kachin State, Myanmar.", "She has worked with UNDP as a Health Education Specialist, and with MSF-Holland in a variety of roles, including as a Health Education Supervisor and as Team Leader of the Counseling Program of HIV/AIDS Care and Support for the people living with HIV/AIDS.", "In 2008, she was instrumental in the forming the inter-agency Women's Protection Technical Working Group during the Cyclone Nargis response.", "The group was formed to alleviate hardships caused by the storm.", "Immediately, the storm changed household composition, leaving 14 out of every 100 households headed by women, the majority of these being widows.", "In addition, there was a sharp rise in the number of women engaging in sex for money, food or favors.", "As these households were vulnerable, both in terms of poverty and safety, the group immediately focused on methods to provide satisfactory housing, sex education, job training and support networks.", "Due to the group's efforts, eighteen months after the cyclone, conditions for these vulnerable women appeared to have returned to normalcy.", "After the disaster relief situation stabilized, the Working Group evolved into the Gender Equality Network, with May Sabai Phyu as Senior Coordinator.", "In 2012, this group assisted the government in the drafting of the National Strategic Plan for the Advancement of Women.", "The organization actively works for gender equality and the development of strategies to mitigate and prevent violence against women and girls.", "As Director of the https://www.facebook.com/genmyanmar/?ref=bookmarks Gender Equality Network, May Sabe Phyu carries out broad and high level advocacy on women's rights and gender equality issues, and oversees the implementation of the network's strategic initiatives to promote equitable national policy.", "She has played a major role in taking the network to a new stage of high-impact, evidence-based advocacy through the production of actionable research.", "Phyu has been instrumental in the network's development of two groundbreaking research projects: a qualitative research study on violence against women; and analysis of gender-based social practices and cultural norms within the Myanmar context.", "The completion of Behind the Silence: Violence Against Women and their Resilience marks a major step in advancing awareness of and action towards ending violence against women in Myanmar; this study is one of the first to systematically examine incidents of violence against women in the general population and to provide analysis on the different types of violence, its consequences, causes, and women's coping strategies.", "A second pioneering study on social and cultural practices and their impact on gender equality, examines historical narratives and contemporary cultural and religious views of women and men in Myanmar, including cultural changes and ways in which norms influence attitudes and behaviour.", "The study called Raising the Curtain: Cultural Norms, Social Practices and Gender Equality in Myanmar describes stereotypes and perceptions of women in the economy, education, sport, health, and the media.", "The report suggests ways in which specific sectors and broader movements can identify and shift pervasive cultural discourse and practices that pose barriers to women's empowerment.", "Through the network, May Sabe Phyu is currently co-coordinating a law reform process with various stakeholders to draft the country's first law on the prevention of violence against women by creating new criminal offenses for a variety of types of violence, civil remedies, and a regime for implementation of the law - including education and training programs, and new justice system and dispute resolution procedures.", "The proposed new law covers a number of issues not currently addressed, such as marital rape, incest, stalking, technology-related violence against women and the establishment of protection orders.", "Phyu has also played a leading role in opposing the highly controversial draft Protection of Race and Religion Bills, which was approved in 2015, and has major implications for women's rights in Myanmar.", "The proposed bill infringes freedom of religion and specifically targets minority groups.", "During her campaign against the bill, she was the victim of targeted hate phone calls to her personal phone, which was often up to 100 threatening and abusive calls a night.", "Hazards of engaging in activism in Myanmar \n\nAfter hostilities between the Kachin Independence Organization and the Myanmar army resumed in 2012, May Sabe Phyu co-founded the Kachin Peace Network and Kachin Women Peace Network to raise awareness of the situation of internally displaced persons (IDPs).", "She advocates for inter-ethnic trust-building and women's involvement in the peace process to resolve this civil conflict.", "As the co-coordinator of both organizations, she organized the first public event to raise IDP issues in the mainstream media and has conducted media exposure trips to IDP camps.", "Following a peaceful demonstration calling for an end to civil war in Yangon, where freedom of association is still restricted, May Sabe Phyu was charged along with a co-organizer.", "Over the next 14 months, they made 120 appearances in six courts, ultimately paying 20,000 kyat (approximately US$20) fines in two courts, with charges dismissed under a presidential amnesty.", "On October 14, 2015, when she was abroad on an advocacy trip, Burmese Special Branch police arrested her husband Patrick Kum Jaa Lee at their home.", "He was sent to the country's notorious prison Insein without warrant.", "The authority accused him for mocking the country's commander-in-chief of the armed forces, Min Aung Hlaing, on Facebook.", "Unlike her, Patrick Kum Jaa Lee was a humanitarian worker who has no background of outspoken against Myanmar government and military campaigns or joining any types of activism.", "On January 22, 2016, the Court found him guilty of “online defamation” and sentenced him to six months in prison.", "It was an example of pressure and intimidation against activists who speak out against rising anti-Muslim and ultra-nationalist Buddhist movements in the country.", "As May Sabe Phyu is one of the most prominent Burmese civil society activists who have criticized the passage of four so-called \"race and religion protection laws\" passed by Parliament in 2015, and championed by the Buddhist monk-led Association for Protection of Race and Religion, or in Burmese, Ma Ba Tha, she and many other activists have been subject to death threats and being branded ‘traitors’ by senior monks and their supporters.", "Her work to build peace among ethnic and religious minorities requires her to speak out against injustice, but her family is paying the price.", "She has spoken at various human rights workshops in Myanmar advocating for the rights of people with disabilities and the promotion and protection of human rights.", "Awards \nFor her leadership in advocating for the full and equal rights of women and ethnic and religious minorities in Myanmar, May Sabe Phyu was honored with an International Women of Courage Award by the State Department of the United States of America in 2015.", "After Zin Mar Aung, she is the second woman from Burma to receive this award.", "Later, she was listed as one of the inspiring women leaders in changing Myanmar's society by many local and international news media.", "She has been also recognized as distinguished alumni by the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) Alumni Association (AITAA), Thailand in September 2015, where she attained her first master's degree in Gender and Development Studies.", "In 2018, she studied at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University (also known as Harvard Kennedy School and HKS) for a one-year Mid-Career Public Administration program as one of the Mason fellows.", "References\n\nLiving people\nYear of birth missing (living people)\n20th-century Burmese women\n21st-century Burmese women\nBurmese people of Kachin descent\nAsian Institute of Technology alumni\nHarvard Kennedy School alumni\nWomen who received the International Women of Courage Award" ]

[ "There is a Kachin activist named May Sabai Phyu who was born on August 5, 1976.", "She is active in fighting violence against women and promoting gender equality.", "The child of a mother and father was born on August 5, 1976.", "She is the daughter of four siblings.", "She and Patrick Kum Ja Lee have three children, two daughters and a son.", "Career Phyu obtained a Bachelor of Science (Mathematics) degree from the University of Distance Education, Yangon, and a master's degree in Gender and Development Studies from Thailand's Asian Institute of Technology.", "She has worked with the UNDP as a Health Education Specialist, as well as withMSF-Holland as a Health Education Supervisor and as Team Leader of the Counseling Program of HIV/AIDS Care and Support for the people living with HIV/AIDS.", "She was involved in forming the inter-agency Women's Protection Technical Working Group.", "The group was formed to help people who were affected by the storm.", "The storm left 14 out of every 100 households headed by women, the majority of these being widows.", "There was a rise in the number of women engaging in sex for money, food or favors.", "The group immediately focused on methods to provide satisfactory housing, sex education, job training and support networks as these households were vulnerable, both in terms of poverty and safety.", "Due to the group's efforts, eighteen months after the storm, the conditions for vulnerable women appeared to have returned to normal.", "The Working Group evolved into the Gender Equality Network after the disaster relief situation improved.", "The National Strategic Plan for the advancement of Women was drafted in 2012 by this group.", "The organization works for gender equality and the development of strategies to prevent violence against women and girls.", "May Sabe Phyu is the Director of the Gender Equality Network, she carries out broad and high level advocacy on women's rights and gender equality issues, and oversees the implementation of the network's strategic initiatives.", "She has helped take the network to a new level of high impact, evidence based advocacy through the production of actionable research.", "A qualitative research study on violence against women and an analysis of gender-based social practices and cultural norms were developed by the network.", "This study is one of the first to systematically examine incidents of violence against women in the general population and to provide analysis on the different types of violence.", "A second study on social and cultural practices and their impact on gender equality examines historical narratives and contemporary cultural and religious views of women and men.", "A study titled Raising the Curtain: Cultural Norms, Social Practices and Gender Equality in Myanmar describes stereotypes and perceptions of women in the economy, education, sport, health, and the media.", "The report suggests ways in which specific sectors and broader movements can identify and shift pervasive cultural discourse and practices that pose barriers to women's empowerment.", "The country's first law on the prevention of violence against women will be drafted through a law reform process with various stakeholders, which will include creating new criminal offenses for a variety of types of violence, civil remedies, and a regime for implementation.", "There are a number of issues that are not currently addressed by the current law, such as incest, stalking, technology-related violence against women and the establishment of protection orders.", "The draft Protection of Race and Religion Bills, which was approved in 2015, has major implications for women's rights in the country.", "The bill specifically targets minority groups.", "She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "The conflict between the Kachin Independence Organization and the army in 2012 led to the formation of the Kachin Peace Network and the Kachin Women Peace Network to raise awareness of the situation of IDPs.", "She supports inter-ethnic trust-building and women's involvement in the peace process.", "She has conducted media exposure trips to IDP camps and organized the first public event to raise IDP issues in the mainstream media.", "After a peaceful demonstration calling for an end to civil war in Yangon, May Sabe Phyu was charged along with a co-organizer.", "They made 120 appearances in six courts over the next 14 months and paid 20,000 kyat in fines in two courts.", "On October 14, 2015, when she was abroad on an advocacy trip, Patrick Kum Jaa Lee was arrested by the Special Branch police.", "He was sent to Insein without a warrant.", "He was accused of making fun of the country's commander-in-chief on Facebook.", "Patrick Kum Jaa Lee was a humanitarian worker who did not have a background in activism.", "He was sentenced to six months in prison on January 22, 2016 after being found guilty of online defamation.", "Pressure and intimidation against activists who speak out against rising anti-Muslim and ultra-nationalist Buddhist movements in the country was an example.", "The Association for Protection of Race and Religion, led by a Buddhist monk, championed the passage of four so-called \"race and religion protection laws\" passed by Parliament in 2015.", "Her work to build peace among ethnic and religious minorities requires her to speak out against injustice, but her family is paying the price.", "She has advocated for the rights of people with disabilities and the promotion and protection of human rights.", "The State Department of the United States of America gave an International Women of Courage Award to May Sabe Phyu for her leadership in advocating for the full and equal rights of women and ethnic and religious minorities.", "She is the second woman from the country to receive this award.", "She was listed as one of the inspiring women leaders in changing Myanmar's society by many local and international news media.", "She attained her first master's degree in Gender and Development Studies at the Asian Institute of Technology in Thailand in September 2015.", "She was one of the Mason fellows and studied at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.", "Women who received the International Women of Courage Award were Harvard Kennedy School alumni." ]

[ "May Sabai Phyu", "May Sabe Phyu", "Phyu", "May Sabai", "Phyu", "Phyu", "May Sabe", "Phyu", "Phyu", "May Sabe", "Phyu", "May Sabe", "Phyu", "May Sabe", "Phyu", "May Sabe", "Phyu" ]

[ "May Sabai Phyu", "Career Phyu", "May Sabe", "Phyu", "Phyu", "May Sabe", "Phyu" ]

[ "Han Myeong-sook (born March 24, 1944; ) was the Prime Minister of South Korea from April 2006 to March 2007.", "She is South Korea's first female prime minister (second female prime minister overall if the acting premiership of Chang Sang is included).", "She was from the United New Democratic Party (UNDP) as a member of the Korean National Assembly (representative) for Ilsan-gab, and is a graduate of Ewha Womans University in Seoul with a degree in French literature.", "She resigned as Prime Minister on March 7, 2007 and declared her presidential candidacy.", "But she did not succeed in the nominations.", "In 2008 she ran for parliament, but was not elected.", "However, in January 2012 she was elected leader of the main oppositional Democratic United Party (DUP) before the April legislative elections and became a member of parliament.", "But the liberals did not manage to defeat the ruling Saenuri Party and Han stepped down as party leader in April 2012.", "In August 2015, Han was convicted of receiving illegal donations and sentenced to two years in prison.", "Han has maintained her innocence and further corroboration has indicated that she was not guilty of the alleged offense.", "In 2021, she was granted special amnesty by the government and her constitutional rights were restored.", "Pre-Prime Ministerial career\nShe was imprisoned from 1979 to 1981 after she confessed to teaching pro-Communist ideas to workers, farmers and low-income women, but it is now accepted she was imprisoned for pro-Democratic activities.", "A government committee exonerated her of any wrongdoing in 2001, ruling her confession was elicited through torture.", "In 1999, she joined the National Congress for New Politics, and entered politics.", "In 2000, she was elected as a member of the 16th Korean National Assembly (for Proportional representation).", "In 2004, she ran for a member of the National Assembly in Ilsan of Goyang and was elected.", "Han was the first Minister of Gender Equality, serving from 2001 to 2003.", "She served as the Minister of Environment from 2003 to 2004.", "Appointment\nOn 24 March 2006, following the resignation of Prime Minister Lee Hae-chan, President Roh Moo-hyun nominated Han to become the first female Prime Minister of South Korea.", "Han is only the second woman to be nominated for the Prime Ministership.", "On 20 April 2006, Han Myeong-Sook was sworn in, becoming the first female Prime Minister of South Korea.", "Prime Ministership\n\nLibya-South Korea relations\n\nHan visited Libya on 19 September 2006 and 20 September 2006.", "South Korea-United Arab Emirates relations\nHan went to the United Arab Emirates on 24 September and held high level talks with Prime Minister Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum.", "Han said she wanted to cultivate \"the potential for bilateral cooperation in... trade, investment, IT and tourism.\"", "According to Han, \"around 50 South Korean companies of global competitiveness have established headquarters of the Middle East region in Dubai.\"", "UAE companies invested $8 billion in South Korea from 2002–2006, but South Korea total investment in the UAE is only $25 million.", "Han was interviewed by Gulf News in September 2006.", "She expressed a desire to increase South Korean investment in the UAE and sign a Free Trade Agreement with the Gulf Cooperation Council.", "When asked about gender equality in the UAE, she expressed interest in Muslim women, and commended the fact that the \"status of women in Islam is a historic and religious outcome that is regulated by the Quran and Hadith.\"", "She pointed to the efforts of Shaikha Fatima, the mother of the UAE, the appointment of Shaikha Lubna Khalid Al Qasimi, the first appointment of a female minister, as the Minister of Economy, and the February 2006 appointment of Mariam Al Roumi as the Minister of Social Affairs as positive signs of the UAE's adapting to social changes.", "She rejected the idea of \"imposing a U.S. or Western-style democracy on the Arab world\" saying, \"the values of democracy are not to be imposed.\"", "Han expressed her friendship towards Lebanon and Israel and her support for UN Security Council Resolution 1701, UNIFIL, United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan's efforts at securing peace, and Foreign Minister Ban's candidacy to be the next Secretary General.-\n\nKazakhstan-South Korea relations\nHan met with Daniyal Akhmetov, the Prime Minister of Kazakhstan, on 23 September 2006 in Astana, Kazakhstan.", "They signed several bilateral agreements enhancing economic ties.", "The Government of South Korea agreed to invest an additional $2 billion in joint projects in the energy, uranium-extraction, construction, transportation, and banking sectors.", "Akhmetov offered South Korea the option of participating in developing a new type of nuclear reactor.", "South Korean investors have stakes in more than 300 Kazakhstan-based companies.", "Han was in Kazakhstan until 24 September.", "She then traveled to Uzbekistan.", "Han invited President Nazarbayev to visit South Korea in 2007 on behalf of President Roh, and on 25 September, after talking to Nazarbayev, she announced to the press that he had accepted and expressed hope that the trip would help to increase cooperation in the petrochemical industry, information technology and education/\n\nSouth Korea-Uzbekistan relations\nHan and Shavkat Mirziyoyev, the Prime Minister of Uzbekistan, met in Tashkent, Uzbekistan on 25 September 2006.", "They signed several agreements, including one deal in which Uzbekistan will send 300 tons of Uzbek uranium ore to South Korea every year from 2010 to 2014.", "The deal bypasses U.S. companies that acted previously as middlemen for South Korean imports of Uzbek uranium ore. Han also met with President Islam Karimov and parliament speaker Erkin Xalilov.", "Han and Mirziyoyev boosted cooperation in the energy, agriculture, construction, architecture, and information technology sectors.", "Trade between South Korea and Uzbekistan increased by nearly 40% between 2005 and 2006, to $565 million.", "Resignation\n\nHan resigned from her position as prime minister on March 7, 2007, amidst speculation that she would run in the December 2007 presidential elections.", "After the informal meeting with former justice minister Kang Kum-Sil just before her resignation, Ms. Han stated that she would continue as a legislator and think about running for president.", "Post-Prime Ministerial career\nIn 2007, Han ran for the party presidential candidacy but did not succeed in the nominations.", "She endorsed to Chung Dong-young.", "In 2008, she ran for re-election to parliament, but was defeated by a candidate of Grand National Party.", "In 2010, she declared to run for Seoul's Mayor position, but was very narrowly defeated by Oh Se-hoon of GNP by less than one percentage point.", "On the first congress of the Democratic United Party on 15 January 2012, Han was voted chairwoman of the supreme council of the party with 24.5 per cent support rate.", "The liberal party was created by a merger of the Democratic Party with the minor Citizens Unity Party, and is South Korea's main oppositional force.", "Han was elected to parliament in the April legislative elections, but the liberals did not manage to oust the ruling party and Han stepped down as DUP head on 16 April 2012.", "For three months the leaders of the two major Korean parties were women: Park Geun-hye of the Grand National Party and Han Myeong-sook for the DUP.", "References\n\nFurther reading\n Skard, Torild (2014) \"Han Myung-sook\" in Women of power - half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide, Bristol: Policy Press,\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website of Korean Prime Minister\nBiography of Ms. Han\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n1944 births\nMinjoo Party of Korea politicians\nEwha Womans University alumni\nLiving people\nMembers of the National Assembly (South Korea)\nPeople from Pyongyang\nPrime Ministers of South Korea\nSouth Korean feminists\nSouth Korean politicians convicted of crimes\n21st-century South Korean women politicians\nUnited New Democratic Party politicians\nWomen prime ministers\nWomen opposition leaders\nCheongju Han clan\nDemocratic Party (South Korea, 2000) politicians\nHeads of government who were later imprisoned" ]

[ "Han Myeong-sook was the Prime Minister of South Korea from April 2006 to March 2007.", "She is the first female prime minister of South Korea.", "She graduated from Ewha Womans University with a degree in French literature and was a member of the Korean National Assembly.", "On March 7, 2007, she resigned as Prime Minister and declared her candidacy.", "She failed in the nominations.", "She ran for parliament in 2008 but was not elected.", "She became a member of parliament in April 2012 after being elected leader of the Democratic United Party.", "Han stepped down as party leader in April 2012 after the liberals failed to defeat the Saenuri Party.", "Han was sentenced to two years in prison for receiving illegal donations.", "Han maintained her innocence and INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals", "She had her constitutional rights restored in 2021.", "She was imprisoned from 1979 to 1981 after she confessed to teaching pro-Communist ideas to workers, farmers and low-income women.", "She was cleared of any wrongdoing by a government committee in 2001.", "She joined the National Congress for New Politics in 1999.", "She was elected to the 16th Korean National Assembly in 2000.", "She was elected to the National Assembly in 2004, after running for it.", "The first Minister of Gender Equality was Han.", "She was the Minister of Environment from 2003 to 2004.", "Han was nominated to become the first female Prime Minister of South Korea after the resignation of Lee Hae-chan.", "Han is the second woman to be nominated for the Prime Ministership.", "Han Myeong-Sook was the first female Prime Minister of South Korea.", "Han visited Libya in September of 2006 and September of 2007.", "On 24 September, Han went to the United Arab Emirates and held high level talks with the Prime Minister.", "Han wants to cultivate the potential for bilateral cooperation in trade, investment, IT and tourism.", "Around 50 South Korean companies of global competitiveness have established headquarters in the Middle East region.", "South Korea's total investment in the U.S. from 2002 to 2006 was $8 billion, but the total investment in the U.S. from 2002 to 2006 was only $25 million.", "In September of 2006 Han was interviewed by Gulf News.", "She wants to sign a Free Trade Agreement with the Gulf Cooperation Council in order to increase South Korean investment.", "She appreciated the fact that the status of women in Islam is regulated by the Quran and Hadith, and expressed interest in Muslim women.", "The first appointment of a female minister was made in February 2006 by Mariam Al Roumi, the Minister of Social Affairs.", "The values of democracy are not to be imposed, she said.", "Han supports UN Security Council Resolution 1701, Kofi Annan's efforts at securing peace, and Foreign Minister Ban's candidacy to be the next Secretary General.", "They signed several bilateral agreements.", "The Government of South Korea agreed to invest $2 billion in projects in the energy, construction, transportation, and banking sectors.", "South Korea could participate in the development of a new type of nuclear reactor.", "South Korean investors have stakes in hundreds of companies.", "Han was in the country for a while.", "She traveled to the other side of the world.", "On 25 September, after talking to Nazarbayev, she announced to the press that he had accepted and expressed hope that the trip would increase cooperation in the petrochemical industry, information technology and education.", "One of the agreements they signed was a deal in which South Korea will get 300 tons of U.S. uranium every year for the next three years.", "Han met with the president and parliament speaker.", "The energy, agriculture, construction, architecture, and information technology sectors were boosted by Han and Mirziyoyev.", "Between 2005 and 2006 the trade between South Korea and Uzbekistan increased by 40%.", "On March 7, 2007, Han resigned as prime minister due to speculation that she would run for president.", "After a meeting with the former justice minister, Ms. Han said she would consider running for president.", "Han ran for the party presidency in 2007, but did not get the nomination.", "She endorsed Chung.", "She ran for re-election to parliament in 2008, but was defeated by a candidate from the Grand National Party.", "She was narrowly defeated by Oh Se-hoon of GNP in 2010 when she declared to run for Mayor.", "Han was the chairwoman of the supreme council of the party at the first congress of the Democratic United Party.", "South Korea's main oppositional force is the liberal party, created by a merger of the Democratic Party and Citizens Unity Party.", "In the April legislative elections, Han was elected to parliament, but the liberals failed to oust the ruling party and he stepped down as head of the Democrats.", "Park Geun-hye of the Grand National Party was the leader of the party for three months.", "\"Han Myung-sook\" in Women of power - half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide, Bristol: Policy Press, External links" ]

[ "Han Myeong so", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han Myeong", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han Myeong", "Han My", "Han" ]

[ "Han Myeong so", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han Myeong", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han", "Han Myung" ]

[ "José María Zabalza (1928–1985) was a Spanish screenwriter and film director.", "Biography\nGraduate in the Faculty of Political and Economic Sciences of Madrid, and after practicing for a short period as an economist, he decides to present himself to the newly inaugurated I.I.E.C.", "(Institute of Investigations and Cinematographic Experiences), official school of cinema that opened its doors in February 1947.", "Zabalza passed the entrance exam in the specialty of direction for which there were only five places.", "His classmates in promotion (which was the second promotion of the school) were Ricardo Muñoz Suay, Jesús Franco and Juan García Atienza.", "In those days the students Jose Gutierrez Maesso, Luis Garcia Berlanga, Florentino Soria and Eduardo Ducay were also part of the school.", "Jose Maria Zabalza was a precursor in the founding of production companies in the Basque country.", "In 1955 he founded the production company Haz Films.", "With Haz Films he filmed There is also sky over the sea (1955) and Burial of an official in spring (1958).", "Zabalza's professional startup style as a filmmaker was clearly and markedly within what has been called author's cinema or art house cinema.", "There is also sky over the sea was probably one of the first films inspired by Italian Neorealism in Spain and the first in the Basque country.", "And as Luis Garcia Berlanga said many times: \"Burial of a civil servant in the spring, was the first film of dark humor cinema era in Spain\".", "The difficulties with the classification of premiere and distribution, by the Francoist censorship and the General Secretariat of Cinematography and Theater, did not allow an adequate distribution of these two films.", "This makes the newly created production company Haz Films have to close.", "José María Zabalza decides to take refuge in the theater in order to continue with his artistic career.", "During this time he wrote and directed several plays: Camerino Sin Biombo (1959), Autopsia de María Magdalena (1960), Las arañas travel by night (1961), Pensión Rosita (1962) and Ginebra for dinner (1962).", "In 1963, Zabalza reached an agreement to direct his first film with a production company that is not of his property.", "The film had the provisional title of The noise of the silence, to later take the definitive title, and supposedly more commercial one, of I am not a murderer (1963).", "The film as its first title indicated formally works with silence and long shots.", "Zabalza was inspired by the cinema of Ingmar Bergman and Michelangelo Antonioni, once again focusing on a style of European auteur cinema, revealing his inveterate cinephilia.", "Another strong feature that is shown in his films after his first three feature films is the combination of professional actors of great name with non-professional actors, people recruited on the street or among their friends.", "The film takes place in natural settings of Hondarribia, Irún and Zarautz.", "In 1964, he founded the Uranzu Films production company with his friend Carlos Serrano Tell (father of the filmmaker Carlos Serrano Azcona) and entered a second stage of his career as a filmmaker.", "With it he decides to recover a little from the difficulties of distribution suffered by his first films.", "His artistic line becomes lighter and commercial comedy type of film, except Camerino without a screen that is an intimate film filmed in San Sebastian in interiors with the actress Gemma Cuervo.", "After several films made with Uranzu films Carlos Serrano Tell decides to leave his tasks as a producer to be able to focus fully on his profession and his family life.", "The move away of cinema of his partner in Uranzu Films supposes to a great extent a change in the career of Zabalza that was dedicated thereafter to the cinema of genre mainly as hired director.", "You can consider this the third stage in his filmography.", "In this stage Zabalza will shoot a large number of films in genres as disparate as the Spaghuetti Western, horror movies, gangster movies or soft erotic films.", "Some of these films belong to the era in which international coproductions were lavished, with several films filmed in the former Yugoslavia.", "Perhaps the most internationally known film is the cult film that shot with the actor Paul Naschy The Fury of the Wolfman (1972).", "This moment of his filmography was not exempt from personal difficulties and for some of these films he came to be cataloged as the Spanish Ed Wood.", "He got to shoot three films at once or one in 24 hours and with 12 cameras, entitled The Return of the Vampires (1972) with Simon Andreu that did not have its commercial premiere, due once again to the Francoist censorship, until 1985 as The Mystery of Cynthia Baird.", "Zabalza as a filmmaker certainly fell into oblivion, but in recent years he has lived a renewed recognition with the publication of the book José María Zabalza: Cinema, Bohemia and Survival (2011) by Gurutz Albisu and the documentary film about his cinema and life, Director Z: el vendedor de ilusiones, de Oskar Tejedor premiered at the Festival Internacional de Cine Sitges.", "Filmography\n 1985 El misterio de Cynthia Baird\n 1984 La de Troya en el Palmar\n 1983 Al oeste de Río Grande\n 1978 Aberri Eguna 78\n 1975 Divorcio a la andaluza\n 1974 Un torero para la historia\n 1972 The Fury of the Wolfman\n 1971 El vendedor de ilusiones\n 1971 20,000 dólares por un cadáver\n 1970 Bullets over Dallas\n 1970 Rebels of Arizona\n 1969 El regreso de Al Capone\n 1969 Homicidios en Chicago\n 1967 El milagro del cante\n 1967 Camerino Without a Folding Screen\n 1966 Algunas lecciones de amor\n 1965 Julieta engaña a Romeo\n 1964 Dammed pistols of Dallas\n 1963 Yo no soy un asesino\n 1958 Entierro de un funcionario en primavera\n 1955 También hay cielo sobre el mar\n\nTheater \n 1962 Ginebra para cenar\n 1962 Pensión Rosita\n 1961 Las arañas viajan de noche\n 1960 Autopsia de María Magdalena\n 1959 Camerino Without a Folding Screen\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography \n Peter Cowie & Derek Elley.", "World Filmography: 1967.", "Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1977.", "External links \n \n\n1928 births\n1985 deaths\nSpanish male screenwriters\nSpanish film directors\n20th-century Spanish screenwriters\nPeople from Irun\nFilm directors from the Basque Country (autonomous community)\nComplutense University of Madrid alumni" ]

[ "Spanish writer and film director José Mara Zabalza was born in 1929.", "After graduating from the Faculty of Political and Economic Sciences of Madrid, he worked as an economist for a short time and decided to present himself to the newly inaugurated I.I.E.C.", "The Institute of Investigations and Cinematographic Experiences opened in 1947.", "There were only five places for the entrance exam in the specialty of direction.", "Four of his classmates were promoted to the second promotion of the school.", "The students who were part of the school were Jose Gutierrez Maesso, Luis Berlanga, Florentino Soria, and Eduardo Ducay.", "The founding of production companies in the Basque country was started by Jose Maria Zabalza.", "He founded Haz Films in 1955.", "There is sky over the sea and the burial of an official with Haz Films.", "Zabalza's professional startup style as a filmmaker was clearly and markedly within what has been called author's cinema or art house cinema.", "One of the first films to be inspired by Italian Neorealism in Spain and the first in the Basque country was sky over the sea.", "The first film of dark humor cinema era in Spain wasBurial of a civil servant in the spring.", "An adequate distribution of these two films was not possible because of the difficulties with the classification of premiere and distribution.", "Haz Films has to close because of this.", "In order to continue with his artistic career, José Mara Zabalza decided to take refuge in the theater.", "He wrote and directed several plays during this time.", "In 1963, Zabalza agreed to direct his first film with a production company that was not his property.", "The film had a provisional title of The noise of the silence, which later became the definitive title of I am not a murderer.", "The film works with silence and long shots.", "The cinema of Ingmar Bergman and Michelangelo Antonioni inspired Zabalza to focus on a style of European auteur cinema.", "The combination of professional actors of great name with non-professional actors, people recruited on the street or among their friends is a strong feature that is shown in his films after his first three feature films.", "Natural settings of Hondarribia, Irn and Zarautz are where the film takes place.", "In 1964, he founded the Uranzu Films production company with his friend Carlos Serrano Tell and entered a second stage of his career as a filmmaker.", "He decided to recover some of the difficulties of distribution caused by his first films.", "Camerino is a light and commercial comedy film that was filmed in San Sebastian in interiors with the actress Gemma Cuervo.", "Carlos Serrano Tell decided to leave his job as a producer and focus on his family life after making several films with Uranzu.", "The move away of cinema of his partner in Uranzu Films supposes to a great extent a change in the career of Zabalza that was dedicated to the cinema of genre mainly as hired director.", "This is the third stage in his filmography.", "In this stage, Zabalza will shoot a large number of films in a variety of genres as disparate as the Spaghuetti Western, horror movies, gangster movies or soft erotic films.", "Several films were filmed in the former Yugoslavia in the era of international coproductions.", "The Fury of the Wolfman is a cult film that was shot with the actor Paul Naschy.", "He came to be cataloged as the Spanish Ed Wood for some of the films because of personal difficulties.", "He was able to shoot three films in 24 hours and with 12 cameras, but The Return of the Vampires did not have a commercial premiere due to the Francoist censorship.", "The documentary film about his cinema and life, Director Z, and the book José Mara Zabalza: Cinema, Bohemia and Survival were both published in 2011.", "Filmography 1985 El misterio de Cynthia Baird, La de Troya, and Al oeste de Ro Grande.", "The world filmography of 1967.", "The Fairleigh Dickinson University Press was published in 1977.", "Spanish film directors from the Basque Country are alumni of the Complutense University of Madrid." ]

[ "José María Zabalza", "Zabalza", "Jose Maria Zabalza", "José María", "Zabalza", "Zabalza", "Zabalza", "Zabalza", "Zabalza", "José María", "Zabalza" ]

[ "José Mara Zabalza", "Jose Maria Zabalza", "Zabalza", "José Mara", "Zabalza", "Zabalza", "Zabalza", "Zabalza", "José Mara", "Zabalza" ]

[ "James M. Hinds (December 5, 1833 – October 22, 1868) was an American politician who represented Arkansas in the United States House of Representatives for the 2nd congressional district from June 24, 1868, until his assassination four months later by a Klansman.", "Hinds was an advocate of civil rights for former slaves.", "Born and raised in a small town in upstate New York, Hinds went west at the age of nineteen and graduated in 1856 from the Cincinnati Law School in Cincinnati, Ohio.", "He settled in Minnesota, where he opened a private law practice and was elected district attorney of his county.", "Looking for a fresh start, Hinds moved to the capital city of Little Rock, Arkansas in 1865.", "In 1867, he was elected to represent Pulaski County as a Republican at the Arkansas Constitutional Convention tasked with rewriting the constitution to allow Arkansas' readmission to the Union following its secession and the American Civil War.", "At that convention, Hinds successfully advocated for constitutional provisions establishing the right to vote for adult freedmen and public education for both black and white children.", "Campaigning for Republican candidate Ulysses S. Grant in the 1868 presidential election, Hinds was threatened and targeted by the Ku Klux Klan.", "In October 1868, while travelling to a political meeting with Joseph Brooks in Monroe County, Hinds was shot to death by a Klansman.", "Early life\nHinds was born in East Hebron, New York, to Charles and Jane Hinds.", "The youngest of six children, his brother Henry also became an attorney.", "Hinds' other siblings were brothers William, John, and Calvin, and his sister, Jane.", "He attended high school at Washington Academy in Salem, New York, and college at the Albany Normal School (now University at Albany, SUNY).", "Hinds read law at a school in St. Louis, Missouri, before graduating from Cincinnati Law School four years after his brother Henry did so.", "Career\n\nMinnesota\nIn 1856, at the age of twenty-three, Hinds moved to the Minnesota Territory and settled in St. Peter, the county seat of Nicollet County west of his brother Henry in Shakopee, Minnesota.", "Hinds purchased several lots and opened a law practice.", "He was elected district attorney for the county.", "Hinds was building a career and starting a family in St. Peter during a turbulent time in the region because of conflict between settlers and homesteaders and the Dakota Sioux, culminating in the Dakota War of 1862.", "He enlisted as a private in the First Minnesota Cavalry's Mounted Rangers, Company E during the conflict.", "By 1865, Hinds realized that St. Peter would not grow to political prominence and would remain a small farming village.", "Seeking a fresh start and more opportunity, in mid-1865 he relocated with his wife and two young daughters to Little Rock, Arkansas, in the throes of Reconstruction.", "Arkansas\n\nHinds found Arkansas, one of the eleven states of the former Confederacy, heavily degraded by the Civil War.", "By 1865, fighting between Confederate and Union forces had ravaged the state: population declined, and millions of dollars of property was lost to burning or stealing.", "The economy and the labor system, which had relied upon slavery, were also impaired.", "As with many Northerners, Hinds did not understand the grip of white supremacy, and resentment toward African Americans and Northerners, in the South.", "He believed that in the wake of the 1863 Emancipation Proclamation and the Civil War, freedmen in the South should enjoy the same liberties as in the North, and underestimated continuing fierce resistance from Democrat whites.", "These sentiments were later eulogized by Logan H. Roots, a contemporary who represented Arkansas in Congress.", "Hinds found himself referred to as a carpetbagger, a pejorative term used by resentful Southerners to disparage Northerners who moved south during Reconstruction.", "In mid-1865 in Little Rock, Hinds formed a law practice with Elisha Baxter, one of the state's leading Unionists.", "Baxter, who fought with the Union Army during the war, would be selected to serve on to the Arkansas Supreme Court by the newly established government and was later governor of Arkansas.", "In October 1867, Hinds was elected to be a delegate at Arkansas's 1868 Constitution Convention.", "At that Convention he was made chairman of the Committee on the Elective Franchise.", "The new constitution that emerged that February, ratified in March, provided voting rights for black males over the age of twenty-one and for the creation of public schools for both black and white children.", "Elected to Congress early that year as a Republican, Hinds went to Washington D.C. in April 1868, where he arranged for Arkansas to be the first state to rejoin the union under the 1867 Reconstruction Acts.", "In May 1868, Hinds was a delegate at the 1868 Republican National Convention held in Chicago.", "Returning to Arkansas in August, he campaigned vigorously for Republican presidential candidate Ulysses S. Grant and for civil rights for former slaves.", "Assassination\nHinds was the first U.S.", "Congressman assassinated in office.", "He was murdered on the eve of the 1868 presidential election, which was a contest over civil rights and suffrage for freedmen.", "Republicans, led by former Union Army General Ulysses S. Grant, favored those measures, while the Democratic Party opposed them.", "On October 22, 1868, en route to a campaign event for Grant near the village of Indian Bay in Monroe County, a man shot Hinds and fellow Republican politician Joseph Brooks in the back with a shotgun.", "Brooks managed to stay on his horse and ride to the event to bring back assistance.", "Hinds was knocked off his horse by the shotgun blast to his back, and lay on the road until help arrived.", "Before he died, Hinds sent a message to his wife and identified his killer.", "He died about two hours after the attack.", "A Coroner's Inquest identified the shooter as George Clark, secretary of the Monroe County Democratic Party and a local Klansman.", "Clark was never arrested or prosecuted.", "A week after the attack, The Morning Republican newspaper published the story, recounting that \"Men passing and returning soon found Mr. Hinds lying in the road still alive and rational, but conscious of the fact that his wound was of such serious nature that but a few moments more remained of his earthly career.\"", "Arkansas Governor Powell Clayton feared that the murder of Hinds, coming amid rising violence against Republicans and freed people, was a precursor to a general attack on state officers to seize control of the government and the polls prior to the election, and initiated military action against the Ku Klux Klan.", "The insurrection did not take place.", "Hinds is interred at Evergreen Cemetery in Salem, New York.", "The Congressional Cemetery in Washington D.C. contains a memorial stone in his honor.", "Preceded and succeeded by in congressional office\n40th United States Congress\n1.", "Logan H. Roots\t(1841–1893),\tRepublican\t...readmitted state, seated June 24, 1868.fd\n\nSee also\n\n List of assassinated American politicians\n List of United States Congress members killed or wounded in office\n List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\nTrelease, Allen W.White terror: the Ku Klux Klan conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995 (2nd edition); New York : Harper & Row, c1971 (1st edition).", "External links \n\n The Ku Klux Klan first came to national prominence during the 1868 presidential campaign, when its members assassinated Arkansas congressman James M. Hinds, three South Carolina legislators, and other Republican leaders.", "1833 births\n1868 deaths\n1868 murders in the United States\nArkansas lawyers\nArkansas Republicans\nAssassinated American politicians\nDakota War of 1862\nDeaths by firearm in Arkansas\nMembers of the United States House of Representatives from Arkansas\nMinnesota lawyers\nMinnesota Democrats\nPeople from Hebron, New York\nPeople from St. Peter, Minnesota\nPeople murdered in Arkansas\nRepublican Party members of the United States House of Representatives\nPoliticians from Little Rock, Arkansas\nUnited States Army soldiers\nUnited States Attorneys for the District of Minnesota\n19th-century American politicians\n19th-century American lawyers" ]

[ "James M. Hinds was an American politician who represented Arkansas in the United States House of Representatives for the 2nd congressional district from June 24, 1868 until his assassination by a Klansman four months later.", "He was an advocate of civil rights for slaves.", "Born and raised in a small town in upstate New York, Hinds went west at the age of nineteen and graduated from the Cincinnati Law School in 1856.", "He was elected district attorney of his county after opening a private law practice.", "Looking for a fresh start, Hinds moved to Little Rock, Arkansas in 1865.", "He was elected to represent Pulaski County as a Republican at the Arkansas Constitutional Convention in 1867 to rewrite the constitution after the American Civil War.", "The right to vote for adult freedmen and public education for both black and white children was advocated for by Hinds at that convention.", "The Ku Klux Klan made threats against Hinds while he was campaigning for Grant.", "While travelling to a political meeting in Monroe County in October 1868, Hinds was shot to death by a Klansman.", "Charles and Jane Hinds were the parents of early life Hinds.", "His brother Henry became an attorney as well.", "brothers William, John, and Calvin, and his sister, Jane, were also siblings.", "He attended high school at Washington Academy in Salem, New York, and college at the Albany Normal School.", "He graduated from Cincinnati Law School four years after his brother did.", "In 1856, at the age of twenty-three, Hinds moved to the Minnesota Territory and settled in St. Peter, the county seat of Nicollet County west of his brother Henry.", "He opened a law practice after buying lots.", "He was the district attorney.", "During the Dakota War of 1862, there was conflict between settlers and homesteaders, which led to the birth of a family in St. Peter.", "He was a private in the First Minnesota Cavalry's Mounted Rangers.", "St. Peter wouldn't grow to political prominence and would remain a small farming village.", "He relocated with his wife and two young daughters to Little Rock, Arkansas, in the throes of Reconstruction, in order to get a fresh start and more opportunity.", "Arkansas was one of the states that was heavily degraded by the Civil War.", "The state was ravaged by fighting between the Confederate and Union forces, and millions of dollars of property was lost to burning or stealing.", "Slavery had impaired the economy and labor system.", "The grip of white supremacy and resentment toward African Americans and Northerners in the South was not comprehended by Hinds.", "In the wake of the Civil War, he believed freedmen in the South should be treated the same as their counterparts in the North.", "A contemporary who represented Arkansas in Congress eulogized these sentiments.", "The term carpetbagger was used by resentful Southerners to refer to Northerners who moved south during Reconstruction.", "One of the state's leading Unionists was formed a law practice with Hinds.", "After the war, he was selected to serve on the Arkansas Supreme Court by the newly established government and later the governor of Arkansas.", "At Arkansas's 1868 Constitution Convention, Hinds was elected as a delegate.", "He was made chairman of the committee at that convention.", "Voting rights for black males over the age of twenty-one and for the creation of public schools for both black and white children were provided in the new constitution.", "Arkansas was the first state to rejoin the union under the 1867 Reconstruction Acts after Hinds went to Washington D.C. in 1868.", "The 1868 Republican National Convention was held in Chicago.", "He went to Arkansas in August to campaign for Grant and civil rights for former slaves.", "The United States was the first to have an assassination.", "The congressman was killed in his office.", "He was murdered on the eve of the 1868 presidential election, which was a contest over civil rights and speach for freedmen.", "The Republican Party favored those measures, while the Democratic Party opposed them.", "On October 22, 1868, a man shot a Republican politician in the back with a shotgun while he was on his way to a campaign event for Grant near the village of Indian Bay in Monroe County.", "He stayed on his horse and rode to the event to get assistance.", "After being hit by the shotgun blast to his back, Hinds lay on the road until help arrived.", "He identified his killer after sending a message to his wife.", "He died two hours after the attack.", "George Clark was the secretary of the Monroe County Democratic Party and a local Klansman.", "Clark was not arrested or prosecuted.", "A week after the attack, The Morning Republican newspaper reported that Mr. Hinds was still alive and well, but conscious of the fact that his wound was of such serious nature that but a few moments more remained of his earthly existence.", "The Governor of Arkansas feared that the murder of Hinds would lead to a general attack on state officers to seize control of the government and the polls prior to the election, as well as initiate military action against the Ku Klux Klan.", "The insurrection did not happen.", "There is a cemetery in Salem, New York.", "There is a memorial stone in the Congressional Cemetery.", "40th United States Congress 1.", "List of assassinated American politicians List of United States Congress members killed or wounded in office List of United States Congress members who died in office", "During the 1868 presidential campaign, the Ku Klux Klan assassinated Arkansas congressman James M. Hinds, three South Carolina legislators, and other Republican leaders.", "There were murders in the United States in the 19th century." ]

[ "James M", ". Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Jane Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "James M", ". Hinds" ]

[ "James M", ". Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Jane Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "Hinds", "James M", ". Hinds" ]

[ "Georgiana Margaret Solomon (née Thomson; born 18 August 1844 – 24 June 1933) was a British educator and campaigner, involved with a wide range of causes in Britain and South Africa.", "She and her only surviving daughter, Daisy Solomon, were suffragettes; as members of the Women's Social and Political Union, they were imprisoned during the campaign for women's suffrage for breaking the windows of Black Rod's office.", "Early life\nGeorgiana Thomson was born near Kelso in Scotland to George Thomson and Margaret Stuart Thomson (née Scott).", "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography characterises her father as \"an unsuccessful gentleman farmer\".", "She was educated at a small boarding school in Edinburgh.", "Career\nShe began her teaching career at the same school where she had been educated.", "Later, she accepted a position as a governess in a Liverpool family.", "By the 1870s, the movement to expand education to young women was gaining momentum in the English-speaking world.", "A committee in the Cape Colony was setting up the first such establishment, and, through Reverend Andrew Murray, approached her to lead it.", "She decided to accept the challenge, and emigrated in 1873 to South Africa.", "She was the inaugural principal of what is now the Good Hope Seminary High School.", "Marriage and children\n\nThere she met the liberal politician and newspaper proprietor Saul Solomon, known for his belief in equality based on creed, colour or class.", "Their views tallied on many matters, not least girls' education: he owned a first edition of Mary Wollstonecraft's polemic A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.", "Despite his being almost twice her age, they married.", "The wedding, which took place on 21 March 1874 at his home, Clarensville House, was to have had an alteration to the standard Anglican marriage vows: neither wife nor husband wished her to promise to obey him.", "However, the two clergymen officiating told the couple that this would render the ceremony without authority, so the words were included.", "One historian describes their marriage as \"idyllic\".", "The couple had six children: Saul, who became a judge in the Supreme Court of South Africa; Margaret; George; William Ewart Gladstone, a painter who followed his mother into educational leadership as principal of the Bombay School of Art; Daisy, a suffragette; and a son who died in infancy.", "In 1881 the eldest daughter drowned - as did the governess who tried to rescue the child.<ref>Enthusiams\"\" by Mark Girouard, 2011</ref> Saul retired from public life, and the family moved to Bedford in England in 1888, where their sons attended Bedford School.", "Saul died in 1892, leaving Georgiana with four children to raise.", "She made a home for them, first at Sidcup, Kent (now part of Outer London) and then in West Hampstead (now Inner London).", "She lived as a widow for over 40 years.", "Activism\n\nGeorgiana Solomon married into a large family and surrounded herself with educated women.", "These included Emilie Solomon, first female chair of the Congregational Union; Mary Brown, a great friend of Olive Schreiner; Schreiner herself, author of The Story of An African Farm; Alice Matilda Greene, teacher and campaigner; and Elizabeth Maria Molteno.", "Her first reform activities were around the issues of prostitution and alcoholism.", "The social purity and temperance movements were at their height.", "(For context, the Ladies National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts was established in 1869 by Elizabeth Wolstenholme and Josephine Butler.)", "She spoke for the Women's Christian Temperance Union, eventually becoming the president of the Cape Colony chapter and, from 1925 to 1931, a world vice-president.", "In 1902 Solomon returned to visit South Africa, where she assisted in the campaign for women's suffrage.", "On 16 October 1904 she co-founded the Suid-Afrikaanse Vrouefederasie (South African Women's Federation) with Annie Botha, wife of the first prime minister of the Union of South Africa.", "The charity is still in existence.", "Back in England, Georgiana became President of the Sidcup Women's Liberation Association (WLA) in 1906.", "Georgiana and Daisy Solomon both joined the Women's Social and Political Union in 1908, and the following year Georgiana was involved in two unsuccessful deputations to the Prime Minister.", "The first was in March and the second was on 18 November 1910 (Black Friday), when the deputation was led by Emmeline Pankhurst to petition Prime Minister Asquith.", "Solomon was in the front of the delegation as they entered the Speaker's Entrance and was told that Asquith was not present, she asked to see Colonel Seely whom she knew.", "Seely came out and listened politely but would not send for a Minister to meet the delegation.", "Solomon then asked for another acquaintance Mr. Birrell and also wrote a note on House of Commons headed notepaper to be delivered to the Prime Minister as follows: “Dear sir, – I have the honour address you in writing, because I learn that you are not at present in the House.", "I therefore am unable have the privilege of seeing you.", "May therefore enclose the resolution which was deputed to lay before you by the Women’s Parliament Caxton Hall, and to request that you will give the same earnest consideration.”\n\nParticipants included Dr Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, Dr Louisa Garrett Anderson, Anne Cobden-Sanderson, Princess Sophia Duleep Singh, Dorinda Neligan and Hertha Ayrton.", "On 4 March 1912 she began a one-month sentence in Holloway Prison for breaking nine windows in the House of Lords.", "The office attacked was that used by Black Rod.", "She left the WSPU in 1913, but remained active in other suffrage organisations as well as the social purity movement.", "WSPU gave up its militancy for the war effort, but Solomon, for example, chaired the Women's Freedom League Hampstead 'at home' meeting, raising funds for the Women's Suffrage National Aid Corps., hosted by Myra Sadd Brown, and spoke along with Charlotte Despard and Anna Munro, saying that she was 'glad the Freedom League was keeping the Suffrage flag flying' and felt that this was 'not the time to our Movement sink into the background.'", "She maintained her involvement in South African developments from her base in London.", "Solomon offered hospitality to the visiting delegation led by William Schreiner who had come to London to press for equal suffrage for all races.", "She opposed the South Africa Act 1909 which limited the franchise (unlike the Cape Qualified Franchise).", "This is when she grew to know Gandhi.", "She opposed the Natives Land Act, 1913, thinking the colour bar \"un-British\".", "She served on the leadership of the Aborigines' Protection Society, where she worked with Jane Cobden Unwin.", "Solomon died in Eastbourne.", "Works\n Echoes of Two Little Voices'' (1883), poetry concerning the early deaths of her children.", "References\n\n1844 births\n1933 deaths\nPeople from Kelso, Scottish Borders\nWomen philanthropists\nBritish suffragists\nSouth African activists" ]

[ "Georgiana Margaret Solomon was involved with a wide range of causes in Britain and South Africa.", "As members of the Women's Social and Political Union, she and her daughter were imprisoned for breaking the windows of Black Rod's office.", "George Thomson and Margaret Stuart Thomson were the parents of Georgiana Thomson.", "According to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, her father was an unsuccessful gentleman farmer.", "She attended a small boarding school in Edinburgh.", "She was educated at the school where she began her teaching career.", "She accepted a position as a governess in a family.", "The movement to expand education to young women was gaining steam in the English-speaking world by the 1870s.", "Reverend Andrew Murray approached her to lead the first such establishment in the Cape Colony.", "She moved to South Africa in 1873 after accepting the challenge.", "She was the first principal of Good Hope Seminary High School.", "She met the liberal politician and newspaper proprietor Saul Solomon, who was known for his belief in equality based on creed, colour or class.", "He owned a first edition of Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.", "They married even though he was almost twice her age.", "Neither wife nor husband wanted her to promise to obey him at the wedding that took place on 21 March 1874.", "The words were included because the two clergymen told the couple that the ceremony would be meaningless.", "Their marriage is described asidyllic by one historian.", "Saul, who became a judge in the Supreme Court of South Africa, was one of the six children the couple had.", "Saul retired from public life and the family moved to England in 1888, where their sons attended.", "Georgiana had four children to raise after Saul died.", "She lived in Sidcup, Kent and West Hampstead, now part of Outer London.", "She was a widow for over 40 years.", "Georgiana Solomon was surrounded by educated women and married into a large family.", "Olive Schreiner, author of The Story of An African Farm, was one of the people included.", "Her first reform activities were about prostitution and alcoholism.", "The social purity and temperance movements were at their peak.", "The Ladies National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts was founded in 1869.", "She was a world vice-president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union from 1925 to 1931.", "Solomon was involved in the campaign for women's speach in South Africa.", "Annie Botha was the wife of the first prime minister of the Union of South Africa.", "The charity is still going strong.", "Georgiana was President of the Sidcup Women's Liberation Association in 1906.", "Georgiana was involved in two unsuccessful deputations to the Prime Minister after she joined the Women's Social and Political Union.", "The first was in March and the second was on Black Friday, when the deputation was led by Emmeline Pankhurst.", "Solomon was in the front of the delegation when they entered the Speaker's Entrance and asked to see Colonel Seely who she knew.", "Seely did not want a Minister to meet the delegation.", "Solomon wrote a note on the House of Commons headed notepaper to the Prime Minister because he was not present in the House.", "I am unable to see you.", "The resolution was laid before you by the Women's Parliament Caxton Hall and to request that you give the same earnest consideration.", "She was sentenced to one month in jail for breaking nine windows in the House of Lords.", "The office was used by Black Rod.", "She was active in other suffragists and the social purity movement after leaving the WSPU.", "Solomon chaired the Women's Freedom League Hampstead 'at home' meeting, raising funds for the Women's Suffrage National Aid Corps., and spoke with Charlotte Despard.", "She was involved in South African developments from her base in London.", "The delegation led by William Schreiner came to London to press for equal speach for all races.", "The South Africa Act 1909 limited the franchise.", "She grew to know Gandhi during this time.", "She thought the colour bar was \"un-British\".", "She worked with Jane Cobden Unwin in the leadership of the Aborigines' Protection Society.", "Solomon passed away in Eastbourne.", "The works echoes of two little voices were written about the deaths of her children.", "Scottish Borders Women philanthropists, British suffragists, and South African activists are mentioned." ]

