_id
stringlengths 19
25
| url
stringlengths 31
294
| title
stringlengths 1
184
| text
stringlengths 100
31.5k
|
|---|---|---|---|
20231101.en_13195059_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular%20Front%20of%20the%20Canary%20Islands | Popular Front of the Canary Islands | FREPIC-AWAÑAK was formed by merging minority Canarian political organizations such as Organización para los Comunistas Canarios (OCC), and the PRAIC Partido Revolucionario Africano de las Islas Canarias, which had originated in the Partido de los Trabajadores Canarios (PTC), the former political wing of MPAIAC. |
20231101.en_13195059_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular%20Front%20of%20the%20Canary%20Islands | Popular Front of the Canary Islands | MPAIAC, Antonio Cubillo's now defunct organization, failed to attract public support among Canarios owing to its violent activity. |
20231101.en_13195059_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular%20Front%20of%20the%20Canary%20Islands | Popular Front of the Canary Islands | The Popular Front of the Canary Islands (FREPIC-AWAÑAK) defines itself as a “popular organization” continuing Antonio Cubillo's support of Berberism. Its aims are to: |
20231101.en_13195059_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular%20Front%20of%20the%20Canary%20Islands | Popular Front of the Canary Islands | Struggle against the “errors” of the autonomist Unión del Pueblo Canario party by “openly refusing any autonomist proposal, even those which claim that they are a preliminary step towards auto-determination and independence.” |
20231101.en_13195059_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular%20Front%20of%20the%20Canary%20Islands | Popular Front of the Canary Islands | Begin a movement for the establishment of the República Popular Canaria, an independent “Popular Republic of the Canary Islands”, by bringing into its fold “the Canarians who are against colonial rule and who favor total political independence from Spain” |
20231101.en_13195059_6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular%20Front%20of%20the%20Canary%20Islands | Popular Front of the Canary Islands | The PFCI (FREPIC-AWAÑAK) has never been able to reach effective political representation and has remained a minority group. Its best electoral results were in 1996 in the Spanish Senate elections where it failed to reach enough votes. From that moment the FREPIC-AWAÑAK has not taken part again in any election. Now changed, his independentist principles foremost Moroccan friendship and help cooperation, like a way to demonstrate that golpe de fuerza (strong coup) thinking that is the best way to instigate fear against Central Administration and obtain more autonomy. |
20231101.en_13195059_7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular%20Front%20of%20the%20Canary%20Islands | Popular Front of the Canary Islands | Its latest policies (from 2000 until today), including its harsh criticism on the Polisario Front and the Spanish government position on the Western Sahara issue, as well as its praising of the Kingdom of Morocco, suggest to many that the FREPIC is getting close to the Moroccan government, and that Morocco would probably be funding the party. |
20231101.en_13195059_8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular%20Front%20of%20the%20Canary%20Islands | Popular Front of the Canary Islands | Presently the FREPIC-AWAÑAK is functioning only in Gran Canaria island. Its secretary general is Tomás Quintana. |
20231101.en_13195079_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasiopetalum | Lasiopetalum | Lasiopetalum, commonly known as velvet bushes, is a genus of about forty-five species of flowering plants in the family Malvaceae, all endemic to Australia. |
20231101.en_13195079_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasiopetalum | Lasiopetalum | Most species of Lasiopetalum are spreading or prostrate, many-branched shrubs. Commonly known as velvet bushes, they derive their common name from the pubescent (finely-furred) nature of the stems, leaves and flowers. Their leaves are generally arranged alternately on the stems. The flowerheads are either axillary or terminal. The flowers are small, the five-lobed calyces are hairy and the petals tiny. |
20231101.en_13195079_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasiopetalum | Lasiopetalum | The genus is allied to the genera Guichenotia and Thomasia. The greatest diversity of species is in Western Australia, where 24 species are found, of which 8 are endemic to the region. |
20231101.en_13195079_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasiopetalum | Lasiopetalum | The genus Lasiopetalum was first formally described in 1798 by James Edward Smith in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. The genus name is derived from the Ancient Greek word lasios "hairy", and the Botanical Greek petalon "petal", and refers to the hairy calyx. Lasiopetalum was previously classified in the family Sterculiaceae, however that family has been sunk into an expanded Malvaceae. Within the family, it gives its name to its tribe Lasiopetaleae, which contains about ten genera, located mostly in Australia. It is closely related to Guichenotia, although the exact relationship and genus delineation is unclear pending further research. |