[ "Georgiana Margaret Solomon", "Daisy Solomon", "Georgiana Thomson", "Saul Solomon", "Georgiana", "Solomon", "Solomon", "Solomon", "Georgiana", "Daisy Solomon", "Solomon", "Solomon", "Solomon", "Solomon", "Solomon" ]

[ "Margaret Solomon", "Georgiana Thomson", "Saul Solomon", "Georgiana", "Solomon", "Solomon", "Solomon", "Solomon", "Solomon", "Solomon" ]

[ "Frédéric-Auguste Quesnel, (February 4, 1785 – July 28, 1866), was a Canadian lawyer, businessman and politician.", "He held a number of public offices and in politics he was a moderate who represented Chambly in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada (1820-1834); and Montmorency in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada (1841-1844 & 1848–1866).", "From 1837 to 1841 he sat on the Executive Council of Lower Canada.", "Condemned by the Patriotes as a vendu in the Lower Canada Rebellion, in 1860 he was elected President of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society.", "In 1859, he was elected President of the Banque du Peuple and his achievements in commerce and finance served to show that a French Canadian could make his fortune in business.", "His home, Manoir Souvenir (now a ruin) was one of the early estates of the Golden Square Mile.", "Early life\n\nIn 1785, Quesnel was born at Montreal into a family well known in Canadien gentry society.", "He was the eldest son of Joseph Quesnel and Marie-Josephte Deslandes, step-daughter of Maurice-Régis Blondeau.", "His brothers included The Hon.", "Jules-Maurice Quesnel, a member of the Beaver Club, and his sister was married to The Hon.", "Côme-Séraphin Cherrier.", "Like all his brothers, he was educated at the Collège Saint-Raphaël from 1796 to 1803.", "Afterwards, he articled in the law offices of Stephen Sewell, and could speak both French and English fluently.", "Early career\n\nHe was admitted to the Bar of Montreal in 1807, set up practice there, and by 1819 had offices on Rue Notre-Dame.", "During that period, Quesnel laid the basis of his fortune by investing in his brother's, Jules-Maurice's, activities in the fur trade.", "He was also involved in various speculations that included considerable land sales.", "Already a Captain in the 5th Battalion of Montreal militia, this unit became the Chasseurs Canadiens with whom he fought during the War of 1812.", "Sometime after the war, he reached the rank of Major.", "Politics\n\nFrom 1820 to 1834, Quesnel represented Kent County, which in 1829 was renamed Chambly, in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada, gaining a reputation as an elegant speaker.", "In the early years, he supported Louis-Joseph Papineau and Denis-Benjamin Viger.", "In 1822, he voted against the proposed union of Upper and Lower Canada.", "Quesnel was a moderate, which made his position increasingly difficult as Papineau became more radical.", "After several stands against him and his supporters, the final break for Quesnel came over the Ninety-Two Resolutions.", "He stated: \"to say in a few words what I think of them, I approve a great many, I reject several, but taken as a whole and as a single unit, I cannot approve them\".", "Quesnel backed John Neilson's attempt to introduce more moderate resolutions, but both men were condemned at a public meeting at Saint-Athanase-d’Iberville and lost their seats to supporters of Papineau.", "As the political situation in Lower Canada worsened by 1837, with Clément-Charles Sabrevois de Bleury and George Moffatt, Quesnel arranged a public meeting at Montreal in support of the government.", "Two months later, Lord Gosford appointed him to the Executive Council of Lower Canada.", "When the Lower Canada Rebellion broke out, Quesnel was condemned as a vendu by the Patriotes and his brother, Joseph-Timoléon, was forced to flee L’Acadie and give up his magistrate’s commission.", "In 1840, Quesnel headed a delegation still opposing the union of Upper and Lower Canada.", "When the Canadas did unite the following year, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada for Montmorency.", "Lord Sydenham listed as Quesnel as one of the members who consistently voted against him.", "Fearing he might support the Tory government under pressure from Denis-Benjamin Viger, he was defeated in the 1844 elections.", "Four years later, he was re-elected and held the seat until his death in 1866.", "Public life\n\nIn 1831, he was named King's Counsel.", "He supported the 1849 Rebellion Losses Bill and opposed annexation to the United States; he ensured that proper compensation for seigneurs was built into legislation to abolish seigneurial tenure.", "Quesnel was elected president of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montreal in 1860.\n\nBusiness\n\nQuesnel was one of only a few Canadiens of his generation to enter into business life, and he made a fortune doing so.", "Having been involved in land speculation from the earliest days of his career, by 1864 he was reaping the awards of these early investments: He sold the land which would become Sainte-Cunégonde to William Workman and Alexandre-Maurice Delisle for $100,000.", "In 1843, the Banque du Peuple was born through the Quebec Nationalist movement, to cater for French Canadians, and in 1848 Quesnel was made a director.", "He served as its president from 1859 to 1865, during which time the bank enjoyed steady growth and tranquillity.", "Long after Quesnel's death, in 1894 mismanagement at a time of Montreal's economic peak wrecked it, and the bank was eventually forced to close its doors the following year.", "Family\n\nIn 1830, within a park of 240 acres, Quesnel built Manoir Souvenir, one of the early estates of the Golden Square Mile and so named in memory of his wife.", "In 1813, at Boucherville, Quesnel married Marguerite Denaut (1791-1820), the only daughter and heiress of Captain Joachim Denaut, a wealthy fur trader who lived at Granville, by his wife Marguerite Chabert.", "She died in 1820, and their two sons and three daughters all predeceased him too.", "He adopted a nephew, and one son married and left a daughter.", "Pierre-Adolphe-Augustin Quesnel.", "In 1843, at Boucherville, he married Charlotte Vercheres-Boucher de Boucherville, granddaughter of The Hon.", "René-Amable Boucher de Boucherville and niece of The Hon.", "Louis-René Chaussegros de Léry.", "Their daughter, Emma, married The Hon.", "Théodore Robitaille, 4th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec.", "The Hon.", "Charles-Joseph Coursol was the son of Quesnel's sister, Marie-Melanie, and after his father (Michel Coursol) died when Charles-Joseph was only one year old, Quesnel adopted him.", "He married a daughter of The Hon.", "Sir Étienne-Paschal Taché and inherited the bulk of Quesnel's estate, including Manoir Souvenir.", "They were the parents of four children.", "See also \nList of presidents of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montreal\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1785 births\n1866 deaths\nMembers of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada\nMembers of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada East\nMembers of the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada\nPresidents of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montreal\nCanadian Queen's Counsel\nBurials at Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery" ]

[ "Frédéric-Auguste Quesnel was a Canadian lawyer, businessman and politician.", "He was a moderate who represented Montmorency in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada in the 19th century.", "He was a member of the Executive Council of Lower Canada.", "He was elected President of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society in 1860 despite being condemned as a vendu in the Lower Canada Rebellion.", "He was elected President of the Banque du Peuple in 1859 in order to show that a French Canadian could make a fortune in business.", "Manoir Souvenir was one of the early estates of the Golden Square Mile.", "In 1785, Quesnel was born at Montreal into a family well known in the Canadian gentry society.", "He was the son of Joseph and Marie-Josephte Deslandes.", "The Hon was one of his brothers.", "Jules-Maurice and his sister were married.", "Cme-Séraphin Cherrier is a person.", "He was educated at the Collge Saint-Raphal.", "He was able to speak both French and English in the law offices of Stephen Sewell.", "He had his first office on Rue Notre-Dame in 1819 after he was admitted to the Bar of Montreal.", "The basis of his fortune was laid by investing in his brother's activities in the fur trade.", "He was involved in a lot of land sales.", "He was a Captain in the 5th Battalion of Montreal militia and fought in the War of 1812.", "He reached the rank of Major after the war.", "In the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada, Quesnel represented Kent County and gained a reputation as an elegant speaker.", "He supported Denis-Benjamin Viger in the early years.", "He voted against the union of Upper and Lower Canada.", "As Papineau became more radical, his position became more difficult because he was a moderate.", "After several stands against him and his supporters, the final break came over the Ninety-Two Resolutions.", "\"To say in a few words what I think of them, I approve a great many, I reject several, but taken as a whole and as a single unit, I cannot approve them\", he stated.", "Both men lost their seats at the public meeting at Saint-Athanase-d'Iberville because of their support for John Neilson's attempt to introduce more moderate resolutions.", "The political situation in Lower Canada deteriorated in the 19th century, with Clément-Charles Sabrevois de Bleury and George Moffatt leading the way.", "He was appointed to the Executive Council of Lower Canada two months later.", "Joseph-Timoléon was forced to give up his commission after the Lower Canada Rebellion because he was accused of being a vendu.", "The union of Upper and Lower Canada was still opposed by the delegation headed by Quesnel.", "He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada for Montmorency after the Canadas did unite.", "One of the members who voted against him was Lord Sydenham.", "He was defeated in the 1844 elections because he was afraid of being pressured to support the government.", "He was re-elected four years later and held the seat until his death.", "He was named King's Counsel in the 19th century.", "He supported the Rebellion Losses Bill and ensured that proper compensation for seigneurs was built into legislation to abolish seigneurial tenure.", "In 1860, he was elected president of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montreal.", "He sold the land which became Sainte-Cunégonde to William Workman and Alexandre-Maurice Delisle for $100,000, after reaping the awards of his early land speculation investments.", "The Banque du Peuple was founded in 1843 in order to cater for French Canadians.", "During his time as president, the bank enjoyed steady growth and tranquility.", "mismanagement at a time of Montreal's economic peak wrecked it, and the bank was forced to close its doors the following year.", "Manoir Souvenir, one of the early estates of the Golden Square Mile, was named in memory of his wife.", "Marguerite Chabert married Marguerite Denaut, the only daughter and heiress of Captain Joachim Denaut, a wealthy fur trader who lived at Granville, in 1813.", "Their two sons and three daughters all died with her.", "He had two sons, one married and left a daughter.", "Pierre-Adolphe-Augustin is from Quebec.", "Charlotte Vercheres-Boucher de Boucherville, granddaughter of The Hon., was married to him in 1843.", "René-Amable is the niece of The Hon.", "Louis-René Chaussegros is from Léry.", "Emma married The Hon.", "The 4th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec is Théodore Robitaille.", "The man is The Hon.", "Charles-Joseph Coursol was adopted by Quesnel after his father died when he was one year old.", "A daughter of The Hon. was married to him.", "The bulk of the estate, including Manoir Souvenir, was taken over by Sir tienne-Paschal Taché.", "They had four children.", "The list of presidents of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montreal includes members of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada and the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada." ]

[ "Auguste Quesnel", "Quesnel", "Joseph Quesnel", "Quesnel", "Quesnel", "Quesnel", "Quesnel", "Quesnel", "Quesnel", "Quesnel", "Quesnel", "Quesnel", "Quesnel", "Quesnel", "Quesnel", "Quesnel", "Quesnel", "Quesnel", "Quesnel", "Quesnel", "Quesnel" ]

[ "Auguste Quesnel", "Quesnel", "Quesnel", "Quesnel", "Quesnel" ]

[ "Faye Z. Belgrave is a psychologist known for her research conducted for the benefit of the African American youth, specifically in the areas of substance abuse and HIV.", "She is currently a professor of Psychology and the founding director of the Center for Cultural Experiences in Prevention (CCEP) at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU).", "Belgrave received awards and acknowledgement for her research including the 2018 Psychology and AIDS Distinguished Leadership Award from the American Psychological Association.", "She is the 2014 recipient of the VCU Presidential Awards for Community Multicultural Enrichment (PACME Award), which recognizes Belgrave’s significant contributions to enhance VCU’s commitment to diversity.", "Belgrave also received the 2014 Riese-Melton Award from VCU for her outstanding contributions to cross-cultural relations.", "In 2010, Belgrave received the Minority Fellowship Program Achievement Award: James Jones Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Psychological Association for her experience in teaching and training.", "In 2008, Belgrave received the State Council of Higher Education in Virginia's Outstanding Faculty Award.", "In 2016-17, CCEP under Belgrave's tenure as the director, was honored with the Currents of Change Award for Exemplary Partnership in Research from the VCU Council for Community Engagement which recognizes the CCEP's exceptional university-community partnerships.", "Belgrave is the author of Psychosocial Aspects of Chronic Illness and Disability Among African Americans (1998), Sisters of Nia: A Cultural Enrichment Program to Empower African American Girls (2008), African American Girls: Reframing Perceptions and Changing Experiences (2009), and Brothers of Ujima: A Cultural Enrichment Program to Empower Adolescent African American Males (2011).", "She is the co-author of African American Psychology: From Africa to America (2013), and African American Boys: Identity, Culture, and Development (2014).", "Biography \nBelgrave received her Bachelor of Science from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University and her Ph.D. from the University of Maryland, College Park in 1982.", "Belgrave became a professor at Virginia Commonwealth University in 1997.", "Some of the courses that she taught include graduate level Social Psychology, Program Evaluation, and undergraduate level African American Psychology.", "Belgrave worked with many collaborators for her research (e.g., community partners or funding agencies) including local school systems, churches and faith based institutions, community based youth servicing agencies, local health clinics, and Black Colleges and Universities among others.", "Some of the funding agencies that supported Belgrave's research include the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Cancer Institute, Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health to Virginia Commonwealth University, and Virginia Tobacco Settlement Foundation.", "Research \nBelgrave's research focuses in the areas of drug and HIV prevention among African Americans and other ethnic minorities, specifically the youth and young adults.", "She conducts research at the Virginia Commonwealth University Center for Cultural Experiences in Prevention.", "She is currently the primary investigator for the project: \"Building Capacity for Substance Abuse and HIV Prevention among African American Young Adults\" which began in 2015 and is expected to be completed in 2020.", "In this project, she is working with community partners Fan Free Clinic, Nia Incorporated of Greater Richmond, and the VCU Wellness Resource Center, and is funded by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration.", "Belgrave helps to raise awareness about the topic of HIV, specifically among African American youth.", "She has been involved in multiple projects related to improving awareness and prevention including the \"HIV and Substance Abuse Prevention Among African American College Students / RAISE 5\", and \"Enhanced Sisters Informing Sisters about Topics on AIDS (SISTA) HIV Prevention Curriculum: The Role of Drug Education.\"", "Belgrave is the principal investigator and project director for the \"Raise 5 Project.\"", "This project's purpose is to bring awareness to substance abuse and dangers having to do with sexual behavior.", "In particular, Belgrave and her party strive to reduce HIV and substance abuse in the African American community.", "Raise 5 uses five major strategies to achieve this goal and is funded for five years by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, and the Office on Women's Health.", "It is a collaborative effort with community partners Fan Free Clinic and the VCU Wellness Resource Center.", "The project, SISTA, focused on teaching heterosexual African American women the importance of having protected sex, and how decision making can be effected after consuming substances.", "There was an evaluation done of this curriculum to study the effectiveness of the enhanced curriculum compared to the standard SISTA curriculum that Belgrave had been using.", "The enhanced SISTA intervention demonstrated greater effectiveness than did the standard SISTA intervention in promoting HIV knowledge at post-test and subsequent condom use at the 3-month follow-up.", "Representative publications \n\n Abrams, J.", "A., Maxwell, M., Pope, M., & Belgrave, F. Z.", "(2014).", "Carrying the world with the grace of a lady and the grit of a warrior: Deepening our understanding of the “Strong Black Woman” schema.", "Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38(4), 503-518.", "Belgrave, F. Z., & Allison, K. W. (2013).", "African American psychology: From Africa to America.", "3rd Edition.", "Thousand Oaks: Sage.", "Belgrave, F. Z., Chase-Vaughn, G., Gray, F., Addison, J. D., & Cherry, V. R. (2000).", "The Effectiveness of a culture and gender-specific intervention for increasing resiliency among African American preadolescent females.", "Journal of Black Psychology, 26(2), 133-147.", "Bowleg, L., Belgrave, F. Z., & Reisen, C. A.", "(2000).", "Gender roles, power strategies, and precautionary sexual self-efficacy: Implications for Black and Latina women's HIV/AIDS protective behaviors.", "Sex roles, 42(7-8), 613-635.", "Maxwell, M., Brevard, J., Abrams, J., & Belgrave, F. (2015).", "What’s color got to do with it?", "Skin color, skin color satisfaction, racial identity, and internalized racism among African American college students.", "Journal of Black Psychology, 41(5), 438–461.", "References\n\nExternal links \nFaculty Page\nResearch Lab Profile\n\nLiving people\nAmerican women psychologists\nAmerican psychologists\nNorth Carolina A&T State University alumni\nUniversity of Maryland, College Park alumni\nVirginia Commonwealth University faculty\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nPlace of birth missing (living people)\nAmerican women academics\n21st-century American women" ]

[ "Belgrave conducts research for the benefit of the African American youth in the areas of substance abuse and HIV.", "She is the founding director of the Center for Cultural Experiences in Prevention at Virginia Commonwealth University.", "Belgrave received an award for her research from the American Psychological Association.", "Belgrave is the recipient of the Presidential Awards for Community Multicultural Enrichment, which recognizes her significant contributions to enhance VCU's commitment to diversity.", "The Riese-Melton Award was given to Belgrave for her outstanding contributions to cross-cultural relations.", "Belgrave received the James Jones Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Psychological Association for her experience in teaching and training.", "Belgrave received the Outstanding Faculty Award from the State Council of Higher Education.", "The Currents of Change Award for Exemplary Partnership in Research was given to the CCEP under Belgrave's leadership.", "The author of Psychosocial Aspects of Chronic Illness and Disability Among African Americans is Belgrave.", "She co-authored African American Psychology: From Africa to America and African American Boys: Identity, Culture, and Development.", "Belgrave received her Bachelor of Science from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University and her PhD from the University of Maryland in 1982.", "Belgrave was a professor at Virginia Commonwealth University.", "She taught graduate level Social Psychology, Program Evaluation, and undergraduate level African American Psychology.", "Local school systems, churches and faith based institutions, community based youth servicing agencies, local health clinics, and Black Colleges and Universities collaborated with Belgrave for her research.", "The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Cancer Institute, Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health to Virginia Commonwealth University, and Virginia Tobacco Settlement Foundation are some of the funding agencies that supported Belgrave's research.", "Research Belgrave's research focuses on drug and HIV prevention among African Americans and other ethnic minorities, specifically the youth and young adults.", "She works at the Virginia Commonwealth University Center for Cultural Experiences in Prevention.", "She is the primary investigator for the project, which is expected to be completed in 2020.", "The project she is working on is funded by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration.", "Belgrave works to raise awareness about HIV among African American youth.", "\"HIV and Substance Abuse Prevention Among African American College Students\" and \"Enhanced Sisters Informing Sisters about Topics on AIDS (SISTA) HIV Prevention Curriculum: The Role of Drug Education\" are two of the projects she has been involved in.", "Belgrave is the project director for the \"Raise 5 Project.\"", "The purpose of the project is to bring awareness to the dangers of sexual behavior and substance abuse.", "Belgrave and her party want to reduce HIV and substance abuse in the African American community.", "Raise 5 is funded by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration and the Office on Women's Health for five years.", "It is a collaborative effort with community partners.", "The project focused on teaching heterosexual African American women the importance of having protected sex and how decision making can be affected after consuming substances.", "The enhanced curriculum was evaluated to see if it was any better than the standard SISTA curriculum that Belgrave had been using.", "At the 3-month follow-up, the enhanced SISTA intervention was more effective than the standard SISTA intervention.", "J. Representative publications.", "A., Pope, M., and Belgrave, F. Z.", "The year 2014).", "Carrying the world with the grace of a lady and the strength of a warrior: deepens our understanding of the strong black woman.", "The psychology of women Quarterly.", "Belgrave, F. Z., and Allison, K. W.", "African American psychology is from Africa to America.", "The 3rd edition.", "Thousand Oaks is named after a woman.", "Belgrave, Chase-Vaughn, G., Gray, datememe datememe datememe datememe datememe datememe datememe", "The effectiveness of a culture and gender-specific intervention for increasing resilience among African American preadolescent females.", "The Journal of Black Psychology is a journal.", "Bowleg, Belgrave, F. Z., and Reisen are related.", "The year 2000.", "Implications for Black and Latina women's HIV/AIDS protective behaviors are related to gender roles, power strategies, and precautionary sexual self-efficacy.", "Sex roles were 42(7-9), 613-635.", "M., J., Abrams, J., and Belgrave were all involved in the project.", "What color has to do with it?", "African American college students have skin color, skin color satisfaction, racial identity, and internalized racism.", "The Journal of Black Psychology was published in 2011.", "References External links Faculty Page Research Lab Profile Living people American women psychologists American psychologists North Carolina A&T State University alumni University of Maryland, College Park alumni Virginia Commonwealth University faculty Year of birth missing (living people) American women academics 21st-century American women" ]

[ "Faye Z", ". Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave" ]

[ "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave", "Belgrave" ]

[ "Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen (5 September 1796 – 8 December 1862) was a Belgian lawyer and liberal politician, known as the founder of the Free University of Brussels.", "He was twice chairman of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives (from 28 June 1848 to 28 September 1852 and from 17 December 1857 to June 1859).", "Family history\nHe was born in Brussels, where he lived his whole life, and part of a Catholic family of lawyers from the region of Haacht.", "The Verhaegens had an academic background; two of them had been principals of the University of Leuven.", "Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen, his godfather, had been the last headmaster (rector) of the Old University of Louvain, before it was closed by the French revolutionary troops.", "The family went on to become part of the Catholic elite of Belgium, and was raised to the nobility, which Pierre-Théodore always refused.", "They married into families such as Carton de Wiart and Wouters d'Oplinter.", "His best-known descendant is possibly his grandson Arthur Verhaegen, architect (especially of Catholic school buildings), Conservative-Catholic member of parliament, and founder of the antisocialist worker association and the Catholic daily Het Volk.", "Father Philippe Verhaegen was spiritual advisor to King Baudouin I of Belgium for 20 years.", "Another descendant is Marie-Pierre, Countess Bernard d'Udekem d'Acoz, cousin by marriage to Queen Mathilde of Belgium.", "Life\n\nPierre-Théodore Verhaegen grew up when Belgium was incorporated into France.", "The influence of the French revolution was large, certainly in his birth city Brussels, where his father had established himself as a lawyer.", "He went to school at the Lycée impérial, and afterwards went on to study law at the Ecole de Droit, which had been founded by Napoleon I of France in Brussels.", "When in 1815, French predominance had been replaced by Dutch, through the union with the Netherlands under king William I of the Netherlands, he became a lawyer himself.", "His first large case involved three priests accused of disobedience to the regime of William I.", "His legal practice made him a wealthy man.", "An important step in its life was undoubtedly his decision to join freemasonry.", "In 1823, he was inaugurated in the Brussels Lodge L'Espérance, presided by the Prince of Orange.", "His relations with the prince led to an appointment as burgomaster of Watermael-Boitsfort, then still a very rural municipality to the Zoniën forest.", "He became an Orangist, a partisan of the more or less enlightened regime of William I (which strongly promoted public education).", "With the Belgian revolution of 1830 he did not want to be involved.", "As a burgomaster he ensured that it remained calm in Bosvoorde.", "After the Belgian state was definitively founded, he understood that the Orangism had no future and he chose the side of the Belgian liberals.", "In 1833, he was Master of the Masonic lodge Les Amis Philanthropes in Brussels.", "It was his intention to let Belgian Freemasonry, with its progressive ideas, play a more leading role in Belgian politics.", "However, this stance lead to opposition within the Grand Orient itself as well as from Masonic organizations abroad.", "Verhaegen was Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Belgium from 1854 to 1862.", "From this moment on Verhaegen started the development of a real Liberal Party.", "The first liberal electoral association in Belgium, the Alliance of Brussels, grew out of his lodge Les Amis Philantropes.", "Verhaegen himself, from 1836 up to 1859, was a liberal member of parliament for Brussels.", "Twice (1848–1852 and 1857–1859) he was Chairman of the House of Parliament.", "Doctrinary and anticlerical, the liberals then formed the political left wing of Belgian politics, Verhaegen himself in those days had pronounced progressive ideas.", "He was real doctrinary liberal.", "A convinced monarchist, he was opposed to revolutions and no proponent of general voting rights.", "He was opposed against a general learning duty, because he feared that especially the catholic schools would profit of it.", "This however does not mean that he was insensitive for the needs of the lower classes.", "He was opposed to taxes, especially those that affected the poor.", "As a child of the Enlightenment, he was convinced that the progress of humanity would eventually lead to a general prosperity.", "As a perfectly bilingual inhabitant of Brussels, Verhaegen, who had frequently pleaded under the Dutch rule in Dutch, considered himself a Fleming.", "Although he preferred French and found it normal that this was the official language of Belgium, he thought that the Dutch language had to be treated equitably, also in education.", "He was not an atheist, but he was anticlerical in the strict meaning of the word: someone who is opposed against the influence of the clergy on society.", "This strong antagonist of the catholic party called himself in public a catholic, even a catholic better than his clerical antagonists.", "He regularly attended mass, to the despair of his political enemies.", "He donated an important amount of money for the construction of a church in Bosvoorde.", "He was convinced that religion was very important for people (most of the Belgian liberals and freemasons of that time were in some degree religious, even if they had to break with the Catholic Church).", "But the place of the priest was for him in the church, not in public life and politics.", "He denounced vehemently the influence of the church on the state and science, which in his opinion had an oppressing and reactionary influence on progress, and even was in his opinion disadvantageous for true religion It was a time in which Pope Pius IX condemned the Belgian constitutional freedoms, also the freedom of opinion expression, as misleadings (Quanta cura issued on 8 December 1864 – against modernism).", "Still, Verhaegen remained a religious man, attending mass on Sunday and financing church constructions in Brussels.", "Thousands of people attended his funeral service—politicians, professors, students and alumni of the ULB.", "Twenty years after his death, the lodge Les Amis Philantropes erected a statue of Verhaegen in front of his grave.", "In 1865, his admirers erected a statue of him, which now stands by the main building of the ULB at avenue Franklin Roosevelt in Brussels.", "Foundation of a university\n\nIt is within the social and political situation of Belgium in those days, the foundation of the Université Libre de Bruxelles must be seen.", "Already in 1831, a group of intellectuals pointed to the advantages of a university in the capital.", "One of them was Auguste Baron, but also the astronomer and statistician Adolphe Quetelet.", "The Belgian bishops founded a new Catholic University of Mechelen to regain the influence on higher education they lost under French and Dutch rule.", "The government was to close the State University of Leuven, which Willem I founded as a replacement for the old University that closed under French rule, and let it reopen as a Catholic University.", "The anticlericals considered this as a declaration of war.", "Auguste Baron, who had become a member of the Les Amis Philantropes, could convince Verhaegen for his idea and on 24 June 1834 Verhaegen presented the plan in a speech during a banquet of his Lodge:\n\nIf we speak about the light of the century, we let thus everything to do promote it, but also, in the first place, protect it because our enemies are ready to extinguish it.", "We must rise against fanaticism, we must attack it frontally and with eradicate it to its roots.", "Compared with the schools they wish to set up, we must place a pure morally justified education, about which we will keep the control.", "(...) A free university should form the counterbalance for the so-called catholic university.", "The speech caused so much enthusiasm that immediately money was collected for the plan.", "Already on 20 November of that year the Free University of Brussels (now split into Université Libre de Bruxelles and Vrije Universiteit Brussel) was created in the Gothic room of the town-hall of Brussels.", "Although he was not the real inventor of a university in Brussels, he was to be its motivating force.", "He was first an ordinary member of the Council of management, but already rapidly he took as inspector-administrator the control of the university.", "Certainly the first fifteen years of its existence the Free University of Brussels had it particularly difficult financially.", "At that time, the state provided no subsidies, even no study grants.", "Besides the college money and some support of the city of Brussels its income came from grants.", "Some professors, such as Verhaegen himself, received no income for their teaching.", "In those years, Verhaegen organized fundraising events to help the university consolidate its position.", "Above all, he gave the university an ideal, a mission statement, which he summarized in a declaration he wrote.", "He launched it in 1854, in a speech to king Leopold I of Belgium:\n\nUnder these freedoms, which were refused or opposed, there is one, freedom of research, which places the university of Brussels above all other, which is the essence of sciences.", "Being able to examine what is of great value for mankind and for society, free from each politically and religious authority (...) to reach towards the sources of truth and the good, (...) see here your Majesty, the role of our university, its reason for existence.", "Free research was for him \"the independence of the human reason\" but and he realized already too well that this reason came in collision with religious dogmas:\n\nI say that it is impossible to provide higher education without more or less touching to the dogmas of this or that church.", "Celebrations\n\nVerhaegen's founding of the Free University of Brussels is celebrated annually by students of both successor institutions with an event called Saint-Verhaegen/Sint-Verhaegen.", "The formal celebration consists in faculty honouring Verhaegen by placing flowers at his tomb.", "Concurrently, thousands of students from both universities have a daylong party and procession through downtown Brussels.", "References\n\nSources \n\n Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen\n Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen\n Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen (1796–1862), VUBPRESS, 1996\n\nExternal links \n Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen in ODIS - Online Database for Intermediary Structures \n Archives of family Lammens-Verhaegen in ODIS - Online Database for Intermediary Structures\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n1796 births\n1862 deaths\nPoliticians from Brussels\nPresidents of the Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)\nVrije Universiteit Brussel\nBelgian Freemasons\nBurials at Brussels Cemetery\nUniversité libre de Bruxelles\nFree University of Brussels (1834–1969)" ]

[ "The founder of the Free University of Brussels was a Belgian lawyer and liberal politician named Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen.", "He was twice chairman of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives.", "He was part of a family of lawyers from the region of Haacht.", "Two of the Verhaegens were principals of the University of Leuven.", "The Old University of Louvain was closed by the French revolutionaries before Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen was born.", "The family became part of the Catholic elite of Belgium and was raised to the nobility.", "They married into several families.", "His best-known descendant is his grandson Arthur Verhaegen, an architect and Conservative-Catholic member of parliament.", "Father Verhaegen was a spiritual advisor to the King of Belgium.", "Marie-Pierre is a cousin of Queen Mathilde of Belgium.", "When Belgium was incorporated into France, Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen was born.", "The influence of the French revolution was large in his birth city of Brussels, where his father was a lawyer.", "He studied law at the Ecole de Droit, founded by Napoleon I of France, after finishing school at the Lycée impérial.", "He became a lawyer after French predominance in the Netherlands was replaced by Dutch.", "Three priests were accused of disobedience to the regime of William I.", "He was a wealthy man because of his legal practice.", "His decision to join freemasonry was an important step in its life.", "The Prince of Orange presided over his inauguration in 1823.", "His relations with the prince led to an appointment as burgomaster of Watermael-Boitsfort.", "He became a partisan of the William I regime that promoted public education.", "He did not want to be involved in the Belgian revolution.", "He was a burgomaster and ensured that it remained calm.", "He chose the side of the Belgian liberals after he realized that the Orangism had no future.", "He was the Master of the Masonic lodge Les Amis Philanthropes.", "He wanted Belgian Freemasonry to play a bigger role in Belgian politics.", "This stance leads to opposition within the Grand Orient as well as from Masonic organizations abroad.", "The Grand Orient of Belgium was headed by Verhaegen.", "The development of a real Liberal Party began on Verhaegen.", "His lodge Les Amis Philantropes was the location of the first liberal electoral association in Belgium.", "Verhaegen was a member of parliament from 1836 to 1859.", "He was the Chairman of the House of Parliament twice.", "The liberals formed the political left wing of Belgian politics after Verhaegen spoke of progressive ideas.", "He was a liberal.", "He was not a fan of general voting rights and was opposed to revolutions.", "He was against a general learning duty because he thought the catholic schools would make a lot of money from it.", "This does not mean that he was not aware of the needs of the lower classes.", "He was against taxes that affected the poor.", "He was convinced that the progress of humanity would lead to a general prosperity when he was a child.", "Verhaegen considered himself a Fleming because he was perfectly bilingual and frequently pleaded under the Dutch rule in Dutch.", "Although he preferred French and found it normal that this was the official language of Belgium, he thought that the Dutch language had to be treated equally in education.", "He was an anticlerical who was opposed against the influence of the clergy on society.", "The catholic party's strong antagonist called himself a catholic in public, even better than his clerical enemies.", "He attended mass for his political enemies.", "He gave money for the construction of a church.", "Most of the Belgian liberals and freemasons of that time were in some degree religious, even if they had to break with the Catholic Church.", "The place of the priest was for him in the church, not in politics or public life.", "He denounced the influence of the church on the state and science, which in his opinion had an oppressing and reactionary influence on progress, and even was in his opinion disadvantageous for true religion.", "Verhaegen continued to be a religious man, attending mass on Sunday and financing church constructions.", "Politicians, professors, students and alumni attended his funeral service.", "The lodge Les Amis Philantropes erected a statue of Verhaegen in front of his grave twenty years after his death.", "His admirers erected a statue of him in 1865, which now stands by the main building of the ULB.", "Within the social and political situation of Belgium in those days, there is a foundation of a university.", "The advantages of a university in the capital were pointed out by a group of intellectuals.", "Auguste Baron was also an astronomer and a statistician.", "Under French and Dutch rule, the Belgian bishops lost influence in higher education.", "The State University of Leuven was to be closed by the government in order to allow it to reopen as a Catholic University.", "This was considered a declaration of war by the anticlericals.", "Auguste Baron, who had become a member of the Les Amis Philantropes, was able to convince Verhaegen for his idea and on 24 June 1834 Verhaegen presented the plan in a speech during a banquet of his Lodge.", "We have to rise against fanaticism and eradicate it.", "We must place a pure morally justified education, about which we will keep control, compared to the schools they want to set up.", "The counterbalance for the catholic university should be a free university.", "Money was collected for the plan immediately after the speech.", "The Gothic room of the town-hall of Brussels was the location for the creation of the Free University of Brussels.", "He was supposed to be the motivating force of the university.", "He was an ordinary member of the Council of management when he took over the control of the university.", "The first fifteen years of the university's existence were difficult financially.", "The state didn't provide any subsidies or study grants at that time.", "Grants were the main source of income besides the college money.", "Verhaegen did not receive any income for his teaching.", "Verhaegen organized events to raise money for the university.", "He gave the university an ideal, a mission statement, which he summarized in a declaration.", "He launched it in 1854, in a speech to king Leopold I of Belgium: Under these freedoms, which were refused or opposed, there is one, freedom of research, which places the university of Brussels above all other, which is the essence of sciences.", "Being able to examine what is of great value for mankind and for society, free from each politically and religious authority, to reach towards the sources of truth and the good, is our university's reason for existence.", "It is impossible to provide higher education without more or less touching to the dogmas of this or that church as he realized that free research was for him \"the independence of the human reason\".", "An event called Saint-Verhaegen/Sint-Verhaegen is celebrated annually by students of both successor institutions.", "Faculty place flowers at Verhaegen's tomb during the formal celebration.", "Thousands of students from both universities attend a daylong party and procession through downtown Brussels.", "External links to Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen can be found in the Online Database for Intermediary." ]

[ "Théodore Verhaegen", "Pierre Téodore Verhaegen", "Arthur Verhaegen", "Verhaegen", "Verhaegen" ]

[ "Arthur Verhaegen" ]

[ "Neil Stratford FSA (b.", "26 April 1938), a London born medievalist and Keeper Emeritus of Medieval and Later Antiquities at the British Museum, is recognised as a leading authority on Romanesque and Gothic art and sculpture.", "He was one of the founding members of the Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain and Ireland and is the Herbert Franke Chair at the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres where he is an elected foreign member.", "Education \nEducated at Manor House School, Horsham from 1946 to 1951 and then Marlborough College, where he studied Classics, Neil Stratford was conscripted into the Coldstream Guards for his mandatory two year period of National Service (1956–58) before continuing his education.", "He went up to Magdalene College, Cambridge to read for a BA, graduating in 1961, and then onto study at the Courtauld Institute of Art.", "It was here that his interest in Romanesque sculpture was kindled and he undertook research for a dissertation on the Romanesque sculpture at the Abbey Church of La Madeleine, Vézelay, supervised by the medievalist Christopher Hohler.", "Career \nStratford lectured at Westfield College before he was appointed to the position of Keeper of Medieval and Later Antiquities at the British Museum; a post he held from 1975 until his retirement from museum life in 1998.", "During this time Stratford not only published a number of books and articles but was also on the Selection Committee for the exhibition English Romanesque Art 1066–1200 held at the Hayward Gallery, London in 1984, for which George Zarnecki was the lead curator.", "Stratford and Zarnecki worked together again in 1988 when they were instrumental in founding the Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Great Britain and Ireland (CRSBI) following their submission of a proposal for funding to the British Academy who continue to oversee the project.", "Stratford is currently its Chairman and also presented the online 2020 CRSBI Annual Lecture ‘Cluny and Vézelay: The Paradox of the Romanesque Capital in Burgundy’.", "Stratford edited the two volume festschrift for George Zarnecki, published in 1987 for his 70th birthday in 1985, and, in the forward, acknowledged his regard for Zarnecki, who he said “has quite literally rewritten a whole chapter of England’s artistic history, taking the sculpture and “minor arts” of the Norman period and placing them firmly in the wider spectrum of European Romanesque”.", "Stratford was appointed the Leverhulme Senior Research Fellow at the British Academy in 1991, and worked on the international project, Corpus de la sculpture de Cluny as Chairman of the Scientific Committee.", "The research was published under his editorship alongside Brigitte Maurice-Chabard & David Walsh.", "In an interview with Alicia Guzman for the University of Rochester 2010-2011 Newsletter, David Walsh recalls how he met Neil Stratford, who was visiting the excavation at Bordesley Abbey, on which Walsh had been working since 1972.", "Stratford later asked Walsh to meet him at the British Museum and invited him to participate in a new project involving the Abbey of Cluny in Burgundy and the publication of the findings of the excavation work.", "Following twenty years of field work and writing, the work was finally published in 2010.", "Following his retirement from the British Museum, Stratford has continued to publish articles and books both in French and English and has been honoured for his work on both sides of the Channel.", "He is celebrated in France, not only for his work at Cluny, but for his work on the chronology of the Burgundian Romanesque sculptures at Vézelay and the Cathédrale Saint-Lazare d'Autun.", "He was awarded the gold medal by the French Archaeological Society in 2011 (see below).", "He was a Member of the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton in 1998 and Visiting Professor of medieval art and archaeology at the École Nationale des Chartes in Paris in 2002/3.", "He has also spent time at the École Pratique des Hautes Études IVth section, (2001-2) and Florida State University in Tallahassee.", "In 2014 Stratford was on the Advisory Panel and a contributor to the British Archaeological Association’s biennial series of International Romanesque Conferences held in Barcelona, ‘Romanesque Patrons and Processes.", "Design and Instrumentality in the Art and Architecture of Romanesque Europe’.", "His knowledge on ivories particularly the Lewis Chessmen, for which he undertook research for the British Museum publication, is still sought after and he provided Sotheby’s Auction House with an historical account of the discovery of the Lewis Chessmen in the 19th century for inclusion in its catalogue when a missing piece was discovered and sold for £735,000 in July 2019.", "Stratford took photographs for the Corpus de la sculpture de Cluny publication and, photographs attributed to him, are also held in the Conway Library, whose archive, of mainly architectural images, is in the process of being digitised as part of the wider Courtauld Connects project.", "Honours and appointments \nFellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London, appointed 1 January 1976\n\nChairman of the Fabric Advisory Committee of St Albans Cathedral 1995\n\nGrand prix de La Société Française d’Archéologie in 2011\n\nHonorary foreign correspondent of the Société Nationale des Antiquaires de France (Paris), elected 3 October 2018\n\nForeign Member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres from 2020, having formerly been a foreign associate elected 7 December 2012\n\nSelected publications \n\n ‘The Hospital, England and Sigena: A footnote’ in Romanesque Patrons and Processes, eds.", "Jordi Camps, Manuel Castiñeiras, John McNeill and Richard Plant, Abingdon : Routledge, 2018, \n Corpus de la sculpture de Cluny, 1: Les parties orientales de la Grande Église Cluny III, 2 volumes, Neil Stratford, Brigitte Maurice-Chabard & David Walsh, Paris : Picard, 2010, \n Cluny 910-2010.", "Onze Siècles de Rayonnement, edited by Neil Stratford, Paris : Editions du Patrimoine, 2010, \n Studies in Burgundian Romanesque Sculpture, London : Pindar Press, 1998, \n The Lewis Chessmen and the Enigma of the Hoard, London : British Museum Press, 1997, \n Westminster Kings and the Medieval Palace of Westminster, John Cherry and Neil Stratford, London : British Museum Press, 1995, \n Catalogue of Medieval Enamels in the British Museum.", "Vol.2, Northern Romanesque Enamel, London : British Museum Press, 1993, \n Romanesque and Gothic : Essays for George Zarnecki, edited by Neil Stratford, Woodbridge : Boydell, 1987, \n Romanesque Metalwork : Copper Alloys and Their Decoration,  W.A.", "Oddy, Susan La Niece, Neil Stratford with contributions by P.T.", "Craddock, M.J. Hughes, London : British Museum Press, 1986,\n\nReferences \n\nBritish art historians\nMedievalists\nAlumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge\nFrench art historians\n1938 births\nLiving people" ]

[ "Neil Stratford was an employee of the Food and Drug Administration.", "A medievalist and Keeper of Medieval and Later Antiquities at the British Museum, he is recognised as a leading authority on Romanesque and Gothic art and sculpture.", "One of the founding members of the Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain and Ireland is Herbert Franke, who is an elected foreign member.", "Neil was conscripted into the Coldstream Guards for his mandatory two year period of National Service after graduating from Marlborough College, where he studied Classics.", "He graduated from the Courtauld Institute of Art with a degree in 1961.", "He undertook research for a PhD on the Romanesque sculpture at the Abbey Church of La Madeleine, Vézelay, supervised by the medievalist Christopher Hohler.", "He lectured at the college before being appointed to the position of Keeper of Medieval and Later Antiquities at the British Museum, which he held from 1975 until his retirement in 1998.", "The selection committee for the exhibition English Romanesque Art 1066–1200 held at the Hayward Gallery, London in 1984 was chaired by George Zarnecki.", "When they submitted a proposal for funding to the British Academy, they were instrumental in founding the Romanesque of Sculpture in Great Britain and Ireland.", "The Chairman of the organization is also the author of the online lecture 'Cluny and Vézelay: The Paradox of the Romanesque Capital in Burgundy'.", "In the forward of the edited two volume festschrift for George Zarnecki, which was published in 1987 for his 70th birthday, he acknowledged his regard for Zarnecki, who he said \"has quite literally rewritten a whole chapter of England's artistic history.\"", "He was appointed the senior research fellow at the British Academy in 1991, and worked on the international project of the sculpture de Cluny as the chairman of the scientific committee.", "The research was published under his editorship.", "David Walsh recalls in an interview with the University of Rochester 2010-2011 Newsletter how he met Neil Stratford, who was visiting the excavation at Bordesley Abbey, on which Walsh had been working since 1972.", "Walsh was invited to participate in a new project involving the Abbey of Cluny in Burgundy and the publication of the findings of the excavation work by Stratford after he met him at the British Museum.", "The work was published in 2010 after twenty years of work.", "He has been honoured for his work on both sides of the Channel after he retired from the British Museum.", "He is celebrated in France for his work on the Burgundian Romanesque sculptures at Vézelay and the Cathédrale Saint-Lazare d'Autun.", "He received a gold medal from the French Archaeological Society in 2011.", "He was a Visiting Professor of medieval art and archaeology at the cole Nationale des Chartes in Paris in 2002.", "He spent time at the cole Pratique des Hautes tudes IVth section and the Florida State University.", "The British Archaeological Association's biennial series of International Romanesque Conferences held in Barcelona, 'Romanesque Patrons and Processes' was a contributor to the Advisory Panel.", "Romanesque Europe's art and architecture have design and instrumentality.", "He provided an historical account of the discovery of the Lewis Chessmen in the 19th century for inclusion in the auction house's catalogue, and his knowledge on ivories particularly the Lewis Chessmen, for which he undertook research for the British Museum publication, is still sought after.", "The archive of mainly architectural images is in the process of being digitised as part of the wider Courtauld Connects project.", "The Chairman of the Fabric Advisory Committee of St Albans Cathedral was appointed by the Society of Antiquaries of London.", "Jordi Camps, Manuel Castieiras, John McNeill and Richard Plant are from Abingdon.", "Studies in Burgundian Romanesque Sculpture, London : Pindar Press, 1998, The Lewis Chessmen and the Enigma of the Hoard, London : British Museum Press, 1997, were edited by Neil Stratford.", "Romanesque and Gothic : Essays for George Zarnecki, edited by Neil Stratford, was published in 1993.", "Oddy, Susan La Niece, Neil Stratford and P.T. had contributions.", "References British art historians Medievalists Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge French art historians 1938 births Living people" ]

[ "Neil Stratford F", "Neil Stratford", "Stratford", "Stratford", "Stratford", "Stratford", "Stratford", "Stratford", "Neil Stratford", "Stratford", "Stratford", "Stratford", "Stratford", "Neil Stratford", "Neil", "Neil", "Neil Stratford", "Neil Stratford" ]

[ "Neil Stratford", "Neil", "Neil Stratford", "Stratford", "John McNeill", "Neil Stratford", "Neil Stratford", "Neil Stratford" ]

[ "Ivan L. Wilzig (born January 6, 1956) is an American recording artist and songwriter who is best known for his pop-dance remakes of 1960s and early 1970s peace songs.", "He created The Peaceman Foundation, a non-profit organization that battles hatred, violence and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).", "In the US alone, he has appeared on various reality television shows, such as Who Wants to be a Superhero?, on Syfy, Epic Castle on the Destination America channel The Fabulous Life of the Hamptons on VH1, Chef Roble & Co. on Bravo, and most recently on Super Heroes in 3D TV on 3Net.", "Early life and banking career\nIvan Wilzig was born in 1956 and raised with his two younger siblings, Alan and sister Sherry, in Clifton, New Jersey, where he attended Clifton High School.", "Wilzig's father Siggi Wilzig (1926–2003) came to the United States as a Holocaust survivor from Germany.", "Fifty-nine of his relatives were murdered by the Nazis during the Holocaust.", "His mother was an art collector Naomi Wilzig (1934-2015).", "After multiple salesman positions, Siggi Wilzig ultimately became Chairman, President and CEO of Wilshire Oil Company of Texas, then listed on the NYSE; and Chairman, President and CEO of The Trust Company of New Jersey, then listed on NASDAQ.", "Wilzig graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, in 1977, earning a B.A.", "degree in European intellectual history.", "He then earned his law degree at Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law at Yeshiva University in 1980.", "Instead of practicing law, he joined his father in running The Trust Company of New Jersey, a full-service commercial bank founded in 1896.", "Under Wilzig the Trust Company brokered various deals that allowed 50 bank mini-branches to open up in A&P, Pathmark and ShopRite supermarkets, in affluent New Jersey counties.", "Music career\n\nWilzig began voice lessons at the age of 10.", "In his youth, he attended an Orthodox Hebrew school, and sang in the synagogue choir.", "His first professional gigs were singing at Kutsher's Country Club in the Catskill Mountains, and then as a soloist at Town Hall in New York City with the Samuel Sterner Choir.", "Later, he performed in both high school (Fiddler on the Roof) and college (Bye Bye Birdie) musicals.", "His father Siggi discouraged him from continuing in music as a career, wanting his son to have a more secure profession.", "In 2001, Ivan Wilzig met recording industry executive Dave Jurman, Senior Director of Dance Music at Columbia Records.", "Jurman introduced Wilzig to two-time Grammy-Award nominee and record producer Ernie Lake, who produced Ivan's remake of John Lennon's \"Imagine\" with Ivan performing vocals.", "Tom Silverman, owner of Tommy Boy Records signed the track and released it on September 4, 2001.", "\"Imagine\", sold 10,000 vinyl copies in its first three months and became a Top-40 hit on the Billboard Club Play Chart.", "It was the first time a Beatles or John Lennon song had been remade as an electronic dance music song.", "His follow-up single, \"San Francisco\" was signed by label owner Jellybean Benitez, and released on Jellybean Recordings, reaching #7 on the Billboard Singles Sales Chart.", "Wilzig's third single, \"Peace on Earth\", was his first original song, and was released by Artemis Records, making the Billboard Charts and reached number #2 on the DMC (Dance Music Community) World Chart in the UK.", "Television & film\n\nReality TV\nDuring the first season of Who Wants to be a Superhero?", "in 2006, Ivan attempted to audition with the producers as Peaceman, but he was too late to be included.", "He was encouraged to audition for the next season.", "His Peaceman character made the cut for Season Two, but as a precondition, the SyFy channel owned by NBC, was to obtain the trademarks to contestant characters.", "Ivan refused to give up the trademark to Peaceman, and attempted to create a new character Mitzvah Man, but the name had already been trademarked.", "Mr. Mitzvah, however, was not trademarked, and he took on the identity of Mr. Mitzvah for the show.", "He was, however, eliminated after the 3rd episode by Stan Lee.", "Other \nIvan has appeared on numerous lifestyle and reality television shows since 2000.", "He was on the Travel Channel's Manhattan on the Beach in 2000, the WE show Single in the Hamptons in 2002.", "VH1's Hopelessly Rich (Hopelessly Rich) in 2003, VH1's (The Fabulous Life of the Hamptons).", "in 2007.", "In 2012, Wilzig appeared on \"The Crazy Hamptons Blowout,\" Episode 5 of Bravo's Chef Roble and Co., which aired January 1, 2012.", "Most recently, Sir Ivan made his first 3D TV appeared on 3Net's Super Heroes show, which first aired on February 10, 2013.", "He appeared on the German TV channel ProSieben right after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, where he discussed his single, \"Imagine\".", "In early 2004, this time as part of the series So lebt ein Milliardaer!", "Lifestyle of a Billionaire, he appeared as Peaceman next to supermodel Naomi Campbell, DJ Paul Oakenfold and tennis player Venus Williams.", "In 2006, ProSieben featured him in Die Maedchen und der Milliardaer (The Girls and the Billionaire).", "In the late 1990s Ivan and Alan Wilzig built a medieval-style castle in Water Mill, in the Hamptons, on Long Island, New York, commonly referred to now as \"Sir Ivan's Castle\"." ]

[ "Ivan L. Wilzig is best known for his pop-dance remakes of 1960s and early 1970s peace songs.", "The Peaceman Foundation is a non-profit organization that fights hatred, violence and post traumatic stress disorder.", "He has appeared on a number of reality television shows in the US, such as Who wants to be a Superhero?, which 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846", "Ivan Wilzig was raised in New Jersey with his two younger siblings, Alan and Sherry, and DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "Siggi Wilzig came to the United States as a Holocaust survivor.", "Fifty-nine of his relatives were murdered by the Nazis.", "Naomi Wilzig was his mother.", "Siggi Wilzig became Chairman, President and CEO of Wilshire Oil Company of Texas, then listed on the New York Stock Exchange, and Chairman, President and CEO of The Trust Company of New Jersey, which DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "Wilzig earned a B.A. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1977.", "There is a degree in European intellectual history.", "He graduated from the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law in 1980.", "He joined his father in running The Trust Company of New Jersey, a full-service commercial bank founded in 1896.", "The Trust Company brokered various deals that allowed 50 bank mini-branches to open up in A&P, Pathmark and ShopRite supermarkets in affluent New Jersey counties.", "At the age of 10, Wilzig began voice lessons.", "He sang in the synagogue choir while attending an Orthodox Hebrew school.", "His first professional gig was singing at Kutsher's Country Club in the Catskill Mountains, and then as a soloist at Town Hall in New York City.", "He performed in both high school and college musicals.", "Siggi discouraged his son from continuing in music because he wanted him to have a more secure career.", "Dave Jurman, Senior Director of Dance Music at Columbia Records, met Ivan Wilzig in 2001.", "Jurman introduced Wilzig to Lake, who produced Ivan's remake of John Lennon's \"Imagine\" with Ivan performing vocals.", "The track was signed by the owner of Tommy Boy Records.", "In its first three months, \"Imagine\" sold 10,000 vinyl copies and became a Top-40 hit.", "It was the first time a Beatles or John Lennon song had been made into an electronic dance music song.", "His follow-up single, \"San Francisco\", was released on Jellybean Recordings and reached the top of the charts.", "\"Peace on Earth\" was Wilzig's first original song and was released by Artemis Records and reached number 2 on the DMC World Chart in the UK.", "During the first season of Who wants to be a superhero?", "Ivan was too late to be considered for the role of Peaceman.", "He was told to try out for the next season.", "His character, Peaceman, made the cut for the second season, but he had to get the trademarks to be on the show.", "Ivan tried to create a new character called Mitzvah Man, but the name Peaceman already had a trademark for.", "The identity of Mr. Mitzvah was taken on by him for the show.", "He was eliminated after the 3rd episode.", "Since 2000, Other Ivan has appeared on numerous lifestyle and reality television shows.", "He was on the Travel Channel's Manhattan on the Beach in 2000.", "In 2003 there was a show called Hopelessly Rich and in the same year there was a show called The Fabulous Life of the Hamptons.", "In 2007.", "Wilzig appeared on \"The Crazy Hamptons Blowout,\" Episode 5 of Chef Roble and Co., which aired on January 1, 2012", "Sir Ivan's first 3D TV appeared on 3Net's Super Heroes show, which aired on February 10, 2013).", "He talked about his single \"Imagine\" on German TV after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.", "In early 2004, this was a part of the series.", "He was next to Naomi Campbell, DJ Paul Oakenfold, and tennis player Venus Williams.", "In 2006 he was featured in The Girls and the Billionaire.", "\"Sir Ivan's Castle\" is a medieval-style castle built in the late 1990s by Ivan and Alan Wilzig." ]