20231101.en_13195079_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasiopetalum | Lasiopetalum | The genus is rarely cultivated, although many species have flushes of attractive reddish hairy new growth, and several were cultivated in England in the 19th century. |
20231101.en_13195079_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasiopetalum | Lasiopetalum | The following is a list of Lasiopetalum species, accepted by the Australian Plant Census as at December 2020: |
20231101.en_13195083_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarfoot%20%28film%29 | Sugarfoot (film) | Aside from the title, the film has nothing to do with the 1957 television series of the same name, which was inspired by another feature Western, Michael Curtiz's The Boy from Oklahoma (1954) starring Will Rogers Jr. |
20231101.en_13195083_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarfoot%20%28film%29 | Sugarfoot (film) | Jackson Redan, a Confederate States Army veteran of the American Civil War, attempts to rebuild his life by moving to Arizona Territory. His politeness and courtly Southern gentleman demeanor cause the residents of Prescott to name him Sugarfoot. Among his new acquaintances are merchant Don Miguel Wormser and saloon singer Reva Cairn. An enemy from Redan's past, Jacob Stint, has also taken up residence in Prescott and pays unwanted attention to Reva. Redan rescues her, but afterwards treats her coldly. Wormser entrusts Redan with four thousand dollars, which Stint steals, but Wormser forgives Redan. On business for Wormser, Redan makes a favorable deal, which earns him the enmity of Wormser's rival, Asa Goodhue. Redan reclaims the stolen four thousand dollars from Stint, but is shot in the process. Reva nurses him during his recovery, which thaws his attitude towards her. Stint and Goodhue continue to cheat the townspeople, so Redan puts aside his courtliness to end their villainy. |
20231101.en_13195126_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Chiuta | Lake Chiuta | Lake Chiuta is a shallow lake on the border between Malawi and Mozambique. It lies to the north of Lake Chilwa and to the south of Lake Amaramba, which has no outlet, and the lakes are separated by a sandy ridge. Both lakes lie in a graben which runs northeast–southwest, east of the main African Rift Valley. |
20231101.en_13195126_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Chiuta | Lake Chiuta | Lake Chiuta is 3–4 meters deep and ranges in size from 25 to 130 square kilometers, depending on the season and rainfall. Lake Chiuta and Amaramba is intermittently linked to the Lugenda River, a tributary of the Ruvuma River. |
20231101.en_13195126_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Chiuta | Lake Chiuta | Predominant commercial fish species are Oreochromis shiranus shiranus (Chambo), Clarias gariepinus (Mlamba), and Barbus paludinosus (Matemba). 37 fish species were recorded in total. (Ojda 1994) |
20231101.en_13195126_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Chiuta | Lake Chiuta | Dominating aquatic macrophytes are Potamogeton welwitschii + Ceratophyllum demersum (submerged), Eleocharis dulcis, Oryza barthii, Vossia cuspidata, etc. (Ojda 1994) |
20231101.en_13195126_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Chiuta | Lake Chiuta | Dawson, A.L. (1970). "The Geology of the Lake Chiuta Area". Geological Survey Dept., Ministry of Natural Resources Malawi. Government Printer, Zomba, Malawi |
20231101.en_13195126_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Chiuta | Lake Chiuta | Owen, R.B & R. Crossley, 198?. "Recent sedimentation in Lakes Chilwa and Chiuta, Malawi". Dept. of Geography and Earth Science, University of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi |
20231101.en_13195126_6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Chiuta | Lake Chiuta | Ojda, Lutz W. (1994). "Der Chiuta See in Malawi - Studie eines fluktuierenden tropischen Ökosystems mit Fokus auf dessen maximalen fischereilichen Dauerertrags (MSY) und seiner wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung für die angrenzende Kawinga-Ebene" (Monographie) Dissertation / Universität Hamburg / IHF |
20231101.en_13195126_7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Chiuta | Lake Chiuta | Thieme, Michelle L. (2005). Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment. Island Press, Washington DC. pp. 173–175. |
20231101.en_13195127_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edfu-Project | Edfu-Project | The Edfu-Project is being undertaken with the primary goal of translations of inscriptions of an ancient temple of Edfu. |
20231101.en_13195127_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edfu-Project | Edfu-Project | In 1986, Professor Dr. Dieter Kurth of Hamburg University initiated a long-term project that is devoted to a complete translation of the hieroglyphic inscriptions of the Temple of Edfu in Upper Egypt (Temple of Horus) that meets the requirement of both linguistics and literary studies. In addition, the research comprises all internal parallels, relevant literature and an analysis of the systematics behind the decoration. Comprehensive analytical indices – which are useful for researchers of related disciplines – and a grammar of Graeco-Roman temple inscriptions are compiled, too. Situated at the University of Hamburg, the Edfu project was financed by the "German Research Foundation" until 2001. |