[ "Ivan L", ". Wilzig", "Ivan Wilzig", "Wilzig", "Siggi Wilzig", "Naomi Wilzig", "Wilzig", "Wilzig", "Wilzig", "Wilzig", "Ivan Wilzig", "Wilzig", "Ivan", "Ivan", "Wilzig", "Ivan", "Ivan", "Ivan", "Wilzig", "Ivan", "Ivan", "Alan Wilzig", "Sir Ivan" ]

[ "Ivan L", ". Wilzig", "Ivan Wilzig", "Wilzig", "Wilzig", "Wilzig", "Ivan Wilzig", "Wilzig", "Ivan", "Ivan", "Wilzig", "Ivan", "Ivan", "Ivan", "Wilzig", "Ivan", "Sir Ivan", "Ivan", "Alan Wilzig" ]

[ "Jean Merilyn Simmons, (31 January 1929 – 22 January 2010) was a British actress and singer.", "One of J. Arthur Rank's \"well-spoken young starlets\", she appeared predominantly in films, beginning with those made in Great Britain during and after World War II, followed mainly by Hollywood films from 1950 onwards.", "Simmons was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Hamlet (1948), and won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress for Guys and Dolls (1955).", "Her other film appearances include Young Bess (1953), The Robe (1953), The Big Country (1958), Elmer Gantry (1960), Spartacus (1960), and the 1969 film The Happy Ending, for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress.", "She also won an Emmy Award for the miniseries The Thorn Birds (1983).", "Biography\n\nEarly life\nSimmons was born on 31 January 1929, in Islington, London, to Charles Simmons, a bronze medalist in gymnastics at the 1912 Summer Olympics, and his wife, Winifred Ada (née Loveland).", "Jean was the youngest of four children, with siblings Lorna, Harold, and Edna.", "She began acting at the age of 14.", "During the Second World War, the Simmons family was evacuated to Winscombe, Somerset.", "Her father, a physical education teacher, taught briefly at Sidcot School, and some time during this period, Simmons followed her eldest sister onto the village stage and sang popular songs such as \"Daddy Wouldn't Buy Me a Bow Wow\".", "At this point, her ambition was to be an acrobatic dancer.", "Early films\nOn her return to London, Simmons enrolled at the Aida Foster School of Dance.", "She was spotted by director Val Guest, who cast her in the Margaret Lockwood vehicle Give Us the Moon (1944) in a large role as Lockwood's sister.", "Small roles in several other films followed, including Mr. Emmanuel (1944), Kiss the Bride Goodbye (1945), Meet Sexton Blake (1945), and the popular The Way to the Stars (1945), as well as the short Sports Day (1945).", "Simmons had a small part as a harpist in the high-profile Caesar and Cleopatra (1945), produced by Gabriel Pascal, starring Vivien Leigh, and co-starring Simmons' future husband Stewart Granger.", "Pascal saw potential in Simmons, and in 1945 he signed her to a seven-year contract to the J. Arthur Rank Organisation.", "Great Expectations and stardom\nSimmons became a star in Britain when she was cast as the young Estella in David Lean's version of Great Expectations (1946).", "The movie was the third-most popular film at the British box office in 1947, and Simmons received excellent reviews.", "The experience of working on Great Expectations caused her to pursue an acting career more seriously:\n\nSimmons had support roles in Hungry Hill (1947) with Margaret Lockwood and the Powell-Pressburger film Black Narcissus (1947), playing an Indian woman in the latter alongside Sabu.", "Simmons was top-billed for the first time in the drama Uncle Silas (1947).", "She followed it with The Woman in the Hall (1947).", "Neither was particularly successful; but Simmons was then in a huge international hit, playing Ophelia in Laurence Olivier's Hamlet (1948), for which she received her first Oscar nomination.", "Olivier offered her the chance to work and study at the Old Vic, advising her to play anything they offered her to get experience; but she was under contract to Rank, which vetoed the idea.", "Simmons had the lead in Frank Launder's The Blue Lagoon (1949), based on the novel by Henry De Vere Stacpoole and co-produced with Launder's partner Sidney Gilliat, a project originally announced for Lockwood a decade earlier.", "It was a considerable financial success.", "Stewart Granger\nSimmons starred with Stewart Granger in the comedy Adam and Evelyne (1949).", "It was her first adult role, and Granger and she became romantically involved; they soon married.", "Simmons made two films that were popular at the local box office: So Long at the Fair (1950) with Dirk Bogarde and Trio (1950), where she was one of several stars.", "She was then in Cage of Gold (1950) with David Farrar and Ralph Thomas' The Clouded Yellow (1950) with Trevor Howard.", "In 1950, Simmons was voted the fourth-most popular star in Britain.", "Howard Hughes and Victor Mature\n\nGranger became a Hollywood star in King Solomon's Mines (1950) and was signed to a contract by MGM, so Simmons moved to Los Angeles with him.", "In 1951, Rank sold her contract to Howard Hughes, who then owned RKO Pictures.", "Hughes was eager to start a sexual relationship with Simmons, but Granger put a stop to his advances by angrily telling Hughes over the phone: \"Mr Howard bloody Hughes, you'll be sorry if you don't leave my wife alone.\"", "Her first Hollywood film was Androcles and the Lion (1952), produced by Pascal and co-starring Victor Mature.", "It was followed by Angel Face (1953), directed by Otto Preminger with Robert Mitchum.", "According to David Thomson, \"If she had made only one film—Angel Face—she might now be spoken of with the awe given to Louise Brooks.\"", "Smarting over his rebuff from Granger, Hughes instructed Preminger to treat Simmons as roughly as possible, leading the director to demand that costar Mitchum repeatedly slap the actress harder and harder, until Mitchum turned and punched Preminger, asking if that was how he wanted it.", "To further punish Simmons and Granger, Hughes refused to lend her to Paramount where director William Wyler wanted to cast her in the female lead for his film Roman Holiday; the role made a star of Audrey Hepburn.", "He also made her appear in She Couldn't Say No (1954), a comedy with Mitchum.", "A court case freed Simmons from the contract with Hughes in 1952.", "They settled out of court; part of the arrangement was that Simmons would do one more film for no additional money.", "Simmons also agreed to make three more movies under the auspices of RKO, but not actually at that studio—she would be lent out.", "She would make an additional picture for 20th Century Fox while RKO got the services of Victor Mature for one film.", "MGM cast her in the lead of Young Bess (1953) playing a young Queen Elizabeth I with Granger.", "She went back to RKO to do the extra film under the settlement with Hughes, titled Affair with a Stranger (1953) with Mature; it flopped.", "20th Century Fox\nSimmons went over to 20th Century Fox to play the female lead in The Robe (1953), the first CinemaScope movie and an enormous financial success.", "Less popular was The Actress (1953) at MGM alongside Spencer Tracy, despite superb reviews; it was one of her personal favorites.", "Fox asked Simmons back for The Egyptian (1954), another epic, but it was not especially popular.", "She had the lead in Columbia's A Bullet Is Waiting (1954).", "More widely seen was Désirée (1954), where Simmons played Désirée Clary to Marlon Brando's Napoleon Bonaparte.", "Simmons and Granger returned to England to make the thriller Footsteps in the Fog (1955).", "Then, Joseph Mankiewicz cast her opposite Brando in the screen adaptation of Guys and Dolls (1955), playing a role turned down by Grace Kelly; it was a big hit.", "Simmons played the title role in Hilda Crane (1956) at Fox, a box-office disappointment.", "So, too, were This Could Be the Night (1957) and Until They Sail (1957), both at MGM.", "Simmons had a big success, though, in The Big Country (1958), directed by William Wyler.", "She starred in Home Before Dark (1958) at Warner Bros. and This Earth Is Mine (1959) with Rock Hudson at Universal.", "In the opinion of film critic Philip French, Home Before Dark was \"perhaps her finest performance as a housewife driven into a breakdown in Mervyn LeRoy's psychodrama.\"", "Elmer Gantry and Richard Brooks\nSimmons went into Elmer Gantry (1960), directed by Richard Brooks, who became her second husband.", "It was successful, as was Spartacus (1960), where she played Kirk Douglas' love interest.", "Simmons then did The Grass Is Greener (1960) with Mitchum, Cary Grant, and Deborah Kerr.", "She took some years off screen, then returned in All the Way Home (1963) with Robert Preston.", "She did Life at the Top (1965) with Laurence Harvey, Mister Buddwing (1966) with James Garner, Divorce American Style (1967) with Dick Van Dyke, and Rough Night in Jericho (1967) with George Peppard and Dean Martin.", "Simmons did Heidi (1968) for TV, then Brooks wrote and directed The Happy Ending (1969) for her, and she received her second Oscar nomination.", "1970s and 1980s\nBy the 1970s, Simmons turned her focus to stage and television acting.", "She toured the United States in Stephen Sondheim's A Little Night Music, then took the show to London, thus originated the role of Desirée Armfeldt in the West End.", "Performing in the show for three years, she said she never tired of Sondheim's music; \"No matter how tired or 'off' you felt, the music would just pick you up.\"", "She portrayed Fiona \"Fee\" Cleary, the Cleary family matriarch, in the miniseries The Thorn Birds (1983); she won an Emmy Award for her role.", "She appeared in North and South (1985–86), again playing the role of the family matriarch as Clarissa Main, and starred in The Dawning (1988) with Anthony Hopkins and Hugh Grant.", "Simmons appeared in a remake of Great Expectations (1989), this time playing the role of Miss Havisham, Estella's adoptive mother.", "She made a late-career appearance in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode \"The Drumhead\" (1991) as a retired Starfleet admiral and hardened legal investigator who conducts a witch hunt.", "As matriarch Elizabeth Collins Stoddard and her ancestor Naomi Collins, she appeared in the short-lived revival of the 1960s daytime series Dark Shadows (1991), in roles originally played by Joan Bennett.", "From 1994 until 1998, Simmons narrated the A&E documentary television series Mysteries of the Bible.", "She voiced the lead role of Sophie in the English dub of Howl's Moving Castle (2004).", "Personal life\nSimmons was married and divorced twice.", "At 21, she married Stewart Granger in Tucson, Arizona on 20 December 1950.", "She and Granger became U.S. citizens in 1956; in the same year, their daughter Tracy Granger , was born.", "They divorced in 1960.", "On 1 November 1960, Simmons married director Richard Brooks; their daughter, Kate Brooks, was born a year later in 1961.", "Simmons and Brooks divorced in 1980.", "Although both men were significantly older than Simmons, she denied she was looking for a father figure.", "Her father had died when she was just 16, but she said: \"They were really nothing like my father at all.", "My father was a gentle, softly spoken man.", "My husbands were both much noisier and much more opinionated ... it's really nothing to do with age ... it's to do with what's there – the twinkle and sense of humour.\"", "And in a 1984 interview, given in Copenhagen at the time she was shooting the film Going Undercover (1988, aka, Yellow Pages, completed 1985) she elaborated slightly on her marriages, stating, \n\nSimmons had two daughters, Tracy Granger (a film editor since 1990), and Kate Brooks (a TV production assistant and producer), one by each marriage – their names bearing witness to Simmons' friendship with Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn.", "Simmons moved to the East Coast of the US in the late 1970s, briefly owning a home in New Milford, Connecticut.", "She returned to California, settling in Santa Monica, California, where she lived until her death.", "In the 2003 New Year Honours, Simmons was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to acting.", "In 2003, she became the patron of the British drugs and human rights charity Release.", "In 2005, she signed a petition to British Prime Minister Tony Blair asking him not to upgrade cannabis from a class C drug to class B.", "Death\nSimmons died from lung cancer at her home in Santa Monica on 22 January 2010, at the age of 80.", "She is interred in Highgate Cemetery, north London.", "Filmography\n\nBox office ranking\nFor a number of years, British film exhibitors voted Simmons among the top ten British stars at the box office via an annual poll in the Motion Picture Herald.", "1949 – 4th (9th most popular overall)\n1950 – 2nd (4th most popular overall)\n1951 – 3rd\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n\nJean Simmons and Claire Bloom at aenigma\n\nThe Jean Simmons Memorial YouTube Page\nJean Simmons – A Fan Resource\nJean Simmons 1946 newsreel footage from British Pathe   (newsreel search)\n Jean Simmons in motorboat Britlsh Pathe\nObituary in The New York Times (23 January 2010)\nIn Appreciation of Jean Simmons (1929–2010)\nPhotographs and literature\n\n1929 births\n2010 deaths\n20th-century English actresses\n21st-century English actresses\nActresses from London\nAlumni of the Aida Foster Theatre School\nAmerican film actresses\nAmerican musical theatre actresses\nAmerican stage actresses\nAmerican television actresses\nAmerican voice actresses\nBest Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners\nBritish expatriate actresses in the United States\nBurials at Highgate Cemetery\nDeaths from cancer in California\nDeaths from lung cancer\nEnglish emigrants to the United States\nEnglish expatriates in the United States\nEnglish film actresses\nEnglish musical theatre actresses\nEnglish stage actresses\nEnglish television actresses\nEnglish voice actresses\nOfficers of the Order of the British Empire\nOutstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners\nPeople from Islington (district)\nVolpi Cup for Best Actress winners\n21st-century American women" ]

[ "Simmons was a British actress and singer.", "During and after World War II, she appeared in films made in Great Britain, followed by Hollywood films from 1950 onwards.", "Simmons won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress for Guys and Dolls and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Hamlet.", "She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in The Happy Ending.", "She won an award for The Thorn Birds.", "Simmons was born on January 31, 1929, in London, to Charles Simmons, a bronze medal winner in gymnastics at the 1912 Summer Olympics, and his wife.", "Jean was the youngest of four children.", "She started acting at the age of 14.", "The Simmons family were evacuated during the Second World War.", "Simmons followed her sister onto the village stage and sang popular songs such as \"Daddy Wouldn't Buy Me a Bow Wow\" when she was younger.", "She wanted to be an acrobatic dancer.", "Simmons attended the Aida Foster School of Dance.", "She played Margaret Lockwood's sister in Give Us the Moon, which was directed by Val Guest.", "The Way to the Stars was one of the films that had small roles in it.", "Simmons had a small part as a harpist in Caesar and Cleopatra, which was produced by Gabriel Pascal and starred Vivien Leigh and Simmons' future husband Stewart Granger.", "Simmons was signed to a seven-year contract by the J. Arthur Rank Organisation in 1945.", "Simmons became a star in Britain when she was cast as the young Estella in David Lean's version of Great Expectations.", "Simmons was the third most popular film at the British box office in 1947.", "Simmons had support roles in Hungry Hill and Black Narcissus, as well as playing an Indian woman in the film, after working on Great Expectations.", "Simmons was top-billed for the first time.", "The Woman in the Hall followed.", "Simmons received her first Oscar nomination as a result of her performance in Hamlet.", "She was offered the chance to work and study at the Old Vic, but she was under contract to Rank, which prevented her from doing that.", "Simmons had the lead in Frank Launder's The Blue Lagoon, based on the novel by Henry De Vere Stacpoole and co-produced with Launder's partner Sidney Gilliat, a project originally announced for Lockwood a decade earlier.", "It was a huge success.", "The comedy Adam and Evelyne had Stewart Granger and Stewart Simmons in it.", "It was her first role as an adult and she fell in love with him.", "Simmons made two films that were popular at the local box office: So Long at the Fair with Dirk Bogarde and Trio, where she was one of several stars.", "She was in the films The Clouded Yellow and Cage of Gold.", "Simmons was the fourth most popular star in Britain.", "Simmons moved to Los Angeles with Howard Hughes after they became stars in King Solomon's Mines.", "Howard Hughes owned RKO Pictures after Rank sold her contract.", "\"Mr Howard bloody Hughes, you'll be sorry if you don't leave my wife alone,\" Granger angrily told Hughes over the phone.", "Her first movie was called Androcles and the Lion.", "Otto Preminger directed Angel Face.", "According to David Thomson, if she had only made one film, she would now be spoken of with awe.", "The director demanded that the costar slap the actress harder and harder until he asked if he wanted it.", "Hughes refused to lend her to Paramount, where William Wyler wanted to cast her in the female lead for his film Roman Holiday, which made her a star.", "She couldn't say no in She Couldn't Say No.", "Simmons was freed from his contract with Hughes.", "Simmons would do one more film for no additional money as part of the settlement.", "Simmons agreed to make three more movies under the auspices of RKO, but not actually at that studio.", "She made an additional picture for 20th Century Fox while RKO got the services of Victor Mature.", "She was cast in the lead role of Young Bess, playing a young Queen Elizabeth I.", "The extra film under the settlement with Hughes was a flop.", "The Robe, the first CinemaScope movie and an enormous financial success, was played by Simmons in 20th Century Fox.", "Despite excellent reviews, The Actress was one of her personal favorites.", "Simmons was asked back for The Egyptian, but it wasn't very popular.", "She played the lead in Columbia's A Bullet Is Waiting.", "Simmons played Désirée Clary in Napoleon Bonaparte's movie.", "Footsteps in the Fog was made in England by Simmons and Granger.", "Guys and Dolls, in which she played a role turned down by Grace Kelly, was a big hit.", "Simmons played the title role in a flop.", "This Could be the Night and Until They Sail were both at MGM.", "The Big Country was directed by William Wyler.", "She had roles in Home Before Dark and This Earth Is Mine.", "Home Before Dark was \"perhaps her finest performance as a housewife driven into a breakdown in Mervyn LeRoy's psychodrama\" according to Philip French.", "The film was directed by Richard Simmons, who became her second husband.", "She played Kirk Douglas' love interest in Spartacus.", "The Grass Is Greener was written and directed by Simmons.", "After taking some years off, she returned in All the Way Home.", "She did Life at the Top, Mister Buddwing, Divorce American Style, and Rough Night in Jericho.", "Simmons received her second Oscar nomination after The Happy Ending was written and directed by Brooks.", "Simmons focused on stage and television acting in the 1970s and 1980s.", "She originated the role of Desirée Armfeldt in the West End after touring the United States in A Little Night Music.", "\"No matter how tired or off you felt, the music would just pick you up,\" she said.", "She won an award for her portrayal of the family matriarch in The Thorn Birds.", "She played the role of the family matriarch in both North and South and The Dawning.", "In the remake of Great Expectations, Simmons played the role of Miss Havisham, Estella's adoptive mother.", "She played a hardened legal investigator in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode \"The Drumhead\" in 1991.", "In the short-lived revival of the 1960s daytime series Dark Shadows, she played matriarch Elizabeth Collins Stoddard and her descendant Naomi Collins.", "The A&E documentary series Mysteries of the Bible was narrated by Simmons.", "She played the lead role in the English version of Howl's Moving Castle.", "Simmons was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "She married Stewart Granger in Tucson, Arizona at the age of 21.", "Their daughter Tracy was born in the same year they became U.S. citizens.", "They divorced in 1960.", "Richard and Simmons were married on 1 November 1960 and their daughter was born a year later.", "They divorced in 1980.", "She denied that she was looking for a father figure.", "She said that they were nothing like her father.", "My father was a gentle man.", "It's not age that matters, it's the sense of humor and noisier nature of my husbands.", "Simmons talked about her marriages in a 1984 interview, stating that she had two daughters, Tracy and Kate, and a film editor.", "Simmons moved to the East Coast of the US in the late 1970s and briefly owned a home in Connecticut.", "She lived in Santa Monica, California, until her death.", "Simmons was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for his services to acting.", "She became a patron of the charity in 2003", "She signed a petition in 2005 asking Tony Blair not to upgrade cannabis from a class C drug to a class B drug.", "Death Simmons died of lung cancer at her home in Santa Monica at the age of 80.", "She is buried in north London.", "Simmons was voted among the top ten British stars at the box office by the Motion Picture Herald for a number of years.", "1949 is the 4th most popular overall, 1950 is the 2nd most popular overall, and 1951 is the 3rd most popular overall." ]

[ "Jean Merilyn Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Charles Simmons", "Jean", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmonsant", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Jean Simmons", "Jean Simmons", "Jean Simmons", "Jean Simmons", "Jean Simmons", "Jean Simmons" ]

[ "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Charles Simmons", "Jean", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Stewart Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Richard Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons" ]

[ "James Lockhart (born April 8, 1933 - January 17, 2014) was a U.S. historian of colonial Spanish America, especially the Nahua people and Nahuatl language.", "Born in Huntington, West Virginia, Lockhart attended West Virginia University (BA, 1956) and the University of Wisconsin–Madison (MA, 1962; PhD, 1967).", "Late in life, Lockhart wrote a short, candid memoir.", "He joined the US Army and was posted to Germany, working in \"a low-level intelligence agency,\" translating letters from East Germany.", "Returning to the US, he entered the graduate program at University of Wisconsin, where he pursued his doctorate in the social history of conquest-era Peru.", "His dissertation, published in 1968 as Spanish Peru, 1531-1560 was a path breaking approach to this early period.", "Less interested in the complicated political events of the era, he focused on the formation of Spanish colonial society in the midst of Spanish war with the indigenous and internecine struggles between factions of conquerors.", "With separate chapters on different social groups, including Africans and indigenous brought into the Spanish sphere, and an important chapter on women of the conquest era, his work shifted the understanding of that era.", "His main source for the people and processes of this early period were notarial documents, often property transfers and other types of legal agreements, which gave insight into the formation and function of Spanish colonial society.", "The work is now a classic and was published in a second, revised edition in 1994.", "While researching Spanish Peru, he compiled information on the Spaniards who received a share of the ransom of the Inca Atahualpa, extracted at Cajamarca.", "The Men of Cajamarca has both individual biographies of those who shared in the treasure, as well as a thorough analysis of the general social patterns of those conquerors.", "Both Spanish Peru and The Men of Cajamarca have been published in Spanish translation.", "He began to do research on colonial Mexico while at University of Texas, looking both at the socioeconomic patterns there and began learning Nahuatl.", "Fruits of these new interests were the publication of the anthology Provinces of Early Mexico: Variants of Spanish American Regional Evolution (edited with Ida Altman) and Nahuatl in the Middle Years: Language Contact Phenomena in Texts of the Colonial Period (with linguist Frances Karttunen).", "He moved to University of California, Los Angeles, where he spent the bulk of his teaching career 1972–1994, retiring early and continuing to collaborate with colleagues on research projects and mentor graduate students working on historical sources in the Nahuatl language and the colonial-era Nahua people.", "Among his many graduate students in colonial Spanish American social history and the philology of Mesoamerican indigenous languages, who earned doctorates under his mentorship are S.L.", "(Sarah) Cline, Kimberly Gauderman, Robert Haskett, Rebecca Horn, John E. Kicza, Leslie K. Lewis, Doris Namala, Leslie Offutt, Matthew Restall, Susan Schroeder, Lisa Sousa, Kevin Terraciano, John Tutino, John Super, and Stephanie Wood.", "He was a major contributor to a field of ethnohistory built on the study of indigenous-language sources from colonial Mexico, which he called New Philology.", "He collaborated with colonial Brazilianist Stuart B. Schwartz in writing Early Spanish America (1983), which is a foundational text for graduate students studying colonial Latin America.", "He was the series editor for the Nahuatl Studies Series, initially based at the UCLA Latin American Center and then jointly with Stanford University Press.", "Lockhart was honored by the Conference on Latin American History Distinguished Service Award in 2004.", "He died on 17 January 2014 at the age of 80.", "Works\n\nSpanish Peru, 1532-1560 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1968; second edition 1994).", "The Men of Cajamarca: A Social and Biographical Study of the First Conquerors of Peru (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1972).", "The Social History of Colonial Spanish America: evolution and potential Austin, Texas: University of Texas Institute of Latin American Studies, 1972).", "Nahuatl in the Middle Years: Language Contact Phenomena in Texts of the Colonial Period (with Frances Karttunen, Berkeley: Univ.", "of California Press, 1976).", "Beyond the Codices: The Nahua View of Colonial Mexico (with Arthur J. O. Anderson and Frances Berdan, Berkeley: Univ.", "of California Press, 1976).", "Provinces of Early Mexico: Variants of Spanish American Regional Evolution (ed., with Ida Altman).", "(Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center Publications, University of California, Los Angeles, 1976).", "Letters and People of the Spanish Indies, Sixteenth Century (with Enrique Otte).", "New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976).", "El mundo hispanoperuano, 1532-1560.", "(Spanish translation of Spanish Peru) (Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 1982).Early Latin America: A Short History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil (with Stuart B. Schwartz).", "(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983).The Tlaxcalan Actas: A compendium of records of the Cabildo of Tlaxcala, 1545–1627.", "(with Frances Berdan and Arthur J.O.", "Anderson).", "Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1986).", "Los de Cajamarca: un estudio social y biografico del los primeros conquistadores del Peru (Spanish translation of The Men of Cajamarca).", "Lima: Editorial Milla Batres, 1986).The Art of Nahuatl Speech: The Bancroft Dialogues (ed., with Frances Karttunen, Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center, 1987).Charles Gibson and the Ethnohistory of Post-conquest Central Mexico (Bundoora, Australia: LaTrobe University Institute of Latin American Studies, 1988).Nahuas and Spaniards: Postconquest Mexican History and Philology (Stanford: Stanford University Press; and Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center, 1991).The Nahuas after the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth through Eighteenth Centuries (Stanford: Stanford Univ.", "Press, 1992).America Latina en la Edad Moderna: una historia de la America Espanola y el Brazil Coloniales (Spanish translation of Early Latin America) Madrid: Akal Ediciones 1992).We People Here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).", "The Story of Guadalupe: Luis Laso de la Vega's Huey tlamahuicoltica of 1649 (with Lisa Sousa and Stafford Poole)(Stanford University Press, 1998)Of things of the Indies : essays old and new in early Latin American history, (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999).Los nahuas despúes de la conquista: historia social y cultural de los indios del Mexico central, del siglo XVI al XVIII)(Spanish translation of Nahuas After the Conquest)(Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económico 1999.", "Grammar of the Mexican Language: With an explanation of Its Adverbs,(1645), Horacio Carochi, James Lockhart (translator)(Stanford: Stanford Univ.", "Press, 2001).", "''Annals of His Time: Don Domingo de San Anton Munon Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin (with Susan Schroeder and Doris Namala, 2006).", "(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006).", "See also\nNew Philology\nHistoriography of Colonial Spanish America\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nScholar profile of James Lockhart at the Virtual Mesoamerican Archive\nUCLA obituary\n\nHistorians of Mexico\nAmerican Mesoamericanists\nHistorians of Mesoamerica\nHistorians of Peru\nAztec scholars\nTranslators from Nahuatl\n20th-century Mesoamericanists\n21st-century Mesoamericanists\nHistorians of Latin America\nLatin Americanists\nLinguists\nSocial historians\nWriters from Huntington, West Virginia\n1933 births\n2014 deaths\nUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison alumni\nUniversity of Texas faculty\nUniversity of California, Los Angeles faculty\nInstitute for Advanced Study visiting scholars\n20th-century translators\n21st-century translators\nHistorians from California" ]

[ "James Lockhart was a U.S. historian of colonial Spanish America and the Nahua people.", "He attended West Virginia University and the University of Wisconsin–Madison.", "Lockhart wrote a memoir late in life.", "He joined the US Army and was posted to Germany, where he worked in a low-level intelligence agency.", "After returning to the US, he entered the graduate program at the University of Wisconsin, where he pursued his doctorate in social history.", "The path breaking approach to this early period was the thesis he wrote in 1968.", "He focused on the formation of Spanish colonial society in the midst of the Spanish war with the indigenous and internecine struggles between the conquerors.", "Africans and indigenous were brought into the Spanish sphere with separate chapters, as well as an important chapter on women of the conquest era.", "Notarial documents, property transfers and other types of legal agreements gave insight into the formation and function of Spanish colonial society.", "The second revised edition of the work was published in 1994.", "He compiled information on the Spaniards who received a share of the ransom of the Atahualpa.", "Individual biographies of those who shared in the treasure, as well as a thorough analysis of the general social patterns of those conquerors, can be found in the Men of Cajamarca.", "The Men of Cajamarca has been translated into Spanish.", "While at the University of Texas, he began to do research on colonial Mexico and began to learn Nahuatl.", "The publication of the anthology Provinces of Early Mexico:Variants of Spanish American Regional Evolution was one of the fruits of these new interests.", "He spent the bulk of his teaching career at the University of California, Los Angeles, retiring early and continuing to collaborate with colleagues on research projects and mentor graduate students working on historical sources in the Nahuatl language and the colonial-era Nahua people.", "S.L., a graduate student in colonial Spanish American social history, earned a doctorate under his mentorship.", "Robert Haskett, Rebecca Horn, John E. Kicza, and others.", "New Philology was built on the study of indigenous-language sources from colonial Mexico and he was a major contributor.", "Early Spanish America is a text for graduate students studying colonial Latin America.", "He was the series editor for the Nahuatl Studies Series and was based at the UCLA Latin American Center.", "The Conference on Latin American History had a distinguished service award.", "He died at the age of 80.", "The second edition of Works Spanish Peru was published in 1994.", "The Men of Cajamarca: A Social and Biographical Study of the First Conquerors of Peru was published in 1972 by the University of Texas Press.", "The University of Texas Institute of Latin American Studies published The Social History of Colonial Spanish America.", "Nahuatl in the Middle Years: Language Contact Phenomena in Texts of the Colonial Period is a book by the University of Berkeley.", "The California Press was published in 1976.", "Beyond the Codices: The Nahua View of Colonial Mexico was written by Arthur J. O. Anderson and Frances Berdan.", "The California Press was published in 1976.", "There are variations of Spanish American Regional Evolution in the provinces of Early Mexico.", "UCLA Latin American Center Publications is located in Los Angeles.", "The letters and people of the Spanish Indies were written in the 16th century.", "Cambridge University Press was in New York.", "The hispanoperuano is El mundo hispanoperuano.", "Early Latin America: A Short History of Spanish America and Brazil was written by Stuart B. Schwartz.", "The Tlaxcalan Actas is a compendium of records.", "With Arthur J.O.", "The person is Anderson.", "Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.", "The Spanish translation of The Men of Cajamarca is Los de Cajamarca.", "The Art of Nahuatl Speech was edited by Milla Batres.", "America Latina en la Edad Moderna: una historia de la America Espanola y el Brazil Coloniales is a Spanish translation of Early Latin America.", "Of things of the Indies: essays old and new in early Latin American history was published in 1998.", "The Mexican Language's Adverbs are explained in the Grammar of the Mexican Language.", "The Press, 2001.", "The novel \"Annals of His Time\" was written by Don Domingo de San Anton Munon Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin.", "The Stanford University Press was published in 2006", "The Virtual Mesoamerican Archive has a profile of James Lockhart, a historian from Mexico." ]

[ "James Lockhart", "Lockhart", "Lockhart", "Lockhart", "James Lockhart", "James Lockhart" ]

[ "James Lockhart", "Lockhart", "James Lockhart" ]

[ "Arthur Kenneth Chesterton (1 May 1899 – 16 August 1973) was a British far-right journalist and political activist.", "From 1933 to 1938, he was a member of the British Union of Fascists (BUF).", "Disillusioned with Oswald Mosley, he parted ways with the BUF in 1938.", "Chesterton established the League of Empire Loyalists in 1954, which merged with a short-lived British National Party in 1967 to become the National Front.", "He founded and edited the magazine Candour in 1954 as the successor of Truth, of which he had been co-editor.", "Biography\n\nEarly life and education \nArthur Kenneth Chesterton was born on 1 May 1899 in Krugersdorp, South African Republic, the son of Arthur George Chesterton (1871–1900), a secretary at the local gold mine, and Harriet Ethel Chesterton (née Down).", "He was the first cousin once removed of the author and poet G. K. Chesterton and the journalist Cecil Chesterton, his paternal grandfather being an older brother of G. K. and Cecil's father Edward.", "The young A. K. held his two cousins in high regard, seeing Cecil as his \"exemplar\".", "Just after the outbreak of the Second Boer War in October 1899, Chesterton and his mother were sent to England.", "His father later died of pneumonia at 28 on his journey to join the family.", "In May 1902, after the end of the conflict, Chesterton returned to Krugersdorp with his paternal uncle and his mother.", "His mother soon married a Scottish mine administrator named George Horne, and the reconstituted family settled in Witwatersrand, near Johannesburg.", "In 1911, aged 12, Chesterton was sent again to England to live with his paternal grandfather in Herne Hill.", "He attended Dulwich College and Berkhamsted School, Hertfordshire, where he was a schoolmate of Ben Greene and Rex Tremlett.", "World War I \nIn October 1915 his mother and step-father visited him in England, and he persuaded them to bring him back to South Africa.", "Shortly after disembarking, Chesterton decided to join the army, but too young to enlist at 16, he falsified his age to enrol in the 5th South African Light Infantry in German East Africa.", "In his memoirs, Chesterton alluded to two battles against the Germans at Salaita Hill on 12 February 1916, and at Latema Nek on 11–12 March 1916.", "During a march in 1916, Chesterton collapsed from fever and was left on the roadside to die.", "He was eventually rescued by two African porters and sent home to his family in Johannesburg.", "After a period of convalescence, then aged 17, Chesterton decided to join the army again and went to Ireland to train as an officer with a cadet battalion.", "In August 1918, he received his commission as second lieutenant and was transferred to the 2/2 Battalion, City of London Regiment, Royal Fusiliers.", "Chesterton served over two years on the Western Front.", "At the end of the war, he was awarded the Military Cross for his actions during the battle of Épehy on 18–19 September 1918.", "Chesterton was at the head of a platoon reinforcing an assault against a German position near the village of Pezières in northern France.", "After the end of the war, Chesterton suffered from chronic symptoms of malaria and dysentery lingered from the East African campaign, and from permanent respiratory issues caused by a gas attack in Europe.", "Like many veterans, he developed an addiction to alcohol, punctuated by \"nervous breakdowns\" and episodes of \"neurasthenia\".", "Traumatised by trench warfare, Chesterton wrote that he had recurring nightmares of dead bodies and wrote that he began to experience the world as \"one vast necropolis\".", "Career as a journalist \nShortly before his 21st birthday in 1919, Chesterton moved to South Africa, where he worked as a journalist for The Johannesburg Star.", "In 1924 he returned to England and, under the tutelage of G. Wilson Knight, Chesterton developed a reputation as a Shakespearean critic.", "He secured a job as a journalist and festival critic at the Stratford-upon-Avon Herald, then as a public relation officer at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre.", "In 1928, he edited the short-lived monthly Shakespearean Review, where he developed his ideas about cultural decay.", "In 1929 Chesterton met his future wife, Doris Terry, a schoolteacher from Torquay.", "The couple married in 1933 and moved to Kingston-upon-Thames.", "Doris was a Fabian socialist and did not share her husband's later political views.", "Between 1929 and 1931, he worked as a journalist for the Torquay Times, and served as the chairman of the South Devon branch of the National Union of Journalists.", "In November 1933 Chesterton joined the British Union of Fascists (BUF) while still employed by the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, after being recruited by Rex Tremlett, his former schoolmate at Berkhamsted and then the editor of BUF's newspapers Fascist Week and The Blackshirt.", "British Union of Fascists \nSix months after joining the BUF, Chesterton was appointed officer-in-charge of Warwickshire and Staffordshire, and in April 1934 officer-in-charge of the \"Midlands Area\" for the party.", "Oswald Mosley, the leader of the BUF, later appointed him Director of Press Propaganda, a subsection of the BUF Propaganda Department, and in March 1935 to the BUF \"Research Directory\", the \"inner circle\" of the party's strategists.", "During the spring of 1935, Chesterton started to drink again.", "He was said to frequently arrive at BUF headquarters \"in a drunken state\", and some members began to call for his expulsion.", "In July, Blackshirt euphemistically reported that Chesterston was \"having a well-deserved rest, on the strict orders of his doctor.\"", "Mosley eventually paid for Chesterton to be treated by a neurologist in Germany.", "Following his return to Britain in April 1937, Chesterton was appointed in June \"Director of Publicity and Propaganda\", and in August the editor of The Blackshirt.", "This position provided a pulpit for his increasingly \"vituperative\" anti-Semitic rhetoric, the magazine promoting The Protocols of the Elders of Zion as \"the most astounding book ever published\".", "Chesterton also wrote the officially sanctioned biography of Mosley entitled Oswald Mosley: Portrait of a Leader (1937), in fact a hagiography of Mosley in which Chesterton claims that the BUF leader had an \"unconquerable spirit, with its grandeur of courage and resolve\", closing the book with the salutation \"Hail, Mosley, patriot, revolutionary and leader of men!\"", "World War II \nIn the late 1930s Chesterton became gradually disillusioned with the myth of \"The Leader\" and came to lose confidence in Mosley after 1937.", "On 18 March 1938, he resigned from the BUF; Mosley soon had his memory erased from the history of the party.", "The same year, Chesterton attended a meeting of the National Socialist League (NSL).", "The NSL published his pamphlet Why I left Mosley in 1938, although Chesterton never joined the organization.", "He became involved with the short-lived British Council against European Commitments (BCAE), an anti-Bolshevik movement which had emerged during the Munich crisis to resist war with Germany, and he contributed to Lord Lymington's journal New Pioneer.", "In June 1939, Chesterton established his own group, British Vigil.", "He regularly spoke at meetings of the Nordic League, and became involved with the Right Club, a secretive organization founded in May 1939 to consolidate existing right-wing British organizations into a unified body.", "Archibald Ramsay, founder of the Right Club, explained its ideology and purpose:\n \"The main object of the Right Club was to oppose and expose the activities of Organized Jewry, in the light of the evidence which came into my possession in 1938.", "Our first objective was to clear the Conservative Party of Jewish influence, and the character of our membership and meetings were strictly in keeping with this objective.\"", "In 1939, at the outbreak of World War II, Chesterton re-enlisted in the British Army and served in Kenya and Somaliland.", "He relapsed into alcoholism and relinquished his commission on ground of ill health in the spring of 1943.", "Upon his return to Britain, he set up the short-lived National Front after Victory (NF after V) and was involved with the relaunched British Peoples Party.", "Chesterton applied for work at the BBC, but MI5 intervened to ensure that he could not be employed.", "He found work in sub-editing at the Sheffield Evening Telegraph, but was forced to resign due to a bout of malaria.", "Afterwards, he worked for the Southport Guardian and the Liverpool Evening Express, and partly as a freelance journalist to supplement his living, including for The Weekly Review.", "In August 1943, the Daily Worker published an attack on Chesterton accusing him of treachery for his past association with William Joyce.", "Chesterton sued the Daily Worker and The Jewish Chronicle, which had repeated the accusation, for libel.", "The case was dropped for lack of funds, but Chesterton did manage to elicit an apology.", "In September 1944, he was appointed deputy editor of Truth.", "Post-war activism \nIn February 1945 Chesterton helped establish the National Front, a coalition of underground minor fascist groups with policies including the safeguarduing of a strong \"national and Empire economy\", preserving Christian traditions and finding \"an honourable, just and lasting solution\" to the \"real Jewish problem\".", "The movement was headed first by Collin Brooks then by Chesterton.", "From 1950 to 1958, Chesterton authored a reoccurring article titled \"The International Situation\" for every issue of The Journal of the Royal United Services Institution, nowadays often known as the RUSI Journal.", "Chesterton became literary advisor to Lord Beaverbrook, who offered him jobs at The Daily Express and the Evening Standard.", "Chesterton ghostwrote his autobiography Don’t Trust To Luck (1954).", "In October 1953, whilst still in Beaverbrook's employ, Chesterton founded the magazine Candour, which is still published today, though increasingly erratically as of 2012.", "He has claimed that Beaverbrook sacked him upon learning of Candours existence; in fact, his contract expired in January 1954 and was not renewed.", "Following the collapse of the National Front due to infighting, Chesterton founded in 1954 the League of Empire Loyalists (LEL), a political pressure group which gathered many future far-right leaders the likes of Colin Jordan, John Bean, John Tyndall, or Martin Webster.", "The movement was publicly known in the 1950s for its political stunts, especially in interrupting Conservative conferences while chanting \"Save the Empire\" and \"Tory Traitors\".", "1960s \nIn July 1965, Chesterton published The New Unhappy Lords, a self-described study of the \"power elites\" which takes the form, in the words of scholar Graham Macklin, of an \"elegantly written antisemitic tirade on the subversive and occult conspiracy against the British Empire, and Western civilisation in general, that he believed was striving behind the scenes to create a 'One-World' Jewish super-state.\"", "Following the demise of Nazi Germany for its \"revolt against the Money Power\", Chesterton argued that the British Empire and Commonwealth were then the decisive impediment to the global money-power conspiracy, mainly thanks to their system of Imperial preference.", "The book received damning reviews in the mainstream media, but it had sold in excess of 17,000 copies by June 1969.", "Along with Phyllis Schlafly's A Choice Not an Echo, published one year earlier, the book was one of the first to highlight the Bilderberg Group as a decisive actor in global conspiracy theories.", "After failing to make gains in the 1966 general election, Chesterton founded in February 1967 a second National Front (NF); he was elected the party's first chairman and remained its Policy Director until 1970.", "The National Front brought together the LEL and British National Party.", "A faction of the Racial Preservation Society decided to join them, but radicals and openly neo-Nazis figures like Jordan, Tyndall or Webster were excluded to avoid public backlash.", "In June 1967, however, Chesterton eventually welcomed Tyndall and members of the Greater Britain Movement (GBM) into the party.", "Later life and death \nAt the end of his life, Chesterton became increasingly ill from the emphysema he had contracted in the gas attack during World War I, living part-time in his native South Africa.", "While Chesterton was holidaying in South Africa, a faction led by Gordon Brown—formerly of Tyndall's GBM—launched a leadership challenge against him.", "On realising that his support was weak, Chesterton resigned in 1970.", "Chesterton spent the remainder of his days editing Candour until his death from emphysema on 16 August 1973, aged 74.", "Views \nAccording to historian Richard Thurlow, Chesterton's \"weird mixture of racism, ethnocentrism and conspiracy theory in its racial theory and its paternalism, monarchism (particularly reverence for Edward I who expelled the Jews), cultural pessimism, Social Darwinism and dialectical mode of argument in its political theory are more akin to patterns of thought prevalent in pre-Nazi German Conservatism than to any English equivalent.\"", "After the war, Chesterton repudiated fascism and resolutely denied accusations to the effect that he was pursuing a \"neo-fascist\" agenda.", "He toned down the antisemitic imagery of his pre-war writings, although the Jews remained at the centre of paranoid conspiracy theories.", "Described as \"far more parasitic and corrupt than any baby could conceive\" in Blackshirt (1935), they were still \"the principal promoters of the idea of integrating peoples of disparate racial stocks\" in his 1965 book The New Unhappy Lords.", "Although he conceded in 1973 that \"any competent Jewish writer can make a nonsense of attempts to prove their authenticity\", Chesterton regarded The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a Tsarist antisemitic forgery, as a \"masterly analysis of the weaknesses of Gentile society\" in The New Happy Lord (1965).", "In his later life, he came to consider the use of crude antisemitism a \"liability and a menace\" to the nationalist movement.", "Chesterton launched in September 1970 a public attack on anti-Semitic conspiracy theorist Eustace Mullins in Candour, under the title \"This man is dangerous\".", "Influence \nJohn Tyndall, who established the British National Party (BNP) in 1982, has declared in 1971, \"Without hesitation, what understanding I have of political affairs I have I owe much more to A.K.", "than any other person\"; Tyndall kept on recommending Chesterton's writings until his death in July 2005.", "Martin Webster, the National Front national activities organiser from 1969 to 1983, stressed in 2009 the \"tremendous impact\" of the intellectual framework provided by Chesterton book The New Happy Lord \"because it tied together the threads of what is happening, why and who's doing it\".", "Chesterton was also a long-time friend of Revilo P. Oliver; they regularly wrote to each other until Chesterton's death in 1973.", "Works\nChesterton's works (including some previously only published within Candour magazine) have been re-edited by the A. K. Chesterton Trust from 2013 onward.Books Adventures in Dramatic Appreciation (1931)\n Brave Enterprise: A History of the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon (1934)\n Creed of a Fascist Revolutionary (1935)\n Oswald Mosley: Portrait of a Leader (1937)\n Why I Left Mosley (1938)\n The Menace of the Money Power: An Analysis of World Government by Finance (1946)\n Alternative for Britain (1946)\n Juma the Great (1947)\n The Importance of Being Oswald (1947)\n The Tragedy of Anti-Semitism, with Joseph Leftwich (1948)\n Sound the Alarm!", "A Warning to the British Nations (1954)\n Stand By The Empire (1954)\n The Menace of World Government & Britain's Graveyard (1957)\n Tomorrow.", "A Plan for the British Future (1961)\n The New Unhappy Lords: An Exposure of Power Politics (1965)\n Common Market Suicide (1971)\n B.B.C.", ": A National Menace (1972)\n Facing the Abyss (posthumous; 1976)\n Fascism and the Press (posthumous; 2013)Articles \"The Apotheosis of the Jew.\"", "British Union Quarterly, Vol.", "1, No.", "2, April/June 1937, pp.", "45-54.Pamphlets Not Guilty: An Account of the Historic Race Relations Trial at Lewes Assizes in March 1968 (1968)Plays'\n Leopard Valley: A Play in Three Acts (1943)\n\nSee also\n Candour\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links \n Works by A. K. Chesterton at HathiTrust\n Candour & A.K.", "Chesterton Trust official website\n Catalogue of the Papers and Correspondence of Arthur Kenneth Chesterton (1899-1973) at University of Bath\n\n1899 births\n1973 deaths\nAntisemitism in England\nBritish Union of Fascists politicians\nEnglish far-right politicians\nEnglish fascists\nLeaders of the National Front (UK)\nPeople educated at Berkhamsted School\nRecipients of the Military Cross\nSouth African Army officers\nBritish magazine founders\nSouth African military personnel of World War I" ]

[ "Arthur Kenneth Chesterton was a British far-right journalist and political activist.", "He was a member of the British Union of Fascists.", "He parted ways with the BUF after falling in love with Oswald Mosley.", "The League of Empire Loyalists merged with the British National Party in 1967.", "He was the co-editor of Truth when Candour was founded in 1954.", "Arthur Kenneth Chesterton was born in 1899 in Krugersdorp, South African Republic, the son of Arthur George Chesterton, a secretary at the local gold mine.", "His paternal grandfather was an older brother of G. K. and Cecil's father.", "Cecil was seen by the young A. K. as his \"exemplar\".", "After the outbreak of the Second Boer War in 1899, Chesterton and his mother were sent to England.", "His father died on his way to join the family.", "After the end of the conflict, Chesterton returned to Krugersdorp with his paternal uncle and mother.", "His mother married a Scottish mine administrator and the family settled in Witwatersrand.", "When he was 12 years old, he was sent to England to live with his paternal grandfather.", "He attended Berkhamsted School, where he was a school friend of Ben and Rex.", "His mother and step- father visited him in England in October 1915, and he persuaded them to bring him back to South Africa.", "After disembarking, he decided to join the army but was too young to join at 16.", "The battles against the Germans at Salaita Hill and Latema Nek were mentioned in his memoirs.", "During a march in 1916, Chesterton collapsed and was left to die on the side of the road.", "He was rescued and sent to his family in South Africa.", "After a period of convalescence, then aged 17, Chesterton decided to join the army again and went to Ireland to train as an officer with a cadet battalion.", "In August 1918, he received his commission as second lieutenant and was transferred to the Royal Fusiliers.", "He served on the Western Front for two years.", "He was awarded the Military Cross for his actions during the battle of pehy.", "There was an assault against a German position near the village of Pezires in northern France.", "The East African campaign and a gas attack in Europe caused long-term respiratory issues for Chesterton after the end of the war.", "He had an addiction to alcohol that included episodes of \"neurasthenia\" and \"nervous breakdowns\".", "When he was traumatised by trench warfare, he had recurring nightmares of dead bodies and began to experience the world as one vast necropolis.", "Before his 21st birthday in 1919, he moved to South Africa, where he worked as a journalist.", "He developed a reputation as a Shakespearean critic under the guidance of G. Wilson Knight.", "He worked at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre as a public relation officer and as a journalist.", "He developed his ideas about cultural decay while editing the Shakespearean Review.", "The future wife of Chesterton was a teacher.", "The couple moved to Kingston-upon-Thames in 1933.", "She did not share her husband's political views.", "He was a journalist for the Torquay Times between 1929 and 1931 and was the chairman of the South Devon branch of the National Union of Journalists.", "After being recruited by the editor of BUF's newspapers Fascist Week and The Blackshirt, he joined the British Union of Fascists in 1933.", "The British Union of Fascists had an officer in charge of the \"Midlands Area\" for six months after he joined.", "The leader of the BUF, Oswald Mosley, later appointed him Director of Press Propaganda, a subsection of the BUF Propaganda Department, and in March 1935 to the BUF \"Research Directory\", the \"inner circle\" of the party's strategists.", "Chesterton began to drink again in the spring of 1935.", "Some members of the BUF began to call for his expulsion after he arrived at the headquarters frequently in a drunken state.", "Blackshirt reported in July that Chesterston was having a rest on the strict orders of his doctor.", "The neurologist in Germany paid for Chesterton's treatment.", "After returning to Britain in April 1937, he was appointed \"Director of Publicity and Propaganda\" and the editor of The Blackshirt.", "The magazine promoting The Protocols of the Elders of Zion as \"the most astounding book ever published\" was provided a pulpit for his increasingly \"vituperative\" anti-Semitic rhetoric.", "According to a hagiography written by Chesterton, the BUF leader had an \"unconquerable spirit, with its grandeur of courage and resolve\".", "After World War II, the myth of \"The Leader\" became a thing of the past.", "His memory was erased from the history of the party after he resigned from the BUF.", "The National Socialist League had a meeting that year.", "Why I left Mosley was published by the NSL.", "He was involved with the British Council against European Commitments, an anti-Bolshevik movement which emerged during the Munich crisis to resist war with Germany, and he contributed to the journal New Pioneer.", "In June 1939, he established his own group.", "He became involved with the Right Club, a secretive organization founded in 1939 to consolidate right-wing British organizations into a unified body, after speaking at meetings of the Nordic League.", "The main object of the Right Club was to oppose and expose the activities of Organized Jewry, in the light of the evidence which came into my possession in 1938.", "Our first objective was to clear the Conservative Party of Jewish influence, and the character of our membership and meetings were strictly in line with this.", "At the outbreak of World War II, he re-enlisted in the British Army and served in Africa.", "He gave up his commission due to ill health in the spring of 1943.", "The National Front after Victory was set up by him after he returned to Britain.", "MI5 objected to the fact that he could not be employed.", "He was forced to resign from his job at the Evening Telegraph due to a bout of Malaria.", "He worked as a journalist for several newspapers, including for The Weekly Review.", "The Daily Worker published an attack on Chesterton in August of 1943, accusing him of treachery for his association with William Joyce.", "The Daily Worker and The Jewish Chronicle were sued by Chesterton for libel.", "The case was dropped because there wasn't enough money.", "He was the deputy editor of Truth.", "The National Front, a coalition of underground minor fascist groups with policies including the safeguarduing of a strong \"national and Empire economy\", preserving Christian traditions, and finding an \"honour, just and lasting solution\" to the \"real Jewish problem\", was established in February 1945 by", "The movement was headed by two people.", "Every issue of The Journal of the Royal United Services Institution's RUSI Journal contained an article titled \"The International Situation\" from 1950 to 1958.", "He was offered jobs at The Daily Express and the Evening Standard.", "Don't Trust To Luck was ghostwritten by Chesterton.", "The magazine Candour was founded in October of 1953 by Chesterton, who was still employed by the company.", "He has claimed that his contract was not renewed after he learned of Candours.", "The League of Empire Loyalists was formed after the collapse of the National Front to gather future far-right leaders.", "In the 1950s, the movement was known for disrupting Conservative conferences by chanting \"Save the Empire\" and \"Tory Traitors\".", "The New Unhappy Lords was published in July 1965, a study of the \"power elites\" which took the form of an antisemitic rant against the British Empire.", "The British Empire and Commonwealth were the main impediment to the global money-power conspiracy, due to their system of Imperial preference, after the demise of Nazi Germany.", "The book sold more than 17,000 copies by June 1969 despite being panned by the mainstream media.", "One year earlier, the book was one of the first to highlight the Bilderberg Group as a decisive actor in global conspiracy theories.", "After failing to make gains in the 1966 general election, he founded a second National Front and remained its Policy Director until 1970.", "The LEL and British National Party were brought together by the National Front.", "Radicals and neo-Nazis were excluded from joining the Racial Preservation Society because of public backlash.", "Tyndall and members of the Greater Britain Movement joined the party in June 1967.", "At the end of his life, he became ill from the emphysema he had contracted in the gas attack during World War I, living part-time in his native South Africa.", "Gordon Brown launched a leadership challenge against Chesterton while he was in South Africa.", "He resigned in 1970 because he realized that his support was weak.", "Candour was edited by Chesterton until his death from emphysema on August 16, 1973.", "According to historian Richard Thurlow, there is a weird mixture of racism, ethnocentrism and conspiracy theory in its racial theory and its paternalism, monarchism, cultural pessimism, Social Darwinism and dialectical mode of argument in its political theory.", "After the war, he repudiated fascism and denied accusations that he was pursuing a \"neo-fascist\" agenda.", "The antisemitic imagery of his writings was toned down, but the Jews remained at the center of paranoid conspiracy theories.", "They were described as \"far more parasites and corrupt than a baby could ever be\" in Blackshirt.", "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, an antisemitic forgery, was regarded as a masterly analysis of the weaknesses of Gentile society by the author.", "He considered the use of crude antisemitism to be a menace to the nationalist movement.", "In 1970 a public attack was launched on anti-Semitic conspiracy theorist Eustace Mullins in Candour under the title \"This man is dangerous\".", "Influence John Tyndall, who established the British National Party (BNP) in 1982, stated in 1971 that he owes a lot to A.K.", "Tyndall recommended Chesterton's writings until he died.", "The intellectual framework provided by The New Happy Lord \"tied together the threads of what is happening, why and who's doing it\" according to Martin Webster, the National Front national activities organiser from 1969 to 1983.", "Revilo P. Oliver was a friend of Chesterton's until his death in 1973.", "Works Chesterton's works have been edited by the A. K. Chesterton Trust from 2013 onward.", "The Menace of World Government & Britain's Graveyard Tomorrow is a warning to the British Nations.", "The New Unhappy Lords: An Exposure of Power Politics, Common Market Suicide, and A Plan for the British Future are all from B.B.C.", "The Apotheosis of the Jew is a posthumous article.", "The British Union Quarterly.", "1, No.", "pp. 2, April/June 1937.", "45-54.Pamphlets Not Guilty: An Account of the Historic Race Relations Trial at Lewes Assizes in March 1968.", "Antisemitism in England, British Union of Fascists politicians, English far-right politicians, and leaders of the National Front (UK) are some of the topics covered in the official website of the Chesterton Trust." ]

[ "Arthur Kenneth Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Arthur Kenneth Chesterton", "Arthur George Chesterton", "Harriet Ethel Chesterton", ". Chesterton", "Cecil Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Knight", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Archibald Ramsay", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", ". Chesterton", "Arthur Kenneth", "Chesterton" ]

[ "Arthur Kenneth Chesterton", "Arthur Kenneth Chesterton", "Arthur George Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Knight", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton", "Chesterton" ]

[ "Eike Fuhrken Batista da Silva (; born 3 November 1956) is a Brazilian-German serial entrepreneur who made and lost a fortune in mining and oil and gas industries.", "He engaged in a quest to promote Brazil's infrastructure with large-scale projects, such as the Porto do Açu, which eventually bankrupted his companies.", "He was chairman of Brazilian conglomerate EBX Group, which was formerly the parent company of five companies traded on the BOVESPA's Novo Mercado, a special segment of the São Paulo stock market.", "These five companies were: OGX (oil and gas), MPX (energy), LLX (logistics), MMX (mining), and OSX (offshore services and equipment).", "Nowadays, EBX advises new startup companies and tries to rebuild itself again.", "In early 2012, Batista had a net worth of , ranking him the seventh wealthiest person in the world, and the richest in Brazil.", "By July 2013, his wealth had plummeted to $200 million due to his debts and his company's falling stock prices.", "Bloomberg reported in January 2014 that Batista \"has a negative net worth.\"", "Forbes and Folha de S.Paulo quoted Batista in September 2014, stating that his net worth was –$1 billion.", "Batista is currently under arrest and has been sentenced to 30 years in prison for bribing disgraced Rio de Janeiro governor Sérgio Cabral, in order to secure public contracts.", "Early life and career\nBatista was the second of seven children of businessman , who was Minister of Mines and Energy in the João Goulart and Fernando Collor administrations and a former president of Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (now known simply as Vale), then wholly a state enterprise, between 1961–1964 and 1979–1986.", "His mother, Jutta Fuhrken, was born in Germany and, from her, Batista says he learned self-esteem and discipline, attributes he considers crucial to his formation as an entrepreneur.", "After spending his childhood in Brazil, Batista and his family moved to Europe when he was a teenager, due to his father's occupation.", "They lived in Geneva, Düsseldorf and Brussels.", "In 1974, he began to study metallurgical engineering at the University of Aachen in Germany.", "When he was 18 years old, his parents returned to Brazil.", "Batista remained abroad and began selling insurance policies door-to-door to make his living.", "In interviews, he often mentions that the \"stress\" and the lessons learned from this experience were essential for his education.", "Batista returned to Brazil in the early 1980s and focused his attention on the gold and diamond trades.", "He established himself as a salesman, contacting producers in the Amazon area and buyers in large metropolitan centers in Brazil and Europe.", "When he was 23 years old, he started a gold trading firm, called Autram Aurem, using the Inca Sun as the company trademark and symbol.", "A year and a half later, the company had earned US$6 million.", "He implemented the first mechanized alluvial gold mining plant in the Amazon, marking the beginning of the EBX Group.", "At age 29, he became CEO of TVX Gold, a company listed on the Montreal Stock Exchange, initiating his relationship with global capital markets.", "From 1980 to 2000, he created US$20 billion in value with the operation of eight gold mines in Brazil and Canada and a silver mine in Chile.", "Between 1991 and 1996, the value of his company more than tripled.", "Personal life\nBatista married the model Luma de Oliveira in 1991, and divorced her in 2004.", "They had two boys, Olin and Thor.", "He later dated businesswoman and lawyer Flávia Sampaio for several years, with whom he had a third son in 2013, named Balder.", "Batista enjoys running, swimming and practices marine sports.", "In the 90s, he was the Brazilian, U.S. and World Champion in the Super Offshore Powerboat class.", "In 2006, he covered the 220 nautical miles between Santos and Rio de Janeiro in 3h01m47s and beat the record for the course in his boat, the Spirit of Brazil.", "Batista maintains an active digital life, with a personal site with articles, videos and news about his companies.", "The digital channel that Batista has chosen as his primary means of personal communication is Twitter.", "In 2011, Batista released the book The Heart of the Matter (O X da Questão) which recounts his trajectory in the business world and offers tips on entrepreneurialism.", "National and international rankings\nIn 2011, Batista was listed by Forbes magazine as the 8th richest person in the world and the richest person in Brazil.", "His wealth was at one time estimated at US$30 billion.", "Batista was also featured in Bloomberg Markets magazine as the only Brazilian on the list of the 50 most influential people in global finance, published for the first time in September 2011.", "The magazine focused on people “whose comments move markets; whose deals set the value of companies or securities; whose ideas and policies shape corporations, governments and economies”.", "At the end of 2010, the magazine ranked Batista as the 58th most powerful person in the world, placing him as Brazil's most powerful person after the then-president of Brazil, Dilma Rousseff.", "The newspaper Folha de S.Paulo described Batista as a \"self-made man\", an entrepreneur with a fortune acquired primarily through his own efforts, not inheritance.", "The top-ranked Brazilian on the Forbes magazine list in March 2008 was Antônio Ermírio de Moraes, in 77th place with a family estate of US$10 billion.", "Another 17 Brazilians were on the list, including Batista (who in 2008 said his goal was to become the richest man in the world in five years).", "In 2008 Batista's fortune was estimated at US$6.6 billion and he was ranked at the 142nd place on the list of the richest men in the world.", "By 2009, he had moved up to the 61st position and was considered the richest man in Brazil.", "According to the Brazilian weekly magazine Época, Batista was one of the 100 most influential men in Brazil of 2010.", "IstoÉ magazine also listed Batista as one of the 100 most influential people in 2010.", "In 2011, Batista was included in the 1,000 CEOs ranking by Dinheiro magazine.", "Projects\nSince the 1980s, Batista created and put into operation eight gold mines in Brazil and Canada (Amapari, Casa Berardi, Crixás, Musselwhite, New Britania, Novo Astro, Novo Planeta and Paracatu), a silver mine in Chile (La Coipa), and three iron ore mines in Brazil (Mina 63, Tico-Tico and Ipé).\"", "All of Batista's companies were named with 3-letter combinations ending in the letter \"X\", which Batista believed was a symbol for the multiplication of wealth.", "From 2004 to 2010 Batista created and put into operation five companies: MMX (mining), MPX (energy), OGX (petroleum), LLX (logistics) and OSX (offshore industry).", "As of 2013, due to falling commodity prices, none of his enterprises were profitable despite substantial infusions of cash by the Brazilian government, and Batista was engaged in desperate efforts to shed assets and meet the demands of creditors.", "EBX\nThe EBX Group produces iron ore in Minas Gerais and Mato Grosso do Sul and has put the first commercial-scale solar power plant into operation in Brazil.", "It invested an estimated US$15.5 billion between 2011 and 2012 in Brazil and is responsible for projects of significant scale, such as the LLX Açu Superport in São João da Barra, Rio de Janeiro, the MMX Sudeste Superport in Itaguaí, Rio de Janeiro, and the MPX thermal power plants in Itaqui, Maranhão and Pecém, Ceará.", "These important energy and infrastructure projects are being executed in parallel to OGX's exploratory campaigns in Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Santos, São Paulo and Parnaíba, Maranhão basins, which have resulted in oil and gas discoveries.", "There were 20,000 people working in the construction and operation of the group's projects in 2011.", "The EBX Group is headquartered in Rio de Janeiro and operates in nine Brazilian states.", "It has offices in New York City (USA), Colombia and Chile.", "In addition to the infrastructure and natural resources sectors, Batista's EBX Group also invests in real estate (REX), entertainment (IMX), technology (SIX) and catering (NRX).", "In Rio de Janeiro, EBX is developing sports, hospitality, gastronomy, health and beauty initiatives.", "Since the early 2000s however, Batista has focused primarily on natural resources, energy and infrastructure.", "In April 2012 the EBX Group contracted International Business Machines Corp. to outsource EBX's IT operations.", "MMX\nMMX is the mining company of the EBX Group, with integrated logistics and low production costs.", "The company has projects in the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais and Mato Grosso do Sul, as well as in Chile.", "MPX becomes Eneva SA\nMPX operates in the energy industry in Brazil, Chile and Colombia.", "The company has complementary businesses in power generation, coal mining and exploration and production of natural gas.", "MPX was responsible for the first commercial solar power plant in Brazil in the city of Tauá.", "(CE) As part of the restructuring of the EBX companies under Batista, MPX was renamed Eneva SA and is now co-controlled by Germany's E.ON SE and Batista.", "OGX now Óleo e Gás Participações\nOGX was the EBX Group company which carries out activities in the exploration and production of oil and natural gas.", "The company was responsible for the largest private sector exploratory campaign under way in Brazil, claiming an early success rate in exploratory wells of more than 90% and initially valuing its deposits at more than $1 trillion.", "The company's wells turned out to be duds, however, and OGX filed for bankruptcy protection on 30 October 2013.", "In December the 2013 its shareholders voted to rename the company \"Óleo e Gás Participações.", "\", known simply as OGpar.", "LLX now Prumo Logistical Global\nLLX was the logistics company of the EBX Group, responsible for building the Açu Superport, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, projected to be the largest port-industrial complex in Latin America.", "As of 11 December 2013, LLX was renamed Prumo Logística Global by its new controlling parent, U.S.-based EIG Group.", "OSX\nOSX operates in the offshore shipbuilding industry and is constructing the largest shipyard in the Americas, the \"Embraer of the Sea,\" at the Açu Superport.", "Different segments: shipbuilding, in the charter of Exploration and Production (E&P) equipment and Operation and Maintenance (O&M).", "Shipbuilding firm OSX, part of the EBX Group, Brasil made the filing in a Rio de Janeiro in November 2013 court less than two weeks after its sister oil company, OGX, also declared bankruptcy.", "Financial losses\nOn 26 July 2013, Bloomberg News reported his losses as \"historic.\"", "The losses can be attributed largely to the downturn in the precious metals mining industry, as well as a catastrophic collapse of Batista's OGX — which had claimed would pump 750,000 barrels of oil a day, delivering only 15,000 barrels per day.", "Other economic issues and management decisions factored in as well.", "Bloomberg News likened events leading to the failure as a \"Perfect Storm.\"", "He publicly boasted several times that he would overtake Mexican baron Carlos Slim to become the world's richest man by 2015.", "However, akin to Japanese businessman Masayoshi Son, who lost over 90% of his fortune in the dotcom boom of 2000; Batista's wealth decreased by over 100% between March 2012 and January 2014, from a peak net worth of $32 billion to a negative net worth.", "Many business and finance-related media, such as Forbes magazine and Businessweek, are still in the process of concluding whether Eike Batista holds the record for having been the fastest destroyer of wealth.", "Eike Batista has written in Brazilian newspapers about the loss of his fortune and fall from billionairedom, stated that he regrets listing his companies in the stock markets, and that, in retrospect, a private equity model of financing his ventures would have been better.", "Batista pledged that he would leave no creditor unpaid, and would fulfill all of his debt obligations.", "On 9 February 2015, Brazilian police seized cash and seven cars, including a white Lamborghini Aventador, from Batista.", "Enterprises\nMajor companies founded by Batista: EBX, OGX, MPX, MMX, LLX, OSX, REX, AUX, NRX Newrest, IMX, Gloria Palace, Marina da Glória, MDX, BEAUX, MR.LAM, PINK FLEET, and RJX.", "Arrest, conviction and sentencing\n\nIn January 2017, Brazilian authorities issued a detention order for Batista and eight other individuals as part of Operation Car Wash (), a high-profile $100 million money laundering investigation.", "Batista returned from New York and was detained in the maximum security prison in Bangu.", "On April 28, 2017 Supreme Court judge Gilmar Mendes ordered Batista's release pending trial.", "Batista had been charged with making $16.5 million in bribes to the former governor of Rio de Janeiro state.", "On July 3, 2018, Batista was convicted of bribing former Rio de Janeiro governor Sergio Cabral for the purpose of obtaining state government contracts, paying Cabral US$16.6 million, and was sentenced to 30 years' imprisonment.", "Batista's lawyer, Fernando Martins, expects to appeal the verdict.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n EBX Group\n \n FPSO OSX-1 Hotsite\n \n\nEBX Group\n1956 births\nLiving people\nBrazilian people of German descent\nBrazilian people of Portuguese descent\nPeople from Governador Valadares\nRWTH Aachen University alumni\nBrazilian chairpersons of corporations\nBrazilian mining businesspeople\nFormer billionaires\nBrazilian criminals\nPeople convicted of bribery" ]

[ "Eike Fuhrken Batista da Silva is a Brazilian-German serialentrepreneur who made and lost a fortune in mining and oil and gas industries.", "He tried to promote Brazil's infrastructure with large-scale projects, such as the Porto do Au, which eventually bankrupted his companies.", "The parent company of five companies traded on the So Paolo stock market was once chaired by him.", "OGX (oil and gas), MPX (energy), LLX (logistics), MMX (mining) and OSX were the five companies.", "New startup companies are being advised by EBX.", "In early 2012 Batista was the seventh wealthiest person in the world and the richest person in Brazil.", "His company's falling stock prices caused his wealth to plummet to $200 million.", "According to a report in January, Batista has a negative net worth.", "In September of 2014, Forbes and S.Paulo quoted Batista as saying his net worth was $1 billion.", "Sérgio Cabral was sentenced to 30 years in prison for accepting bribes from businessman Eike Batista in order to secure public contracts.", "The second of seven children of businessman, who was Minister of Mines and Energy in the Joo Goulart and Fernando Collor administrations, was a former president of Companhia Vale do Rio Doce.", "He says he learned self-esteem and discipline from his mother, who was born in Germany.", "When he was a teenager, Batista and his family moved to Europe due to his father's occupation.", "They lived in several places.", "He began his studies in 1974 at the University of Aachen.", "His parents returned to Brazil when he was 18.", "He sold insurance policies door-to-door to make a living.", "He mentions in interviews that the lessons learned from this experience were essential for his education.", "When he returned to Brazil in the early 1980s, he focused on the gold and diamond trades.", "He established himself as a salesman by contacting producers in the Amazon area and buyers in large metropolitan centers in Brazil and Europe.", "Autram Aurem, the gold trading firm he started at the age of 23, used the Inca Sun as its trademark and symbol.", "The company made US$6 million in a year and a half.", "The beginning of the EBX Group was marked by the implementation of the first mechanized gold mining plant in the Amazon.", "His relationship with global capital markets began when he became CEO of TVX Gold, a company listed on the Montreal Stock Exchange.", "He created US$20 billion in value with the operation of eight gold mines in Brazil and Canada.", "His company's value more than tripled between 1991 and 1996.", "In 1991, Batista married the model Luma de Oliveira, and in 2004, he divorced her.", "They had two boys.", "He had a third son, named Balder, with a woman he dated for several years.", "He likes running, swimming, and practicing marine sports.", "He was a world champion in the Super offshore Powerboat class in the 90s.", "The record for the course in his boat, the Spirit of Brazil, was broken in 2006 when he covered 220 nautical miles in 3h01.m47s.", "Batista has a personal website with articles, videos and news about his companies.", "The digital channel that Batista has chosen as his primary means of personal communication is Twitter.", "The Heart of the Matter (O X da Questo) was released in 2011.", "Forbes magazine listed Batista as the 8th richest person in the world and the richest person in Brazil in 2011.", "At one point, his wealth was estimated at $30 billion.", "The list of the 50 most influential people in global finance was published for the first time in September of 2011.", "The magazine focused on people whose comments move markets, whose deals set the value of companies or securities, and whose ideas and policies shape corporations, governments and economies.", "Brazil's most powerful person at the end of 2010 was Batista, who was ranked as the 58th most powerful person in the world by the magazine.", "According to the newspaper, Batista is an \"entrepreneur with a fortune acquired primarily through his own efforts, not inheritance\".", "The top-ranked Brazilian on the Forbes magazine list in March 2008 was Antnio Ermrio de Moraes, with a family estate of US$10 billion.", "One of the Brazilians on the list was Eike Batista, who in 2008 said his goal was to become the richest man in the world in five years.", "In 2008 he was ranked 142nd on the list of the richest men in the world and his fortune was estimated at US$ 6 billion.", "He was considered the richest man in Brazil by 2009, after moving up to the 61st position.", "According to the magazine poca, Batista was one of the most influential men in Brazil in 2010.", "Isto magazine listed Batista as one of the most influential people of the year.", "The 1,000 CEOs ranking was done in 2011.", "Amapari, Casa Berardi, Crixs, Musselwhite, New Britania, Novo Astro, and Paracatu are some of the gold mines created and put into operation by Batista.", "All of Batista's companies were named with 3-letter combinations ending in the letter \"X\", which he believed was a symbol for the multiplication of wealth.", "MMX (mining), MPX (energy), OGX (petroleum), LLX (logistics) and OSX were created and put into operation by Batista.", "Due to falling commodity prices, none of his enterprises were profitable and he was engaged in desperate efforts to shed assets to meet the demands of his debts.", "The first commercial-scale solar power plant in Brazil has been put into operation by the EBX Group.", "It invested an estimated US$15 billion in Brazil between 2011 and 2012 and is responsible for projects of significant scale, such as the LLX Au Superport in So Joo da Barra.", "These important energy and infrastructure projects are being executed in parallel to OGX's exploratory campaigns, which have resulted in oil and gas discoveries.", "There were 20,000 people working on the group's projects in 2011.", "The EBX Group operates in nine Brazilian states.", "It has offices in New York City.", "In addition to the infrastructure and natural resources sectors, the EBX Group also invests in real estate, entertainment and technology.", "Sports, gastronomy, health and beauty are some of the initiatives being developed by EBX in Rio.", "Natural resources, energy and infrastructure have been the focus of the company since the early 2000s.", "In April of 2012 the EBX Group contracted International Business Machines Corp.", "The EBX Group has a mining company with low production costs.", "The company has projects in Brazil and Chile.", "Eneva SA is the name of the energy industry that MPX operates in.", "The company's businesses include power generation, coal mining, exploration and production of natural gas.", "The first commercial solar power plant in Brazil was built by MPX.", "As part of the restructuring of the EBX companies, MPX was renamed Eneva SA and is now co-controlled by Germany's E.ON SE and Batista.", "The exploration and production of oil and natural gas is carried out by OGX now leo e Gs Participaes.", "The company was responsible for the largest private sector exploratory campaign under way in Brazil, and claimed an early success rate in exploratory wells of more than 90%.", "The company's wells turned out to be duds and it filed for bankruptcy protection.", "The shareholders voted to change the company's name to \"leo e Gs Participaes\".", "\", also known as OGpar.", "The Au Superport is the largest port-industrial complex in Latin America and was built by LLX, which is now Prumo Logistical Global.", "The controlling parent of Prumo Logstica Global was the U.S.-based EIG Group.", "The \"Embraer of the Sea\" is the largest shipyard in the Americas and is being built at the Au Superport.", "In the charter of E&P equipment and O&M there are different segments.", "Less than two weeks after its sister oil company, OGX, declared bankruptcy, the shipbuilding firm OSX made the filing in a Rio de Janeiro court.", "His losses were reported as \"historic\" by the news service.", "The losses can be attributed to the downturn in the precious metals mining industry, as well as a catastrophic collapse of OGX, which had claimed to pump 750,000 barrels of oil a day.", "Management decisions as well as economic issues were factored in.", "The events leading to the failure were likened to a perfect storm.", "He claimed several times that he would become the world's richest man by 2015.", "Similar to Japanese businessman Masayoshi Son, who lost most of his fortune in the dotcom boom of 2000, Batista's wealth decreased by over 100% between March 2012 and January 2014, from a peak net worth of $32 billion to a negative net worth.", "Forbes magazine and Businessweek are in the process of concluding if Eike Batista is the fastest destroyer of wealth.", "In Brazilian newspapers, Eike Batista stated that he regrets listing his companies in the stock markets and that a private equity model of financing his ventures would have been better.", "He promised that he would fulfill all of his debt obligations.", "There were seven cars, including a white Lamborghini Aventador, seized by Brazilian police on February 9, 2015.", "Major companies founded by Batista are EBX, OGX, MMX, LLX, OSX, REX, AUX, NRX Newrest, IMX, Gloria Palace, Marina da Glria, MDX, BEAUX, MR.LAM, PINK FLEET.", "In January of last year, Brazilian authorities issued a detention order for Batista and eight other individuals as part of a high-profile $100 million money-laundering investigation.", "He was in the maximum security prison after returning from New York.", "The Supreme Court judge ordered the release of the man.", "The former governor of Rio de Janeiro state was accused of receiving $16.5 million in bribes.", "On July 3, 2018, Batista was sentenced to 30 years' imprisonment after being found guilty of paying a bribe to the former governor of Rio de Janeiro.", "Fernando Martins expects to appeal the verdict.", "There are people who are German, Brazilian, and Portuguese who are related to the EBX Group." ]

[ "Eike Fuhrken Batista da Silva", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Eike", "Batista", "Eike", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista" ]

[ "Eike Fuhrken Batista da Silva", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Eike", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Eike", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Eike", "Batista", "Eike", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista", "Batista" ]

[ "William Woods Holden (November 24, 1818 – March 1, 1892) was an American politician who served as the 38th and 40th Governor of North Carolina.", "He was appointed by President Andrew Johnson in 1865 for a brief term and then elected in 1868.", "He served until 1871 and was the leader of the state's Republican Party during the Reconstruction Era.", "Holden was the second governor in American history to be impeached, and the first to be removed from office through that process.", "His impeachment was politically motivated due to his suppression of the Ku Klux Klan.", "After Republicans lost the 1870 election, Democrats impeached him on eight charges for supposed actions during the Kirk–Holden war.", "He is the only North Carolina governor to have been impeached.", "In 2011, Holden was posthumously pardoned by the North Carolina Senate.", "Life\n\nEarly years\nHolden was born on November 24, 1818, and raised near Hillsborough, North Carolina.", "At age of 10, he began a six-year apprenticeship with Dennis Heartt at the Hillsborough Recorder newspaper in Hillsborough, North Carolina.", "By age 19, Holden was working as a printer and writer at the Raleigh Star, in Raleigh, North Carolina.", "He then studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1841, and became a member of the Whig party.", "However, he never practiced law and instead participated in the newspaper business.", "In 1843, he became owner and editor of the North Carolina Standard in Raleigh.", "He changed the newspaper's party affiliation to the Democratic Party.", "When Holden took over the newspaper, it was struggling financially.", "Under his leadership, it became one of the most widely read newspapers in the state.", "He continued as owner and editor of the newspaper until he was elected governor.", "Political career\nIn December 1843, Holden became a delegate to the Democratic state party convention, where he was elected to the North Carolina Democratic Party state executive committee.", "In 1846, Holden was elected to represent Wake County in the North Carolina House of Commons and chose to only serve one term.", "During the 1850 elections he served a major role in ending the Whig dominance in the state.", "By 1858, he was chairman of the party.", "That year, he unsuccessfully attempted to gain the Democratic gubernatorial nomination, but was defeated by John W. Ellis, and then his party passed him over for a Senate seat.", "Throughout the 1840s and 1850s, Holden advocated for Southern rights to expand slavery and sometimes supported the right of secession, but by 1860 he had shifted his position to support the Union.", "Holden and his newspaper fell out of favor with the state Democratic Party, and he was removed as the state's printer when he editorialized against secession in 1860.", "In 1861, Holden was sent to a state convention to vote against secession representing Wake County.", "As the Civil War progressed, Holden became critical of the Confederate government, and became a leader of the North Carolina peace movement.", "In 1864, he ran against incumbent Governor Zebulon B. Vance as a peace candidate, but Vance defeated him in a landslide receiving over eighty percent of the vote.", "When the Civil War ended on May 9, 1865, Holden was appointed Governor on May 29, by President Andrew Johnson.", "During Reconstruction he served a major role in North Carolina and placed the Standard newspaper in the hands of his son, Joseph W. Holden.", "However, he was defeated by Jonathan Worth in a special election for governor in 1865.", "Johnson then nominated Holden to be minister to El Salvador, but the Senate rejected his nomination, so he returned to editing the Standard, and became president of the North Carolina Union League, and organized the North Carolina Republican Party in 1866–67.", "Governor\n\nWhile voters were approving the new state constitution, Holden was elected governor at the head of the Republican ticket in 1868, defeating Thomas Samuel Ashe.", "When he was elected governor, Holden gave up editorship and ownership of the Standard.", "To combat the Ku Klux Klan, Holden hired two dozen detectives from 1869 to 1870, and although the detective unit was not overly successful in limiting Klan activities, his efforts to suppress the Klan exceeded those of other Southern governors.", "With new powers granted to him by the state legislature under the 1870 Shoffner Act, he called out the militia against the Klan in 1870, imposed martial law in two counties, and suspended the writ of habeas corpus for accused leaders of the Klan in what became known as the Kirk–Holden war.", "The result was a political backlash, accompanied by violence at the time of the election to suppress the black vote.", "The Republicans lost the legislative election.", "After the Democratic Party regained majorities in both houses of the state legislature in 1870, Governor Holden was impeached by the North Carolina House of Representatives on December 14, 1870.", "During his trial in the Senate he was defended by Nathaniel Boyden and William Nathan Harrell Smith, but he was convicted on six of the eight charges against him by Democratic members of the North Carolina Senate in party-line votes on March 22, 1871.", "Holden's son-in-law, state senator Lewis P. Olds, was among those who voted against removal.", "The other two charges received majority votes, but not the required two-thirds majorities.", "The main charges against Holden were related to the rough treatment and arrests of North Carolina citizens by state militia officer Colonel George W. Kirk during the enforcement of Reconstruction civil rights legislation.", "Holden had formed the state militia to respond to the assassination of Republican senator John W. Stephens on May 21, 1870, and the lynching of Wyatt Outlaw, a black police officer in the town of Graham in Alamance County, as well as numerous attacks by the Ku Klux Klan.", "Holden was the first governor in American history to be impeached, convicted, and removed from office.", "Governor Charles L. Robinson of Kansas was the first American governor to be impeached, however, without conviction and removal.", "Later life\nFollowing his impeachment and removal from office he moved to Washington, D.C., where he resumed working on the Daily Chronicle.", "In 1873, President Ulysses Grant appointed him as postmaster for Raleigh and he served until 1881.", "President James A. Garfield was later asked by Raleigh Republicans to not re-appoint him and Holden left the Republican party after losing his position.", "Holden died on March 1, 1892, and was buried at Historic Oakwood Cemetery in Raleigh.", "He was recognized as \"one of the foremost men in intellectual power and daring that were ever born here\" by North Carolinian Walter Hines Page.", "In 2011, Holden was posthumously pardoned by the North Carolina Senate in a 48–0 vote.", "References\n\nBibliography\n\nPrimary sources\n\nSecondary sources (chronologically)\n \n \n \n \n \n , Fulltext online in Ebsco\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1818 births\n1892 deaths\nPeople from Durham County, North Carolina\nMembers of the North Carolina House of Representatives\nGovernors of North Carolina\nNorth Carolina Republicans\nPeople of North Carolina in the American Civil War\nNorth Carolina postmasters\nHistory of North Carolina\nHolden family\nBurials at Historic Oakwood Cemetery\nImpeached United States officials removed from office\nNorth Carolina politicians convicted of crimes\nNorth Carolina Whigs\n19th-century American politicians\nNorth Carolina Democratic Party chairs\nSouthern Unionists in the American Civil War\nNorth Carolina Democrats\nWashington, D.C. Republicans\nRepublican Party state governors of the United States\nAmerican anti-war activists\nActivists from North Carolina\nPeople from Orange County, North Carolina\nAmerican proslavery activists\nPeople who have received posthumous pardons" ]

[ "The 38th and 40th Governor of North Carolina was an American politician named William Woods.", "He was appointed by Andrew Johnson in 1865 and elected in 1868.", "He was the leader of the state's Republican Party during the Reconstruction Era.", "The first governor to be removed from office through an impeachment process was Holden.", "His suppression of the Ku Klux Klan led to his impeachment.", "Democrats impeached him after Republicans lost the 1870 election.", "He is the only governor to have been impeached.", "He was posthumously pardoned by the North Carolina Senate.", "On November 24, 1818, Holden was born and raised in North Carolina.", "He began an apprenticeship with Dennis Heartt when he was 10 years old.", "At the age of 19, he was working at the Raleigh Star as a printer and writer.", "He became a member of the Whig party after studying law and being admitted to the bar.", "He was involved in the newspaper business and never practiced law.", "He was the owner and editor of the North Carolina Standard.", "He changed the party affiliation of the newspaper.", "The newspaper was struggling financially when it was taken over by Holden.", "It became one of the most read newspapers in the state under his leadership.", "He was the editor and owner of the newspaper.", "In December 1843, he became a delegate to the Democratic state party convention and was elected to the North Carolina Democratic Party state executive committee.", "He only served one term in the North Carolina House of Commons after being elected to represent Wake County.", "He helped end the Whig dominance in the state during the 1850 elections.", "He was the chairman of the party by 1858.", "He tried to get the Democratic nomination for governor, but was defeated by John W. Ellis, and then his party passed him over for a Senate seat.", "In the 1840s and 1850s, he advocated for Southern rights to expand slavery, but by 1860 he was in favor of the Union.", "When he editorialized against secession in 1860, he was removed as the state's printer, and his newspaper fell out of favor with the state Democratic Party.", "He was sent to a state convention to vote against Wake County.", "The leader of the North Carolina peace movement became critical of the Confederate government as the Civil War progressed.", "He ran as a peace candidate, but was soundly defeated by the incumbent governor, who received over eighty percent of the vote.", "The Civil War ended on May 9, 1865, and the Governor was appointed on May 29, 1865, by President Andrew Johnson.", "The Standard newspaper was put in the hands of his son, Joseph W. Holden, because of his major role in North Carolina during Reconstruction.", "He was defeated in a special election for governor in 1865.", "The North Carolina Union League and the North Carolina Republican Party were formed after the Senate rejected Johnson's nomination to be minister to El Salvadoran.", "While voters were approving the new state constitution, Holden was elected governor at the head of the Republican ticket.", "When he was elected governor, he gave up his editorship and ownership of the Standard.", "Although the detective unit was not overly successful in limiting Klan activities, his efforts to suppress the Klan exceeded those of other Southern governors.", "With new powers granted to him by the state legislature, he called out the militia against the Klan in 1870, imposed martial law in two counties, and suspended the writ of habeas corpus for accused leaders of the Klan.", "There was violence at the time of the election to suppress the black vote.", "The Republicans did not win the election.", "The North Carolina House of Representatives impeached the Governor on December 14, 1870, after the Democrats regained control of the legislature.", "The Democratic members of the North Carolina Senate voted to convict him on six of the eight charges against him during his trial in the Senate.", "Lewis P. Olds was a state senator.", "The required two-thirds majority was not achieved for the other two charges.", "The charges against him were related to the treatment of North Carolina citizens by the state militia officer Colonel George W. Kirk.", "The lynching of a black police officer in the town of Graham in Alamance County, as well as the assassination of a Republican senator by the Ku Klux Klan, led to the formation of the state militia.", "He was the first governor in American history to be impeached, convicted, and removed from office.", "The first American governor to be impeached without conviction and removal was Charles L. Robinson of Kansas.", "He moved to Washington, D.C., where he worked on the Daily Chronicle.", "President Grant appointed him as postmaster for Raleigh in 1873.", "President James A. Garfield was asked by Raleigh Republicans to not re-appoint him and after losing his position, he left the Republican party.", "On March 1, 1892, Holden died and was buried in Raleigh.", "One of the foremost men in intellectual power and daring was born in North Carolina.", "He was posthumously pardoned by the North Carolina Senate in 2011.", "There are people from North Carolina who died in the American Civil War." ]

[ "William Woods Holden", "Holden", "Kirk Holden", "Holden", "Holden", "Holden", "Holden", "Holden", "Holden", "Holden", "Holden", "Holden", "Holden", "Holden", ". Holden", "Holden", "Holden", "Holden", "Holden", "Holden", "William Nathan", "Holden", "Holden", "Holden", "Holden", "Holden", "Holden", "Holden", "Holden" ]

[ "William Woods", "Holden", "Holden", "Holden", ". Holden", "Holden", "Holden" ]

[ "Pei Yanling (裴延齡) (728 – October 23, 796) was a Chinese economist, historian, and politician during the Tang dynasty of China.", "He was a close associate of Emperor Dezong and was in charge of financial matters.", "He drew severe criticism from traditional historical accounts for his frivolousness, fiscal irresponsibility, and attacks against other officials.", "Background \nPei Yanling was born in 728, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong.", "His family was from Hezhong Municipality (河中, in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi).", "His father Pei Xu (裴旭) served as a prefectural prefect.", "Toward the end of the Qianyuan era (758-760) of Emperor Xuanzong's son Emperor Suzong, Pei Yanling was serving as the sheriff of Sishui County (汜水, in modern Luoyang, Henan), when the nearby eastern capital Luoyang was captured by the rebel Yan army.", "Pei fled to E Prefecture (鄂州, in modern Ezhou, Hubei).", "During his time there, he edited the commentaries that Pei Yin (裴駰) wrote for the Records of the Grand Historian, and referred to himself as \"Little Pei\" in his remarks.", "During Emperor Dezong's reign\n\nPrior to becoming Minister of Finance \nWhen Dong Jin was serving as the prefect of Hua Prefecture (華州, in modern Weinan, Shaanxi), he invited Pei Yanling to serve as his assistant in his role as defender of Tong Pass.", "Later, when a regional surveyor recommended Pei for his abilities, Pei was recalled to the capital Chang'an to serve as Taichang Boshi (太常博士), a scholar at the ministry of worship (太常寺, Taichang Si).", "When Lu Qi was chancellor, Pei was promoted to be Shanbu Yuanwailang (膳部員外郎), a low-level official at the ministry of rites (禮部, Libu) and an imperial scholar at Jixian Institute (集賢院); he later became Cibu Langzhong (祠部郎中), a supervisorial official at the ministry of rites.", "While Cui Zao was chancellor, Cui was in charge of the finances, and he sent Pei to Luoyang to be in charge of the financial matters at the Luoyang branch government.", "After Han Huang took over the financial matters, Pei was recalled to Chang'an to resume his duties as Cibu Langzhong and imperial scholar.", "Once Pei arrived at Chang'an, however, he did not wait for imperial orders to clarify his responsibilities and directly headed for Jixian Institute to resume his duties there.", "This displeased the chancellor Zhang Yanshang, and Zhang had him demoted to be the magistrate of Zhaoying County (昭應, near Chang'an).", "While he was serving there, there was an occasion when he had a disagreement with the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality (京兆, i.e., the Chang'an region), Zheng Shuze (鄭叔則), and he submitted a petition attacking Zheng.", "The chancellor Li Mi favored Zheng, but the deputy chief imperial censor Dou Can, who was jealous of Li and protective of Pei, sided with Pei in the dispute.", "As a result, Zheng was demoted to be a prefectural prefect, while Pei was recalled to serve as Zhuzuolang (著作郎), an imperial librarian.", "When Dou subsequently became chancellor, he made Pei the deputy minister of imperial supplies (太府少卿, Taifu Shaoqing) and later the deputy minister of agriculture (司農少卿, Sinong Shaoqing).", "As Minister of Finance \nIn 792, Ban Hong (班宏) the director of finances died.", "The chancellor Lu Zhi recommended Li Sun (李巽) as Ban's replacement, and Emperor Dezong initially agreed.", "However, he soon changed his mind and wanted to replace Ban with Pei Yanling; he made Pei the deputy minister of census (戶部侍郎, Hubu Shilang) and the director of finances.", "Lu submitted a petition severely criticizing Pei for frivolousness and lack of judgment, but Emperor Dezong did not take heed.", "As Pei was not himself familiar with financial matters, he summoned experienced administrators at the directorate of finances and asked them for suggestions on how to please the emperor.", "In 793, he came up with a scheme — to change, on the books, uncollectible tax debts from the various prefectures into collectible ones, and moving the tax revenues that were actually submitted into a new separate storage.", "In all, no actual revenues were created, but Emperor Dezong was fooled into believing that Pei could increase the wealth of the state and therefore favored him more.", "Pei also falsely claimed that there was a large meadow to the west of Chang'an that could be used for raising horses — which turned out to be nonexistent when Emperor Dezong sent investigators to consider it for that purpose, but Emperor Dezong did not punish him, despite criticism by other officials.", "Also at Pei's suggestion, Emperor Dezong left many officials' positions unfilled in order to save money, notwithstanding the necessity for those positions to be filled.", "Pei further suggested that the money used on imperial temples be diverted to Emperor Dezong's own palace, and also falsely claimed that he had access to giant trees for the building of a temple that Emperor Dezong commissioned, Shenlong Temple (神龍寺) — such that when Emperor Dezong pointed out that those giants trees were not even available during the prosperous reign of Emperor Xuanzong, he responded that Emperor Xuanzong's reign was not impressive enough for those trees to reveal themselves.", "It was said that Emperor Dezong actually did realize that Pei was frivolous and often spoke untruths, but that he was happy to hear Pei gossip about other officials, and therefore continued to favor Pei.", "It was said that only several officials whose responsibilities were directly related to Pei's — Zhang Pang (張滂) the director of the salt and iron monopolies, Li Chong (李充) the mayor of Jingzhao, and Li Xian (李銛) the minister of agriculture — dared to speak out against him, in addition to Lu, who repeatedly submitted petitions attacking Pei.", "However, Emperor Dezong's trust in Pei was not shaken, and instead, he began to be disaffected from Lu, whose opinion he had deeply valued previously.", "Lu's criticism of Pei was further neutralized when his chancellor colleague Zhao Jing began to leak Lu's criticism to Pei, such that Pei was able to anticipate it and deflect it.", "Around the new year 796, Lu was removed from his chancellor position, and thereafter Pei began to strike back, accusing Zhang, Li Chong, and Li Xian of being Lu's partisans, spreading rumors to cause soldiers to resent Emperor Dezong and Pei and to encourage them to mutiny.", "When an imperial guard soldier complained to Emperor Dezong that his corps was being inadequately supplied, Emperor Dezong came to believe that Pei was telling the truth about Lu and the others.", "In spring 796, he exiled Lu, Zhang, Li Chong, and Li Xian, to distant prefectures to be prefectural officials.", "In the aftermaths of these officials' exile, a number of low-level officials in charge of submitting suggestions to the emperor, led by Yang Cheng (陽城), submitted petitions attacking Pei and defending Lu and the others, but the petitions fell on deaf ears.", "However, despite expectations at the time that Pei would soon be made chancellor, Pei was never made chancellor.", "Still, Pei was promoted to be the minister of census (戶部尚書, Hubu Shangshu).", "It was said, though, that Pei was confident that he would become chancellor, and he was abusive in his language toward other officials.", "Further, when he subsequently grew ill, he was freely delivering items from the imperial treasury to his own home, but no one dared to speak against him.", "Pei died in fall 796, and it was said that no official mourned him, and many people actually celebrated, but Emperor Dezong mourned deeply and posthumously honored him.", "During the reign of Emperor Dezong's grandson Emperor Xianzong, Pei was given the posthumous name Miao (繆, meaning \"untrue\").", "The Later Jin historian Liu Xu, the lead editor of the Old Book of Tang, commented thus about Pei and another official during the reign of Emperor Xianzong, Huangfu Bo:\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\n Old Book of Tang, vol.", "135.", "New Book of Tang, vol.", "167.", "Zizhi Tongjian, vols.", "234, 235.", "728 births\n796 deaths\n8th-century Chinese historians\nEconomists from Shanxi\nHistorians from Shanxi\nPoliticians from Yuncheng\nTang dynasty economists\nTang dynasty historians\nTang dynasty politicians from Shanxi" ]

[ "PeiYanling was an economist, historian, and politician during the Tang dynasty of China.", "He was in charge of financial matters.", "He was criticized for his frivolousness, fiscal irresponsibility, and attacks against other officials.", "PeiYanling was born during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong.", "His family was from Hezhong.", "His father was a prefectural prefect.", "The sheriff of Sishui County, PeiYanling, was in charge when the eastern capital was captured by the rebels.", "Pei fled to E Prefecture.", "He referred to himself as \"Little Pei\" when he edited the commentaries that Pei Yin wrote for the Records of the Grand Historian.", "Before becoming Minister of Finance, Emperor Dezong invited PeiYanling to serve as his assistant in his role as defender of Tong Pass.", "Pei was recalled to Chang'an to serve as Taichang Boshi, a scholar at the ministry of worship, after a regional surveyor recommended him for his abilities.", "When Lu Qi was chancellor, Pei was promoted to be a low-level official at the ministry of rites and an imperial scholar at the Jixian Institute.", "Pei was sent to the Luoyang branch government to be in charge of the financial matters because Cui was in charge of the finances.", "After Han Huang took over the financial matters, Pei was recalled to Chang'an to resume his duties as Cibu Langzhong and imperial scholar.", "Pei immediately went to Jixian Institute to resume his duties once he arrived at Chang'an.", "The chancellor didn't like it and had him demoted to be the magistrate of Zhaoying County.", "He submitted a petition attacking the mayor of the Chang'an region after he had a disagreement with him.", "The deputy chief imperial censor, who was jealous of Li and protective of Pei, sided with Pei in the dispute.", "Pei was recalled to serve as an imperial librarian after he was demoted to be a prefectural prefect.", "When he became chancellor, he made Pei the deputy minister of imperial supplies and later the deputy minister of agriculture.", "Ban Hong, the director of finances, died as Minister of Finance.", "The chancellor recommended Li Sun as Ban's replacement.", "He wanted to replace Ban with Pei, so he made the deputy minister of census and the director of finances for Pei.", "Lu submitted a petition that criticized Pei for his lack of judgement, but the Emperor didn't take notice.", "Pei asked experienced administrators at the directorate of finances for suggestions on how to please the emperor, as he was not familiar with financial matters.", "He came up with a plan to change on the books uncollectible tax debts from the various prefectures into collectible ones, and move the tax revenues that were actually submitted into a new separate storage.", "The Emperor was fooled into believing that Pei could increase the wealth of the state and therefore favored him more.", "Even though Pei lied about a large meadow to the west of Chang'an that could be used for raising horses, Emperor Dezong did not punish him, despite criticism by other officials.", "Many officials' positions were left unfilled in order to save money, despite the necessity for those positions to be filled.", "Pei suggested that the money used on imperial temples should be diverted to Emperor Dezong's own palace and that he had access to giant trees for the building of a temple.", "It was said that Emperor Dezong was happy to hear Pei gossip about other officials and that he continued to favor Pei despite the fact that he was frivolous and spoke untruths.", "The director of the salt and iron monopolies, the mayor of Jingzhao, and the minister of agriculture dared to speak out against Pei.", "However, Emperor Dezong's trust in Pei was not damaged, and instead, he began to be dissatisfied with Lu's opinion.", "Pei was able to anticipate Lu's criticism of him due to the leak of Lu's criticism by his chancellor colleague.", "After Lu was removed from his chancellor position in the new year of 796, Pei began to spread rumors to cause soldiers to resent Emperor Dezong and Pei and to encourage them to revolt.", "When an imperial guard soldier complained that his corps was being inadequately supplied, Emperor Dezong thought Pei was telling the truth about Lu and the others.", "He exiled several officials to distant prefectures in the spring of 796.", "In the aftermath of these officials' exile, a number of low-level officials in charge of submitting suggestions to the emperor submitted petitions attacking Pei and defending Lu, but the petitions fell on their heads.", "Pei was never made chancellor despite expectations at the time.", "Pei was promoted to be the minister of census.", "Pei was confident that he would become chancellor, and he was abusive towards other officials.", "He was free to deliver items from the imperial treasury to his home, but no one spoke against him.", "Pei died in the fall of 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266", "Pei was given a posthumous name, Miao, during the reign of Emperor Xianzong.", "The lead editor of the Old Book of Tang commented about Pei and another official during the reign of Emperor Xianzong.", "135.", "The new book is called Tang.", "167.", "There are three vols.", "236, 236.", "There were 728 births and 796 deaths in the 8th-century Chinese historians." ]

[ "Pei Yanling", "Pei Yanling", "Pei Xu", "Pei Yanling", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei" ]

[ "PeiYling", "PeiYling", "PeiY", "Pei", "Little Pei", "Pei", "PeiY", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei", "Pei" ]

[ "Adam Augustus Wylie (born May 23, 1984) is an American actor, magician and a former Crayola spokesman.", "Wylie is known most for playing Zack Brock, the youngest son of Sheriff Brock's children, on Picket Fences from 1992 to 1996.", "Early life\nWylie was born in San Dimas, California, the son of Leonard and Karen Wylie.", "He is one of five children, including brothers Eric, Ben, Aaron, and sister, Tai.", "He started his acting career at the age of four in a candy commercial.", "He attended Upland Christian Schools in Upland, California and Condit Elementary in Claremont, California.", "Career\n\nVoice-over work\nBy the age of nine, he was busy with voice-over work, including the voice of young Prince Derek in The Swan Princess (1994), and David in All Dogs Go to Heaven 2 (1996).", "He then lent his voice to many animated series, including Dennis the Menace as the title character (1993–94), Hey Arnold!", "as Curly (1996–2002), Crayola Kids Adventures, Napoleon as the title character (1997), The King and I (1999) as Louis Leonowens, and Walt Disney Television Animation's pilot Kitty's Dish (as Josh).", "Wylie's voice credits also include Batman Beyond, Pepper Ann as Crash, As Told By Ginger as Ian Richton, Midnight Club II, Jimmy Olsen in the 2007 direct-to-DVD movie, Superman: Doomsday, the roles of Fred Nerk, Nigel Thrall and Bananas B on American Dragon: Jake Long, Avatar: The Last Airbender, Ben 10, and the character Justin in The Easter StoryKeepers.", "He also starred as Mike Fowler in Focus on the Family's The Last Chance Detectives audio cases (2004).", "Wylie also starred as the voice of Brainiac 5 and Colossal Boy in the animated television show Legion of Super Heroes and the voice of Ulraj in the Secret Saturdays.", "Wylie voiced the lead role in Sir Malcolm and the Missing Prince, the first series in Lamplighter Publishing's new radio drama Lamplighter Theatre.", "This radio drama is a two-hour production.", "He also voices Ryan Cummings in the popular Christian audio drama series Adventures in Odyssey.", "From 2012 to 2013, Wylie voiced Tritannus, the main antagonist in the fifth season of Winx Club.", "Television and film work\nIn 1993, he voiced Timmy and Chris on cartoon Christmas movie Precious Moments Timmy's Special Delivery.", "In 1994, he did one of the characters on cartoon Easter movie Precious Moments: Simon the Lamb.", "Wylie first became widely known as Zack Brock, the youngest of Sheriff Brock's three children in the television series Picket Fences from 1992 to 1996.", "This was followed by appearances in many other television programs, including as a series regular in Love and Marriage as Max, Ed as David Mirsky (2001), and Gilmore Girls as Brad Langford (2001–2002), he played Garfield in The Biggest Fan (2002) and as a guest star in 7th Heaven as Marvin, Sliders as Trevor, Touched by an Angel as Andy Erskine, Judging Amy as Nicholas Binkow, MTV Undressed as Owen, Entourage, Living Single, Monk, CSI: Miami, and Veronica Mars.", "Wylie was cast as Garfield (Debbie Warden's older brother) in the Dream Street film The Biggest Fan.", "Wylie also appeared in the made for TV movies Under Wraps as Gilbert, Out on a Limb, Balloon Farm as Charles, and Michael Landon, the Father I Knew as the best friend to the television star's teenage son.", "Wylie's first motion picture appearance was in Child's Play 2 (1990), which was followed by roles in films including Kindergarten Cop as Larry (1990), Santa With Muscles (1996), Children of the Corn V: Fields of Terror as Ezekial (1998), Breaking Free as Billy (1995), Cutaway as Cal (2000), Can of Worms as Nick (1999), Flying Virus as Adam (2001), Daybreak as Newton Warner (2001), Rebound (2005), and American Pie Presents: Band Camp as Guy (2005).", "He also starred in several Crayola Kids' Club-produced movies.", "Wylie played Mikey in the 2009 skateboarding film Street Dreams.", "In 2009, Wylie was seen performing card tricks & coin tricks on syndicated magic show \"Masters of Illusion.\"", "In 2010 he had a small part as a cop opposite Kelly Monaco's character Sam McCall on General Hospital.", "Also in 2012, he guest starred as Andy the Android on Disney Channel's Shake It Up: Made in Japan and was in love with a Talking Toilet he named ToyToy.", "Musical theatre\nIn 2002, Wylie appeared as Jack in Stephen Sondheim's Tony Award-winning revival of Into the Woods on Broadway.", "His role in Into the Woods was meta-referenced on Gilmore Girls as being done by his character in that series, Brad Langford.", "He has also appeared frequently in regional theatre, including in Camelot as Merlyn-Tom-Morgan at the North Shore Music Theatre (Massachusetts) in 2005, Big River as Huck Finn, 110 in the Shade as Jimmy Curry in 2004 at the Pasadena Playhouse (California), On the Town as Chip in 2003 at the Gateway Playhouse, Bellport, New York, Footloose as Willard, Precious Sons as Freddie Jr., House Arrest as Todd, and Beauty and the Beast, as Chip.", "He also played Leo Bloom in a regional production of Mel Brooks' The Producers (musical) at Gateway Playhouse.", "February 21, 2007 marked Wylie's debut in the musical Wicked at the Pantages Theatre, Los Angeles.", "He starred opposite such stars as Eden Espinosa, Jenna Leigh Green, Megan Hilty, and Carol Kane.", "He played his final performance on December 30, 2007, along with Espinosa and Kane, and was replaced by his understudy, Michael Drolet.", "Honors and awards\nWylie won Young Artist Awards for Picket Fences, and Dennis the Menace, and Hollywood Reporter YoungStar Awards for Picket Fences twice.", "He has been nominated for Young Artist Awards for Under Wraps, and All Dogs Go To Heaven 2, and YoungStar Awards for Balloon Farm, and Michael Landon, The Father I Knew.", "Filmography\n\nFilm\n\nTelevision\n\nTelevision films\n\nOther appearances\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Website\n Profile at UK Movies.com\n Profile at Filmbug.com\n \n\n1984 births\nLiving people\nAmerican magicians\nAmerican male child actors\nAmerican male film actors\nAmerican male musical theatre actors\nAmerican male television actors\nAmerican male voice actors\nPeople from San Dimas, California" ]