20231101.en_13195127_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edfu-Project | Edfu-Project | Since 2002, the Academy of Sciences of Göttingen is in charge of the Edfu project, which is now financed by the "Academies' Programme". The research unit works still at Hamburg University. A translation of the inscriptions of the pylon (gate) including transcriptions and a commentary was published in 1998 (Edfou VIII). In 2004, it was followed by a translation of the inscriptions of the outer girdle wall (Edfou VII) some of which had not been published before. The most recent publication, released in 2014, provides a translation of the inscriptions of the inner side of the girdle wall (Edfou VI). Inscriptions of the open court and its columns (Chassinat, Edfou V-VI) are available in preliminary translation. |
20231101.en_13195127_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edfu-Project | Edfu-Project | D. Kurth unter Mitarbeit von A. Behrmann, D. Budde, A. Effland, H. Felber, E. Pardey, S. Rüter, W. Waitkus, S. Woodhouse: Die Inschriften des Tempels von Edfu. Abteilung I Übersetzungen; Band 1. Edfou VIII, Harrassowitz Wiesbaden 1998 |
20231101.en_13195127_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edfu-Project | Edfu-Project | D. Kurth unter Mitarbeit von A. Behrmann, D. Budde, A. Effland, H. Felber, J.-P. Graeff, S. Koepke, S. Martinssen-von Falck, e. Pardey, S. Rüter und W. Waitkus: Die Inschriften des Tempels von Edfu. Abteilung I Übersetzung; Band 2. Edfou VII, Harrassowitz Wiesbaden 2004 |
20231101.en_13195127_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edfu-Project | Edfu-Project | D. Kurth unter Mitarbeit von A. Behrmann, A. Block, R. Brech, D. Budde, A. Effland, M. von Falck, H. Felber, J.-P. Graeff, S. Koepke, S. Martinssen-von Falck, E. Pardey, S. Rüter, W. Waitkus und S. Woodhouse: Die Inschriften des Tempels von Edfu. Abteilung I Übersetzungen; Band 3. Edfou VI, PeWe Verlag Gladbeck 2014 |
20231101.en_13195127_6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edfu-Project | Edfu-Project | Dieter Kurth (Hrsg.): Die Inschriften des Tempels von Edfu. Begleithefte. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1991 ff. ISSN 0937-8413 |
20231101.en_13195127_7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edfu-Project | Edfu-Project | Dieter Kurth, Edfu. Ein ägyptischer Tempel, gesehen mit den Augen der Alten Ägypter, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1994 |
20231101.en_13195127_8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edfu-Project | Edfu-Project | Dieter Kurth, Treffpunkt der Götter. Inschriften aus dem Tempel des Horus von Edfu, Artemis & Winkler Verlag, Zürich und München 1994; Düsseldorf und Zürich 1998 |
20231101.en_13195131_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthrosanthus | Orthrosanthus | Orthrosanthus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Iridaceae first described as a genus in 1827. It is native to Australia, Mexico, Central and South America. |
20231101.en_13195131_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthrosanthus | Orthrosanthus | The genus name is derived from the Greek words orthros, meaning "morning", and anthos, meaning "flower". They are known commonly as morning irises. |
20231101.en_13195131_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthrosanthus | Orthrosanthus | These are rhizomatous perennial herbs. The linear to sword-shaped leaves are arranged in a layered fan. The flowers are usually blue, except in one white-flowered species. This genus is closely related to the genus Libertia. The flowers are very similar, but Libertia flowers are usually white. |
20231101.en_13195131_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthrosanthus | Orthrosanthus | Orthrosanthus chimboracensis (Kunth) Baker - Chiapas, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, northwestern Brazil |
20231101.en_13195164_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyama%20Maru | Toyama Maru | Toyama Maru (富山丸) was a 7,089-ton Japanese troop transport during World War II. On 29 June 1944, Toyama Maru was transporting over 6,000 men of the Japanese 44th Independent Mixed Brigade when she was torpedoed and sunk by the submarine in the Nansei Shoto, off Taira Jima, Japan, at position 27º47'N, 129º05'E. 5,400 soldiers and crew members were killed during the sinking, although 600 others got off the ship, making the sinking of Toyama Maru one of the worst maritime disasters in history. |
20231101.en_13195175_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic%20tile%20cutter | Ceramic tile cutter | Ceramic tile cutters are used to cut tiles to a required size or shape. They come in a number of different forms, from basic manual devices to complex attachments for power tools. |
20231101.en_13195175_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic%20tile%20cutter | Ceramic tile cutter | The ceramic tile cutter works by first scratching a straight line across the surface of the tile with a hardened metal wheel and then applying pressure directly below the line and on each side of the line on top. Snapping pressure varies widely, some mass-produced models exerting over 750 kg. |
20231101.en_13195175_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic%20tile%20cutter | Ceramic tile cutter | The cutting wheel and breaking jig are combined in a carriage that travels along one or two beams to keep the carriage angled correctly and the cut straight. The beam(s) may be height adjustable to handle different thicknesses of tiles. |