[ "Adam Augustus Wylie is an American actor, magician, and a former Crayola spokesman.", "He played the youngest son of Sheriff Brock's children on Picket Fences from 1992 to 1996.", "The son of Leonard and Karen Wylie was born early in life.", "He is one of five children.", "At the age of four, he was in a candy commercial.", "He attended two elementary schools in California.", "By the age of nine, he was busy with voice-over work, including the voice of a young Prince in The Swan Princess and David in All Dogs Go to Heaven 2.", "He lent his voice to many animated series, including Dennis the Menace as the title character.", "As Curly, Napoleon as the title character, The King and I as Louis Leonowens, and Kitty's Dish as Josh.", "The voices of Batman Beyond, Pepper Ann as Crash, Ian Richton, Jimmy Olsen, and Bananas B can be heard in the movie.", "He played Mike Fowler in the audio cases of Focus on the Family.", "In addition, he was the voice of Colossal Boy in Legion of Super Heroes and Ulraj in the Secret Saturdays.", "The lead role in Sir Malcolm and the Missing Prince was played by Wylie.", "The radio drama is two hours long.", "He voices Ryan in the audio drama series.", "The main villain in the fifth season of Winx Club was voiced by Wylie.", "He voiced Timmy and Chris in a Christmas movie.", "Simon the Lamb was one of the characters that he did in 1994.", "The youngest of Sheriff Brock's three children in the television series Picket Fences was known as \"Zack Brock\".", "He appeared as a series regular in Love and Marriage as Max, Ed as David Mirsky, and as a guest star in 7th Heaven as Marvin.", "He played Garfield in the Dream Street film The Biggest Fan.", "In the made for TV movies Under Wraps, Out on a Limb, and Balloon Farm, he played Gilbert, Charles, and Michael, the father of the television star's teenage son.", "In Child's Play 2, which was his first motion picture appearance, he played Cop Larry, followed by roles in Santa With Muscles, Children of the Corn V: Fields of Terror, and Cutaway.", "He starred in several movies.", "Street Dreams was a skateboarding film.", "The magician was seen performing card tricks and coin tricks on the show.", "He played a cop in 2010 opposite Kelly Monaco's character on General Hospital.", "In 2012 he guest starred on Disney Channel's Shake It Up: Made in Japan and was in love with a Talking Toilet.", "In 2002, he played Jack in the Broadway revival of Into the Woods.", "His character in Gilmore Girls was done by his character in Into the Woods.", "In 2005, he played Merlyn-Tom-Morgan at the North Shore Music Theatre and in 2004, he played Jimmy Curry at the Pasadena Playhouse.", "He was in a regional production of The Producers at Gateway Playhouse.", "On February 21, 2007, he made his debut in the musical Wicked at the Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles.", "He starred opposite several stars.", "He was replaced by his understudy, Michael Drolet, who played his final performance on December 30, 2007.", "The Young Artist Awards for Picket Fences, Dennis the Menace, and Hollywood Reporter YoungStar Awards were won by Wylie.", "Under Wraps, All Dogs Go To Heaven 2, and Balloon Farm have all been nominated for Young Artist Awards.", "Profiles at Filmbug.com include American magicians, American male child actors, American male film actors, American male television actors, and American male voice actors." ]

[ "Adam Augustus Wylie", "Karen Wylie", "Adam" ]

[ "Adam Augustus Wylie", "Karen Wylie" ]

[ "Sir Lawrence William Halsted GCB (2 April 1764 – 22 April 1841) was an officer of the Royal Navy who served during the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.", "Halsted was the son of a naval officer and served with his father during the first years of the war in America.", "After his father's death he served under Captain Richard Onslow and was present at the engagements with the Comte d'Estaing and the Comte de Grasse in the West Indies and off the coast of North America.", "He survived various battles and a hurricane in the Atlantic in 1782, and by the end of the wars had risen to lieutenant.", "He received his first independent commands while serving in the East Indies in the inter-war years, and after spending time as a flag captain during the early years of the French Revolutionary Wars, moved on to command a number of frigates.", "Halsted went on to achieve particular success aboard , and was rewarded with command of a squadron.", "Ships under his overall command captured two Dutch ships and destroyed several others in the North Sea in 1796, and after a successful period against privateers off Ireland, he moved to the Mediterranean.", "Here he helped to capture or destroy several French frigates, and by 1805 had command of a ship of the line.", "He took part in the defeat of a French squadron that had escaped Trafalgar at the Battle of Cape Ortegal, before serving as a captain of the fleet to Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Cotton.", "Halsted was soon advanced to flag rank himself, and served as commander in chief in the West Indies while a vice-admiral.", "After a long and distinguished career, Lawrence Halsted died in 1841 with the rank of admiral of the blue.", "Family and early life\nHalsted was born in Gosport on 2 April 1764, the son of naval officer Captain William Anthony Halsted, and his wife Mary, née Frankland.", "Three of Lawrence's brothers had naval careers; Charles Halsted became a lieutenant and was lost with in 1780, John Halsted became a captain, and George Halsted rose to be a commander.", "The elder Halsted was appointed commander of the former 60-gun in March 1776.", "Jersey had been fitted out as a hospital ship and assigned to Lord Howe's fleet for service off North America, and Halsted took his son with him as a midshipman.", "Lawrence served with his father for the next two years, and participated in a number of naval operations along the American coast before his transfer into Captain Richard Onslow's 64-gun on 25 May 1778.", "Halsted's father died shortly after this, but Onslow took on the role of patron, and the two sailed to the West Indies with Commodore William Hotham's squadron to join Admiral Samuel Barrington.", "Halsted was aboard St Albans during Barrington's clashes with the Comte d'Estaing including at St Lucia on 15 December 1778 before his ship was ordered back to England with a convoy.", "St Albans was paid off shortly after her arrival, and her crew were transferred to the 74-gun .", "Halsted was rated master's mate during his time on the Bellona, and was present at the battle with the 54-gun Dutch ship Princess Caroline on 30 December 1780.", "The Princess Caroline was captured and taken into the Royal Navy as .", "Lawrence's good service was rewarded with his lieutenant's commission dated 8 December 1781 and an appointment to the newly commissioned Princess Caroline, now under Captain Hugh Bromedge.", "Lieutenancy\n\nPrincess Caroline went out to the West Indies as a convoy escort, after which Halsted moved aboard the 74-gun under Captain the Honourable William Cornwallis.", "With Cornwallis, Halsted saw action at the Battle of the Saintes on 9–12 April 1782, during which battle Canada was heavily engaged with the French Ville de Paris, flagship of the Comte de Grasse.", "Ville de Paris was captured by the British and Canada was one of the ships assigned to escort a convoy of captured French ships and damaged British ships back to Britain.", "The ships were caught in a hurricane during the voyage across the Atlantic, and the Ville de Paris and foundered, while had to be abandoned and burnt.", "Canada survived the storm and made it back to England to be paid off in January 1783.", "Halsted's next appointment was to the 74-gun , still serving under Captain Cornwallis.", "He remained aboard Ganges for the next five years, with Ganges initially employed as a guardship, before moving to Gibraltar and finally paying off in December 1787.", "Halsted now entered a brief period of unemployment, which lasted until 18 November 1788 when he joined Cornwallis's new ship, the 64-gun , as his first-lieutenant and went with him to the East Indies.", "Cornwallis was commodore in the East Indies, and after continued good service under his command, Halsted was promoted to commander on 20 October 1790 and given command of the sloop .", "First commands\nHalsted was at first engaged in surveying off the Indian coast, before being promoted to post-captain and given command of Crown.", "He remained in Crown for a brief period, before resuming his command of Atalanta in order to complete his survey work, also using the sloop for the purpose.", "He returned to England aboard Swan in early 1793 and paid her off in May.", "The French Revolutionary Wars had by now broken out, and Halsted was quickly appointed as acting-captain of under Rear-Admiral John MacBride.", "He was soon moved aboard and remained in her until April 1794, when he joined the 74-gun as flag-captain to Rear-Admiral George Montagu.", "Halsted and Montagu took part in the naval manoeuvres of the Atlantic campaign of May 1794, but were not directly engaged at the Glorious First of June, where the British fleet under Lord Howe defeated the French under Villaret de Joyeuse.", "Halsted followed Montagu when he shifted his flag to the 98-gun , and the two served with the Channel Fleet until 1795.", "Halsted was appointed to command the 32-gun in February 1795, and went on to serve in the Channel and in the North Sea.", "He took over the 36-gun in October that year, and spent the rest of the French Revolutionary wars in command.", "HMS Phoenix\n\nPhoenix and Argo\n\nPhoenix was at first attached to the fleet under Admiral Adam Duncan, operating in the North Sea.", "In May 1796 news reached Duncan that a Dutch squadron consisting of the 36-gun Argo and three brigs and a cutter had departed Flickerve, Norway, bound for the Texel.", "Duncan despatched a squadron of his own to intercept them, consisting of Phoenix, the 50-gun , the 28-gun and the brig-sloop , and under the overall command of Halsted.", "The Dutch were intercepted at 5am of 12 May, with Phoenix and Leopard chasing Argo, while Pegasus and Sylph made after the brigs.", "Leopard eventually fell some way behind, and consequently it was Phoenix alone which brought Argo to action at 8am.", "After twenty minutes of fighting Halsted forced Argo to strike her colours.", "Phoenix had suffered one man killed and three wounded, while Argo had six killed and 28 wounded.", "Meanwhile, Pegasus and Sylph forced two of the brigs aground and took the small vessel accompanying the Dutch, which turned out to be a former British vessel, Duke of York.", "They then captured the third brig, the 16-gun Mercury.", "The Royal Navy took Argo and Mercury into service, Argo became and Mercury became .", "After this success Halsted was assigned to operate off the Irish coast, where he captured a number of privateers including the 4-gun Espiègle off Waterford on 18 May 1797, the 1-gun Brave off Cape Clear on 24 April 1798, the 20-gun Caroline on 31 May 1798, and the 20-gun Foudroyant on 23 January 1799.", "Mediterranean\nPhoenix then went out to the Mediterranean and continued to be active against French privateers.", "On 11 February 1799 she and the fireship captured the 10-gun Éole off Cape Spartel, while on 3 June 1800 Phoenix and took the 14-gun Albanaise.", "The 4-gun Revanche was taken on 17 June, but she capsized the following day.", "Phoenix went on to join the fleet under Rear-Admiral Sir Richard Bickerton, and Halsted was appointed to command a squadron blockading Elba.", "While sailing off Elba on the afternoon of 3 August Halsted's squadron, consisting of Phoenix, the 40-gun under Captain Edward Leveson Gower and the 32-gun under Captain Samuel James Ballard, intercepted a French convoy sailing off the west of the island.", "The convoy, which was bound from Porto Ercole to Porto Longone, was carrying ordnance stores and provisions, and was escorted by the 40-gun frigate Carrère, herself carrying 300 barrels of gunpowder.", "The British gave chase, ranging up on Carrère shortly after 8pm and opening fire.", "After 10 minutes of exchanging fire with Pomone Carrère surrendered.", "She was subsequently taken into the navy as .", "Phoenix continued off Elba, and on 31 August was observed alone anchored off Piombino, causing French General François Watrin to order the two French frigates anchored at Leghorn the Succès and Bravoure, to put to sea to attempt to capture her.", "The French ships did so, but early in the morning of 2 September they came across the 38-gun HMS Minerve under Captain George Cockburn, and chased her.", "Cockburn fled, signalling to Phoenix, which quickly got underway, accompanied by Pomone.", "Realising the situation the two French frigates attempted to flee, now pursued by their former quarry, Minerve.", "The Succès was unable to keep up with Bravoure, and ran aground off Vada.", "Minerve fired a shot at her as she passed by in pursuit of Bravoure, at which Succès promptly surrendered.", "Pomone ranged alongside to take possession of her, while Phoenix and Minerve chased Bravoure.", "The changing wind prevented the French vessel from regaining the safety of Leghorn, and she ran aground four miles south of the port.", "She was soon dismasted and wrecked.", "The British were able to get Succès off without much damage however.", "She had previously been , and had been captured on 13 February 1801 by a French squadron under Honoré Ganteaume.", "She was duly readded to the navy under her old name.", "Halsted remained in the Mediterranean until paying off Phoenix in June 1802.", "He married Emma Mary Pellew (1785–1835), eldest daughter of Sir Edward Pellew, on 7 Sep 1803 at Mylor parish church, Cornwall.", "Atlantic and Namur\n\nHalsted was left unemployed during the Peace of Amiens, and did not receive another command until 16 March 1805, when he took command of , a former 90-gun ship that had been razeed to a 74-gun.", "She was assigned to Sir Richard Strachan's squadron, and while sailing off Cape Finisterre on 2 November, the squadron was joined by Halsted's old ship, Phoenix, now under Captain Thomas Baker.", "Baker reported that he had been chased by a squadron of four French ships of the line, and had lured them within range of Strachan's force.", "These four ships, under Rear-Admiral Pierre Dumanoir le Pelley, had escaped from the Franco-Spanish defeat at the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October and were making their way to Rochefort.", "Strachan immediately took the bulk of his force in pursuit.", "The British eventually closed on the fleeing French on 4 November, though Namur took some time to come into action.", "She eventually joined the British line astern of and ahead of Strachan's flagship .", "In the ensuing Battle of Cape Ortegal several frigates attacked one side of the French line, while the ships of the line engaged the other, until the French were forced to surrender.", "Namur had four men killed and eight wounded in the action.", "Halsted and Namur were then assigned to Sir John Borlase Warren's squadron during the Atlantic campaign of 1806, until Namur was paid off in July 1807.", "In December 1807 he became Captain of the Fleet to the commander of the Lisbon station, Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Cotton, serving aboard Cotton's flagship .", "The British fleet were engaged in blockading a Russian fleet under Admiral Dmitry Senyavin in the Tagus after the outbreak of the Anglo-Russian War, but the Convention of Sintra allowed them to sail to Portsmouth.", "Cotton moved his flag to in December 1808, taking Halsted with him.", "Flag rank and later life \nHalsted was promoted to rear-admiral on 31 July 1810, advanced to vice-admiral on 4 June 1814 and was nominated Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 2 January 1815.", "He was appointed commander-in-chief in the West Indies in December 1824, succeeding Commodore Edward Owen in the post.", "Flying his flag during his time on the station aboard , he became a popular commander, and was rewarded with the thanks of the Jamaican House of Assembly and a service of plate from the merchants of the island at the end of his tenure.", "Halsted was promoted to admiral of the blue on 22 July 1830 and advanced to a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 24 February 1837, at the same time as being placed on the 'good service pension' list.", "His wife Emma died in March 1835, leaving behind a large family.", "Sir Lawrence Halsted died at Stoke, Devon on 22 April 1841.", "Two of Halsted's sons entered service in India, while two more followed him into the navy.", "One of his sons, Edward Pellew Halsted, reached the rank of vice-admiral and wrote a number of books, including a study of screw-propelled naval ships entitled The Screw-Fleet of the Navy.", "His youngest son, Lieutenant Lawrence G Halsted, died at Bombay on 7 November 1847 while aboard his ship, the steam sloop .", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\n \n\n1764 births\n1841 deaths\nRoyal Navy admirals\nKnights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath\nRoyal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War\nRoyal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars\nRoyal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars\nPeople from Gosport" ]

[ "During the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, Sir Lawrence William Halsted GCB was an officer of the Royal Navy.", "Halsted served with his father in the first years of the war in America.", "After his father's death, he served under Captain Richard Onslow and was present at the engagements with the Comte d'Estaing and the Comte de Grasse in the West Indies and off the coast of North America.", "He survived several battles and a storm in the Atlantic in 1782 and was promoted to lieutenant by the end of the wars.", "He received his first independent commands while serving in the East Indies in the inter-war years, and after spending time as a flag captain during the early years of the French Revolutionary Wars, moved on to command a number of frigates.", "Halsted was rewarded with command of a squadron after achieving particular success.", "He moved to the Mediterranean after his ships captured two Dutch ships and destroyed several others in the North Sea.", "He commanded a ship of the line after helping to capture or destroy several French frigates.", "He was a captain of the fleet and played a part in the defeat of the French squadron that had escaped Trafalgar.", "Halsted served as commander in chief in the West Indies while a vice-admiral.", "The admiral of the blue was Lawrence Halsted, who died in 1841.", "Captain William Anthony Halsted and his wife Mary were the parents of Halsted, who was born in Gosport on April 2, 1764.", "Three of Lawrence's brothers had naval careers; Charles Halsted became a lieutenant and was lost with in 1780, John Halsted became a captain, and George Halsted rose to be a commander.", "In March 1776, the elder Halsted was appointed commander of the 60-gun.", "Halsted took his son with him as a midshipman on the hospital ship Jersey, which was assigned to Lord Howe's fleet for service off North America.", "After serving with his father for two years, Lawrence was transferred into Captain Richard Onslow's gun on 25 May 1782.", "After Halsted's father died, Onslow took on the role of patron, and the two sailed to the West Indies with Hotham's squadron.", "Halsted's ship was ordered back to England with a convoy on December 15th, 1778, after he was involved in the conflict at St Lucia.", "After she arrived, her crew were transferred to the 74-gun.", "Halsted was a master's mate on the Bellona and was present at the battle with the Dutch on December 30, 1780.", "The Princess was taken into the Royal Navy.", "Lawrence's good service was rewarded with his lieutenant's commission and an appointment to the newly commissioned Princess Caroline.", "Halsted moved aboard the 74-gun under Captain the Honorable William Cornwallis after Princess Caroline went out to the West Indies as a convoy escort.", "During the Battle of the Saintes, Halsted saw action as Canada was engaged with the French Ville de Paris.", "Ville de Paris was captured by the British and Canada was assigned to escort a convoy of captured French ships.", "The Ville de Paris had to be abandoned and burned after being caught in a Hurricane during the voyage across the Atlantic.", "Canada was paid off in January 1783 after surviving the storm.", "Halsted served under Captain Cornwallis and was appointed to the 74-gun.", "After five years aboard Ganges, he moved to Gibraltar and finally paid off in December 1787.", "Halsted lost his job when he joined Cornwallis's new ship, the 64-gun, as his first-lieutenant and went with him to the East Indies.", "Halsted became commander of the sloop on October 20, 1790, after Cornwallis was promoted to commodore in the East Indies.", "Halsted was first engaged in surveying off the Indian coast, before being promoted to post-captain and given command of Crown.", "He used the sloop for the purpose and stayed in Crown for a short time before returning to Atalanta to complete his survey work.", "He paid her off in May after returning to England.", "Halsted was appointed as acting-captain under Rear-Admiral John MacBride after the French Revolutionary Wars broke out.", "He joined the 74-gun as flag-captain to Rear-Admiral George Montagu in April 1794.", "The British fleet under Lord Howe defeated the French under Villaret de Joyeuse during the naval maneuvers of the Atlantic campaign of May 1794.", "Halsted and Montagu served with the Channel Fleet after Halsted shifted his flag to the 98-gun.", "Halsted served in the Channel and in the North Sea after he was appointed to command the 32-gun.", "He spent the rest of the French Revolutionary wars in command after taking over the 36-gun.", "Phoenix and Phoenix were attached to the fleet in the North Sea.", "In May 1796, Duncan received news that a Dutch squadron consisting of the 36-gun Argo and three brigs and a cutter had left Flickerve, Norway, bound for the Texel.", "Duncan sent a squadron of his own to intercept them, consisting of Phoenix, the 50-gun, the 28-gun and the brig-sloop.", "The Dutch were intercepted at 5am of 12 May, with Phoenix and Leopard chasing Argo.", "Phoenix alone brought Argo to action at 8am after Leopard fell a long way behind.", "Halsted forced Argo to strike her colours after twenty minutes of fighting.", "One man was killed and three were wounded in Phoenix.", "The small vessel accompanying the Dutch was taken by Pegasus and Sylph, which turned out to be the Duke of York, a former British vessel.", "The 16-gun Mercury was captured.", "The Royal Navy took Argo and Mercury into service.", "Halsted was assigned to operate off the Irish coast, where he captured a number of privateers, including the 4-gun Espigle off Waterford on 18 May 1797, the 1-gun Brave off Cape Clear on 24 April 1798, and the 20-gunCaroline on 31 May 1798.", "Mediterranean Phoenix was active against French privateers.", "On 11 February 1799 she and the fireship captured the 10-gun ole off Cape Spartel, while on 3 June 1800 Phoenix took the 14-gun Albanaise.", "The Revanche was capsized the day after it was taken.", "Halsted was appointed to command a blockading squadron under Rear-Admiral Sir Richard Bickerton.", "On the afternoon of 3 August Halsted's squadron, consisting of Phoenix, the 40-gun under Captain Edward Leveson Gower and the 32-gun under Captain Samuel James Ballard, intercepted a French convoy sailing off the west of the island.", "The convoy was escorted by the Carrre, which was carrying 300 barrels of gunpowder, and was bound from Porto Ercole to Porto Longone.", "The British started shooting after 8pm on Carrre.", "After 10 minutes of exchanging fire, Pomone Carrre surrendered.", "She was taken into the navy.", "French General Franois Watrin ordered the two French frigates anchored at Leghorn the Succs and Bravoure to attempt to capture her after she was alone anchored off Piombino.", "Early in the morning of 2 September, the French ships came across the Minerve and chased her.", "Phoenix got underway, accompanied by Pomone, after Cockburn fled and 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884", "The two French frigates tried to flee, now being pursued by their quarry.", "The Succs ran aground off Vada.", "Succs surrendered after Minerve fired a shot at her as she passed by.", "Pomone ranged alongside to take possession of her.", "The French vessel ran aground four miles south of the port because of the changing wind.", "She was dismasted and destroyed.", "The British were able to get Succs off.", "She was captured by a French squadron on February 13, 1801.", "She was readded to the navy under her old name.", "Halsted paid off Phoenix in June 1802.", "On September 7, 1803, he married Emma Mary Pellew, eldest daughter of Sir Edward Pellew.", "During the Peace of Amiens, Halsted lost his job and didn't get another until March 1805, when he took command of a former 90-gun ship.", "On 2 November, the squadron was joined by Halsted's old ship, Phoenix, under Captain Thomas Baker.", "Baker reported that he had been chased by a squadron of four French ships of the line, and had lured them within range of Strachan's force.", "The four ships, under Rear-Admiral Pierre Dumanoir le Pelley, were able to escape from the Franco-Spanish defeat at the Battle of Trafalgar.", "The bulk of his force was taken in pursuit.", "The British closed on the French on the 4th of November.", "She joined the British line ahead of the flagship.", "The French were forced to surrender after the ships of the line engaged the other side of the French line.", "Four men were killed and eight were wounded in the action.", "During the Atlantic campaign of 1806, Halsted and Namur were assigned to Sir John Borlase Warren's squadron.", "The Lisbon station's commander, Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Cotton, appointed him Captain of the Fleet in December of 1807.", "After the outbreak of the Anglo-Russian War, the British fleet blockaded a Russian fleet in the Tagus, but the Convention of Sintra allowed them to sail to Pompey.", "Cotton took Halsted with him when he moved his flag.", "Halsted was promoted to rear-admiral on July 31, 1812, advanced to vice-admiral on June 4, 1814, and was nominated Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on January 2, 1816.", "Commodore Edward Owen was appointed commander-in-chief in the West Indies in 1824.", "He became a popular commander and was rewarded with a service of plate from the merchants of the island at the end of his tenure.", "Halsted was promoted to admiral of the blue on 22 July 1830 and advanced to a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 24 February 1836, at the same time as being placed on the 'good service pension' list.", "His wife Emma died in 1835, leaving behind a large family.", "On April 22, 1841, Sir Lawrence Halsted died.", "Two of Halsted's sons entered service in India, while two more followed him into the navy.", "Edward Halsted, one of his sons, reached the rank of vice-admiral and wrote a number of books.", "Lieutenant Lawrence G Halsted died at Bombay on November 7, 1847, while on the steam sloop.", "The Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath was given to the Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War and the French Revolutionary Wars." ]

[ "Sir Lawrence William Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Lawrence Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Lawrence", "Charles Halsted", "John Halsted", "George Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Lawrence", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Lawrence", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Lawrence Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Lawrence G", "Halsted" ]

[ "Lawrence William Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Lawrence Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Lawrence", "Charles Halsted", "John Halsted", "George Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Lawrence", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Lawrence", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Halsted", "Lawrence Halsted", "Halsted", "Edward Halsted", "Lawrence G", "Halsted" ]

[ "Mustafa al-Hawsawi (, Muṣṭafā al-Ḥawsāwī; born August 5, 1968) is a Saudi Arabian citizen.", "He is alleged to have acted as one of many financial facilitators of the September 11 attacks in the United States.", "However, the U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture which was publicly released on December 9, 2014, disclosed an internal CIA cable between the chief of interrogations and the CIA Headquarters wherein he expressed reservations regarding al-Hawsawi's alleged role and involvement in the plot.", "The report reveals \"following al-Hawsawi's first interrogation session, Chief of Interrogations asked CIA Headquarters for information on what al-Hawsawi actually \"knows,\" saying: \"he does not appear to the [sic] be a person that is a financial mastermind.\"", "Mustafa al-Hawsawi was captured in Pakistan by Pakistani agents in March 2003 and was transferred to the custody of the United States.", "He was held in secret CIA black sites until September 2006, when he was transferred to Guantánamo Bay and U.S. officials finally acknowledged his imprisonment.", "It detained him at the Salt Pit, a secret black site in Afghanistan.", "It was reported in August 2010 that, after months of interrogation, the CIA transferred al-Hawsawi and three other high-value detainees to Guantanamo Bay detention camp on September 24, 2003, for indefinite detention.", "Fearing that Rasul v. Bush, a pending Supreme Court case about detainees' habeas corpus rights, might result in having to provide the men with access to counsel, the CIA took back custody on March 27, 2004, and transported the four men to one of their black sites.", "It has long been known that, during al-Hawsawi's CIA captivity, his captors injured him, causing him to suffer from anal fissures, chronic hemorrhoids and, most seriously, symptomatic rectal prolapse.", "When the United States Senate Intelligence Committee published a 600-page unclassified summary of its 6,000-page report on the CIA's use of torture the world learned that the CIA routinely punished its captives by sodomizing them, claiming the sodomy was the long abandoned medical technique of rectal feeding.", "The United States Senate Intelligence Committee's investigation of the CIA's Torture Program revealed that detainees were routinely subjected to unnecessary rectal exams without evidence of medical necessity for purposes of behavioral control.", "CIA leadership, including General Counsel Scott Muller and DDO James Pavitt, were alerted to allegations that rectal exams were conducted with \"excessive force\" on two detainees at the Salt Pit detention site.", "CIA records indicate that one of the detainees, Mustafa al-Hawsawi, was later\ndiagnosed with chronic hemorrhoids, an anal fissure, and symptomatic rectal prolapse.", "Al-Hawsawi was transferred from CIA custody to military custody at Guantanamo on September 6, 2006.", "The Bush administration was then confident of passage of the Military Commissions Act of 2006, which restricted detainee use of habeas corpus, and prohibited them from using the federal court system.", "(This provision was ruled unconstitutional in Boumediene v. Bush (2008) and numerous habeas corpus petitions were refiled in federal courts.)", "He remains incarcerated at Guantanamo Bay.", "Background \nAlthough it is alleged that al-Hawsawi was a member of al-Qaeda, he stated in a Combatant Status Review Hearing that he is not a member of al-Qaeda, and never swore an oath of allegiance to Osama bin Laden.", "Al-Hawsawi was charged with being in the United Arab Emirates starting in April 2001, and with assisting at least one would be hijacker with travel arrangements to the United States.", "On September 11, 2001, al-Hawsawi travelled from the United Arab Emirates to Pakistan.", "Al-Hawsawi said that he first learned of the 9/11 operation following the attacks and was surprised by the size of the 9/11 operation.", "Al-Hawsawi's arrest on March 1, 2003, in Pakistan was unrelated to any reporting from CIA detainees.", "He was reportedly taken to the U.S. Bagram airbase in Afghanistan.", "The CIA maintained a detention and interrogation site there.", "This was not confirmed by U.S. officials.", "CIA custody \nAl-Hawsawi was held in secret CIA custody, for several years.", "When the United States Senate Intelligence Committee published a 600-page unclassified summary of its 6,000-page classified report on the CIA's use of torture, it became known that al-Hawsawi was held in several CIA black sites during his years in secret detention, where he was subjected to enhanced interrogation techniques which amounted to torture and cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment.", "In particular, the report revealed that:\n Al-Hawsawi had been held in detention site COBALT, believed to be situated in Afghanistan, in 2003.", "There he was subjected to enhanced interrogation techniques, including water dousing without the approval from CIA headquarters and to rectal examinations conducted with \"excessive force\", leading to a diagnosis of chronic hemorrhoids, anal fissure, and symptomatic rectal prolapse;\n During his detention in detention site VIOLET, believed to be located in Lithuania, al-Hawsawi required emergency medical care, but officers denied him access to a local hospital.", "Moreover, the findings of the Senate Report raised doubts about Al-Hawsawi's detention, identifying him as one of a number of individuals who were detained under the CIA's program \"despite doubts and questions surrounding [his] knowledge of terrorist threats and the location of senior al-Qa'ida leadership\".", "In fact, after his first interrogation, the Chief of Interrogations wrote to CIA Headquarters saying that al-Hawsawi \"does not appear to the [sic] be a person that is a financial mastermind.\"", "Questions from Salim Ahmed Hamdan's defense attorney \n\nOn April 23, 2008, attorneys working on behalf of Salim Ahmed Hamdan requested permission to meet with Abdulmalik Mohammed and Mustafa al-Hawsawi.", "Hamdan's attorneys had previously requested permission to get the \"high-value detainees\" to answer written questions.", "They believed the men would confirm that if Hamdan played a role in al Qaeda, it had been a peripheral one.", "Abdulmalik Mohammed and Mustafa al-Hawsawi declined to answer the questions, because they said they had no way to know that the questions purporting to be from Hamdan's attorneys were not a ruse.", "Andrea J. Prasow requested permission for Lieutenant Commander Brian Mizer to meet in person with the two men to try to assure them that the questions were not a ruse, and would not be shared with their interrogators.", "Military commission trial \nIn June 2008, al-Hawsawi and four other \"high-value detainees\" (Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, Ammar al-Baluchi and Walid Bin Attash) were charged with crimes brought before the Guantanamo military commission.", "The charges included 2,973 individual counts of murder, one for each person killed in the September 11 attacks, as well as conspiracy, murder in violation of the law of war, attacking civilians, attacking civilian objects, intentionally causing serious bodily injury, destruction of property in violation of the law of war, terrorism, and providing material support for terrorism.", "The judge ordered al-Hawsawi and bin al-Shibh to undergo mental competency hearings.", "On December 8, 2008, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed told the judge that he and the other four indictees wished to confess and plead guilty; however, the plea would be delayed until after the competency hearings for al-Hawsawi and bin al-Shibh, so that all five men could make their plea together.", "The charges against all five were dismissed on January 21, 2010, before a plea was entered.", "In May 2009, Al Arabiya reported that Montasser al-Zayyat, a prominent Saudi Arabian attorney, had been invited to defend al-Hawsawi.", "Al Zayat described suspecting, at first, that he was the target of a hoax.", "On August 31, 2009, Corrections One, a trade journal for the prison industry, proclaimed that \"Mustafa Ahmed al-Hawsawi\" was one of ten captives they speculated might be moved to a maximum security prison in Standish, Michigan.", "Official status reviews \nOriginally the Bush Presidency asserted that captives apprehended in the \"war on terror\" were not covered by the Geneva Conventions, and could be held indefinitely, without charge, and without an open and transparent review of the justifications for their detention.", "In 2004, the United States Supreme Court ruled, in Rasul v. Bush, that Guantanamo captives were entitled to being informed of the allegations justifying their detention, and were entitled to try to refute them.", "Office for the Administrative Review of Detained Enemy Combatants \n\nFollowing the Supreme Court's ruling, the Department of Defense set up the Office for the Administrative Review of Detained Enemy Combatants.", "Scholars at the Brookings Institution, led by Benjamin Wittes, listed the captives still held in Guantanamo in December 2008, according to whether their detention was justified by certain common allegations, as follows:\n\n Mustafa Ahmed Adam al Hawasawi was listed as one of the captives who had faced charges before a military commission.", "United States Senate Torture Report\nOn December 9, 2014, a redacted executive summary of the U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture was publicly released.", "This executive summary revealed the following information regarding al-Hawsawi's torture:\nHe was subjected to rectal examinations conducted with excessive force and was later diagnosed with chronic hemorrhoids, an anal fissure, and symptomatic rectal prolapse.", "He was subjected to water dousing without approval from CIA Headquarters in a manner that was indistinguishable from waterboarding.", "This became the subject of a Central Intelligence Agency Office of Inspector General investigation.", "He was hospitalized for a medical emergency that occurred during his torture.", "Amnesty International, USA Campaign \nOn December 7, 2015, Amnesty International, USA launched a campaign to raise awareness regarding al-Hawsawi's military commission trial, which they alleged violates international fair trial standards by frustrating the truth seeking process by impeding transparency and denying accountability for torture.", "Human Rights bodies' criticism of al-Hawsawi's detention\n\nUN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention \nOn January 23, 2015, the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention held that al-Hawsawi's ongoing detention in Guantánamo Bay was arbitrary, and in contravention of articles 9 and 10 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and 9 and 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.", "Inter-American Commission on Human Rights \nOn July 7, 2015, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights adopted a resolution on precautionary measures regarding al-Hawsawi requesting the United States of America, inter alia, to adopt the necessary measures to protect the life and personal integrity of al-Hawsawi, and to adopt the necessary measures to ensure access to medical care and treatment.", "Formerly secret Joint Task Force Guantanamo assessment \nOn April 25, 2011, whistleblower organization WikiLeaks published formerly secret assessments drafted by Joint Task Force Guantanamo analysts.", "His seven-page Joint Task Force Guantanamo assessment was drafted on December 8, 2006.", "It was signed by deputy camp commandant Brigadier General Edward L. Secord.", "He recommended continued detention.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n Information on Hawsawi and 13 other detainees, Office of the Director of National Intelligence\n The Final 9/11 Commission Report\n Alleged al Qaeda paymaster in custody - CNN\nIndictment of Zacarias Moussaoui\nPentagon charges 6 in 9-11 attacks, MSNBC\n'Clean team interrogated 9-11 suspects, MSNBC\n\nHawsawi, Mustafa\nDetainees of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp\nLiving people\n1968 births\nPeople from Jeddah\nPrisoners and detainees of the United States military\nPeople subject to extraordinary rendition by the United States\nIndividuals designated as terrorists by the United States government" ]

[ "The Saudi Arabian citizen is named Muaf al-awsw.", "The September 11 attacks in the United States are said to have been helped by him.", "An internal CIA cable between the chief of interrogations and the CIA Headquarters was revealed in the Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture.", "According to the report, the Chief of Interrogations asked the CIA for information on what al-Hawsawi actually knows, but he did not appear to be a financial mastermind.", "The United States took custody of Mustafa al-Hawsawi after he was captured in Pakistan.", "He was held in secret CIA black sites until September 2006 and finally acknowledged his imprisonment by U.S. officials.", "The Salt Pit is a secret black site in Afghanistan.", "In August 2010 it was reported that after months of interrogation, the CIA transferred al-Hawsawi and three other high-value prisoners to the Gitmo Bay camp.", "The four men were taken to one of their black sites by the CIA because of the pending Supreme Court case.", "It has been known for a long time that al-Hawsawi's CIA captivity caused him to suffer from anal fissures and chronic hemorrhoids.", "When the United States Senate Intelligence Committee published a 600-page unclassified summary of its 6,000-page report on the CIA's use of torture, the world learned that the CIA routinely punished its captives by sodomizing them.", "According to the United States Senate Intelligence Committee's investigation of the CIA's Torture Program, prisoners were routinely subjected to unnecessary rectal exams without evidence of medical necessity.", "CIA leadership, including General Counsel Scott Muller and DDO James Pavitt, were made aware of allegations that rectal exams were conducted with excessive force.", "CIA records show that one of the prisoners, Mustafa al-Hawsawi, was later diagnosed with chronic hemorrhoids, an anal fissure, and rectal prolapse.", "On September 6, 2006 al-Hawsawi was transferred from the CIA to the military.", "The Bush administration was confident that the Military Commissions Act of 2006 would be passed.", "The provision was ruled unconstitutional in the case of Boumediene v. Bush.", "He is still at Gitmo Bay.", "In a Combatant Status Review Hearing, al-Hawsawi stated that he was not a member of al-Qaeda and never swore an oath of loyalty to Osama bin Laden.", "Al-Hawsawi was charged with being in the United Arab Emirates starting in April 2001 and with assisting at least one hijacker with travel arrangements to the United States.", "On September 11, 2001, al-Hawsawi traveled to Pakistan.", "Al-Hawsawi was surprised by the size of the 9/11 operation after he first learned of it.", "The March 1, 2003 arrest of Al-Hawsawi in Pakistan was unrelated to any reporting from the CIA.", "He was taken to the U.S. Bagram air base.", "The CIA had a site there.", "U.S. officials did not confirm this.", "The CIA held Al-Hawsawi for a long time.", "When the United States Senate Intelligence Committee published a 600-page unclassified summary of its 6,000-page classified report on the CIA's use of torture, it became known that al-Hawsawi was held in several CIA black sites.", "The report showed that Al-Hawsawi had been held in a site in Afghanistan.", "INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals", "Despite doubts and questions surrounding his knowledge of terrorist threats and the location of senior al-Q, the Senate Report identified him as one of a number of individuals who were held under the CIA's program.", "After his first interrogation, the Chief of Interrogations wrote to the CIA saying that al-Hawsawi \"does not appear to be a person that is a financial mastermind.\"", "Attorneys working on behalf of Salim Ahmed Hamdan requested permission to meet with Abdulmalik Mohammed and Mustafa al-Hawsawi.", "Attorneys for Hamdan had previously requested permission to get the high-value prisoners to answer written questions.", "They thought the men would confirm that if Hamdan played a role in al Qaeda, it was a peripheral one.", "Abdulmalik Mohammed and Mustafa al-Hawsawi didn't want to answer the questions because they didn't know that the questions were from Hamdan's attorneys.", "Lieutenant Commander Brian Mizer was asked to meet with the two men to assure them that the questions were not a ruse and would not be shared with their interrogators.", "In June 2008, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, Ammar al-Baluchi, and Walid Bin Attash were charged with crimes brought before the military commission.", "The charges included 2,973 individual counts of murder, one for each person killed in the September 11 attacks, as well as conspiracy, murder in violation of the law of war, attacking civilians, attacking civilian objects, and destruction of property in violation of the law of war.", "The judge ordered mental competency hearings for al-Hawsawi and bin al-Shibh.", "On December 8, 2008, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed told the judge that he and the other four indictees wanted to confess and plead guilty; however, the plea would be delayed until after the competency hearings for al-Hawsawi and bin al-Shibh.", "The charges were dismissed before a plea was entered.", "Montasser al-Zayyat, a prominent Saudi Arabian attorney, was invited to defend al-Hawsawi.", "Al Zayat suspected that he was the target of a hoax.", "On August 31, 2009, a trade journal for the prison industry proclaimed that \"Mustafa Ahmed al-Hawsawi\" was one of ten captives they speculated might be moved to a maximum security prison in Michigan.", "The Bush Presidency claimed that captives in the \"war on terror\" could be held indefinitely without charge and without an open and transparent review of their justifications.", "In 2004, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the captives at Gitmo were entitled to be informed of the allegations justifying their imprisonment and to try to refute them.", "The Office for the Administrative Review of Detained Enemy Combatants was set up by the Department of Defense.", "One of the captives who had faced charges before was listed by the scholars as one of the captives still held in Gitmo.", "The executive summary of the U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture was made public.", "He was subjected to rectal exams with excessive force and was later diagnosed with chronic hemorrhoids and anal fissure.", "He was subjected to water dousing without approval from the CIA headquarters.", "This was the subject of a Central Intelligence Agency Office of Inspector General investigation.", "During his torture, he was hospitalized for a medical emergency.", "On December 7, 2015,Amnesty International, USA launched a campaign to raise awareness regarding al-Hawsawi's military commission trial, which they alleged violates international fair trial standards by obstructing transparency and denying accountability for torture.", "On January 23, 2015, the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention held that al-Hawsawi's ongoing detention in Guantnamo Bay was arbitrary.", "On July 7, 2015, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights adopted a resolution requesting the United States of America to adopt precautionary measures to protect the life and personal integrity of al-Haws.", "The Joint Task Force Guantanamo assessment was published on April 25, 2011.", "He drafted a seven-page assessment for the Joint Task Force.", "It was signed by the deputy camp commandant.", "He said to keep detaining.", "The Final 9/11 Commission Report Alleged al Qaeda paymaster in custody is one of the External links." ]

[ "Mustafa al", "Mustafa al", "Mustafa al", "Mustafa al", "Mustafa al", "Mustafa Ahmed", "Mustafa Ahmed", "Mustafa" ]

[ "Mustafa al", "Mustafa al", "Mustafa al", "Mustafa al", "Mustafa Ahmed" ]

[ "Datuk Seri Panglima Bung Moktar bin Radin (born 15 September 1958) is a Malaysian politician who has served as the Deputy Chief Minister I and State Minister of Works of Sabah since September 2020.", "He has also served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Kinabatangan since November 1999 and Member of the Sabah State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Lamag since September 2020.", "A member of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), a component party of the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition which is aligned with the ruling Perikatan Nasional (PN) coalition.", "He has also served as the State Chairman of UMNO and BN of Sabah since December 2018.", "Background \nHe was born on 15 September 1958 in Kampung Bilit, Sukau, Kinabatangan.", "He is descended from the tribe of the Orang Sungai.", "Due to his ancestry, he claims to have drank blood, although no evidence to support such claims.", "Bung Moktar was born into a political family when his grandparents and his parents were a strong support from the United Sabah National Organisation (USNO) since it was founded by the late Tun Datu Haji Mustapa Harun in the early 1960s.", "His parents are Rashidah Jikrun and Radin Yatim.", "His wives are Datin Sri Nor Asidah Alimudin and former artist Datin Sri Zizie Ezette.", "Education \nUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia\n Sandakan Secondary School\n National Primary School Kampung Bilit, Kinabatangan\n\nCareer \nBefore becoming Member of Parliament, he served with the Sandakan Special Affairs Department (JASA) (1987-1991), Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA) Sandakan Officers (1991-1992) and Political Secretary of the Sabah Ministry of Finance (1994-1999).", "Politics\n\nPolitical posts\n Deputy Chairman of the Barisan Nasional Backbenchers Club (BNBBC) (2008-2020)\n Kinabatangan Member of Parliament (since 1999)\n Kinabatangan UMNO Division Chief (since 1996)\n Sabah UMNO Youth Information Chief (1991-1995)\n Kinabatangan UMNO Youth Chief (1991-1995)\n USNO Youth Exco (1980-1991)\n Kinabatangan USNO Division Youth Chief (1979-1991)\n\nElection\nThe first time was as Barisan Nasional (BN) candidate in the 1994 Sabah state election for the Kuamut seat, an opposition stronghold at that time, Bung Mokhtar lost.", "He first won the 1999 general election after defeating Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS) candidate Ali Latip Taha for the Kinabatangan parliamentary seat.", "He managed to retain the seat in 2004, 2008, 2013 and 2018 general elections.", "Since joining politics in 1978, he has been a representative of USNO or UMNO of BN candidates five times for Kinabatangan parliamentary seats.", "Controversy and criticism \nOver five terms in Parliament, Bung Moktar has earned a reputation for controversial remarks and inflammatory behaviour.", "Swearing in the parliament chamber\nBung Moktar gained attention when he yelled \"Fuck you\" twice in English, while having a heated debate with Bukit Mertajam MP Chong Eng at the 2001 parliamentary sitting.", "His most recent incident came on 7 August 2018, when he caused a stir with Willie Mongin (MP for ) in the Dewan Rakyat as the latter alleged that the Bung Moktar Radin had visited a casino, and he pointed his finger at Willie and accused him of being rude, demanding the statement be retracted.", "After the incident, the Speaker of Dewan Rakyat warned the members to behave or they will be disciplined.", "The incident became an internet meme focusing on the combination of Malay and Bung Moktar’s broken English.", "His outburst in Malay was edited together with an insert from a different video of Malaysian former Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin saying \"Can you speak English?", "\", followed by Bung Moktar’s continuation in English with the remark \"Fuck you!\".", "The meme ended with the grammatically incorrect caption \"he do speak english\" accompanied with a cut piece of the song \"Sanctuary Guardian - Earthbound\" which is common in this format.", "\"Bocor\" remark\nHe and Jasin MP Mohammad Said bin Yusof stirred controversy for making sexist comments and obscene comments to DAP's Batu Gajah MP, Fong Po Kuan in during a parliamentary session in 2007.", "He followed Mohammad Said by saying that Fong \"leaked\" every month (referring to the menstruation cycle in women), while they were debating about the leaks in the parliament building.", "The pair offered an apology for their statements but were rejected by Fong because they were considered insincere.", "Mockery of Karpal Singh as a disabled person\nIn the first sitting of Parliament after the 2008 elections, he called opposition politician Karpal Singh a \"big monkey\" after Singh called him the \"Bigfoot from Kinabatangan\".", "During the 12th Malaysian Parliament session in May, Bung Moktar was once again involved with the controversy involving the mockery of disabled person.", "He and Ibrahim Ali asked Karpal Singh, who was wheelchair-bound as a result of a traffic collision to stand up and show respect to the Dewan Speaker.", "Lewd gesture\nBung Moktar was once again involved with the controversy when he was said to have used his hand to make lewd gesture during a parliament sitting on 8 July 2008.", "The act was witnessed by every Malaysian who watched the conference broadcast on television.", "However, he denied that it was a lewd gesture and only a dirty minded person who regarded it as such.", "Unauthorised polygamy\nOn 18 December 2009, rumors that he was married to the actress Zizie Ezette were confirmed by an associate of Bung Moktar, Datuk Mohamad Aziz.", "However, this was denied by Zizie's mother, Khaty Fauziah.", "The pair were reported to have married on 16 December 2009, while Utusan Malaysia reported on 31 December that he was honeymooning in Europe with his newly-wed wife, Zizie Izette, and was expected to return on 8 January 2010.", "On 20 April 2010, Bung pleaded guilty to committing polygamy by taking a second wife without the consent of a marriage registrar.", "He was sentenced to a month's imprisonment, but was ultimately released on bail.", "Urged Shahrizat to step down of NFC issues\nOn 3 December 2011, during the UMNO General Assembly 2011, he again urged Datuk Seri Shahrizat Abdul Jalil to resign over a controversy surrounding the National Feedlot Centre (NFC) in Gemas, with an easy loan of RM250 million linked to her husband and her children.", "It was revealed that the NFC suffered losses but managed to purchase two luxury condominiums in Bangsar, as well as buying a Mercedes car worth RM534,622 and two parcels of land worth RM3,363,507 in Putrajaya.", "Deputy Inspector-General of Police Datuk Seri Khalid Abu Bakar claimed that there was no element of breach of trust or fraud in the use of funds for NFC.", "Hitler remark\nHe made international news for tweeting \"Long Live Hitler\" after Germany's 7–1 win over Brazil in the semi-final of the 2014 FIFA World Cup.", "His tweet stirred controversy with the German ambassador even calling it as \"unacceptable\".", "FELCRA Berhad corruptions charges\nOn 3 May 2019, Bung Moktar was charged by the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) with three counts of corruption amounting to total of RM2.8 million in June 2015 when he was director of FELCRA Berhad.", "His wife, Zizie Ezette was also charged with abetting her husband in the offences.", "Election results\n\nHonours\n\nHonours of Malaysia\n :\n Grand Knight of the Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (SSAP) - Dato' Sri (2016)\n :\n Member of the Order of Kinabalu (ADK)\n Companion of the Order of Kinabalu (ASDK)\n Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (PGDK) - Datuk (2001)\n Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (SPDK) – Datuk Seri Panglima (2021)\n\nReferences \n\nLiving people\n1959 births\nPeople from Sabah\nKadazan-Dusun people\nMalaysian Muslims\nUnited Sabah National Organisation politicians\nUnited Malays National Organisation politicians\nMembers of the Dewan Rakyat\nObscenity controversies\nCommanders of the Order of Kinabalu\nGrand Commanders of the Order of Kinabalu" ]

[ "There is a Malaysian politician who has served as the Deputy Chief Minister I and State Minister of Works of Sabah since September 2020.", "Since 1999, he has served as the Member of Parliament for Kinabatangan and the Member of the Sabah State Legislative Assembly for Lamag.", "The United Malays National Organisation is a component party of the Barisan Nasional coalition.", "He has been the State Chairman of UMNO and BN of Sabah since December.", "He was born in 1959 in Kinabatangan.", "He is descended from a tribe.", "He claims to have drank blood because of his ancestry.", "The United Sabah National Organisation (USNO) was founded in the early 1960s and was supported by the Moktar family.", "His parents are named Jikrun and Yatim.", "His wives are both women.", "He served with the Sandakan Special Affairs Department, Majlis Amanah Rakyat, and Education Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia before becoming a Member of Parliament.", "Kinabatangan Member of Parliament since 1999 and UMNO Division Chief since 1996.", "He won the Kinabatangan parliamentary seat in the 1999 general election.", "He retained the seat in four general elections.", "He has represented USNO or UMNO in five Kinabatangan parliamentary seats.", "Bung Moktar has been in Parliament for five terms and has earned a reputation for controversial remarks.", "At the 2001 parliamentary sitting, Bung Moktar yelled \"Fuck you\" twice in English, while having a heated debate with Bukit Mertajam MP Chong Eng.", "He caused a stir in the Dewan Rakyat when he pointed his finger at Willie and accused him of being rude, after Willie accused him of visiting a casino.", "The Speaker of Dewan Rakyat warned the members that they will be disciplined if they don't behave.", "The internet meme focused on the combination of Malay and Moktar's broken English.", "A different video of a Malaysian former Prime Minister saying \"Can you speak English?\" was edited into his Malay rant.", "\", followed by Moktar saying \"Fuck you!\" in English.", "The meme ended with a cut piece of the song \"Sanctuary Guardian - Earthbound\" which is common in this format.", "During a parliamentary session in 2007, Jasin MP Mohammad Said bin Yusof made sexist comments and obscene comments to DAP's Batu Gajah MP, Fong Po Kuan.", "He said that Fong \"leaked\" every month while they debated about the leaks in the parliament building.", "The pair offered an apology but were rejected because of their insincereness.", "In the first sitting of Parliament after the 2008 elections, he called the opposition politician a \"big monkey\" after he called him the \"Big from Kinabatangan\".", "During the 12th Malaysian Parliament session in May, Bung Moktar was once again involved with the controversy involving the mockery of disabled person.", "He and Ibrahim Ali asked the wheelchair-bound Karpal Singh to stand up and show respect to the Dewan Speaker.", "Moktar was involved in a controversy when he was said to have made a lewd gesture during a parliament sitting in July of 2008.", "Every Malaysian who watched the conference on television witnessed the act.", "He denied that it was a lewd gesture and only a dirty minded person thought it was.", "Rumors that he was married to an actress were confirmed by an associate of Bung Moktar.", "However, this was denied by the mother.", "Utusan Malaysia reported on 31 December that he was honeymooning in Europe with his newly-wed wife, and he was expected to return on 8 January 2010.", "On 20 April 2010, Bung pleaded guilty to committing polygamy by taking a second wife.", "He was released on bail after being sentenced to a month's imprisonment.", "During the UMNO General Assembly in December of 2011, he again urged Shahrizat Abdul Jalil to resign over the controversy surrounding the National Feedlot Centre in Gemas.", "The NFC was able to purchase two luxury condominiums in Bangsar, as well as buying a Mercedes car and two parcels of land in Putrajaya, despite suffering losses.", "Khalid Abu Bakar, the deputy inspector-general of police, claimed that there was no fraud in the use of funds.", "He made international news when he said \"long live Hitler\" after Germany's win over Brazil.", "The German ambassador called it unacceptable.", "The Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) charged the former director of FELCRA Berhad with three counts of corruption in June 2015.", "His wife was also charged with aiding and abetting her husband.", "The winner of the election was the Grand Knight of the Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang." ]

[ "Datuk Seri Panglima Bung Moktar bin Radin", "Bung", "Moktar", "Radin", "Bung", "Bung", "Moktar", "Bung", "Moktar", "Bung", "Moktar", "Bung", "Moktar", "Bung", "Moktar", "Bung", "Moktar", "Bung", "Bung", "Moktar" ]

[ "Bung", "Moktar", "Bung", "Moktar", "Moktar", "Bung", "Moktar", "Moktar", "Bung", "Moktar", "Bung" ]

[ "Arthur Shrewsbury (11 April 1856 – 19 May 1903) was an English cricketer and rugby football administrator.", "He was widely rated as competing with W. G. Grace for the accolade of best batsman of the 1880s; Grace himself, when asked whom he would most like in his side, replied simply, \"Give me Arthur\".", "An opening batsman, Shrewsbury played his cricket for Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club and played 23 Test matches for England, captaining them in 7 games, with a record of won 5, lost 2.", "He was the last professional to be England captain until Len Hutton was chosen in 1952.", "He was a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1890.", "He also organised the first British Isles rugby tour to Australasia in 1888.", "An expert on sticky wickets, Shrewsbury topped the first-class batting averages seven times including in 1902, his final season.", "The following spring, incorrectly believing he had an incurable disease, he shot himself at his sister's home in Gedling, Nottinghamshire.", "Early life\nShrewsbury, the seventh child of William Shrewsbury and Mary Ann Wragg, was born in New Lenton, Nottinghamshire.", "He was educated at the People's College, Nottingham and trained as a draughtsman.", "His early club cricket was, like William Scotton, with Meadow Imperial and he subsequently played for Nottingham Commercial Club where he came to the notice of the county officials.", "On 12 May 1873, having just turned 17, Shrewsbury made his first appearance at Lord's for the Colts of England against the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC).", "His batting was modelled on that of Richard Daft.", "The season also saw Meadow Imperial, Shrewsbury's club side, replaced by Meadow Willow CC.", "First-class beginnings\nShrewsbury missed most of the 1874 season with rheumatic fever, and did not make his first-class debut until May 1875 for Nottinghamshire against Derbyshire.", "He ended the season with 313 runs at 17.38, with a top score of 41; in a season of wet weather he finished fourth in the county's batting averages.", "The following year Shrewsbury made his maiden first-class century, scoring 118 against Yorkshire, at Trent Bridge sharing in an opening partnership of 183 with Richard Daft.", "Shrewsbury finished the season with an innings of 65 not out against Surrey in a low scoring match.", "In May 1877, he made 119 at The Oval for the Players of the North against Gentlemen of the South.", "He also scored four fifties and finished the season with 778 runs at 19.94.", "In 1878 Australia made their first tour to England.", "Their first match was against Nottinghamshire: Shrewsbury scored 8 in an innings victory for the home team.", "He scored 724 runs at 21.29 during the season with a top score of 74 not out.", "The following season was less successful – his average dropped to 15.78 and he was not selected for either of the Gentlemen v Players fixtures.", "He toured North America in September 1879 with Richard Daft's XI, where the side won all six matches, all of them against odds (opposition teams of more than eleven players).", "During the 1880 season he scored 403 runs, his highest score, 66 not out, against the touring Australians.", "In 1881 Shrewsbury led the strike of Nottinghamshire professional players alongside Alfred Shaw following disagreements with the county secretary, Captain Henry Holden, over an early season fixture with Yorkshire arranged by Shaw and Shrewsbury.", "The strike meant Shrewsbury played just three first-class matches during the season.", "The break allowed him, Shaw and James Lillywhite to organise a lucrative eight-month tour of Australia, New Zealand and America the following winter.", "World tour\nThe tour began with games in North America, although Shrewsbury missed the first leg of the tour with bronchitis and sailed directly to Australia via Suez.", "The five matches in America were financial failures with receipts just covering expenses.", "In Australia, the team played two first-class matches before the First Test.", "In the second of these the tourists beat Victoria despite having followed-on with Shrewsbury scoring 80 not out in the second innings.", "The First Test was staged at Melbourne over the New Year.", "Shrewsbury, one of ten debutants, scored 11 and 16 in a drawn match.", "Seven matches in New Zealand followed before the team returned to Australia for the remaining three Test matches, Shrewsbury scored 7 and 22 in the Second Test at Sydney.", "His best performance of the tour came in the Third Test, again at Sydney, top scoring in both innings – 82 and 47 – the next highest score by an Englishman was 23.", "In the final Test he scored 1, final day rain ruining the best chance of English victory during the series which ended 2–0.", "The matches in Sydney and Melbourne proved popular meaning the three promoters made £700 each.", "After the tour Shrewsbury returned to England in better physical shape thanks to the warmer climate of Australia.", "He and Shaw wrote to the Nottinghamshire committee to apologise for their previous season's actions, and both were welcomed back into the side.", "Domestic success\nIn 1882 Shrewsbury scored his maiden first-class double century, the first double century by a Nottinghamshire cricketer, an innings of 207 at The Oval sharing in a stand of 289 with Billy Barnes, a first-class second wicket record.", "But this was Shrewsbury's only score above fifty all season.", "The following season was in complete contrast, as Shrewsbury scored seven fifties and no century, reaching 1,000 runs in a season for the first time.", "In 1884 Australia toured England.", "Shrewsbury warmed up for the First Test with 209 against Sussex at Hove, sharing in a stand of 266 with Billy Gunn, a first-class record for the fifth wicket.", "In the drawn First Test at Old Trafford Shrewsbury top scored with 43.", "He managed 27 in the Second Test which England won by an innings.", "The Third Test was drawn, Australia having scored 551.", "Declarations were not permitted until after 1889, and Australia batted for 311 overs.", "Every England player got a bowl, Shrewsbury coming on last after wicket-keeper Alfred Lyttelton.", "Shrewsbury finished the season just short of 1,000 runs as Nottinghamshire were declared Champion County, having won nine out of their ten matches.", "Test success\n\nLillywhite, Shaw and Shrewsbury arranged another tour of Australia in 1884–85, with Shrewsbury as team captain.", "In the First Test at Adelaide Shrewsbury opened for the first time in Tests, scoring a duck and 26 not out as England won by 8 wickets.", "England won by 10 wickets in the Second Test, with Shrewsbury scoring 72 and 0 not out.", "The next two Tests were lost with Shrewsbury making scores of 18, 24, 40 and 16.", "In the deciding Fifth Test at Melbourne he played a captain's innings scoring 105 not out after dropping down the order, his maiden Test century.", "Australian critic Felix described the innings:\nHis play throughout was a treat to look at, and that neat and effective stroke of his between square-leg and mid-on is worth copying.", "He made a large number of his 105 in this spot.", "His defence was splendid, his cutting clean and telling, his timing could not well be excelled.", "Shrewsbury finished the Test series with 301 runs at 50.16 and made £150 from the tour, the figure reduced by the boycotting of several matches by the 1884 Australians.", "In 1885 Shrewsbury topped the batting averages for the first time scoring 1130 runs at 56.50 with four centuries, including carrying his bat for 224 not out at Lord's.", "For the third season in a row Nottinghamshire were Champion County.", "The following season he once again carried his bat, this time against Gloucestershire defying W. G. Grace for 72 overs in scoring 227 not out.", "Although Shrewsbury's best innings of the season was to come against the touring Australians and the demon, Fred Spofforth.", "Shrewsbury warmed up for the Second Test (England won the First Test by 4 wickets) with another hundred against Grace in a Gentlemen v Players fixture.", "In the Second Test at Lord's Shrewsbury demonstrated his ability on sticky wickets against top bowling: against a side containing Spofforth, the finest bowler of the era, he finished the rain-interrupted first day unbeaten on 91, and carried this to 164 in easier conditions on the second day.", "The second highest score in the match was 58 by Billy Barnes, and Australia lost by an innings.", "England completed a whitewash with another innings victory at The Oval.", "Shrewsbury finished the season with 1404 runs as once again Nottinghamshire retained the title.", "Two Australian tours\nEngland toured Australia in 1886–87 with Shrewsbury once again captaining the team.", "In two low scoring Tests (no team innings totalled as many as 200) Shrewsbury contributed 46 runs as the tourists won the series 2–0.", "His best innings of the tour came for the Non-Smokers against the Smokers in Melbourne, where he scored 236 in a total of 803, then a first-class record, as was the third wicket partnership of 311 between Shrewsbury and Billy Gunn.", "The one-sided matches and the bad weather led to poor crowds, and the tour's organisers failed to make a profit.", "Nevertheless, Shrewsbury was already planning another tour the following year.", "1887 proved to be Shrewsbury's best season, with 1653 runs at 78.71.", "His batting average was the highest so far achieved, narrowly beating W. G. Grace's record of 78.25 in 1871.", "Shrewsbury made consecutive scores of 119, 152, 81, 130 and 111, and finished the season with his highest first-class score of 267 against Middlesex.", "During the season Shrewsbury scored his 10,000th first-class run.", "In 1887–88 Shrewsbury made his final tour to Australia.", "It became a financial disaster, as the Melbourne Club were financing their own rival touring team.", "Shrewsbury's side's first match at Melbourne became farcical: against a Victoria side containing only four first-team players the tourists won by an innings and 456 runs.", "Shrewsbury scored 232, becoming the first Englishman to score a double century in Australia.", "The two touring teams combined for a Test Match against Australia at Sydney.", "Shrewsbury top scored with 44 in a low-scoring match which England won.", "In the final fixture of their tour Shrewsbury scored another double century to finish with 721 runs at 65.54, 500 more than anyone else.", "To try to recoup some of his losses Shrewsbury stayed in Australia after the cricket tour, and managed an English rugby football team.", "For this reason he missed the 1888 English cricket season.", "The football tour in fact added to the losses, ending in an £800 deficit to add to the £2400 lost on the cricket leg of the tour.", "1888 Australian rules football and Rugby tour of Australasia\nShrewsbury organised and played on a little known and unique tour in which a British team played a series of matches in Australian rules football, in Victoria and South Australia and Rugby matches in Australia's northern states and New Zealand.", "This tour is noteworthy as it was the only tour in the history of Australian rules football, apart from New Zealand's early participation in the sport's interstate competition, where an international team toured Australia.", "It was also of note because on the tour a number of people involved on the British side commented that they liked the Australian game more than Rugby.", "Shrewsbury also participated in organising a return tour by an Australian team to Britain, in which the Australian rules side of the tour was cancelled at the last moment.", "At the time in England and Scotland there was interest in Australian rules football and games were played, and it has been suggested that had the Australian rule side of tour gone ahead then Australian rules football could possibly have spread around the world like a number of other sports from the British Empire.", "Best batsman in England\nShrewsbury scored a century against Sussex in his first match back in England, but this was his highest score of the 1889 season.", "He finished with 522 runs at 37.28.", "Shrewsbury was chosen as a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1890, an award that had only been introduced the previous year.", "In 1890 he matched his highest score with an innings of 267 against Sussex, and he shared in a partnership of 398 with Billy Gunn which remains the second wicket record for Nottinghamshire, and was a first-class record for any wicket for nine years.", "Australia toured during the season, but Shrewsbury struggled in the Tests with scores of 4, 13, 4 and 9 as England defended The Ashes in a low scoring series.", "The highest team innings was 176.", "Shrewsbury topped the domestic batting averages.", "Shrewsbury started the 1891 season with a run of low scores, failing to reach double figures in eight consecutive innings in the County Championship (although he did carry his bat for 81 in a Players v Gentleman fixture during this run).", "However the second half of the season saw a dramatic improvement which resulted in him topping the batting averages once again.", "He was offered a place on the tour party to Australia, but decided to stay at home to look after the business as his business partner Alfred Shaw was travelling as manager of the team.", "In 1892 Shrewsbury scored his tenth and final double century during a match against Middlesex.", "He scored four more centuries, including carrying his bat for 151 for the Players against the Gentlemen, and had the highest batting average for the third successive season.", "Australia's tour of England in 1893 included three Test matches.", "In the First Test at Lord's Shrewsbury played a similar innings to seven years previously, the great bowler this time was Charles Turner.", "On a difficult first day wicket Shrewsbury scored 106.", "Wisden reported:\nShrewsbury's batting was marked by extreme patience, unfailing judgment, and a mastery over the difficulties of the ground, of which probably no other batsman would have been capable.", "During the innings Shrewsbury became the first cricketer to score 1,000 Test runs.", "He added 81 in the second innings, but rain meant the result was a draw.", "He had scores of 66, 12 and 19 not out in the rest of the series as England retained the Ashes.", "Shrewsbury was the leading run scorer in the series with 284 at 71.00.", "After Test career\nShrewsbury missed the 1894 season because of indifferent health but he reappeared in 1895 leading the county averages in a disappointing season for Nottinghamshire.", "He passed 1,000 runs in 1896 with 2 centuries including carrying his bat for 125 against Gloucestershire.", "Shrewsbury passed 20,000 career first-class runs in 1897.", "His only century of the season came for the Players against the Gentlemen, scoring 125 as captain.", "Shrewsbury's scores improved in 1898 and 1899 with season tallies of 1,219 and 1,257 runs, leading the county averages in both seasons.", "In 1899 Shrewsbury and Arthur Jones shared in an opening partnership of 391, which remained a county record until 2000.", "In 1900 Shrewsbury's season average dropped to 32.03, his lowest since 1884, but he still topped the county averages.", "In 1901 Nottinghamshire were dismissed for 13 against Yorkshire, the second lowest total ever made in county cricket, Shrewsbury split his hand while fielding and missed the rout.", "In 1902, aged 46, Shrewsbury again topped the first-class batting averages.", "He notched up four centuries, including two in a match for the first time.", "His performances during the season earned him further praise in the 1903 Wisden Cricketers' Almanack:\nHis batting was marked by all its old qualities, and except that he is, perhaps, less at home on a really sticky wicket than he used to be, there is little or no\nchange to be noticed in his play.", "He was as patient and watchful as ever, and once or twice when runs had to be made in a hurry he surprised everybody by the freedom and vigour of his hitting.", "The Nottinghamshire Committee raised donations of £177 14s (worth about £ at current prices) for Shrewsbury in recognition of his batting performance.", "Death\nShrewsbury complained of kidney pains during a match for Lenton United on 27 September, and during the winter he consulted various doctors and specialists who could discover nothing seriously wrong with him.", "During the spring his health started to improve, but it was unlikely that he would play county cricket in 1903.", "On 12 April 1903 Shrewsbury bought a revolver from a local gunsmith.", "He returned a week later after having difficulty in loading the gun.", "The clerk found that Shrewsbury had the wrong bullets and supplied the correct ones.", "Shrewsbury went to his bedroom that evening and shot himself first in the chest and then, when that did not prove fatal, in the head.", "His girlfriend, Gertrude Scott, found him bleeding from a head wound and by the time a doctor arrived Shrewsbury was dead.", "At the inquest, held the following day, the coroner decided that Shrewsbury had committed suicide, his mind having been unhinged by the belief that he had an incurable disease.", "The coroner added that there was, however, no evidence to show Shrewsbury was suffering from a major illness.", "Shrewsbury's funeral took place two days after his death at All Hallows Church, Gedling.", "Statistical overview\n\nShrewsbury was the first cricketer to pass a 1,000 Test runs when he reached 7 during his innings of 106 at Lord's in 1893.", "His career total of 1,277 runs was a record until January 1902 when it was overtaken by Joe Darling.", "Shrewsbury had held the record for over 15 years; only Clem Hill and Wally Hammond have held the record for longer.", "Two of Shrewsbury's three Test centuries came at Lord's including his highest Test innings of 164, a score which remained a Test record at the ground until 1924 when it was beaten by Jack Hobbs.", "In six innings at the ground Shrewsbury scored 395 runs at an average of 65.83.", "Shrewsbury set a number of batting records for Nottinghamshire.", "He scored the county's first double-century in 1882 and scored seven of the county's first eight double-centuries.", "He was also the first Nottinghamshire cricketer to score a hundred in both innings of a match.", "His 1887 county record of six centuries in a season wasn't beaten until 1925.", "In the seven seasons between 1886 and 1892 Shrewsbury topped the first-class averages five times – and during one of these seasons, 1888, he did not play at all as he was in Australia managing the rugby football team.", "Style\n\nShrewsbury was considered quite a slow scoring batsman, but C. B. Fry described his play thus: \"The idea that he is slow is mistaken.", "True, he is often half an hour without scoring; but somehow he makes up for it and is all but even with his more mobile partner.", "The fact is he waits for the ball he wants, and then secures a certain fourer.", "He does not waste time and energy in banging ball after ball into fieldsman's hands.\"", "Edward Sewell, a contemporary of Shrewsbury's, described his play like this: \"And so, little by little, this little man playing a quite different kind of cricket to any other Big Noises of his time, perfected his own chosen method; never heeding anything in the shape of advice or an adviser, until he became a king of legend.\"", "The method of play Sewell was referring to is back-play, which allowed Shrewsbury to master the bad wickets which were often found on county grounds.", "Most batsmen of 1870s and 1880s typically played off the front foot.", "His Wisden obituary contains similar sentiments: \"As a batsman he had a style of back play peculiarly his own, and his judgment of the length of bowling was almost unequalled.", "It was said of him that he seemed to see the ball closed up to the bat than any other player.\"", "Shrewsbury was not a strong or muscular man and stated that he did not hit the ball, but steered it in the desired direction.", "Shrewsbury's technique was criticised by Rait Kerr in his book 'The laws of cricket'.", "He wrote: \"As we have seen the improvement in pitches enabled Arthur Shrewsbury to develop a new gospel of defensive batsmanship which soon made many converts.", "From about 1885 this technique involved an increasing use of the pads.\"", "At the time the lbw law stated that for the batsman to be out, the ball had to pitch between wicket and wicket.", "In 1888 the MCC considered a change to the law but instead issued a statement saying that defending the wicket with the body was against the spirit of the game.", "Shaw and Shrewsbury\nDuring the 1879 tour of North America Shrewsbury along with Alfred Shaw finalised plans to start a business.", "'The Midland Cricket, Lawn Tennis, Football and General Athletic Sports Depot' in Carrington Street, Nottingham.", "Following the profitable tour of 1881/2 they opened a factory under the name 'Gresham Works' situated in Waterway Street and in the spring of 1884 the name of the firm was changed from 'The Midland Cricket, Lawn Tennis, Football and General Athletic Sports Depot' to 'Shaw and Shrewsbury'.", "Their trademark of a kangaroo and emu with a cricket bat between them was introduced in 1886.", "Following the financial losses made during the tour of Australia in 1887/8 the firm downsized from the two buildings into a single building in Queen's Bridge Road.", "After Shrewsbury's death his share in the firm was split between his brother, William, and four of his nephews.", "The firm was closed in 1939 with its assets being bought by Grays of Cambridge.", "See also\n History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883\n History of Test cricket from 1884 to 1889\n History of Test cricket from 1890 to 1900\n\nReferences\n\nCited sources\n\nExternal links\n\n Cricinfo Profile\n CricketArchive stats\n Lenton Listener Article\n\n1856 births\n1903 deaths\n1903 suicides\nEngland Test cricket captains\nNottinghamshire cricketers\nPlayers cricketers\nNorth v South cricketers\nUnited North of England Eleven cricketers\nMidland Counties cricketers\nWisden Cricketers of the Year\nPeople from Lenton, Nottingham\nSuicides by firearm in England\nEnglish rugby union administrators\nPlayers of the North cricketers\nEnglish cricketers\nC. I. Thornton's XI cricketers\nMarried v Single cricketers\nR. Daft's XI cricketers\n19th-century British businesspeople\nAll-England Eleven cricketers" ]

[ "Arthur Shrewsbury was an English cricketer and rugby football administrator.", "When asked who he would most like in his side, W. G. Grace replied simply, \"Give me Arthur\".", "He captained the England team in 7 games in which they won 5 and lost 2 and played 23 Test matches for England.", "He was the last professional to captain England.", "He was the Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1890.", "The first British Isles rugby tour to Australasia was organised by him.", "In his final season, he topped the first-class batting averages seven times.", "He shot himself at his sister's home after wrongly believing he had a disease.", "The seventh child of William and Mary Ann Wragg was born in New Lenton.", "He trained as a draughtsman at the People's College.", "He came to the attention of the county officials after playing cricket for theNottingham Commercial Club.", "On 12 May 1873, Shrewsbury made his first appearance at Lord's for the Colts of England against the Marylebone Cricket Club.", "His batting was similar to that of Richard Daft.", "Meadow Imperial was replaced by Meadow Willow CC.", "He missed most of the 1874 season with rheumatic fever and did not make his first-class debut until May 1875.", "In a season of wet weather, he finished fourth in the county's batting averages, with 313 runs and a top score of 41.", "He scored 118 against Yorkshire at Trent Bridge sharing in an opening partnership of 183 with Richard Daft.", "In a low scoring match, Shrewsbury finished the season with a score of 65 not out.", "The Gentlemen of the South defeated the Players of the North in May 1877.", "He finished the season with 778 runs and four fifties.", "Australia made their first tour to England in the 19th century.", "The home team scored 8 in the first match and went on to win.", "He scored 724 runs at 21.29 and had a top score of 74 not out.", "His average dropped to 15.78 and he wasn't selected for either of the Gentlemen v Players fixtures.", "The side won all six matches against opposition teams of more than eleven players on their tour of North America in 1879.", "He scored 66 not out against the Australians in the 1880 season, his highest score.", "After disagreements with the county secretary, Captain Henry Holden, over an early season fixture with Yorkshire arranged by Shaw and Shrewsbury, the professional players of Nottinghamshire went on strike.", "The strike meant that only three first-class matches were played.", "A lucrative eight-month tour of Australia, New Zealand and America was organised by him, Shaw and James Lillywhite after the break.", "The tour began with games in North America, but Shrewsbury missed the first leg of the tour due to bronchitis.", "The five matches in America were financial failures.", "The team played two first-class matches in Australia.", "In the second of these, the tourists beat Victoria despite Shrewsbury scoring 80 not out in the second half of the game.", "Over the New Year, the First Test was held.", "One of ten debutants scored 11 and 16 in a match.", "Seven matches in New Zealand followed before the team returned to Australia for the remaining three Test matches.", "The highest score by an Englishman in the Third Test was 23 and it was scored by him.", "The best chance of English victory in the series was ruined by the final day of rain.", "The matches in Australia proved to be very popular.", "Thanks to the warmer climate of Australia, Shrewsbury returned to England in better shape.", "He and Shaw were welcomed back into the side after they apologized for their previous season's actions.", "Shrewsbury scored his maiden first-class double century, the first double century by a Nottinghamshire cricketer, at The Oval in 1882, sharing in a stand of 281 with Billy Barnes.", "This was the only score above fifty for the season.", "In the following season, Shrewsbury scored seven fifties and no century, reaching 1,000 runs in a season for the first time.", "Australia toured England in 1884.", "Billy Gunn set a first-class record for the fifth bowler when he shared a stand of 266 with Shrewsbury in a warm-up match for the First Test.", "The First Test was held at Old Trafford.", "The Second Test was won by England.", "Australia scored 553 in the Third Test.", "Australia batting for 311 overs was not permitted until after 1889.", "The last England player to get a bowl was Alfred Lyttelton.", "Nottinghamshire were declared the champion county after winning nine out of their ten matches.", "In 1884–85, Lillywhite, Shaw and Shrewsbury arranged another tour of Australia, with Shrewsbury as team captain.", "In the First Test at Adelaide, Shrewsbury opened for the first time in Tests and scored a duck and 26 not out.", "The Second Test was won by England, with Shrewsbury scoring 72 and 0 not out.", "The next two Tests were lost.", "He scored 105 not out in the fifth and final Test at Melbourne, his maiden Test century, after dropping down the order.", "His play throughout was a treat to look at, and that neat and effective stroke of his between square-leg and mid-on is worth copying.", "He had 105 in this spot.", "His defence was excellent, his timing could not have been better.", "The amount of money made from the tour was reduced by the boycott of several matches by the Australians in 1884.", "He scored 1130 runs at 56.50 with four centuries, including carrying his bat for 224 not out at Lord's, for the first time in 1885.", "For the third season in a row, it was Champion County.", "He scored 227 not out against Gloucestershire in the following season.", "The best score of the season was to come against the demon, Fred Spofforth.", "England won the First Test by four runs and then beat Grace in a Gentlemen v Players fixture to get ready for the Second Test.", "Against a side containing Spofforth, the finest bowler of the era, he finished the rain-interrupted first day on 91 and carried this to 164 in easier conditions on the second day.", "Billy Barnes scored 58, which was the second highest score in the match.", "England completed a whitewash with a victory at The Oval.", "The title was retained by Nottinghamshire as they finished with 1404 runs.", "In 1886–87, England toured Australia with Shrewsbury once again captaining the team.", "The tourists won the series 2–0 because of 46 runs by Shrewsbury in the two low scoring Tests.", "His best score on the tour was 236 for the Non-Smokers against the Smokers in Melbourne, which was a first-class record.", "Poor crowds and the one-sided matches led to the tour's failure to make a profit.", "It was already planned for another tour the following year.", "The best season was in 1884, with 78.71 runs.", "His batting average was the highest so far achieved, narrowly beating W. G. Grace's record.", "His highest first-class score was 267 against Middlesex, and he scored in consecutive scores of 118, 122, 81, 130, and 112.", "He scored his 10,000th first-class run.", "He made his final tour to Australia in the late 19th century.", "The financial disaster was caused by the Melbourne Club financing their own touring team.", "Against a Victoria side that only had four first-team players, the tourists won by 454 runs.", "The first Englishman to score a double century in Australia was Shrewsbury.", "There was a Test Match between the two teams.", "In a low- scoring match, England won.", "In the final fixture of their tour, Shrewsbury scored another double century to finish with 721 runs, 500 more than anyone else.", "After the cricket tour, he stayed in Australia to try to recover some of his losses.", "He missed the English cricket season.", "The loss on the cricket leg of the tour was more than made up by the £800 deficit on the football tour.", "A British team played a series of matches in Australian rules football in Victoria and South Australia and Rugby in Australia's northern states and New Zealand on a tour organised and played by Shrewsbury.", "This tour is noteworthy as it was the only tour in the history of Australian rules football, apart from New Zealand's early participation in the sport's interstate competition.", "A number of people on the British side commented that they liked the Australian game more than Rugby.", "A return tour by an Australian team to Britain was called off at the last moment.", "At the time in England and Scotland there was interest in Australian rules football and games were played, and it has been suggested that had the Australian rule side of tour gone ahead then Australian rules football could have spread around the world like a number of other sports from the British Empire.", "In his first match back in England, he scored a century against Sussex, but this was his highest score of the 1889 season.", "He ran 522 runs.", "The Wisden Cricketer of the Year award was introduced the previous year, and Shrewsbury was chosen as a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1890.", "He shared in a partnership of ", "Australia toured during the season, but struggled in the Tests with scores of 4, 13, 4 and 9 as England defended The Ashes in a low scoring series.", "The highest team score was 176.", "The domestic batting averages were topped by Shrewsbury.", "Although he did carry his bat for 81 in a Players v Gentleman fixture during this run, Shrewsbury started the 1891 season with a run of low scores, failing to reach double figures in eight consecutiveinnings in the County Championship.", "The second half of the season saw a dramatic improvement which resulted in him topping the batting averages once again.", "He was offered a place on the tour party to Australia, but decided to stay at home to look after the business as his business partner was travelling.", "In 1892, he scored his tenth and final double century.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Three Test matches were part of Australia's tour of England in 1893.", "The great bowler this time was Charles Turner, he was 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "Shrewsbury scored 106 on the first day.", "It was reported that Shrewsbury's batting was marked by extreme patience, unfailing judgment, and a mastery over the difficulties of the ground.", "The first cricketer to score 1,000 Test runs was Shrewsbury.", "The result was a draw because of the rain.", "He had scores of 66, 12 and 19 not out in the rest of the series.", "The leading run scorer in the series was Shrewsbury with 284.", "He missed the 1894 season because of indifferent health but came back in 1895 to lead the county averages.", "He carried his bat for 125 against Gloucestershire as he passed 1,000 runs in 1896.", "In 1897, Shrewsbury passed 20,000 career first-class runs.", "He scored 125 as captain of the Players against the Gentlemen, his only century of the season.", "In 1898 and 1899, Shrewsbury scored 1,219 and 1, 257 runs, leading the county averages.", "The opening partnership of ", "His season average dropped to 32.03 in 1900, his lowest since 1884, but he still topped the county averages.", "The second lowest total ever made in county cricket was achieved in 1901 when Nottinghamshire were dismissed for 13 against Yorkshire.", "In 1901, aged 46, Shrewsbury again topped the batting averages.", "He had four centuries, including two in a match for the first time.", "His performances during the season earned him further praise in the 1903 Wisden Cricketers' Almanack: His batting was marked by all its old qualities, and except that he is, perhaps, less at home on a really sticky wicket than he used to be, there is little or no change", "When runs had to be made in a hurry, he was as patient and careful as ever, and once or twice he surprised everybody by his hitting.", "The Nottinghamshire Committee raised money for Shrewsbury in recognition of his batting performance.", "During a match for Lenton United on 27 September, Death died, and during the winter he consulted various doctors and specialists who found nothing seriously wrong with him.", "It was unlikely that he would play county cricket in 1903 because of his health.", "Shrewsbury bought a revolver from a local gunsmith.", "He came back a week later after having trouble loading the gun.", "The wrong bullets were supplied and the correct ones were found by the clerk.", "When he went to his bedroom that evening, he shot himself first in the chest and then in the head.", "By the time a doctor arrived, he was dead, after his girlfriend found him bleeding from a head wound.", "The coroner decided at the inquest that he had committed suicide because of his belief that he had a disease.", "There was no evidence to show that Shrewsbury was suffering from a major illness, according to the coroner.", "His funeral took place two days after his death.", "During his century at Lord's in 1893, Shrewsbury became the first cricketer to pass 1,000 Test runs.", "His career total of 1,277 runs was a record until January 1901, when it was overtaken by Joe Darling.", "The record has been held by only two people for longer than 15 years.", "The highest Test score at Lord's remained a Test record until 1924, when it was beaten by Jack Hobbs.", "The team scored 395 runs at an average of 65.83.", "The batting records were set by Shrewsbury.", "He scored seven of the county's first eight double-centuries.", "He was the first cricketer to score a hundred in both the first and second day of a match.", "His county record of six centuries in a season was not beaten until 1925.", "During the seven seasons between 1886 and 1892, he topped the first-class averages five times, but he did not play in one of them as he was in Australia managing the rugby football team.", "The idea that he is slow is not true.", "He is often half an hour without scoring, but he makes up for it with his more mobile partner.", "He waits for the ball and then secures a fourer.", "He doesn't waste time or energy banging the ball into the fieldman's hands.", "\"And so, little by little, this little man playing a quite different kind of cricket to any other Big Noises of his time, perfected his own chosen method; never heeding anything in the shape of advice,\" said Edward Sewell.", "The method of play that was referred to was back-play, which allowed Shrewsbury to master the bad conditions found on county grounds.", "Most of the time, the batter played off the front foot.", "His Wisden obituary states that he had a style of back play that was peculiar to him.", "It was said that he saw the ball close to the bat more than any other player.", "He stated that he did not hit the ball, but steered it in the right direction.", "Rait Kerr wrote a book about the laws of cricket.", "The improvement in pitches allowed Arthur to develop a new style of defensive batting which made many converts.", "The use of the pads increased from about 1885.", "The law states that for a person to be out, the ball had to pitch between the two sides.", "The MCC issued a statement against the spirit of the game after considering a change to the law.", "During the 1879 tour of North America, Alfred Shaw finalized plans to start a business.", "The General Athletic Sports Depot is located in Carrington Street,Nottingham.", "They opened a factory under the name Gresham Works in Waterway Street in the spring of 1884 and changed their name to Shaw and Shrewsbury.", "Their trademark of a kangaroo and emu with a cricket bat was introduced in 1886.", "The firm went from two buildings to one in Queen's Bridge Road following financial losses during the tour of Australia.", "His share in the firm was divided between his brother, William, and four of his nephews.", "Grays of Cambridge bought the firm's assets in 1939.", "There was a History of Test cricket from 1884 to 1889 and from 1890 to 1900." ]

[ "Arthur Shrewsbury", "Arthur", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "William Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Arthur Jones", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Arthur Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury" ]

[ "Arthur Shrewsbury", "Arthur", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Shrewsbury", "Arthur" ]

[ "Al-Hurr ibn Yazid ibn Najiyah Al-Tamimi Al-Yarbuʿi Ar-Riyahi () was the general of the Umayyad army dispatched from Kufa, Iraq to intercept al-Husayn ibn Ali ibn Abu Talib.", "The newly appointed governor of Kufa, Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, issued the command to guard all entrances and exits to Kufa in order to intercept al-Husayn for an oath of allegiance to Yazid ibn Mu'awiya ibn Abu Sufyan of the Umayyad dynasty.", "Al-Hurr ibn Yazid al-Tamimi al-Yarbu'i was to guard one of the roads with his 1,000 soldiers to sanction al-Husayn and his followers and bring them to Ibn Ziyad.", "Initially responsible for holding al-Husayn and his followers captive, al-Hurr died fighting on al-Husayn's behalf after decisions fueled by corrupt intentions surfaced from Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad.", "Al-Hurr's short but provocative mark on history spans less than one week's time, but is embedded with complex details and fatal turns of events that led to the martyrdom of al-Husayn during the Battle of Karbala.", "Lineage and background\nMinor discrepancies of al-Hurr's tribal lineage appear in various historical accounts.", "The Encyclopedia of Islam gives his full title as \"al-Hurr ibn Yazid ibn Nadjiya ibn Ka'nab ibn Attab ibn al-Harith ibn Amr ibn Hamman al Riyahi al Yarbu'i al Tamimi\".", "In one account from al-Tabari, Zakariyya ibn Yaha al Darir describes al-Hurr as a descendant of Al-Yarbu'i Riyahi from the tribe of Banu Tamim located in Kufa, Iraq.", "This is the most commonly accepted lineage of al-Hurr conveying a condensed title of al-Hurr ibn Yazid al Tamimi.", "However, another account of al-Tabari transmitted by al-Husayn ibn Abd al-Rahman conveys the title of al-Hurr ibn Yazid al-Hanzali, deriving lineage a different clan, the Banu Nahshal.", "Encounter with Al-Husayn\nAl-Hurr's initial orders from Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad were not to fight or attack al-Husayn.", "Al-Hurr was ordered to meet and follow al-Husayn and his followers into Kufa, and not leave them to go elsewhere.", "An initial noncombatant encounter with Al-Husayn was stressed in many sources.", "Patrolling caravans within the vicinity of Kufa, al-Hurr encountered al-Husayn midday at Dhu Husam in the Iraqi desert.", "Al-Husayn and his followers included 32 horseman and 40 foot soldiers.", "According to multiple sources, female family members were present but their numbers were not included in the foot soldier count.", "Contrary to immediate warfare, al-Husayn greeted al-Hurr and the soldiers by personally serving them water from his own limited supply.", "No immediate animosity was present between al-Husayn and the opposing camp as they obliged.", "The hospitality of al-Husayn even extended to the cavalry of al-Hurr's troop.", "Al-Husayn's dwindling supply of water will be crucial to further events; his display of warrior virtue will stand in stark contrast to later treatment from the Umayyad army.", "Numerous exchanges between al-Hurr and al-Husayn during this juncture lead to believe that the general Umayyad populace (in the microcosm of al-Hurr and his cavalry) was not averse to al-Husayn and his leadership.", "In fact, al-Husayn offered al-Hurr to lead the congregated party for prayer.", "Al-Hurr denied this request, and instead had al-Husayn lead prayer as imam for himself and his soldiers.", "Recognizing that an Umayyad army of 1,000 horsemen praying behind Yazid ibn Mu'awaiya's rival is a testament to the respect and honor still given to the family of Muhammad.", "This will later change with increasing commands from the Kufan governor, Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad.", "Imam Hussain not only gave Al-Hurr and his companions water from his limited supply, but also gave his horse.", "Miscommunication of letters\nAl Husayn quickly conveyed his disposition shortly after prayer.", "He asserted that his arrival to Iraq was only due an abundance of written pledges of support from the people of Kufa.", "However, al-Husayn pleaded that if people are averse to his arrival, he would return to Mecca peacefully.", "Al-Hurr replies that he is unaware of any letters of allegiance approved by the Kufan people.", "He was not amongst those who wrote them.", "Al-Hurr's response illuminates potential discrepancies within recorded history.", "Al-Hurr may have chosen the less controversial answer in reply to Al-Husayn, thereby eliminated an ethical decision at the scene.", "Also, supporters of al-Husayn may have been overestimated.", "Although al-Husayn had sent his cousin, Muslim ibn Aqil, to investigate the situation in Kufa, numerous sources describe inconsistent numbers of pledges of allegiance that Muslim ibn Aqil counted for al-Husayn personally.", "On the other hand, if al-Hurr was patrolling the desert during Muslim ibn Aqil's visit, there is reason to believe al-Hurr was simply absent from the events of Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad's atrocities including the threat of annihilation to any supporters of al-Husayn.", "The latter is more likely than to encroach upon the character of al-Hurr when he has visibly demonstrated good will towards al-Husayn by accepting his hospitality and position of prayer.", "At this point, al-Hurr is likely unaware of any deceit on behalf of the governor Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad.", "Al-Hurr may be merely administrating orders on with the intent of soldier chivalry towards al-Husayn.", "Compromise of orders\nAfter the afternoon prayer on the same day, al-Husayn calls his followers to prepare for departure.", "Al-Hurr swiftly prevents al-Husayn from retracting his steps towards Mecca.", "This incurs al-Husayn to deliver a speech entailing all present to fear God, recognize the rights of all people upon each other, the rights of Muhammad's family.", "He also mentions that if neither al-Hurr nor his soldiers understand these rights, he simply desires to leave in peace.", "Al-Hurr halts and reconsiders his stance.", "Hints of indecisiveness begin to accumulate for al-Hurr.", "He was not aware of the allegiance of the Kufan people to al-Husayn; now he may question why the rights of Muhammad's family were not emphasized more by Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad.", "Another discrepancy within historical accounts occurs here.", "The minority account conveys that al-Hurr began to fear al-Husayn and the outcome of his deeds of captivity.", "This fear pushes al-Hurr to follow al-Husayn on an alternative path, neither towards Kufa or Medina, in this account.", "Nevertheless, the overwhelming accounts by numerous sources convey that al-Hurr fashions a compromise.", "This very deed could be deemed direct treason by the Umayyad army.", "However, the fact that the rest of the soldiers complied to al-Hurr's position boldly prove that the ethical qualm of detaining al-Husayn may be eternally eclipsed by Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad's conceited demands.", "Al-Hurr offers al-Husayn the compromise of taking any road leading away from Kufa but not any closer to Medina.", "Additionally, al-Hurr writes to Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad about the affairs and due actions of al-Husayn, and encourages al-Husayn to do the same for Yazid ibn Mu’awaiya.", "Moreover, al-Hurr expresses to be relieved from this entire affair of al-Husayn.", "This shows an emerging conscience and questioning of dispatched demands.", "Complying quickly, al-Husayn begins to lead his followers towards al-Udhayb, Iraq while al-Hurr follows closely with his 1,000 horsemen.", "An analysis for this particular escorting move may be broad.", "Historians can surmise that al-Hurr may have tried to keep the impression of the offensive with al-Husayn in order to keep compliance with the Umayyad army.", "Al-Hurr's compromise could also be seen as stalling in order to investigate al-Husayn's claims further or the validity of Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad's commands.", "Though al-Hurr wants to avoid a painful ordeal, he notably issues al-Husayn a warning.", "If battle does ensue, al-Husayn may be killed.", "The reply of al-Husayn merely asserts fearlessness.", "Death of those in the path of righteousness have nothing to fear, is the condensed reply of al-Husayn.", "News from Kufa\nDuring day two or day three with al-Hurr's company, Kufan civilians approach al-Husayn with news from Kufa.", "Immediately, al-Hurr made arrangements to detain these Kufans or send them back.", "However, al-Husayn extended his protection to the civilians under the compromised issued by al-Hurr himself.", "These dedicated supporters of al-Husayn convey news of the city's betrayal and Ubayd Allah's transgressions.", "Al-Husayn's cousin, Muslim ibn Aqil, had been initially successful in building amicable relations for al-Husayn with the Kufan people.", "However, in order to exterminate any opposition to the next Umayyad caliph, Yazid I ibn Mu’awiya, this caliph appointed Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad as the new Kufan governor to quell rising rebellion.", "Thus under the threat of bloodshed and violence from the Umayyad dynasty, the Kufans lapsed.", "Moreover, Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad ordered Muslim ibn Aqil to be violently killed shortly after.", "This raises the desperation of al-Husayn's situation even further.", "The truth of Kufan desertion and failed allegiance is now a reality.", "Historical accounts are unclear whether al-Hurr realized the impending outcome of Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad's orders of execution.", "Without any room for lingering hesitation, al-Hurr responded immediately to al-Husayn's attempt to escape the army the following morning.", "In the marginal period after al-Husayn's escape attempt, Ubayd Allah reply to al-Hurr's earlier letter is brought by messenger.", "Ubayd Allah orders al-Hurr to halt Husayn in a barren region far from a populated village or immediate water source.", "Moreover, the governor commands al-Hurr to execute his orders under the observance of the sent messenger.", "Al-Hurr immediately compels al-Husayn and his followers to stop and pitch camp.", "Al-Husayn objects to the vulnerable location, deprived of water or natural fortification.", "Al-Hurr may have recognized this lapse in basic warrior virtue, but replied to al-Husayn that the orders must be obeyed.", "If Ubayd Allah's issued orders were not obeyed, the messenger, also sent as a spy, may have taken alternative measures to tighten the situation.", "This location of captivity has two names within in historical accounts.", "Less popular is the place of al-Taft, recognized to be near the Euphrates river.", "The most widely recognized name of al-Husayn's stopping point is Karbala, which is defined in Iraq as a place of sorrow.", "Camp at Karbala was made on the 2nd day of Muharram 61 A.H./680 A.D.\n\nFailed negotiation\nMeanwhile, Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad dispatches another force of 4,000 Umayyad soldiers with commander Umar ibn Sa’d ibn Waqqas.", "This commander was initially reluctant to launch violence upon al-Husayn, but when threatened with loss of position, Umar ibn Sa’d complied.", "Al-Hurr is now under the leadership of Umar ibn S’ad.", "Numerous events occurring after the arrival of new troops affect al-Hurr's future change of alliance.", "First, Umar ibn Sa’d meets with al-Husayn to understand his intentions and goals.", "At this point, al-Tabari reports that al-Husayn offers multiple proposals, which are later rejected by the governor 'Ubayd Allah: to return to Medina, or be allowed to move to another region.", "The governor refuses all negotiations with Al-Husayn without the compliance of an additional clause: al-Husayn must pledge allegiance to the governor of Kufa himself.", "If not, wage war.", "Al-Husayn was not willing to pledge to the murderer of Muslim ibn Aqil and the rest of the governor's treachery.", "However, other reports in al-Tabari's account, as well as the analysis of I. K. A. Howard, assert that while al-Husayn did request to leave the area, he did not suggest pledging an oath to Yazid.", "In either case, messengers were exchanged between parties, and al-Husayn was at an impasse.", "Al-Hurr evaluates the situation and sought Umar ibn Sa’d's verbal affirmation of war.", "Inquiring if there was any other way was possible to prevent violence on al-Husayn and his people, al-Hurr wanted to confirm final actions and their intentions.", "Umar ibn Sa’d replied that they were going to fight al-Husayn because governor ibn Ziyad would not accept anything short of total submission.", "Battle preparations had begun.", "Changed alliance\nImmediately after Umar ibn Sa'd's verdict to wage battle, al-Hurr approaches al-Husayn with 30 of his horsemen.", "He expresses his major transgressions to al-Husayn by preventing access back to Medina, and compelling them to halt at Karbala.", "Al-Hurr did not imagine the Umayyad leaders to refuse al-Husayn's proposals and conclude with a verdict of violence.", "Reaching a new intuition, al-Hurr asks for al-Husayn's forgiveness.", "The catalyst to this pivotal moment is described in al-Hurr's speech to the summoned Umayyad army made of up many Kufan soldiers.", "Al-Hurr calls them foolish and ill for initially inviting al-Husayn only to hand him over to death.", "They claimed to fight for him and now are ready to attack him.", "Al-Husayn is now trapped in the land where he was invited as an honorable guest and forbidden from using the nearby water.", "Al-Hurr ends by praying that the evil perpetrated on al-Husayn, the offspring of Mohammed, be reciprocated to the army on the day of judgement.", "Al-Hurr's final decision indicates that he did not have prior interaction with Ubayd Allah to gauge the governor's character or intentions.", "This reaffirms the fact that al-Hurr had no knowledge of any Kufan support for al-Husayn.", "By siding with al-Husayn at the brink of battle, al-Hurr demonstrates his emerging moral integrity in opposition to the political corruption of Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad and its fearful influence on Umar ibn Sa’d.", "Although al-Hurr added 30 men to al-Husayn's existing 72 followers, death was confirmed against the total 5,000 soldiers of the Umayyad army.", "Al-Hurr challenged soldiers in single combat, killing two of them.", "With fleeting time to eliminate more enemies, al-Hurr was one of the first to fall while fighting for Al-Husayn.", "He was killed by the Kufan soldier named Ayyub bin Musarrih.", "Al-Hurr remains a testament to the awakening of warrior virtue in the path of justice for al-Husayn and his followers.", "His audacious decision, born out of increasing ethical qualms, took root when every extension of peace by al-Husayn was marred by Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad.", "See also \n\n List of casualties in Husayn's army at the Battle of Karbala\n Burayr ibn Khuzayr al-Hamadani\n\nReferences\n\n7th-century Muslims\nBanu Tamim\nPeople killed at the Battle of Karbala" ]

[ "The Umayyad army was dispatched from Iraq to intercept al-Husayn.", "In order to intercept al-Husayn for an oath of allegiance to the U, the newly appointed governor of Kufa, Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, issued the command to guard all entrances and exits.", "To sanction al-Husayn and his followers, Al-Hurr ibn Yazid al-Tamimi al-Yarbu'i had to guard one of the roads with his 1,000 soldiers.", "Initially responsible for holding al-Husayn and his followers captive, al-Hurr died fighting on al-Husayn's behalf after decisions fueled by corrupt intentions surfaced.", "The martyrdom of al-Husayn during the Battle of Karbala is embedded in Al-Hurr's short but provocative mark on history.", "There are discrepancies in the history of al-Hurr's tribe.", "The Encyclopedia of Islam gives him a full title.", "One account from al-Tabari states that al-Hurr is a descendant of Al-Yarbu'i Riyahi.", "This is the most common line of al-Hurr conveying a shortened title.", "The Banu Nahshal is a different clan from the one transmitted by al-Husayn.", "The initial orders from Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad were not to fight or attack al-Husayn.", "Al-Hurr was told to follow al-Husayn and his followers into KuFA.", "Many sources stressed the initial encounter with Al-Husayn.", "al-Husayn was encountered by al-Hurr at Dhu Husam in the Iraqi desert.", "There were 32 horseman and 40 foot soldiers in Al-Husayn's group.", "Female family members were not included in the foot soldier count according to multiple sources.", "Al-Husayn personally served water from his own limited supply to al-Hurr and the soldiers.", "There was no animosity between al-Husayn and the opposing camp.", "The cavalry of al-Hurr's troop was welcomed by al-Husayn.", "Al-Husayn's display of warrior virtue will stand in stark contrast to the treatment he received from the Umayyad army.", "The general Umayyad populace believed that they were not averse to al-Husayn and his leadership, as a result of numerous exchanges between al-Hurr and al-Husayn.", "Al-Husayn offered al-Hurr to lead the gathering for prayer.", "Al-Husayn led prayer for himself and his soldiers after Al-Hurr denied the request.", "The respect and honor still given to the family of Muhammad is demonstrated by the Umayyad army of 1,000 horsemen praying behind the rival.", "With increasing commands from the Kufan governor, this will change.", "Al-Hurr and his companions received water and a horse from Imam Hussain.", "Al Husayn quickly conveyed his disposition after prayer.", "He said that his arrival to Iraq was due to a lot of written pledges of support.", "If people don't like his arrival, al-Husayn would return to Mecca peacefully.", "Al-Hurr isn't aware of any letters of allegiance approved by the Kufan people.", "He wasn't one of the people who wrote them.", "Potential discrepancies within recorded history are illuminated by Al-Hurr's response.", "In reply to Al-Husayn, Al-Hurr may have chosen the less controversial answer.", "The supporters of al-Husayn may have been overestimation.", "Although al-Husayn had sent his cousin, Muslim ibn Aqil, to investigate the situation in Kufa, many sources describe inconsistent numbers of pledges of allegiance that Muslim ibn Aqil counted for al-Husayn personally.", "If al-Hurr was patrolling the desert during Muslim ibn Aqil's visit, there is reason to believe he was not involved in the atrocities of Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad.", "The latter is more likely to take advantage of the character of al-Hurr when he has shown good will towards al-Husayn by accepting his position of prayer.", "At this point, al-Hurr is not aware of any wrongdoing on the part of the governor.", "The intent of soldier chivalry towards al-Husayn may be what Al-Hurr is doing.", "On the same day, al-Husayn called his followers to prepare for departure.", "Al-Husayn was prevented from going towards Mecca by Al-Hurr.", "This incurs al-Husayn to deliver a speech that includes all present to fear God and the rights of Muhammad's family.", "He wants to leave in peace if al-Hurr and his soldiers don't understand his rights.", "Al-Hurr stopped and reconsidered.", "There are hints of indecisiveness for al-Hurr.", "He may question why the rights of Muhammad's family weren't emphasized more by Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad when he wasn't aware of the Kufan people's loyalty to al-Husayn.", "There is a discrepancy within historical accounts.", "The minority account shows that al-Hurr began to fear al-Husayn.", "This fear causes al-Hurr to follow al-Husayn on an alternative path.", "Many sources say that al-Hurr fashions a compromise.", "The Umayyad army could see this as treason.", "The fact that the rest of the soldiers complied with al-Hurr's position proves that the ethical qualm of detaining al-Husayn is still valid.", "Al-Husayn is offered the compromise of taking any road away from Kufa but not any closer to Medina.", "Al-Husayn is encouraged by al-Hurr to do the same for Yazid.", "The entire affair of al-Husayn was relieved by al-Hurr.", "This shows a questioning of dispatched demands.", "Complying quickly, al-Husayn begins to lead his followers towards al-Udhayb, Iraq, while al-Hurr follows closely with his 1,000 horsemen.", "The analysis may be broad.", "Historians think that al-Hurr tried to keep the impression of the offensive with al-Husayn in order to comply with the Umayyad army.", "In order to investigate al-Husayn's claims further, Al-Hurr's compromise could be seen as stalling.", "al-Husayn was issued a warning by al-Hurr, who wanted to avoid a painful experience.", "If battle ensues, al-Husayn may be killed.", "The reply of al-Husayn is just that.", "The reply of al-Husayn was that death of those in the path of righteousness have nothing to fear.", "During day two or day three with al-Hurr's company, Kufan civilians approach al-Husayn with news from KuFA.", "Al-Hurr made plans to detain or return the Kufans.", "The civilians were protected by al-Husayn under the compromised issued by al-Hurr.", "The city's betrayal and Ubayd Allah's transgressions are conveyed by these dedicated supporters of al-Husayn.", "Muslim ibn Aqil was successful in building relations with the Kufan people.", "The Kufan governor was appointed by the next Umayyad caliph in order to quell the rising rebellion.", "The Kufans fell under the threat of bloodshed and violence from the Umayyad dynasty.", "Muslim ibn Aqil was ordered to be killed.", "This raises al-Husayn's desperation even more.", "The truth of Kufan desertion is now known.", "Historical accounts don't know if al-Hurr realized the outcome of Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad's orders of execution.", "Without hesitation, al-Hurr responded to al-Husayn's attempt to escape the army.", "After al-Husayn's attempt to escape, the reply to al-Hurr's letter was brought by messenger.", "Ubayd Allah ordered al-Hurr to stop Husayn in a barren region far from a populated village or water source.", "The governor orders al-Hurr to execute his orders.", "Al-Husayn and his followers were forced to stop and pitch camp by Al-Hurr.", "Al-Husayn objects to a vulnerable location.", "Al-Husayn was told that the orders must be obeyed.", "If Ubayd Allah's orders were not obeyed, the messenger, also sent as a spy, may have taken measures to tighten the situation.", "There are two historical accounts of this location of captivity.", "The place of al-Taft is less popular than others.", "Karbala is the most well-known stopping point for al-Husayn.", "On the second day of Muharram 61 A.H./680 A.D., a camp was made at Karbala.", "Umar ibn Sa'd obeyed when he was threatened with a loss of position.", "Umar ibn S'ad is the leader of Al-Hurr.", "al-Hurr's future change of alliance is affected by a number of events after the arrival of new troops.", "Umar and al-Husayn meet to understand his intentions.", "At this point, al-Husayn offers multiple proposals, which are later rejected by the governor 'Ubayd Allah: to return to Medina, or be allowed to move to another region.", "The governor won't negotiate with Al-Husayn if he doesn't pledge his allegiance to the governor.", "Wage war if not.", "The murderer of Muslim ibn Aqil and the rest of the governor's treachery was not something Al-Husayn was willing to pledge to.", "According to the analysis of I. K. A. Howard, al-Husayn did request to leave the area, but he did not suggest swearing an oath to Yazid.", "In either case, al-Husayn was at an impasse.", "Umar ibn Sa'd's verbal affirmation of war was sought by Al-Hurr.", "al-Hurr wanted to know if there was a way to prevent violence on al-Husayn and his people.", "The governor would not accept anything less than total submission, so they were going to fight al-Husayn.", "The battle preparations had begun.", "Immediately after Umar ibn Sa'd's verdict to wage battle, al-Hurr approaches al-Husayn with 30 of his horsemen.", "He caused al-Husayn to stop at Karbala by preventing access back to Medina.", "Al-Hurr didn't think the Umayyad leaders would refuse al-Husayn's proposals and conclude with violence.", "Al-Husayn is asked for forgiveness by al-Hurr.", "The Umayyad army made up of many Kufan soldiers was the catalyst to this pivotal moment.", "They were foolish to initially invite al-Husayn and then hand him over to death.", "They claim to fight for him and are ready to attack him.", "Al-Husayn was invited as an honorable guest but was forbidden from using the nearby water.", "On the day of judgement, Al-Hurr prays that the evil done to al-Husayn be reciprocated by the army.", "According to Al-Hurr's final decision, he didn't have prior contact with Ubayd Allah to gauge the governor's intentions.", "Al-Hurr had no knowledge of any Kufan support for al-Husayn.", "By siding with al-Husayn at the last moment, al-Hurr demonstrates his moral integrity in opposition to the political corruption of Ubayd Allah.", "The death of the 5,000 soldiers of the Umayyad army was confirmed by the addition of 30 men to al-Husayn's existing 72 followers.", "Two soldiers were killed in single combat by Al-Hurr.", "While fighting for Al-Husayn, al-Hurr was one of the first to fall.", "The soldier who killed him was named Ayyub bin Musarrih.", "The path of justice for al-Husayn and his followers is a testament to the awakening of warrior virtue.", "His audacious decision, born out of increasing ethical qualms, took root when every extension of peace by al-Husayn was marred by Ubayd Allah.", "There were casualties in Husayn's army at the Battle of Karbala." ]

[ "Yazid", "Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad", "Yazid", "Ubayd Allah ibn Ziya", "Yazid", "Allah ibn", "Yazid", "ibn Muwai", "Allah ibn", "Allah ibn", "Allah ibn", "Allah ibn", "Yazid", "Allah ibn", "Yazid", "I ibn", "Allah ibn", "Allah ibn", "Allah ibn", "Allah ibn", "ibn Sa", "ibn Sa", "ibn Sa", "ibn Sa", "ibn Sa", "ibn Ziya", "ibn Sa" ]

[ "Ubayd Allah ibn Ziya", "Allah ibn", "Allah ibn", "ibn Sa", "ibn S", "ibn Sa", "ibn Sa" ]

[ "Richard Reed Parry (born October 4, 1977) is a Canadian multi-instrumentalist, composer, producer, best known as a core member of the Grammy Award-winning indie rock band Arcade Fire, where he plays a wide variety of instruments, often switching between guitar, double bass, drums, celesta, keyboards, and accordion.", "Life and career\nParry comes from a musical family.", "His late father was David Parry of the folk band Friends of Fiddler's Green.", "His mother, Caroline Balderston Parry, is a poet and musician, and his sister, Evalyn Parry, is a theatre artist, songwriter, and spoken word performer.", "Parry attended Canterbury High School in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada and was one of a dozen members of the Literary Arts program (first generation).", "His classmates include Stargate: Atlantis writer Martin Gero and The Holmes Show comedian Kurt Smeaton.", "In the mid 1990s, he worked summers at a vegetarian camp in near Chelsea, Quebec, called Camp Au Grand Bois.", "In the late 1990s and early 2000s, he studied electroacoustics and contemporary dance at Concordia University in Montreal.", "The Bell Orchestre was formed in 2005, along with Sarah Neufeld, Tim Kingsbury as well as Stefan Schneider and French horn player Pietro Amato.", "Parry primarily plays double bass and is the de facto producer.", "Bell Orchestre released As Seen Through Windows with Arts & Crafts Records on March 10, 2009.", "It was recorded with John Mcentire in Soma Electric Studios in Chicago, Illinois.", "The album since won a 2011 Juno Award for best instrumental album.", "A long-time core member of Arcade Fire, he co-produced and collaborated on the debut EP, Arcade Fire, before the first lineup of the band fell apart.", "Helping to reform and recreate the band, Parry brought in Bell Orchestre bandmate Sarah Neufeld, and New International Standards bandmates, Tim Kingsbury and Jeremy Gara.", "He has also made musical contributions to albums by The National, Little Scream, Sufjan Stevens, The Unicorns and Islands.", "On the latter's critically acclaimed 2006 album Return to the Sea, he played several instruments, sang background vocals and arranged strings, and appeared with the band's 2016 10-year-anniversary shows where they played the album in full.", "Parry has also performed in a cover band called Phi Slamma Jamma along with Arcade Fire bandmates Will Butler, Jeremy Gara, and Tim Kingsbury.", "The group performed at the 2011 POP Montreal Festival as well as the 2012 Crossing Brooklyn Ferry Festival.", "On January 20, 2007, Parry returned to Canterbury High to perform a concert with Arcade Fire in the school's cafeteria.", "Only 400 students and staff were permitted to attend the show.", "Beforehand, those chosen had the opportunity to preview new, unreleased songs from the Arcade Fire's upcoming album.", "After the show, there was a brief autograph period and the students met with the band members.", "He was also formerly a member of the band the New International Standards, with Tim Kingsbury and Jeremy Gara.", "His first work for Orchestra, entitled For Heart, Breath and Orchestra.", "It was recorded by the Kitchener-Waterloo Symphony, on their 2011 album From Here on Out alongside pieces by Jonny Greenwood and Nico Muhly.", "He has also written commissioned works for Kronos Quartet, yMusic and Bryce Dessner, and his chamber works also have been performed by the Calder Quartet and Warhol Dervish.", "Parry appeared at each night of the 2012 All Tomorrow's Parties festival, mounting a \"moving surround sound sci-fi composition for bicycles and boomboxes\" entitled Drones/Revelations, as well as performing songs with a folk trio called Quiet River of Dust, and as part of a chamber music ensemble performing Parry's Music for Heart and Breath.", "The lineup included Owen Pallett, Nico Muhly, Bryce Dessner, Aaron Dessner, Gaspar Claus, Nadia Sirota, Kyle Resnick, and Dave Nelson.", "He occasionally performs as drummer and backup singer with Little Scream.", "Parry has also collaborated with The National, arranging vocals and writing guitar parts for their songs on their 2010 album High Violet and appeared with them singing and playing guitar and double bass in their Vevo live event as well as on their Late Night with David Letterman appearance in 2011.", "He has joined them frequently onstage as a guest during many performances, including Lollapalooza 2010 (at which Arcade Fire also performed) and also during a brief segment of Arcade Fire's 2011 midwestern US tour in which The National acted as openers.", "Parry has also collaborated with Bryce Dessner of The National on classical compositions, performing together at the Edinburgh Festival in 2015.", "Parry recently co-hosted a BBC 6 Music Takeover programme with the members of The National called Arcade Fire and the National Takeover\n Parry and brothers Aaron & Bryce Dessner who play guitar in The National have been long-term friends since meeting on the American alt-rock circuit, regularly appearing on the same festival bills worldwide.", "Their friendship was cemented when Richard from the Arcade Fire contributed to a number of songs on The National's album High Violet, most notably playing double bass and guitar on 'Vanderlyle Crybaby Geeks', and doing the vocal harmony arrangements on 'Conversation 16' and 'Sorrow'.", "During this show Parry mentioned he was producing an album by a local Montreal artist named Little Scream.", "In July 2018 Parry announced the upcoming release of two albums: Quiet River Of Dust Vol.", "1 and Quiet River Of Dust Vol.", "2.", "The albums are inspired by Buddhist myths, death poems, British folk songs, and a recent trip to Japan.", "Discography\n\nSolo works\n Master Mix: Red Hot + Arthur Russell (2 tracks on compilation LP), (Yep Roc, 2012)\n From Here on Out Kitchener-Waterloo Symphony, (LP, Analekta, 2012)\n Spirit of Talk Talk, (track on compilation LP, Fierce Panda, 2012)\n Have Not Been the Same, (track on compilation LP, Zunior, 2012)\n Music For Heart and Breath Kronos Quartet, yMusic, Bryce and Aaron Dessner, Nadia Sirota, (LP, Deutsche Grammophon, 2014)\nQuiet River of Dust (LP, Secret City Records, 2018)\nQuiet River of Dust Vol." ]

[ "Richard Reed Parry is a Canadian multi-instrumentalist, composer, producer, best known as a core member of Arcade Fire, where he plays a wide variety of instruments.", "Life and career comes from a musical family.", "His father was a member of the folk band Friends of Fiddler's Green.", "His mother is a poet, and his sister is a theatre artist.", "One of the dozen members of the Literary Arts program was Parry, who attended a high school in Canada.", "His classmates include a writer and a comedian.", "In the mid 1990s, he worked at a vegetarian camp called Camp Au Grand Bois.", "In the late 1990s and early 2000s, he studied contemporary dance at a Montreal university.", "The Bell Orchestre was formed in 2005 by Sarah Neufeld, Tim Kingsbury, and others.", "The defacto producer is Parry, who plays double bass.", "On March 10, 2009, Bell Orchestre released As Seen Through Windows.", "John Mcentire recorded it in Chicago, Illinois.", "The album won the award for best instrumental album.", "Before the first lineup of the band fell apart, he co-produced and collaborated on the debut of Arcade Fire.", "Bell Orchestre bandmate Sarah Neufeld was brought in by Parry to help reform and recreate the band.", "He made musical contributions to albums by The National and Sufjan Stevens.", "He played several instruments, sang background vocals and arranged strings on the band's 2006 album Return to the Sea, as well as appearing at the band's 2016 10-year-anniversary shows.", "A cover band called Phi Slamma Jamma was formed by Parry and other Arcade Fire bandmates.", "The group performed at two festivals in 2011.", "On January 20, 2007, Parry performed a concert with Arcade Fire in the school's cafeteria.", "400 students and staff were allowed to attend the show.", "Those chosen had the chance to listen to new songs from the upcoming album.", "The students met with the band members after the show.", "He was a member of the band the New International Standards.", "For Heart, Breath and Orchestra was his first work for Orchestra.", "The piece was recorded by the Kitchener-Waterloo symphony.", "He has been commissioned to write works for a number of companies, and his chamber works have also been performed.", "At each night of the 2012 All Tomorrow's Parties festival, Parry played a piece entitled Drones/Revelations, as well as performing songs with a folk trio called Quiet River of Dust, and as part of a chamber music piece.", "Owen Pallett, Kyle Resnick, and Dave Nelson were in the lineup.", "He is a backup singer and drummer for Little Scream.", "In addition, he has collaborated with The National, arranging vocals and writing guitar parts for their songs on their 2010 album High Violet, as well as appearing with them singing and playing guitar and double bass on their Late Night with David Letterman appearance in 2011.", "He has joined them frequently on stage as a guest, most recently during a brief segment of Arcade Fire's 2011 midwestern US tour in which The National acted as opener.", "At the Edinburgh Festival in 2015, Parry and Dessner collaborated on classical compositions.", "The National and the Dessner brothers, who play guitar in the band, have been friends with Parry and his family since they met on the American alt-rock circuit.", "Their friendship was solidified when Richard from the Arcade Fire contributed to a number of songs on The National's album High Violet, most notably playing double bass and guitar on 'Vanderlyle Crybaby Geeks' and doing the vocal harmony arrangements on 'Conversation 16' and 'Sorrow", "He mentioned that he was making an album by a local Montreal artist.", "The Quiet River of Dust Vol. 2 was announced in July of last year.", "There is a quiet river of dust.", "2.", "Buddhist myths, death poems, British folk songs, and a recent trip to Japan are some of the inspiration for the albums.", "There are two tracks on the Master Mix: Red Hot + Arthur Russell." ]

[ "Richard Reed Parry", "Parry", "David Parry", "Caroline Balderston Parry", "Evalyn Parry", "Parry", "Parry", "Parry", "Parry", "Parry", "Parry", "Parry", "Parry", "Parry", "Parry", "Parry", "Richard", "Parry", "Parry" ]

[ "Richard Reed Parry", "Parry", "Parry", "Parry", "Parry", "Parry", "Parry", "Parry", "Parry", "Richard" ]

[ "Sarah Stewart (born 13 June 1976) is a 3.0 point wheelchair basketball player from Australia.", "She participated in the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, where she won a silver medal; in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, where she won a bronze medal; and the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, where she won a second silver medal.", "Stewart has played in the Australian Women's National Wheelchair Basketball League (WNWBL) and the National Wheelchair Basketball League (NWBL) since 2002.", "She has won numerous awards, including being named to the 2004, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2012 WNWBL All-Star Five; the 2009 and 2010 WNWBL Most Valuable Player (MVP) in the 3 point class; and the 2002 WNWBL Best New Talent.", "She was 2010 WNWBL Champion with the Sydney Uni Flames, and 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009 WNWBL Champion with the Hills Hornets.", "She was the WNWBL's Highest point scorer in 2010.", "She was also a 2005 and 2004 NWBL Champion with the West Sydney Razorbacks.", "Stewart was first selected to play for the Australia women's national wheelchair basketball team, known as the Gliders, in 2003.", "Since then she has played over 150 international games for Australia, winning gold medals at the Asia-Oceania 2012 and 2008 Paralympic Qualifiers, the Asia-Oceania 2006 World Cup Qualifiers, and the 2009, 2010 and 2012 Osaka Cup.", "She was named MVP of the 2012 Osaka Cup and was All-Star Five in the Four-Nation International in Sydney in 2007.", "Personal life\nStewart was born on 13 June 1976.", "When she was 17 years old she injured her right ankle when she tripped on the stairs.", "This developed into reflex sympathetic dystrophy.", "She then fractured a bone in her left leg, which set off dystrophy in that leg as well.", "This resulted in her needing a wheelchair for mobility.", "She plays the saxophone in a band.", "She attended University of New South Wales and Sydney University, where she took classes in Cognitive Science, English, and Philosophy.", "She has BSc (Honours) in Philosophy and Cognitive Science and a BA in English from the University of New South Wales.", "Stewart earned the Sydney University Vice Chancellor's Award for Academic and Sporting Achievement in 2004, and the New South Wales Institute of Sport (NSWIS) University of Sydney Academic Excellence award in 2009.", "In 2012 she was a PhD candidate at the University of Sydney.", "She is a vegan and used Twitter to connect with others about being vegan.", "Wheelchair basketball\n\nStewart is a 3.0 point player.", "She took up the sport while attending the University of NSW following a visit by a Wheelchair Sports NSW road show.", "\"From the moment I jumped in the basketball chair and started playing\", she later recalled, \"it felt like Quidditch on wheels!\"", "From 2003 to 2012, she had a scholarship with the New South Wales Institute of Sport.", "Club\nStewart has played in the Women's National Wheelchair Basketball League (WNWBL) in Australia since 2002, with the North Sydney Bears from 2002 to 2004, the Hills Hornets from 2005 to 2010, and the Sydney University Flames since 2011.", "In the National Wheelchair Basketball League (NWBL), a mixed competition, she played for the West Sydney Razorbacks from 2002 to 2011.", "Since 2011 she has played for the Sydney University Wheelkings.", "Stewart won the 2001 and 2002 Encouragement Award in the Women's National Club Championships.", "In 2002, she was also named the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Southern Challenge.", "She has won numerous awards, including named part of the 2004, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2012 WNWBL All-Star Five; the 2009 and 2010 WNWBL MVP in the 3 point class; and the 2002 WNWBL Best New Talent.", "She was also the WNWBL's highest point scorer in 2010.", "She was part of the 2004 and 2005 NWBL Championship side with the West Sydney Razorbacks, the 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009 WNWBL Championship winning Hills Hornets, and won the 2010 WNWBL Champion with the Sydney Uni Flames.", "In the second round of the 2008 season, the Western Stars defeated the Hills Hornets 52–44.", "Playing for the Hornets, Stewart scored 20 points in her team's loss.", "Also in the second round that year, the team played the Dandenong Rangers, where Stewart scored 24 points in her team's 72–38 victory.", "National team\nStewart was first selected to play for the Australia women's national wheelchair basketball team, known as the Gliders, in 2003.", "Since then she has played over 150 international games for Australia.", "Her international career highlights include gold medals at the Asia-Oceania 2008 and 2012 Paralympic Qualifiers, the Asia-Oceania 2006 World Cup Qualifiers, and the 2009, 2010 and 2012 Osaka Cup.", "She was named MVP of the tournament at the 2012 Osaka Cup, and was All-Star Five for the Four-Nation International in Sydney in 2007.", "She competed at the 2006 and 2010 World Wheelchair Basketball Championship.", "The Gliders finished fourth both times.", "She was selected to participate in a national team training camp in 2010.", "Paralympics\n\nStewart was part of the silver medal-winning team, at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, and the bronze medal winning team at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing.", "She played in the team's semi-final loss to the United States and was one of Australia's key defenders in the game.", "Stewart was selected to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London.", "In the group stage, the Australia women's national wheelchair basketball team at the 2012 Summer Paralympics posted wins against Brazil, Great Britain, and the Netherlands, but lost to the Canada.", "This was enough to advance the Gliders to the quarter-finals, where they beat Mexico.", "The Gliders then defeated the United States by a point to set up a final clash with Germany.", "The Gliders lost 44–58, and earned a silver medal.", "Statistics\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nParalympic wheelchair basketball players of Australia\nWheelchair basketball players at the 2004 Summer Paralympics\nWheelchair basketball players at the 2008 Summer Paralympics\nWheelchair basketball players at the 2012 Summer Paralympics\nParalympic silver medalists for Australia\nParalympic bronze medalists for Australia\nLiving people\n1976 births\nNew South Wales Institute of Sport alumni\nMedalists at the 2004 Summer Paralympics\nMedalists at the 2008 Summer Paralympics\nMedalists at the 2012 Summer Paralympics\nAustralian women's wheelchair basketball players\nParalympic medalists in wheelchair basketball" ]

[ "Sarah Stewart is a wheelchair basketball player from Australia.", "She competed in the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, where she won a silver medal, and the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, where she won a bronze medal.", "Stewart has played in both the Australian Women's National Wheelchair Basketball League and the National Wheelchair Basketball League.", "She has won numerous awards, including being named to the 2004, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2012 WNWBL All-Star Five.", "She was a champion with the Hills Hornets and theSydney Uni Flames.", "She was the WNWBL's highest point scorer.", "She was a 2005 and 2004 NWBL champion.", "In 2003 Stewart was selected to play for the Australia women's national wheelchair basketball team.", "She has played over 150 international games for Australia, winning gold medals at the Asia-Oceania 2012 and 2008 Paralympics, the Asia-Oceania 2006 World Cup Qualifiers, and the 2009, 2010 and 2012 Osaka Cup.", "She was named the Most Valuable Player of the 2012 Osaka Cup and the All-Star Five in the Four-Nation International in Australia in 2007.", "Stewart was born in 1976.", "She injured her ankle when she tripped on the stairs.", "This developed into a disease.", "She fractured a bone in her left leg and that set off a disease in that leg as well.", "She needed a wheelchair for mobility.", "She is in a band.", "She graduated from the University of New South Wales with a degree in Cognitive Science.", "She obtained a degree in philosophy and cognitive science and a degree in English from the University of New South Wales.", "The New South Wales Institute of Sport (NSWIS) University of Sydney Academic excellence award was given to Stewart in 2009.", "She was a PhD candidate in 2012", "She uses social media to connect with others about her vegan lifestyle.", "Stewart is a wheelchair basketball player.", "She took up the sport after attending a road show.", "She said it felt like \"Quidditch on wheels!\" when she jumped in the basketball chair.", "She received a scholarship from the New South Wales Institute of Sport.", "Since 2002, Club Stewart has played in the Women's National Wheelchair Basketball League (WNWBL) in Australia, with the Bears from 2002 to 2004, the Hills Hornets from 2005 to 2010, and the University Flames from 2011.", "She played for the West Sydney Razorbacks in the NWBL from 2002 to 2011.", "She plays for the Sydney University Wheelkings.", "Stewart won two awards in the Women's National Club Championships.", "She was named the Most Valuable Player of the Southern Challenge in 2002.", "She has won many awards, including being named part of the 2004, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2012 WNWBL All-Star Five.", "In 2010 she was the WNWBL's highest point scorer.", "She was part of the teams that won the 2004 and 2005 NWBL Championship and the Hills Hornets team that won the 2009 WNWBL Championship.", "The Western Stars defeated the Hills Hornets in the second round of the 2008 season.", "Stewart scored 20 points in her team's loss.", "Stewart scored 24 points in the team's 72–38 victory over the Rangers in the second round.", "In 2003 Stewart was selected to play for the Australia women's national wheelchair basketball team, known as the Gliders.", "She has played over 150 international games for Australia.", "Her international career highlights include gold medals at the Asia-Oceania 2008 and 2012 Paralympics, the Asia-Oceania 2006 World Cup Qualifiers, and the 2009, 2010 and 2012 Osaka Cup.", "She was named the Most Valuable Player of the 2012 Osaka Cup and All-Star Five for the Four-Nation International in 2007.", "She played in the 2006 and 2010 World Wheelchair Basketball Championship.", "The Gliders finished fourth twice.", "She was selected to attend a national team training camp.", "At the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Stewart was part of the silver medal-winning team, while at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, he was part of the bronze medal winning team.", "She was one of Australia's key defenders in the semi-final loss to the United States.", "Stewart will represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London.", "The Australia women's national wheelchair basketball team won against Brazil, Great Britain, and the Netherlands, but lost to Canada in the group stage.", "The Gliders beat Mexico to advance to the quarter-finals.", "The United States was defeated by a point by the Gliders.", "The Gliders earned a silver medal.", "The 2004 Summer Paralympics Wheelchair basketball players from Australia won a silver medal and the 2012 Summer Paralympics Wheelchair basketball players from Australia won a bronze medal." ]

[ "Sarah Stewart", "Stewart", "Stewart", "Stewart", "Stewart", "Stewart", "Stewart", "Stewart", "Stewart", "Stewart", "Stewart", "Stewart", "Stewart" ]

[ "Sarah Stewart", "Stewart", "Stewart", "Stewart", "Stewart", "Stewart", "Club Stewart", "Stewart", "Stewart", "Stewart", "Stewart", "Stewart", "Stewart" ]

[ "Leven Alice Rambin (born May 17, 1990) is an American actress.", "She is known for playing look-alike half-sisters Lily Montgomery and Ava Benton on All My Children, and for her recurring roles on Grey's Anatomy and Gone, as well as Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, One Tree Hill, Wizards of Waverly Place, and CSI: Miami.", "She appeared in the sci-fi film The Hunger Games (2012) as the District 1 tribute Glimmer, and appeared as Clarisse La Rue in the fantasy film Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters (2013).", "Early life\nRambin was born in Houston, Texas, to Joseph Howard Rambin III and the former Karen Stacy Guthrie, founders of a real estate company.", "She has three siblings, her brother, Joseph Rambin, an older half-sister, Mary Rambin, and an older half-brother, Jay Rambin.", "Rambin began performing in school plays, and studied at the Houston School of Film and Theatre.", "She also attended St. Francis Episcopal Day School, where she starred in her first school play, before moving to New York when she got her first major role on All My Children.", "While acting, she has also pursued her high school diploma through the Texas Tech University Independent School District.", "Career\n\n2004–09: Early works\n\nRambin started her career at age of 13, as a series regular on ABC's All My Children from 2004 to 2008, playing the role of Lily Montgomery, the autistic daughter of Jackson Montgomery, played by Walt Willey.", "It was announced that Rambin had been cast in another role on All My Children, playing the street-smart but lovable older half sister of Lily Montgomery, Ava Benton, where the role only lasted for two consecutive years.", "Rambin was the only actress from All My Children to be nominated for the 33rd Annual Daytime Awards and 34th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards.", "She was nominated for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series for her roles of Lily Montgomery and Ava Benton.", "She later appeared on an episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.", "Rambin appeared on NBC's new series, Lipstick Jungle.", "Leven filmed a pilot presentation for the CW titled Austin Golden Hour, directed by Sanford Bookstaver.", "Leven made her feature film debut in Killer Film's independent picture, Gigantic (2008).", "The film starred Paul Dano.", "Rambin joined the cast of Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, playing the character Riley Dawson, a school friend and love interest of John Connor.", "Rambin left the show after filming her last episode \"Ourselves Alone\".. Rambin landed a recurring role as Sloan Riley, the 18-year-old-daughter of Dr. Mark Sloan on the medical-drama, Grey's Anatomy.", "Rambin briefly returned to All My Children as Lily Montgomery on January 5, 2010 for the show's 40th Anniversary.", "2010–13: Breakthrough\n\nIn 2010, Rambin appeared as the daughter of Virginia Madsen's and David James Elliott's characters on the ABC television series, Scoundrels.", "However, the series ended its eight-episode run on August 15, 2010, due to low ratings.", "Rambin appeared on the Disney Channel show, Wizards of Waverly Place, in the recurring role of Rosie, who is a Guardian Angel turned Angel of Darkness who was in love with Justin to steal the Moral Compass; Rambin made her debut on the episode \"Everything Rosie for Justin\" and left the show after the episode \"Wizards vs. Angels\".", "Later, Rambin was cast in the recurring role of Chloe Hall, on the long-running CW series, One Tree Hill.", "Then later, Rambin was cast as Molly Sloan on the CBS crime-drama CSI: Miami.", "It was announced that Lionsgate and director Gary Ross cast Rambin in her first major studio film, in the role of Glimmer, the cut-throat District 1 Tribute in the first film adaption (2012) of the popular book series called The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins.", "In an interview with Seventeen, Rambin explained how she trained for the role, \"I did a lot of sword training, which was really challenging.", "I also did a lot of boxing training and hand-to-hand combat.", "I just had to get in the mindset of someone who would want to do that every day!", "It was cool because I pushed myself physically and mentally.", "I couldn’t be vain about being sweating and smelling gross or worry about taking a hit or two.\".", "After the film's success, Rambin and the cast of The Hunger Games went on a The Hunger Games Convention Tour and also appeared in The World Is Watching: Making the Hunger Games.", "Further film roles include Chasing Mavericks (2012), which is based on a real-life story about a surfer called Jay Moriarty.", "In the film, Rambin played the lead love interest, Kim Moriarty.", "Rambin later starred in the music video for Green Day's \"Stray Heart\" which was officially released on November 7, 2012.", "Rambin had a lead role in the fantasy film Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters (2013), playing Clarisse La Rue, a hot-tempered, arrogant, large, and strong demigod (also the lead counselor of the Ares Cabin 5) and Percy's rival throughout the story.", "In an interview with comingsoon.net, Rambin explained her casting and her time as a brunette, \"Yeah, I was really lucky that Thor was able to see me as a brunette with this blonde hair.", "That's not typically the first thing that comes to mind when you look at me, I don't think.", "But when I put on that wig – luckily they didn't dye my hair – and change my physicality a lot...", "Nothing against brunettes – I still felt beautiful.", "But I felt a lot less inhibited, and I felt down to be a little more brash and powerful and strong.", "I kind of hid behind all this brown hair, and it gave me the power and confidence to verbally rip this one over here.", "[Laughs.]\"", "Her portrayal as Clarisse was met with mostly positive reviews.", "In 2013, Rambin moved to New York City to study acting full-time at the Playhouse West Brooklyn Lab and is now a teacher and staff member at the school.", "2014–present\nRambin was cast as Daisy in the romantic comedy Two Night Stand (2014).", "Rambin appeared in the comedy drama, Walter (2014) as Kendall, the main love interest of the title character.", "Rambin also appeared in Seven Minutes (2014) as Kate.", "She was cast as Natalie in The Tomorrow People, appearing in the final three episodes of the television series in 2014.", "Rambin later appeared in True Detective as Athena Bezzerides and appeared in the film I Am Michael in 2015 as Catherine.", "In 2014, she landed the lead role of Kayla Canyon in the independently produced pilot, Dr. Del, opposite John Hawkes.", "Later that year, she was cast in the lead role of Fern Sreaves in Tatterdemalion, an independent film co-written and directed by Ramaa Moseley.", "In 2016, she was cast in a series regular role on the Hulu cult drama, The Path, opposite Aaron Paul and Michelle Monaghan.", "In 2017, Rambin was cast in the starring role of Kick Lanigan in the NBC Universal series, Gone, based on the novel One Kick by Chelsea Cain.", "Personal life\nRambin was previously engaged to producer Geoffrey James Clark.", "She began dating True Blood actor Jim Parrack in the second quarter of 2014.", "The couple became engaged in August 2014. and married October 10, 2015.", "In March 2017, it was announced that the couple had split after less than two years of marriage.", "Rambin filed and was granted an annulment, and the marriage was dissolved.", "Rambin has since referred to her relationship with Parrack as \"abusive\", later revealing that he had cheated on her.", "Rambin is a fashion enthusiast and has written several editorials on New York Fashion Week for Paper Magazine and Page Six.", "Rambin is very passionate about autism research and awareness as well as the humane treatment of animals.", "Rambin is also involved with Surf for Life, an organization that creates educational and cultural development projects in coastal communities around the world.", "Filmography\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\n1990 births\n21st-century American actresses\nActresses from Houston\nAmerican child actresses\nAmerican film actresses\nAmerican soap opera actresses\nAmerican television actresses\nLiving people" ]

[ "Rambin is an American actress.", "She is known for playing look-alike half-sisters on All My Children, as well as for her recurring roles on Grey's Anatomy and Gone.", "She played the District 1 tribute Glimmer in The Hunger Games, and also played the role of Clarisse La Rue in the film of the same name.", "Joseph Howard Rambin III was born in Houston, Texas, to a real estate company founder.", "She has three siblings, her brother, Joseph Rambin, an older half-sister, Mary Rambin, and an older half-brother, Jay Rambin.", "Rambin studied at the Houston School of Film and Theatre.", "She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "She completed her high school degree through the Texas Tech University Independent School District.", "Rambin began her career at the age of 13 as a series regular on ABC's All My Children, playing the role of the daughter of Jackson Montgomery, played by Walt Willey.", "It was announced that Rambin had been cast in another role on All My Children, playing the street smart but lovable older half sister of Lilly Montgomery, where the role only lasted for two years.", "Rambin was the only actress from All My Children to be nominated.", "She was nominated for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series.", "She appeared on an episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.", "Rambin was on NBC's Lipstick Jungle.", "The pilot presentation for the CW was filmed by Leven.", "She made her feature film debut in a film.", "Paul Dano was in the film.", "Rambin joined the cast of the movie as a school friend and love interest of John Connor.", "After filming her last episode, Rambin left the show.", "The show's 40th anniversary was celebrated on January 5, 2010 and Rambin returned to All My Children aslily Montgomery.", "In 2010, Rambin appeared on the ABC television series, Scoundrels.", "The series ended on August 15, 2010 due to low ratings.", "Rambin appeared on the Disney Channel show, Wizards of Waverly Place, in the recurring role of Rosie, who is a Guardian Angel turned Angel of Darkness who was in love with Justin to steal the Moral compass, but she left the show.", "Rambin played a recurring role on One Tree Hill.", "Rambin was cast as Molly Sloan in CSI: Miami.", "It was announced that Rambin was cast in her first major studio film, in the role of Glimmer, in the first film adaption of the popular book series called The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins.", "In an interview with Seventeen, Rambin explained how she trained for the role, \"I did a lot of sword training, which was really challenging.\"", "I trained in boxing and hand-to-hand combat.", "I had to get in the mindset of someone who would want to do that every day.", "I pushed myself and it was cool.", "I was sweating and smelling gross and worried about taking a hit.", "After the film's success, Rambin and the cast of The Hunger Games went on a The Hunger Games Convention Tour and also appeared in The World Is Watching: Making the Hunger Games.", "Chasing Mavericks is a film based on a real-life story about a surfer.", "Rambin played the lead love interest in the film.", "The music video for Green Day's \"Stray Heart\" was released on November 7, 2012.", "The lead role of Clarisse La Rue in the film was played by Rambin, who was also the lead counselor of the Ares Cabin 5.", "In an interview with comingsoon.net, Rambin explained her casting and her time as a brunette.", "I don't think that's the first thing that comes to mind when you look at me.", "Thankfully, they didn't dye my hair and change my physical appearance a lot when I wore that wig.", "I still felt beautiful despite being brunette.", "I felt a lot more confident, and I felt a lot stronger.", "I hid behind my brown hair and was able to rip this one over here.", "It's funny.", "The portrayal of Clarisse was mostly positive.", "Rambin moved to New York City to study acting full-time and is now a teacher and staff member at the school.", "Rambin played Daisy in the romantic comedy Two Night Stand.", "The main love interest of the title character was played by Rambin.", "Rambin played Kate in Seven Minutes.", "She played Natalie in the final three episodes of The Tomorrow People.", "In 2015, Rambin appeared in the film I Am Michael as Catherine.", "She played the lead role in the pilot, Dr. Del, opposite John Hawkes.", "She was cast in the lead role of Fern Sreaves, an independent film, later that year.", "She was cast in a regular role on the cult drama, The Path, in the summer of 2016", "Rambin was cast in the role of Kick Lanigan in the NBC Universal series, Gone, based on the novel One Kick.", "Rambin was previously engaged to a producer.", "Jim Parrack is an actor from True Blood.", "The couple wed on October 10, 2015.", "The couple had only been married for less than two years.", "The marriage was dissolved after Rambin was granted an annulment.", "Rambin referred to her relationship with Parrack as \"abusive\" and later revealed that he had cheated on her.", "Rambin has written several editorials on New York Fashion Week for Paper Magazine and Page Six.", "The humane treatment of animals is something Rambin is very passionate about.", "Surf for Life is an organization that creates educational and cultural development projects in coastal communities around the world.", "There are links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to links to" ]

[ "Leven Alice Rambin", "Rambin", "Joseph Howard Rambin III", "Joseph Rambin", "Mary Rambin", "Jay Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Leven", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin" ]

[ "Rambin", "Joseph Howard Rambin", "Joseph Rambin", "Mary Rambin", "Jay Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Leven", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambinlily", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin", "Rambin" ]

[ "is a Japanese voice actor from Bunkyō, Tokyo.", "He is affiliated with Stay Luck.", "Biography\nIshikawa performed in a production of Gamba's Great Adventure at a science society when he was in fifth grade.", "After graduating from high school, Ishikawa joined a drama club.", "After making his debut, he was impressed when he heard about the concept of \"living a role\" from a colleague.", "After immersing himself in late-night anime like The Familiar of Zero, Kaito pursued roles in Kanon and Genesis of Aquarion.", "Hiroaki Hirata, who voiced Jack Sparrow in the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise, was impressed by Ishikawa's performance.", "Ishikawa entered the Pro Fit Voice Actor Training Center with the money he earned from his part-time job.", "In 2012, he made his anime debut in Waiting in the Summer.", "In April 2013, he played the first leading role in the anime series Gargantia on the Verdurous Planet.", "In 2014, he won Best Rookie actor at the 8th Seiyu Awards.", "On March 7, 2020, Ishikawa received the Best Actor in a Supporting Role award at the 14th Seiyu Awards.", "Filmography\n\nTelevision animation\n{| class=\"wikitable sortable plainrowheaders\"\n!", "Year\n!", "Series\n!", "Role\n!", "class=\"unsortable\"| Notes\n!", "class=\"unsortable\"| Source\n|-\n| 2012 || Waiting in the Summer || Student B, Student C || || \n|-\n| 2012 || Phi-Brain - Puzzle of God: The Orpheus Order || Male Student || Ep.", "4 || \n|-\n| 2012 || Hyouka || Baseball team member || || \n|-\n| 2012 || Tari Tari || Mailman, Gamba White || || \n|-\n| 2012 || To Love-Ru: Darkness || Male Students || || \n|-\n| 2012 || Say I Love You || Taku || || \n|-\n| 2012 || The Pet Girl of Sakurasou || Guest 2, Young Man 2 || || \n|-\n| 2012 || Muv-Luv Alternative: Total Eclipse || Nikolai Rogoshkin || || \n|-\n| 2013 || AKB0048 Next Stage || WOTA || || \n|-\n| 2013 || RDG Red Data Girl || Manatsu Sōda || || \n|-\n| 2013 || Gargantia on the Verdurous Planet || Ledo ||   || \n|-\n| 2013 || A Certain Scientific Railgun S || Anti-skill, Bad Guy, Black Suit, Judgment (Otoko), Schoolboy, Subordinate, Student, Staff Member || || \n|-\n| 2013 || The \"Hentai\" Prince and the Stony Cat.", "|| Schoolboy E || || \n|-\n| 2013 || Chronicles of the Going Home Club || Masao Kaneda || Ep.", "12 || \n|-\n| 2013 || The Eccentric Family || Daigakusei || || \n|-\n| 2013 || Super Seisyun Brothers || Mao Saitou ||   || \n|-\n| 2013 || Golden Time || Mitsuo Yanagisawa ||   || \n|-\n| 2013 || Nagi-Asu: A Lull in the Sea || Tsumugu Kihara ||   || \n|-\n| 2013 || Ace of Diamond || Shun-chen Yang ||   || \n|-\n| 2013 || Kuroko's Basketball 2 || Kensuke Fukui ||   || \n|-\n| 2013 || Inazuma Eleven GO Galaxy || Hayato Matatagi, Qasim Badr ||   || \n|-\n| 2013 || Tokyo Ravens || Harutora Tsuchimikado ||   || \n|-\n| 2014—present || Haikyū!!", "|| Cody Balfour ||   || \n|-\n| 2015 || Q-Transformers Season 2 || Shockwave ||   || \n|-\n| 2015 || Gate || Takeo Kurata ||   || \n|-\n| 2015 || Heavy Object || Havia Winchell ||   || \n|-\n| 2015—2019 || One-Punch Man || Genos ||   || \n|-\n| 2015 || Concrete Revolutio || Jirō Hitoyoshi ||   || \n|-\n| 2015 ||Yu-Gi-Oh!", "6-7 || \n|-\n| 2018 || JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Golden Wind || Sale || || \n|-\n| 2018—2021 || Black Clover || Langris Vaude || || \n|-\n| 2019—present || The Rising of the Shield Hero || Naofumi Iwatani || || \n|-\n| 2019 || To the Abandoned Sacred Beasts || Claude Withers || || \n|-\n| 2019 || How Heavy Are the Dumbbells You Lift?", "|| Naruzō Machio || || \n|-\n| 2019 || Ensemble Stars!", "|| Tsumugi Aoba || || \n|-\n| 2019 || Kochoki: Wakaki Nobunaga || Oda Nobuyuki || || \n|-\n| 2020 || number24 || Kazutaka Hongō || || \n|-\n| 2020 || Isekai Quartet 2 || Naofumi Iwatani || || \n|-\n| 2020 || BNA: Brand New Animal || Alan Sylvasta || || \n|-\n| 2020 || Wave, Listen to Me!", "|| Ryūsuke Kōmoto || || \n|-\n| 2020 || Plunderer || Tokikaze Sakai || ||\n|-\n| 2020 || Get Up!", "Get Live!", "|| Toranosuke Ōno || ||\n|-\n| 2020 || King's Raid: Successors of the Will || Kasel || || \n|-\n| 2020 || Sleepy Princess in the Demon Castle || Demon Cleric || || \n|-\n| 2020 || The Gymnastics Samurai || Atsushi Dōjima || || \n|-\n| 2021 || 2.43: Seiin High School Boys Volleyball Team || Mimura Subaru || || \n|-\n| 2021 || So I'm a Spider, So What?", "|| Hugo || || \n|-\n| 2021 || Kemono Jihen || Yui || || \n|-\n| 2021 || Let's Make a Mug Too || Tokishirō Toyokawa || || \n|-\n| 2021 || Dragon Goes House-Hunting || Dearia || || \n|-\n| 2021 || Backflip!!", "|| Ryōya Misato || || \n|-\n| 2021 || The Case Study of Vanitas || Noé Archiviste || || \n|-\n| 2021 || Platinum End || Kanade Uryu || || \n|-\n| 2022 || Tokyo 24th Ward || Koki Suido || || \n|-\n| 2022 || Life with an Ordinary Guy who Reincarnated into a Total Fantasy Knockout || Schwartz || || \n|-\n| 2022 || Salaryman's Club || Sōta Saeki || || \n|-\n| 2022 || A Couple of Cuckoos || Nagi Umino || || \n|-\n| 2022 || The Yakuza's Guide to Babysitting || Kei Sugihara || || \n|}\n\nOriginal video animationNazotoki-hime wa Meitantei (2012), Rikka FujisakiFantasista Stella (2014), Ryuji MorikawaHaikyū!!", "(2014), Tobio KageyamaAttack on Titan: Lost Girls 'Wall Sina, Goodbye' Part.", "B (2018), Lou\n\nOriginal net animationBonjour Sweet Love Patisserie (2014), Ryō KōdukiHetalia: World Twinkle (2015), MolossiaB: The Beginning (2018), Minatsuki7 Seeds (2019), Ryusei OgiwaraBeyblade Burst Superking (2020), Lean WalhallaVlad Love (2021), OkadaKotaro Lives Alone (2022), Ryōta\n\nTheatrical animationCode Geass: Akito the Exiled (2013), Jan ManesSaint Seiya: Legend of Sanctuary (2014), Pegasus SeiyaYour Name (2016), Shinta TakagiGenocidal Organ (2017), RealandBlack Butler: Book of the Atlantic (2017), Ryan StokerMy Hero Academia: Two Heroes (2018), Iida TenyaRascal Does Not Dream of a Dreaming Girl (2019), Sakuta AzusagawaMy Hero Academia: Heroes Rising (2019), Iida TenyaBackflip!!", "(2022), Ryōya MisatoTsurune (2022), Kaito Onogi\n\nVideo gamesBravely Default (2012), OwenE.X.", "Troopers (2012), Ein Atelier Escha & Logy: Alchemists of the Dusk Sky (2013), Logix \"Logy\" FiscarioAzure Striker Gunvolt (2014), Gunvolt Super Robot Wars Original Generation Coffin of the End (2014), Sakito AsagiHero Bank 2 (2014), Sekito SakuradaSenjou no Waltz (2014), PashDevil May Cry 4: Special Edition (2015), NeroPsychedelica of the Black Butterfly (2015), HikageZettai Kaikyuu Gakuen: Eden with Roses and Phantasm (2015), Haru IgarashiPossession Magenta (2015), Taiga AobaDynamic Chord feat.", "Kyohso (2015), Kuroya YuuTouken Ranbu (2015), Kasen KanesadaStar Ocean 5: Integrity and Faithlessness (2016), Fidel CamuzeGundam Breaker 3 (2016), MitsukiEnsemble Stars!", "01 (????", "), Hajime SaitoColorful5 no Nichijou (????", "), Kanade HinoharaColorful5 no Bunkasai (????", "), Kanade HinoharaColorful5 no Kessei Hiwa (????", "), Kanade HinoharaHoneymoon (Drama CD) Vol.", "17 (????", "), Keigo MakabeDYNAMIC CHORD vocal CD Series Vol.", "03 (????", "), Yuu KuroyaGargantia on the Verdurous Planet (????", "), LedoNagi no Asukara Drama CD 01 (????", "), Tsumugu KiharaNagi no Asukara Drama CD 03 (????", "), Tsumugu KiharaNareru!", "SE, Kohei SakurazakaHibi Chōchō, Atohira\n\nDubbingA Dog's Journey, Trent (Henry Lau)Eternals, Eros / Starfox (Harry Styles)The Guest, Luke Peterson (Brendan Meyer)Home Alone 3 (2019 NTV edition), Stan Pruitt (Seth Smith)Pacific Rim: Uprising, Ilya (Levi Meaden)Pokémon Detective Pikachu, DJ (Diplo)Robot Overlords, Sean Flynn (Callan McAuliffe)Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets'', Sergeant Neza (Kris Wu)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official agency profile \n \n\n1993 births\nLiving people\nJapanese male video game actors\nJapanese male voice actors\nMale voice actors from Tokyo\n21st-century Japanese male actors" ]

[ "The voice actor is from Bunky.", "Stay Luck is affiliated with him.", "Ishikawa performed in a production of Gamba's Great Adventure when he was in fifth grade.", "Ishikawa joined a drama club after graduating high school.", "He was impressed by the idea of living a role after making his debut.", "Kaito was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Hiroaki Hirata, who voiced Jack Sparrow in the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise, was impressed by Ishikawa's performance.", "Ishikawa earned money from his part-time job and entered the Pro Fit Voice actor training center.", "He made his debut in Waiting in the Summer.", "He played the lead role in the first season of Gargantia on the Verdurous Planet.", "He won the Best Newcomer award at the 8th Seiyu Awards.", "On March 7, 2020, Ishikawa received the Best actor in a supporting role award.", "Filmography Television animation!", "The year is over.", "Series!", "There is a role for it.", "Notes class is unsortable.", "Student A, Student B, and Student C are waiting in the summer.", "Tari Tari, Mailman, Gamba White, and Hyouka are baseball team members.", "The Chronicle of the Going Home Club was written by Masao Kaneda.", "Daigakusei, Mao Saitou, Super Seisyun Brothers, Golden Time, and Nagi-Asu are all from the same family.", "Q-Transformers Season 2, Shockwave, Gate, Takeo Kurata, Heavy Object, Havia Winchell, and One-Punch Man are included.", "The rising of the shield hero and Langris Vaude are two things that will be present in 2019.", "Naruz Machio is an ensemble star.", "Kochoki: Wakaki Nobunaga, Oda Nobuyuki, and Kazutaka Hong.", "Get Up!", "Get going!", "The King's Raid: Successors of the Will was written by Toranosuke.", "Let's Make a Mug Too is a song by Kemono Jihen and Yui.", "The case study of Vanitas, Noé Archiviste, Platinum End, and Koki Suido are included.", "Attack on Titan: Lost Girls 'Wall Sina' Part was written by Tobio Kageyama.", "B, Lou Original net animationBonjour Sweet Love Patisserie, MolossiaB: The Beginning, Minatsuki7 Seeds, Ryusei OgiwaraBeyblade Burst Superking, Lean Wal.", "Kaito Onogi Video gamesBravely Default is a game.", "Logix \"Logy\" FiscarioAzure Striker Gunvolt, Gunvolt Super Robot Wars Original Generation Coffin of the End, and Sakito AsagiHero Bank 2 are some of the films that have been released.", "Kasen KanesadaStar Ocean 5: Integrity and Faithlessness is a movie.", "Is this the first one?", "Hajime SaitoColorful5 no Nichijou.", "Kanade HinoharaColorful5 no Bunkasai.", "Kanade HinoharaColorful5 no Kessei Hiwa.", "Kanade HinoharaHoneymoon is a drama CD.", "17", "Keigo MakabeDYNAMIC CHORD is a vocal CD series.", "Is this the last thing you'll see?", "Yuu KuroyaGargantia is on the Verdurous Planet.", "LedoNagi no Asukara Drama CD was released.", "), Tsumugu KiharaNagi no Asukara Drama CD.", "Tsumugu KiharaNareru!", "The Guest, Home Alone 3, and Eternals are all included in the NTV edition." ]

[ "Ishikawa", "Kaito", "Ishikawa", "Ishikawa", "Ishikawa" ]

[ "Ishikawa", "Ishikawa" ]

[ "Heinz Harro Max Wilhelm Georg Schulze-Boysen (; 2 September 1909 – 22 December 1942) was a left-wing German publicist and Luftwaffe officer during World War II.", "Schulze-Boysen became a leading German resistance fighter against the Nazi regime.", "He was a member of a Berlin anti-fascist resistance group that was later called the Red Orchestra (Rote Kapelle) by the Abwehr.", "He was arrested and executed in 1942.", "Schulze-Boysen's career as a Soviet agent lasted slightly longer than a year, from just before June 1941 to August 1942.", "His activities against the Third Reich from 1933 to 1941 were not carried out as part of the Rote Kapelle organization.", "Like numerous groups in other parts of the world, the undercover political factions led by Arvid Harnack and Schulze-Boysen later developed into espionage networks.", "Early life \nSchulze-Boysen was born in Kiel as the son of decorated naval officer and Marie-Luise (née Boysen).", "On his paternal side he was the grandnephew of Grand Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz and on the maternal side, the German economist and philosopher Ferdinand Tönnies.", "In 1913 the family moved to Berlin when his father received a posting.", "His sister Helga was born a year later and his brother Hartmut was born in 1922 and died in 2013.", "In 1913, Schulze-Boysen attended primary school and later the Heinrich-von-Kleist-Gymnasium in the district of Schmargendorf in Berlin.", "From 1920, he regularly spent his summer holidays with the Hasselrot family in Sweden.", "In 1922 his father was transferred to Duisburg, and Harro followed him in the autumn.", "As a student at the Steinbart Gymnasium in Duisburg, he participated in the underground struggle against the French occupation of the Ruhr in 1923 and was temporarily imprisoned by the French and Belgian occupying forces.", "To get him out of this political firing line, his parents organized a slightly longer stay in Sweden.", "Harro's trip to England in 1926 had inspired comparison and reflection.", "He had found that his experiences in the country did not match the perception of England within Germany.", "In 1927 he wrote his first major newspaper report about a scandal in Duisburg to erect a monument to the sculptor Wilhelm Lehmbruck.", "On the occasion of the 80th birthday of the Reich President Paul von Hindenburg, Schulze-Boysen gave a commemorative speech at the school.", "His political involvement in high school was perceived as unusually intense.", "He passed the Abitur with the overall rating \"good\".", "His dexterity was particularly emphasized in the written and oral expression.", "At the time his spiritual attitude was in agreement with the values and traditions of the family.", "From then on, he appeared in public and in written statements with the double name Schulze-Boysen.", "Political awakening\nIn April 1928 he studied law and political science at the University of Freiburg and later Berlin, without finishing.", "In the same period he joined the Studentenverbindung Albingia and the Young German Order, a paramilitary organisation that influenced him ideologically at the time.", "Its goal was to ethically revive the \"comradeship from the trenches of the First World War\" as a model for the Volksgemeinschaft to be developed.", "It rejected any form of dictatorship from the ideological left or right.", "In the summer of 1929 he participated in an academic fencing club at the university and a course from the Hochsee-Wehrsportverein high sea defense sailing club in Neustadt.", "In November he moved to the Humboldt University of Berlin to continue his studies in law and joined its International Students' Association.", "For the first time during this period he dealt intensively with Nazi ideology and searched for the causes of the sudden victory of the Nazi Party in Reichstag elections in March 1933.", "He studied the Nazi Party's programme and read Mein Kampf in search of answers, describing it as a \"jumble of platitudes\" and commenting: \"There's nothing here but nonsense\".", "It became clear to him that a further gain in votes by the Nazis would lead to a sharp intensification and polarization in society.", "In 1930, Schulze-Boysen supported the intellectual-nationalist group called the Volksnationale Reichsvereinigung (\"People's National Reich Association\").", "During this period, Schulze-Boysen was also a member of the National Socialist Black Front.", "As a publicist\nIn July 1931, during a stay in France, Schulze-Boysen met French intellectuals associated with the magazine Plans, which sought the establishment of a Europe-wide collective economic system and whose influence resulted in him being reorientated politically to the left, though he still maintained his contacts with the nationalists.", "As time went on, Schulze-Boysen increasingly distanced himself from the views of the Young German Order as he realised that the daily struggle in Germany should primarily be directed against the emerging fascism and all reactionaries.", "In 1932 and 1933, he published the left-liberal magazine Der Gegner (English: \"The Opponent\"), which was founded in 1931 by Franz Jung and modelled on the Plans magazine.", "The poet Ernst Fuhrmann, the artist Raoul Hausmann, the writers Ernst von Salomon and Adrien Turel and the Marxist theoretician Karl Korsch, among others collaborated in writing the magazine.", "Their aim was to build a unified front of young people against the \"liberal, capitalist and nationalist spirit\" in Europe.", "For the French, Schulze-Boysen was the actor for Germany in this field.", "He tried to develop an independent German youth movement with the \"Gegner-Kreis\", which included Robert Jungk, Erwin Gehrts, Kurt Schumacher and Gisela von Pöllnitz and began to organize Enemy Evenings in Berlin cafés.", "\"There was hardly an opposition youth group with which he did not keep in touch with.\"", "At the end of 1931, he took a leave of absence from his studies because he had come to the conclusion that the contents discussed here had nothing to do with the daily political disputes.", "In February 1932, Schulze-Boysen, in coordination with his French partners of Plans, organized the Treffen der revolutionären Jugend Europas or Meeting of Europe's Revolutionary Youth.", "A total of about 1,000 young people attended the meeting and he formulated the political goals for the German delegation.", "In view of the crisis in Germany, these consisted of the abolition of the capitalist system and also the assertion of Germany's own role without foreign diktat and interference.", "In the search for alternatives to crisis-ridden Western Europe, he became more interested in the Soviet system, which was influenced by his disappointment with the national and conservative parties in Germany, who in his opinion did not fight the nascent Nazis enough.", "In March 1932, he wrote his first article, \"Der Neue Gegner\" (English: \"The New Opponent\") that defined his concept of publication goals, stating: \"Let us serve the invisible alliance of thousands, who today are still divided.\"", "In April 1932, he wrote a letter to his mother that stated his goal was the intellectual reconciliation of the young generation.", "Essentially his politics were driven by the idea of a united youth fighting the older generations.", "In May 1932, an investigation was opened against Jung and the office premises of the Der Gegner were sealed.", "Schulze-Boysen took over the business as the new editor and gave the publication a new name, Gegner (English: \"opponent\"), but with the same network of the most diverse political camps.", "At the depths of the crisis, he saw a clear opportunity to implement a new policy approach: \"Opponents of today – comrades of tomorrow\".", "He had become the leading head and the centre of the \"enemy circle\".", "Schulze-Boysen considered the seizure of power by Adolf Hitler to be probable at that time, but believed that he would soon be overthrown by a general strike.", "After the seizure of power by the Nazis and the Reichstag fire in Berlin, Schulze-Boysen helped several friends and colleagues who were being threatened to escape abroad.", "As early as February 1933 the Gestapo had rated the actions of the magazine as \"radical\" in an official communication, and in April 1933, the offices of Der Gegner were destroyed by the Sturmabteilung in a raid and detained all those present.", "The editorial staff were deported to a special camp of the 6th SS-Standarte.", "Schulze-Boysen himself was severely abused and detained for several days.", "The Sturmabteilung tortured his Jewish friend and colleague Henry Erlanger before his eyes, who died shortly afterwards.", "It had become clear to him, as a self-confessed anti-Nazi that he had to find new ways to implement his convictions.", "A chance encounter in the street led to Schulze-Boysen meeting the sculptor Kurt Schumacher, who had been working on Gegner with him.", "This was the beginning of the intellectual discussion group that would change into a direct-action, anti-fascist resistance group.", "Military\nIn May 1933, his father organized a pilot training course for him at the German Aviation School in Warnemünde as a sea observer to remove his son from the political front line in Berlin.", "The place was far away from Berlin and provided enough opportunity to allow Schulze-Boysen to reflect on his past and enable him to prepare plans for the future.", "Before his departure, he advised his friends and colleagues to look around Nazi Germany and to go into the institutions of the Nazi regime.", "He read books that the rulers appealed to and tried to return with due caution to his published work.", "In the spring of 1934, this resulted in an opportunity through a contact with the publisher Erich Röth.", "He published the magazine Wille zum Reich under a pseudonym and dealt with cultural policy issues but with the goal of undermining the Nazi movement with its own themes.", "Every fortnight he held picnic-evenings in his apartment with interested parties in which they discussed philosophical and well as political questions.", "Under a pseudonym (presumably under the abbreviation E.R.", "for Erich Röth), Schulze-Boysen wrote individual editorials and essays.", "It was important for him to explore what possibilities of influence existed with regard to the new situation.", "From 10 April 1934 onwards, he was employed as an auxiliary officer in the fifth department, in the section Foreign Air Powers of the Ministry of Aviation () (RLM) in Berlin.", "As an adjutant of the head of maritime aviation intelligence, he was responsible for evaluating the foreign literature and press on the subject of air armament.", "He analysed tactics, organisation, training and technology by studying foreign magazines, lectures, photo collections and journals.", "Marriage\n\nTo protect himself from further persecution, Schulze-Boysen surrounded himself with a group of politically incorruptible friends who were left-leaning anti-fascists, among them artists, pacifists and Communists.", "In the summer of 1934, he met 20-year-old Libertas Haas-Heye while they were sailing on the Wannsee, who worked at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in Berlin as a press officer.", "They married on 26 July 1936.", "The wedding took place in the chapel of under a painting of Guido Reni, with Hermann Göring giving away the bride.", "Liebenberg Castle was the ancestral estate of her parents.", "Schulze-Boysen spent his honeymoon in Stockholm as a language study trip for his employer and he submitted a confidential report upon his return.", "Haas-Heye was an impulsive woman of great personal ambition: she held evening discussions at her house, where she sought to influence her guests on behalf of Schulze-Boysen.", "She was fully aware of his activities in the resistance and supported the group by taking part in writing pamphlets, acting as a courier and helping to establish social contacts.", "Schulze-Boysen considered himself a libertine and the couple had an open marriage.", "Schulze-Boysen's friends\n\nIn 1935, Walter Küchenmeister joined the group.", "Küchenmeister had known Schulze-Boysen since 1930, but had been reintroduced to him through Kurt Schumacher.", "Küchenmeister very quickly became an important member of the group and assumed the position of writer.", "In the same year, Schulze-Boysen visited Geneva, disguised as a private trip, for a series of lectures on international legal issues.", "The playwright Günther Weisenborn had known Schulze-Boysen since 1932 when he had met him at a left-wing student gathering and had become good friends.", "In 1937 Weisenborn had introduced the actor Marta Wolter to Schulze-Boysen and became part of the group.", "Walter Husemann, who at the time was in the Buchenwald concentration camp, would marry Marta Wolter and join the group.", "Other friends were found by Schulze-Boysen among former students of a reform school on the island of Scharfenberg in Berlin-Tegel.", "They often came from communist or social democratic workers' families, e.g.", "Hans and Hilde Coppi, Heinrich Scheel, Hermann Natterodt and Hans Lautenschlager.", "Some of these contacts existed before 1933, for example through the German Society of Intellectuals.", "John Rittmeister's wife Eva was a good friend of Liane Berkowitz, Ursula Goetze, Friedrich Rehmer, Maria Terwiel and Fritz Thiel who met in the 1939 abitur class at the secondary private school, Heil'schen Abendschule at Berlin W 50, Augsburger Straße 60 in Schöneberg.", "The Romanist Werner Krauss also joined.", "Through discussions, an active resistance to the Nazi regime grew.", "Ursula Goetze, who was part of the group, provided contacts with the communist groups in Neukölln.", "Approaching war\nIn January 1936, Schule-Boyzen completed basic military training in the 3rd Radio Intelligence Teaching Company in Halle and was promoted to corporal.", "In order to be promoted, he had to either prove an academic degree or take part in a reservist exercise.", "However, the Luftwaffe Personnel Office blocked this possibility because he was registered in the files as \"politically unreliable\".", "In September 1936 Hermann Göring asked the head of the human resources department, Colonel General Hans-Jürgen Stumpff, what reports they had on Schulze-Boysen.", "When he learned that Schulze-Boysen's political activities from the Weimar Era \"would offer no guarantee of a positive attitude towards the National State\", Göring replied that \"the old calibre of new appointments should be accepted\" and sent him on an aviator course.", "He completed his course in November in List on Sylt and was subsequently promoted to sergeant of the Reserve.", "Further courses followed in May and July 1936.", "In the meantime, he was also commissioned by the Reich Aviation Ministry to work on the handbook of the military sciences and the Luftwaffe magazine.", "While he was taking his basic military training in Halle, he learned of the ban on the magazine Wille zum Reich.", "The atelier that he and Libertas had purchased together in Charlottenburg as their wedding apartment gradually became a popular meeting place for people who wanted to maintain social interactions with one another.", "A second discussion group developed in Libertas' parents' estate, in Liebenberg.", "Many former acquaintances from Der Gegner were also present.", "To safeguard these covered activities, some basic conspiratorial rules were agreed.", "Schulze-Boysen's code name was Hans when he attended these regular discussion groups.", "Resistance\n\nDuring the summer of 1936, Schulze-Boysen had become preoccupied by the Popular Front in Spain and through his position at the Reich Aviation Ministry, had collected detailed information of the support that Germany was providing.", "The documents were passed to the Antimilitarist Apparatus or AM Apparat (Intelligence organisation) of the German Communist Party.", "At the end of 1936, Libertas Schulze-Boysen and Walter Küchenmeister, on the advice of Elisabeth Schumacher—wife of Kurt Schumacher—sought out Elfriede Paul, a doctor, who became a core member of the group.", "The Spanish Civil War galvanised the inner circle of Schulze-Boysen's group.", "Kurt Schumacher demanded that action should be taken and a plan that took advantage of Schulze-Boysen's position at the ministry was formed.", "In February 1937, Schulze-Boysen compiled a short information document about a sabotage enterprise planned in Barcelona by the German Wehrmacht.", "It was an action from \"Special Staff W\", an organisation established by Luftwaffe general Helmuth Wilberg to study and analyse the tactical lessons learned by the Legion Kondor during the Spanish Civil War.", "The unit also directed the German relief operations that consisted of volunteers, weapons and ammunition for General Francisco Franco's FET y de las JONS.", "The information that Schulze-Boysen collected included details about German transports, deployment of units and companies involved in the German defence.", "The group around Schulze-Boysen did not know how to deliver the information, but discovered that Schulze-Boysen's cousin, Gisela von Pöllnitz, was planning to visit the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne that was held in Paris from 25 May to 25 November 1937.", "After extensive discussion the group decided that she would deliver the letter to the Soviet Embassy in Paris.", "Von Pöllnitz fulfilled her mission and placed the letter in the mailbox of the Soviet Embassy on the Bois de Boulogne.", "However, the building was being watched by the Gestapo and after posting the letter they arrested her in November 1937.", "To prepare for the upcoming military occupation of Czechoslovakia, just after 5 June 1938, a game of planning took place in the Foreign Air Powers Department and shortly afterwards in August a combat exercise took place in the Wildpark-Werder area that is directly southwest of Potsdam.", "The Gestapo also prepared for the impending war and, with orders from Heinrich Himmler, updated their registers of potential enemies of the state.", "Schulze-Boysen was classified as a former editor of the Gegner and they were aware of his status.", "On 20 April 1939, he was promoted to lieutenant and promptly called upon to perform a study on the comparison of air armaments between France, England and Germany.", "The overall situation in Germany, which was moving more and more towards the state of war, did not leave the actors associated with Schulze-Boysen idle.", "In October 1938 Küchenmeister and Schulze-Boysen wrote the leaflet entitled Der Stoßtrupp (English: \"The Shock Troop\") for the imminent affiliation of the Sudetenland.", "Around 50 copies were mimeographed and distributed.", "In the spring of 1939, Paul, the Schumachers and Küchenmeister travelled to Switzerland, ostensibly to treat Küchenmeister's tuberculosis but also to contact the KPD director Wolfgang Langhoff to exchange information.", "In August, Küchenmeister helped reach Switzerland.", "He also provided him with information on current German aircraft and tank production, as well as deployment plans for a German submarine base in the Canary Islands.", "On his 30th birthday on 2 September 1939, Schulze-Boysen had talked with German industrialist Hugo Buschmann, with whom he had agreed to receive literature on the Russian Revolution, Lenin, Stalin, and Leon Trotsky.", "Schulze-Boysen was primarily concerned with questions of what alternatives there were to the capitalist system of the Western European countries, and he considered writing his thesis on the Soviet Union during his studies.", "Schulze-Boysen invalidated the concerns that Buschmann had regarding the literature handover by remarking, \"I regularly receive Pravda and Izvestia and have to read them because I am a rapporteur on Russian issues.", "My department requires a thorough study of this literature.", "Besides, we are allies of Soviet Russia\".", "Schulze-Boysen spent much of 1940 looking for new contacts.", "Besides his work in the RLM, he studied at the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik of the Humboldt University of Berlin.", "Towards the end of his studies, he led a seminar on foreign studies as an employee of SS Major Franz Six who was director of the Hochschule.", "In 1941, Libertas Schulze-Boysen became an English language lecturer to teach translators the language.", "Schulze-Boysen who also lectured there and met three people at the institute that became important members of his group: student and interpreter Eva-Maria Buch; confirmed Nazi and Hitler Youth member Horst Heilmann and Luftwaffe officer Herbert Gollnow.", "Buch translated the resistance magazine Die innere Front (English: \"The Internal Front\") into French.", "Little was known about Gollnow.", "Heilmann met Schulze-Boysen when he wrote a paper called The Soviets and Versailles that was presented at a political seminar for the Hitler Youth being attended by Schulze-Boysen.", "Heilmann was introduced to Albrecht Haushofer through Schulze-Boysen; it was not the first meeting between Schulze-Boysen and Haushofer but was perhaps the first political one.", "According to new evidence that was presented in 2010, Schulze-Boysen and Haushofer met at least twice before, understood each other's motives, and allowed a compromise to be reached between them, which enabled Heilmann to turn away from Nazism.", "At Schulze-Boysen and Haushofer's first meeting, also attended by Rainer Hildebrandt whose apartment they were using, they discussed the possibility of cooperation between Germany and the Soviet Union.", "Haushofer was antipathetic towards the Soviet Union and believed that the only way to establish mutual agreement with Stalin's regime was to confront Soviet power with Europe's right to self-assertion.", "Schulze-Boysen pleaded for mutual collaboration between the two countries and believed that German communism would emerge as an independent political doctrine, while he anticipated a role for the Soviet Union in Europe.", "At a second meeting, with trust established between two sides, Haushofer told Schulze-Boysen that an assassination attempt against Hitler was being planned.", "These two meetings created a level of trust between the two men that reduced their risk of exposure when trying to turn the Wehrmacht officer.", "In August 1941, after a weekend sailing on the Großer Wannsee, on Schulze-Boysen's boat, the Duschika, Schulze-Boysen confided in Heilmann that he was working for the Russians as an agent.", "Heilmann supplied intelligence to Schulze-Boysen for almost a year.", "Schulze-Boysen/Harnack Group\nIn 1941, Schulze-Boysen had access to other resistance groups and began to cooperate with them.", "The most important of these was a group run by Arvid Harnack who had known Schulze-Boysen since 1935, but was reintroduced to him sometime in late 1939 or early 1940 through Greta Kuckhoff.", "Kuckhoff knew Arvid and Mildred Harnack when the latter was studying in America at the end of the 1920s, and had brought the poet Adam Kuckhoff together with the couple.", "The Kuckhoffs had known the Schulz-Boysens since 1938, having met them at a dinner party hosted by film producer Herbert Engelsing and his wife Ingeborg Engelsing, a close friend of Libertas and started to engage them socially in late 1939 or early 1940 by bringing Mildred and Libertas together while on holiday in Saxony.", "Through the Engelsing's, the Schulze-Boysen's were introduced to Maria Terwiel and her future fiance, the dentist Helmut Himpel.", "In January 1941 Schulze-Boysen, promoted to lieutenant, was assigned to the attaché group of the 5th department of the Reich Aviation Ministry.", "His new place of work was in Wildpark in Potsdam, where the headquarters of the Luftwaffe was located.", "His job there was to process the incoming reports from the Luftwaffe attachés working in the individual embassies.", "At the same time, Harnack learned from him that the Reich Aviation Ministry was also involved in the preparation of the Russian campaign and that reconnaissance flights had begun over Soviet territory.", "On 27 March 1941 in a meeting at the apartment of Arvid Harnack, Schulze-Boysen met the third secretary member of the Soviet embassy, Alexander Korotkow, who was known to Harnack as Alexander Erdberg.", "Korotkov was a Soviet intelligence agent who had been operating clandestinely in Europe for much of the 1930s as an employee of the foreign intelligence service of the Soviet People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB).", "Korotkow assigned the code name Starshina, a Soviet military rank, to Schulze-Boysen as Harnack brought him into the operation.", "Without being aware of the exact activity of his counterpart at the time, Schulze-Boysen informed him in the conversation that the attack on the Soviet Union had been decided and would take place in the shortest possible time.", "On 2 April 1941, Schulze-Boysen informed Korotkow that the invasion plans were complete and provided Korotkow with an initial list of bombing targets of railways.", "On 17 April, Schulze-Boysen reported that the Germans were still indecisive.", "He stated that German generals in North Africa were hopeful of a victory over Great Britain, but the preparations for the invasion continued.", "In mid-April, in an attempt to increase the influx of intelligence, the Soviets ordered Korotkow to create a Berlin espionage operation.", "Harnack was asked to run the operation and the groups were given two radio transmitters.", "Schulze-Boysen selected Kurt Schumacher as their radio operator.", "In the same month, Korotkow began to pressure both groups to break contact with any communist friends and cease any kind of political activity.", "Schulze-Boysen had a number of friends with links to the Communist Party of Germany including Küchenmeister with whom he cut contact, but he continued to engage in politics.", "In May 1941, a suitcase-based radio transmitter was delivered to Harnack via Greta Kuckhoff.", "Eventually, Libertas was drawn into the espionage operation.", "As the month progressed, the reports provided to the Soviets became more important, as they in turn devoted more time to ensure the supply of information continued.", "On 6 June 1941, Schumacher was drafted into the German army and Schulze-Boysen found a replacement radio operator in Hans Coppi.", "Schulze-Boysen persuaded Coppi to establish a radio link to the Soviet Union for the resistance organisation.", "Both Harnack and Coppi were trained by a contact of Korotkov, in how to encode text and transmit it, but Coppi failed to send any messages due to inexperience and technical problems with the radio.", "Harnack managed to transmit messages but the operation was largely a failure.", "Around 13 June 1941, Schulze-Boysen prepared a report that gave the final details of the Soviet invasion including details of Hungarian airfields containing German planes.", "When the Soviet invasion began on 22 June 1941, the Soviet embassy closed and due to the radio transmitters that had become defective, intelligence from the group failed to reach the Soviet Union.", "However, they still gathered information and collated it.", "The couple had read about the Franz Six murders in the Soviet Union and the group was aware of the capture of millions of Russian soldiers.", "Schulze-Boysens position in the Luftwaffe gave them a more detailed perspective than most Berliners and by September 1941, they realised that the fate of Russians and Jews had begun to converge.", "At the same time, the combined group started to collect military intelligence in a careful, systematic manner that could be used to overthrow the Nazis.", "Members of both groups were convinced that only by the military defeat of the Nazis could Germany be liberated and that by shortening the war, perhaps millions of people could be saved.", "Only in that way would Germany be able to be saved as an independent state at the centre of Europe.", "On 18 October 1941, Soviet agent Anatoly Gurevich was ordered by Leopold Trepper, the director of Soviet Intelligence in Europe, to drive to Berlin and find out why the group were no longer transmitting.", "Trepper received a message on 26 August 1941 with a set of instructions for the Schulze-Boysens, Harnacks and Kuckhoffs to re-establish communications.", "Although it took several weeks for Gurevich to reach Berlin, the visit was largely a failure and the groups remained independent.", "Gurevich received intelligence from Schulze-Boysen at a four-hour meeting they held at his apartment.", "AGIS leaflets\nIn December 1941 or January 1942 (sources vary), the Schulze-Boysens met psychoanalyst John Rittmeister and his wife Eva.", "Rittmeister was happy to hear from the reports that informed him of the German military setback on the Eastern Front and convinced Schulze-Boyse that the reports should be shared with the German people, which would destroy the myth of German propaganda.", "However, Rittmeister did not share the activist politics of Schulze-Boysen, nor did he know about his espionage activities.", "The AGIS leaflet was created, named in reference to the Spartan King Agis IV, who fought against corruption.", "Rittmeister, Schulze-Boysen and Küchenmeister wrote them with titles like The becoming of the Nazi movement, Call for opposition, Freedom and violence and Appeal to All Callings and Organisations to resist the government.", "On 15 February 1942, Schulze-Boysen led the group to write the six-page pamphlet called Die Sorge Um Deutschlands Zukunft geht durch das Volk!", "(English: \"The Concern for Germany's Future Goes Through the People!\").", "Co-authored by Rittmeister, the master copy was arranged by the potter Cato Bontjes van Beek, a friend of Libertas, and the pamphlet was written up by Maria Terwiel on her typewriter.", "Once copy survives today.", "The pamphlet posited the idea of active defeatism, which was a compromise between principled pacifism and practical political resistance.", "It stated the future for Germany lay in establishing a socialist state that would form alliances with the USSR and progressive forces in Europe.", "It also offered advice to the individual resistor: \"do the opposite of what is asked of you\".", "The group produced hundreds of pamphlets that were spread over Berlin, in phone boxes, and sent to selected addresses.", "Producing the leaflets required a small army of people and a complex approach to organisation to avoid being discovered.", "The Soviet Paradise exhibition\nIn May 1942, the Nazis publicised propaganda as an exhibit known as The Soviet Paradise.", "Massive photo panels depicting Russian Slavs as subhuman beasts who lived in squalid conditions and pictures of firing squads shooting young children and others who were hung and shown at the exhibit.", "Greta Kuckhoff was horrified by the exhibition.", "The group decided to respond and created a number of stickers.", "On 17 May 1942, Schulze Boysen stood guard on each of the 19 members, travelling over five Berlin neighbourhoods at different times to paste the stickers over the original exhibition posters.", "The Harnacks were dismayed at Schulze-Boysen's actions and decided not to participate in the exploit, believing it to be reckless and unnecessarily dangerous.", "Discovery\nThe discovery of the illegal radio transmissions by Soviet agent Johann Wenzel by the radio counterintelligence organization Funkabwehr and his capture by the Gestapo on 29–30 June 1942 eventually revealed the Red Orchestra, and led to the arrest of the Schulze-Boysens.", "Wenzel decided to cooperate after he was tortured.", "His exposure of the radio codes enabled Referat 12, the cipher bureaux of the Funkabwehr, to decipher Red Orchestra message traffic.", "The unit had been tracking Red Orchestra radio transmissions since June 1941 and in December they raided a house in Brussels where Wenzel was transmitting that was found to contain a large number of coded messages.", "When Wilhelm Vauck, principal cryptographer of the Funkabwehr, the radio counterintelligence department of the Abwehr received the ciphers from Wenzel, he was able to decipher some of the older messages.", "Vauck found a message that was dated 10 October 1941.", "The message was addressed to KENT (Anatoly Gurevich) and had the header format: KL3 3 DE RTX 1010-1725 WDS GBD FROM DIREKTOR PERSONAL.", "When it was decrypted, it gave the location of three addresses in Berlin: The first address, 19 Altenburger Alle, Neuwestend, third floor right and addressed to CORO was the Schulze-Boysens apartment.", "The two other addresses were the Kuckhoffs' and the Harnacks' apartments.", "When Vauck decrypted this message, it was forwarded to Reich Security Main Office IV 2A, where they identified the people living at the three addresses.", "The three couples were put under surveillance on 16 July 1942.", "There was a member of Schulze-Boysen's group working in Referat 12 in Vauck's team: Horst Heilmann, who was supplying Schulze-Boysen with intelligence.", "Heilmann tried to contact Schulze-Boysen but was unsuccessful and left a message with him to phone him back.", "Schulze-Boysen returned the call, but Vauck answered the phone and when he requested the name of the caller to take a message, and was met with Schulze-Boysen, the deception was revealed.", "Arrest and death\nOn 31 August 1942, Schulze-Boysen was arrested in his office in the RLM, and his wife Libertas a few days later when she panicked and fled to a friend's house.", "On 15 December 1942, Harro and Libertas, along with many close friends including the Harnacks, the Schumachers, Hans Coppi, John Graudenz and Horst Heilmann, were tried in the Reichskriegsgericht, the highest military court in Nazi Germany.", "The group was prosecuted by Manfred Roeder and tried by five military judges consisting of a vice admiral, two generals and two professional judges.", "Evidence was presented to the court by Roeder along with an indictment that contained a juridical estimation of the case.", "There was no jury and prosecution witnesses were Gestapo agents.", "At the end of the trial, Roeder demanded the death sentence.", "On 19 December, the couple were sentenced to death for \"preparation for high treason\" and \"war treason\".", "Harro Schulze-Boysen was executed by hanging on 22 December 1942 at 19:05 in Plötzensee Prison in Berlin.", "Libertas Schulze-Boysen was executed about an hour after her husband.", "Their bodies were released to Hermann Stieve, an anatomist at what is now Humboldt University, to be dissected for research.", "When Stieve was finished with them, their remains were taken to the Zehlendorf crematorium.", "Their final resting place is unknown.", "Honours\n\n In 1964, the German Democratic Republic issued a special stamp series on the Communist Resistance, the 20+5-penny stamp that was dedicated to Schulze-Boysen.", "In 1967, The National People's Army News Regiment 14 was named after Schulze-Boysen.", "In 1969, Schulze-Boysen was posthumously awarded the Order of the Red Banner by the Soviet Union.", "In 1972 in the Berlin borough of Lichtenberg, a street is named after the Schulze-Boysens.", "The German Federal Finance Ministry has the following quote by Schulze-Boysen:\n\"Wenn wir auch sterben sollen,\nSo wissen wir: Die Saat\nGeht auf.", "Wenn Köpfe rollen, dann\nZwingt doch der Geist den Staat.\"", "\"Glaubt mit mir an die gerechte Zeit, die alles reifen lässt!\"", "\"Even if we should die,\nWe know this: The seed\nBears fruit.", "If heads roll, then\nThe spirit nevertheless forces the state.\"", "\"Believe with me in the just time that lets everything ripen.\"", "There is also a Schulze-Boysen-Strasse in Duisburg, Leipzig, Rostock, Magdeburg and Ludwigsfelde.", "In 1983, the GDR issued a block of stamps in memory of the Schulze-Boysen/Harnack resistance group.", "In 1984, the sculpture Freedom Fighter by Fritz Cremer in Bremen was erected in memory of Mildred Harnack and Harro Schulze-Boysen at the Wilhelm Wagenfeld House in Bremen's Wallanlagen.", "In 1991, the picture Red Chapel Berlin (Tempera auf Nessel, 79 × 99 cm), painted by in 1941, was the picture of the month for July in the Westphalian State Museum of Art and Cultural History in Münster.", "In 2009, the Harro Schulze-Boysen-Weg was inaugurated on November 26 on the occasion of his 100th birthday in Kiel.", "In 2017, two Stolperstein were laid at Liebenberg Castle in memory of Harro and Libertas Schulze-Boysen.", "Literature\n \n \n \n \n Coppi, Hans (1996): Harro Schulze-Boysen und Alexandre Marc.", "Die Gruppe Ordre Nouveau und der Gegner-Kreis.", "Oder: Der Versuch, die deutsch-französischen Beziehungen auf neue Grundlagen zu stellen.", "In: Ferdinand Kinsky / Franz Knipping (Hrsg.", "): Le fédéralisme personnaliste aux sources de l'Europe de demain.", "Der personalistische Föderalismus und die Zukunft Europas.", "Schriftenreihe des Europäischen Zentrums für Föderalismus-Forschung Tübingen, Band 7.", "Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft: Baden-Baden, pp.", "153–167\n\nReferences\n\nSources \n\n \n \n Elsa Boysen: Harro Schulze-Boysen – Das Bild eines Freiheitskämpfers.", "(Erstauflage 1947), Fölbach Verlag, Koblenz 1992, \n \n Hans Coppi, Geertje Andresen (Hrsg.", "): Dieser Tod paßt zu mir.", "Harro Schulze-Boysen - Grenzgänger im Widerstand.", "Briefe 1915-1942, Aufbau Taschenbuch Verlag, Berlin 2002, \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n\n \nKarl Otto Paetel: Nationalbolschewismus und nationalrevolutionaere Bewegungen in Deutschland.", "„Der Gegnerkreis“ S.189 bis S.205, , Schnellbach 1999, \n \n \n \n \n Schulze-Boysen, Harro (1994).", "Gegner von heute – Kampfgenossen von morgen.", "(Erstauflage 1932); Fölbach Verlag, Koblenz, 4.", "Auflage\n\nExternal links \n\nLebendiges Museum Online \nBerlingeschichte.de: Schulze-Boysen-Straße \n\n1909 births\n1942 deaths\nMilitary personnel from Kiel\nPeople from the Province of Schleswig-Holstein\nCommunist Party of Germany politicians\nYoung German Order members\nPeople condemned by Nazi courts\nExecuted communists in the German Resistance\nRed Orchestra (espionage)\nPeople from Schleswig-Holstein executed at Plötzensee Prison\nGerman spies for the Soviet Union\nExecuted spies\nGerman nationalists\nPeople executed by hanging at Plötzensee Prison\nLuftwaffe personnel of World War II" ]

[ "During World War II, he was a left-wing German publicist and officer.", "The leader of the German resistance against the Nazi regime was Schulze-Boysen.", "He was a member of a Berlin anti-fascist resistance group called the Red Orchestra.", "He was executed in 1942.", "From June 1941 to August 1942, Schulze-Boysen worked as a Soviet agent.", "The activities against the Third Reich were not carried out as part of the Rote Kapelle organization.", "Many groups in other parts of the world have developed into espionage networks.", "The son of a decorated naval officer was born in Kiel.", "He was related to both the grandnephew and the mother of the German economist and philosopher Ferdinand Tnnies.", "When his father received a posting, the family moved to Berlin.", "His brother Hartmut was born in 1922 and died in 2013, while Helga was born a year later.", "In 1913, the Heinrich-von-Kleist-Gymnasium was located in the district of Schmargendorf in Berlin.", "He spent his summers in Sweden with his family.", "His father was transferred to Duisburg in 1922.", "He was a student at the Steinbart Gymnasium in Duisburg when he participated in the underground struggle against the French occupation of the Ruhr in 1923.", "His parents arranged a slightly longer stay in Sweden to get him out of politics.", "Harro's trip to England inspired comparison and reflection.", "The perception of England within Germany did not match his experiences in the country.", "He wrote about the scandal in Duisburg in 1927 in order to build a monument to the sculptor.", "Schulze-Boysen gave a speech at the school on the occasion of the 80th birthday of the Reich President Paul von Hindenburg.", "His political involvement in high school was thought to be very intense.", "He received a good rating from the Abitur.", "In the written and oral expression, his dexterity was emphasized.", "The values and traditions of the family were in agreement with his spiritual attitude.", "He appeared in public and in written statements under a different name.", "He studied law and political science at the University of Freiburg without finishing.", "He joined the Studentenverbindung Albingia and the Young German Order at the same time.", "The goal was to ethically revive the camaraderie from the trenches of the First World War as a model for the Volksgemeinschaft.", "It did not accept any form of dictatorship from either the left or right.", "In the summer of 1929 he participated in an academic fencing club at the university and a course from the Hochsee-Wehrsportverein high sea defense sailing club in Neustadt.", "He joined the International Students' Association at the University of Berlin in order to continue his studies in law.", "He dealt with Nazi ideology for the first time during this period and searched for the causes of the Nazi Party's victory in the Reichstag elections.", "He read the programme of the Nazi Party and found it to be a \"jumble of platitudes\" and commented: \"There's nothing here but nonsense\".", "It became clear to him that a rise in votes by the Nazis would lead to a rise in tensions in society.", "The intellectual-nationalist group called the Volksnationale Reichsvereinigung was supported by Schulze-Boysen.", "The National Socialist Black Front was also a part of this period.", "In July 1931, when he was a publicist, he met French intellectuals associated with the magazine Plans, who sought the establishment of a Europe-wide collective economic system and whose influence resulted in him being reorientated politically to the left.", "As time went on, he realized that the daily struggle in Germany should be directed against the emerging fascists, and he distanced himself from the views of the Young German Order.", "He published the magazine \"The Opponent\" in 1931, which was modeled on the plans magazine.", "The poets, artists, writers, and Marxists collaborated in writing the magazine.", "They wanted to build a unified front of young people against the liberal, capitalist and nationalist spirit in Europe.", "The actor for Germany was for the French.", "He began to organize Enemy Evenings in Berlin cafés in order to develop an independent German youth movement.", "He did not keep in touch with any of the opposition youth groups.", "At the end of 1931, he took a leave of absence from his studies because he had come to the conclusion that the contents discussed here had nothing to do with the daily political disputes.", "The Meeting of Europe's Revolutionary Youth was held in February of 1932.", "The political goals for the German delegation were formulated by the young people who attended the meeting.", "The abolition of the capitalist system and the assertion of Germany's own role without foreign interference were included in view of the crisis in Germany.", "He became more interested in the Soviet system because of his disappointment with the national and conservative parties in Germany, who he felt did not fight the Nazis enough.", "The first article that defined his concept of publication goals was written in March 1932.", "He wrote a letter to his mother in April of 1932 that stated his goal was intellectual reconciliation of the young generation.", "His politics were driven by the idea of a united youth.", "The office premises of the Der Gegner were sealed off in May of 1932 after an investigation was opened against Jung.", "The publication was given a new name, Gegner, but with the same network of the most diverse political camps.", "At the depths of the crisis, he saw an opportunity to implement a new policy approach.", "He had become the leader of the group.", "The seizure of power by Hitler was thought to be probable, but he would be overthrown by a general strike.", "After the seizure of power by the Nazis and the Reichstag fire in Berlin, Schulze-Boysen helped several friends and colleagues who were being threatened to escape abroad.", "In February 1933 the Gestapo rated the actions of the magazine as \"radical\" in an official communication, and in April 1933 the offices of the magazine were destroyed in a raid.", "The editorial staff was deported to a special camp.", "He was abused and held for several days.", "Henry Erlanger died after being tortured by the Sturmabteilung.", "He realized that he had to find new ways to implement his anti-Nazi beliefs.", "A chance encounter in the street led to a meeting between the two.", "The intellectual discussion group would become an anti-fascist resistance group.", "In May 1933, his father organized a pilot training course for him at the German Aviation School in Warnemnde as a sea observer to remove his son from the political front line in Berlin.", "The place was far away from Berlin and gave him the chance to reflect on his past and plan for the future.", "He told his friends and colleagues to look at the institutions of the Nazi regime before he left.", "He tried to return with caution after reading books that the rulers had appealed to.", "A contact was made with the publisher in the spring of 1934.", "The magazine Wille zum Reich was published under a different name and was intended to undermine the Nazi movement with its own themes.", "Every fortnight he held picnic-evenings in his apartment with people who were interested in philosophy and politics.", "Under the name E.R.", "Individual editorials and essays were written for Rth.", "It was important for him to understand the possibilities of influence in the new situation.", "He was an auxiliary officer in the fifth department in the section Foreign Air Powers of the Ministry of Aviation in Berlin.", "The head of maritime aviation intelligence had an adjutant who was responsible for evaluating the foreign literature and press on the subject of air armament.", "He analysed tactics, organisation, training and technology by studying foreign magazines.", "Marriage to protect himself from further persecution, Schulze-Boysen surrounded himself with a group of politically incorruptible friends who were left-leaning anti-fascists.", "Libertas was a press officer at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in Berlin and he met him while they were sailing on the Wannsee.", "They were married on July 26, 1936.", "The bride was given away at the wedding by the artist of the painting.", "Her parents owned Liebenberg Castle.", "After returning from his honeymoon in Sweden, he submitted a confidential report for his employer.", "She wanted to influence her guests on her behalf and held evening discussions at her house.", "She was fully aware of his activities in the resistance and supported the group by taking part in writing pamphlets, acting as a courier and helping to establish social contacts.", "The couple had an open marriage and the man considered himself a libertine.", "Walter Kchenmeister joined the group in 1935.", "Kchenmeister had known Schulze-Boysen since 1930, but had been reintroduced to him by Kurt Schumacher.", "Kchenmeister became an important member of the group and became a writer.", "In the same year, Schulze-Boysen traveled to Switzerland to give a series of lectures on international legal issues.", "At a left-wing student gathering in 1932, Gnther Weisenborn met Schulze-Boysen and they became good friends.", "The actor was introduced to the group by Weisenborn.", "Walter Husemann joined the group when he was in the Buchenwald concentration camp.", "Among the former students of a reform school on the island of Scharfenberg, there were other friends.", "They came from the families of communist or social democratic workers.", "Hilde Coppi and Hans Lautenschlager are related.", "The German Society of Intellectuals had some of these contacts before 1933.", "Eva was a friend of many of the people who met in the abitur class at Berlin W 50.", "The Romanist also joined.", "An active resistance to the Nazi regime grew through discussions.", "The communist groups in Neuklln had contacts with Ursula Goetze.", "In January 1936, Schule-Boyzen completed basic military training in the 3rd Radio Intelligence Teaching Company in Halle and was promoted to corporal.", "He had to either prove an academic degree or take part in a military exercise in order to be promoted.", "He was registered in the files as \"politically unreliable\".", "The head of the human resources department, Colonel General Hans-Jrgen Stumpff, was asked by Hermann Gring what reports they had on Schulze-Boysen.", "Gring replied that \"the old calibre of new appointments should be accepted\" after he learned that the political activities from the Weimar Era would not offer a positive attitude towards the National State.", "He was promoted to sergeant of the Reserve after completing his course in List on Sylt.", "There were more courses in May and July 1936.", "He was commissioned by the Reich Aviation Ministry to work on the handbook of the military sciences.", "The magazine Wille zum Reich was banned while he was taking his basic military training.", "The atelier that he and Libertas had purchased together in Charlottenburg became a popular meeting place for people who wanted to maintain social interactions with one another.", "There is a discussion group in Libertas' parents' estate.", "There were many former acquaintances present.", "Basic conspiratorial rules were agreed to protect these activities.", "Hans was the code name for the man when he attended these discussion groups.", "During the summer of 1936, when he was at the Reich Aviation Ministry, Schulze-Boysen collected information about the support that Germany was giving to the Popular Front in Spain.", "The documents were given to the German Communist Party by the Antimilitarist Apparatus.", "Elfriede Paul, a doctor, became a core member of the group at the end of 1936.", "The group was galvanised by the Spanish Civil War.", "A plan that took advantage of Schulze-Boysen's position at the ministry was formed after Kurt Schumacher demanded that action be taken.", "A sabotage enterprise planned in Barcelona by the German Wehrmacht was the subject of a short information document in February 1937.", "The action was taken by \"Special Staff W\", an organisation established by a general to study and analyse the tactical lessons learned by the Legion Kondor during the Spanish Civil War.", "The German relief operations were directed by the unit and included volunteers and weapons.", "There were details about German transports, deployment of units and companies involved in the German defence that were collected.", "Gisela von Pllnitz, a cousin of Schulze-Boysen, was planning to visit the exposition in Paris, but the group did not know how to deliver the information.", "The group decided that she would deliver the letter to the Soviet Embassy in Paris.", "The letter was placed in the mailbox of the Soviet Embassy on the Bois de Boulogne.", "The building was being watched by the Gestapo and after posting a letter they arrested her.", "A game of planning took place in the Foreign Air Powers Department in June of 1938 and a combat exercise took place in August of that year.", "With orders from Himmler, the Gestapo updated their register of potential enemies of the state.", "They were aware that he was a former editor of the Gegner.", "He was promoted to lieutenant on April 20, 1939 and immediately called upon to perform a study on the comparison of air armaments between France, England and Germany.", "The actors associated with Schulze-Boysen did not get discouraged by the situation in Germany.", "The leaflet \"The Shock Troop\" was written by Kchenmeister and Schulze-Boysen in October of 1938.", "Around 50 copies were mimeographed.", "In the spring of 1939, Paul, the Schumachers and Kchenmeister traveled to Switzerland, ostensibly to treat Kchenmeister's Tuberculosis, but also to contact the KPD director Wolfgang Langhoff to exchange information.", "Kchenmeister helped reach Switzerland.", "He gave him information on current German aircraft and tank production, as well as deployment plans for a German submarine base in the Canary Islands.", "On his 30th birthday on September 2, 1939, Schulze-Boysen talked to German industrialist Hugo Buschmann, who agreed to give him literature on the Russian Revolution, Stalin, and Leon Trotsky.", "During his studies, he considered writing a thesis on the Soviet Union, as he was concerned with questions of what alternatives there were to the capitalist system of the Western European countries.", "\"I receive Pravda and Izvestia from time to time and have to read them because I am a rapporteur on Russian issues,\" said Schulze-Boysen.", "A thorough study of this literature is required by my department.", "We are allies of Soviet Russia.", "Much of 1940 was spent looking for new acquaintances.", "He studied at the Hochschule fr Politik of the University of Berlin and worked in the RLM.", "He led a seminar on foreign studies at the end of his studies as an employee of the director of the Hochschule.", "Libertas Schulze-Boysen became an English language lecturer in 1941.", "The three people who became important members of the group were the student and interpreter Eva-Maria Buch, the Nazi and Hitler Youth member Horst Heilmann and the Luftwaffe officer Herbert Gollnow.", "Die innere Front was translated into French.", "It was not known who Gollnow was.", "The Soviets and Versailles was written by Heilmann and was presented at a political seminar for the Hitler Youth.", "It was not the first meeting between Haushofer and Schulze-Boysen, but it was the first political one.", "According to new evidence presented in 2010, Schulze-Boysen and Haushofer met at least twice before, understood each other's motives, and allowed a compromise to be reached between them, which enabled Heilmann to turn away from Nazism.", "They discussed the possibility of cooperation between Germany and the Soviet Union at their first meeting.", "Haushofer believed that the only way to establish mutual agreement with Stalin's regime was to confront Soviet power with Europe's right to self-assertion.", "He believed that the Soviet Union would have a role in Europe and that German communism would emerge as an independent political doctrine.", "The trust between the two sides was established at the second meeting.", "Two meetings created a level of trust between the two men that reduced their risk of exposure when trying to turn the Wehrmacht officer.", "In August 1941, after a weekend sailing on the Groer Wannsee, on Schulze-Boysen's boat, the Duschika, he told Heilmann that he was working for the Russians.", "Heilmann provided intelligence for almost a year.", "In 1941, Schulze-Boysen began to cooperate with other resistance groups.", "The most important of these was a group run by Arvid Harnack who had known Schulze-Boysen since 1935, but was reintroduced to him sometime in late 1939 or early 1940.", "At the end of the 1920s, Arvid andMildred Harnack were studying in America, and Kuckhoff brought the poet Adam Kuckhoff with them.", "The Kuckhoffs met the Schulz-Boysens at a dinner party hosted by film producer Herbert Engelsing and his wife and started to engage them socially in late 1939 or early 1940.", "Maria Terwiel was introduced to the Schulze-Boysen's by the Engelsing's.", "In January 1941, Schulze-Boysen was promoted to lieutenant and assigned to the 5th department of the Reich Aviation Ministry.", "The headquarters of the Luftwaffe was located in Wildpark, where his new place of work was.", "His job was to process the reports from the attachés.", "Harnack learned from him that the Reich Aviation Ministry was involved in the preparation of the Russian campaign as well as the beginning of flights over Soviet territory.", "On 27 March 1941 in a meeting at the apartment of Arvid Harnack, Alexander Korotkow, who was known to Harnack as Alexander Erdberg, met the third secretary member of the Soviet embassy.", "As an employee of the foreign intelligence service of the Soviet People's Commissariat for State Security, Korotkov was a Soviet intelligence agent who had been operating in Europe for much of the 1930s.", "As Harnack brought him into the operation, he was assigned the code name Starshina, a Soviet military rank.", "The attack on the Soviet Union would take place in the shortest possible time, without being aware of the activity of his counterpart at the time.", "On April 2, 1941, the invasion plans were complete and the initial list of bombing targets was provided to Korotkow.", "The Germans were indecisive on 17 April.", "He said that German generals in North Africa were hoping for a victory over Great Britain.", "The Soviets ordered the creation of a Berlin espionage operation in order to increase the amount of intelligence.", "The groups were given two radio transmitters and Harnack was asked to run the operation.", "Kurt Schumacher was selected as their radio operator.", "In the same month, Korotkow began to pressure both groups to stop engaging in political activity.", "He continued to engage in politics despite having friends with links to the Communist Party of Germany.", "In May 1941, a suitcase-based radio transmitter was delivered to Harnack.", "Libertas was involved in the espionage operation.", "The reports provided to the Soviets became more important as the month went on, as they devoted more time to ensure the supply of information continued.", "On 6 June 1941, Schumacher was drafted into the German army and Hans Coppi was found to be the replacement radio operator.", "Coppi was persuaded to establish a radio link to the Soviet Union.", "Coppi failed to send any messages due to inexperience and technical problems with the radio, despite being trained in how to decode and transmit text.", "The operation was largely a failure.", "The report that gave the final details of the Soviet invasion was prepared around 13 June 1941.", "Intelligence from the group failed to reach the Soviet Union due to the radio transmitters that had become faulty when the Soviet embassy closed.", "They gathered information and put it together.", "The couple read about the murders of six people in the Soviet Union and the group was aware of the capture of millions of Russian soldiers.", "By September 1941, they realized that the fate of Russians and Jews had begun to converge.", "The combined group began to collect military intelligence in a systematic manner that could be used to overthrow the Nazis.", "The military defeat of the Nazis was the only way that Germany could be liberated and possibly millions of people could be saved.", "Germany would need to be saved as an independent state at the center of Europe.", "On 18 October 1941, the director of Soviet Intelligence in Europe ordered Anatoly Gurevich to drive to Berlin to find out why the group was no longer being transmitted.", "On August 26, 1941, Trepper received a message with instructions to reestablish communications.", "Although it took several weeks for Gurevich to reach Berlin, the visit was largely a failure and the groups remained independent.", "They held a four-hour meeting with Gurevich at his apartment.", "In December 1941 or January 1942, the Schulze-Boysens met John and his wife Eva.", "After hearing about the German military setbacks on the Eastern Front, Rittmeister was convinced that the reports should be shared with the German people, which would destroy the myth of German propaganda.", "He did not know about his espionage activities or the politics of activist politics.", "The Agis leaflet is named after the Spartan King Agis IV, who fought against corruption.", "They were called The becoming of the Nazi movement, Call for opposition, Freedom and violence, and Appeal to All callings and Organisations to resist the government.", "On February 15, 1942, the group wrote a pamphlet called Die Sorge Um Deutschlands Zukunft.", "The concern for Germany's future goes through the people.", "The master copy was arranged by a friend of Libertas and the pamphlet was written on her typewriter.", "Today copy will survive.", "The idea of active defeatism was a compromise between principled pacifism and practical political resistance.", "The future for Germany lay in establishing a socialist state that would form alliances with the USSR and progressive forces in Europe.", "It told the individual to do the opposite of what was asked of them.", "Hundreds of pamphlets were spread over Berlin, in phone boxes, and sent to selected addresses by the group.", "A complex approach to organisation and a small army of people were needed to produce the leaflets.", "The Soviet Paradise exhibition was put on by the Nazis in 1942.", "Massive photo panels depicting Russian Slavs as subhuman beasts who lived in squalid conditions and pictures of firing squads shooting young children and others were hung and shown at the exhibit.", "The exhibition horrified Greta Kuckhoff.", "The group made a number of stickers.", "On 17 May 1942, Schulze Boysen traveled over five Berlin neighbourhoods to paste the stickers over the original exhibition posters.", "The Harnacks decided not to participate in the exploit because they believed it to be reckless and dangerous.", "The Red Orchestra was revealed after the discovery of illegal radio transmissions by the Soviet agent Wenzel and his capture by the Gestapo on June 29, 1942.", "After he was tortured, Wenzel decided to cooperate.", "Referat 12 was able to decipher Red Orchestra message traffic because of his exposure of the radio codes.", "The Red Orchestra radio transmissions had been tracked by the unit since June 1941 and in December they raided a house in Brussels where Wenzel was transmitting that was found to contain a large number ofcoded messages.", "The radio counterintelligence department of the Abwehr received the ciphers from Wenzel and was able to decipher some of the older messages.", "A message was found by Vauck.", "The message was addressed to KENT and had a format called KL3 3 DE.", "The first address was 19 Altenburger Alle, Neuwestend, third floor right, and it was addressed to CORO.", "The Harnacks' apartments were one of the addresses.", "The people living at the three addresses were identified by Reich Security Main Office IV 2A after Vauck deciphered the message.", "The three couples were put under watch.", "Vauck's team had a member of the group working in Referat 12 who was supplying the group with intelligence.", "Heilmann tried to reach Schulze-Boysen but was unsuccessful and left a message for him to call back.", "When Vauck answered the phone and asked the name of the caller to take a message, the deception was revealed.", "On August 31, 1942, Libertas fled to a friend's house after her husband was arrested in his office in the RLM.", "The Reichskriegsgericht, the highest military court in Nazi Germany, was where Harro and Libertas were tried.", "The group was tried by five military judges consisting of a vice admiral, two generals and two professional judges.", "The indictment contained a juridical estimation of the case and evidence was presented to the court.", "The prosecution witnesses were Gestapo agents.", "At the end of the trial, he demanded the death sentence.", "The couple were sentenced to death on December 19th.", "The execution of Harro Schulze-Boysen took place in Berlin on December 22, 1942.", "The woman was put to death about an hour after her husband.", "Their bodies were released to an anatomist to be used for research.", "After Stieve was over, their remains were taken to the Zehlendorf crematorium.", "Their final resting place is not known.", "In 1964, the German Democratic Republic issued a stamp series dedicated to the Communist Resistance.", "The National People's Army News Regiment 14 was named after Schulze-Boysen.", "The Order of the Red Banner was awarded to Schulze-Boysen in 1969.", "In 1972 a street in Berlin was named after the Schulze-Boysens.", "The German Federal Finance Ministry has a quote from Schulze-Boysen.", "Zwingt doch der Staat.", "\"Alles reifen lsst!\"", "Even if we should die, we know the seed Bears fruit.", "The spirit forces the state if heads roll.", "\"I will be with you in the just time that allows everything to grow.\"", "Duisburg is one of the places where there is a Schulze-Boysen-Strasse.", "The GDR issued a block of stamps in 1983 in memory of the resistance group.", "The sculpture Freedom Fighter was built in 1984 in memory of Harro Schulze-Boysen andMildred Harnack.", "The picture of the month for July in the Westphalian State Museum of Art and Cultural History was Red Chapel Berlin.", "The Harro Schulze-Boysen-Weg was inaugurated on November 26, 2009, on the occasion of his 100th birthday.", "Two Stolperstein were laid to rest at Liebenberg Castle in memory of Harro and Libertas.", "Hans Coppi wrote Literature Coppi in 1996.", "The Gegner-Kreis is a part of the Gruppe.", "Oder, die deutsch-franzsischen Beziehungen ist.", "In: Ferdinand Kinsky.", "Le fédéralisme personnaliste aux sources de Europe.", "Fderalismus is the personalistische Fderalismus.", "Band 7 is des Europischen Zentrums fr Fderalismus.", "Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, pp.", "References come from sources like Harro Schulze-Boysen.", "Flbach Verlag, Koblenz 1992, Hans Coppi.", "Dieser Tod pat.", "Grenzgnger is by Harro Schulze-Boysen.", "Karl Otto Paetel: Nationalbolschewismus und nationalrevolutionaere Bewegungen in Deutschland was published in 2002.", "S.189, S.206, S.206, S.206, S.206, S.196, S.194, S.194, S.194, S.194, S.194, S.194, S.194, S.194, S.", "Gegner von heute.", "Flbach Verlag is in Koblenz.", "People from the Province of Schleswig-Holstein who were members of the Communist Party of Germany were executed by the Nazis." ]

[ "Heinz Harro Max Wilhelm Georg Schulze Boysen", "Harro", "Harro", "Harro", "Harro", "Harro", "Harro", "Harro", "Harro", "Harro", "Harro" ]

[ "Harro", "Harro", "Harro", "Harro", "Harro", "Harro" ]