20231101.en_13195175_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic%20tile%20cutter | Ceramic tile cutter | The base of the tool may have adjustable fences for angled cuts and square cuts and fence stops for multiple cuts of exactly the same size. |
20231101.en_13195175_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic%20tile%20cutter | Ceramic tile cutter | The first tile cutter was designed to facilitate the work and solve the problems that masons had when cutting hydraulic mosaic or encaustic cement tiles (a type of decorative tile with pigmented cement, highly used in 50s, due to the high strength needed because of the high hardness and thickness of these tiles). |
20231101.en_13195175_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic%20tile%20cutter | Ceramic tile cutter | Over the time the tool evolved, incorporating elements that made it more accurate and productive. The first cutter had an iron point to scratch the tiles. It was later replaced by the current tungsten carbide scratching wheel. |
20231101.en_13195175_6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic%20tile%20cutter | Ceramic tile cutter | Another built-in device introduced in 1960 was the snapping element. It allowed users to snap the tiles easily and not with the bench, the cutter handle or hitting the tile with a knee as it was done before. This was a revolution in the cutting process of the ceramic world. |
20231101.en_13195175_7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic%20tile%20cutter | Ceramic tile cutter | Tile nippers are similar to small pairs of pincers, with part of the width of the tool removed so that they can be fit into small holes. They can be used to break off small edges of tiles that have been scored or nibble out small chips enlarging holes etc. |
20231101.en_13195175_8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic%20tile%20cutter | Ceramic tile cutter | A simple hand held glass cutter is capable of scoring smooth surface glazes allowing the tile to be snapped. |
20231101.en_13195175_9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic%20tile%20cutter | Ceramic tile cutter | The harder grades of ceramic tiles like fully vitrified porcelain tiles, stone tiles, and some clay tiles with textured surfaces have to be cut with a diamond blade. The diamond blades are mounted in:- |
20231101.en_13195175_10 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic%20tile%20cutter | Ceramic tile cutter | An angle grinder can be used for short, sometimes curved cuts. It can also be used for "L" shaped cuts and for making holes. It can be used dry and, more rarely, wet. |
20231101.en_13195181_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachymene | Trachymene | Trachymene is a genus of herbaceous plants in the family Araliaceae. The species are native to Australia, Malesia, New Caledonia and Fiji. |
20231101.en_13195200_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Hugh | Sir Hugh | "Sir Hugh", also known as "The Jew's Daughter" or "The Jew's Garden", is a traditional British folk song, Child ballad No. 155, Roud No. 73, a folkloric example of a blood libel. The original texts are not preserved, but the versions written down from the 18th century onwards show a clear relationship with the 1255 accusations of the murder of Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln by Jews in Lincoln, making it likely that the known versions derive from compositions made around that time. |
20231101.en_13195200_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Hugh | Sir Hugh | Some boys are playing with a ball, in Lincoln. They accidentally throw it over the wall of a Jew's house (or castle). The daughter of the Jew comes out, dressed in green, and beckons to a boy to come in to fetch it. He replies that he cannot do this without his playmates. She entices him in with fruit and a gold ring. Once he has sat down on a throne, she stabs him in the heart "like a sheep". There is much blood. |
20231101.en_13195200_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Hugh | Sir Hugh | When the boy fails to come home, his mother concludes that he is skylarking. She sets out to find him, with a rod to beat him. From beyond the grave, the boy asks his mother to prepare a funeral winding sheet, and that he is "asleep". In some versions he asks that if his father calls for him, the father is to be told that he is "dead". In some versions the boy's corpse shines "like gold". In some versions the Jew's daughter catches the blood in a basin and puts a prayer book at his head and a bible at his feet. |
20231101.en_13195200_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Hugh | Sir Hugh | The Life and Miracles of St William of Norwich (1173) popularised the medieval accusation against Jews of ritual murder based on the murder of William of Norwich (1144). Henry III's (r. 1216–1272) court purchased and abused Jewish loans to acquire land from less well off barons and knights, causing many to blame Jews for their insecurity. In the 1230s, some English towns expelled Jews, and organised violence against Jews took place in the 1260s. |
20231101.en_13195200_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Hugh | Sir Hugh | The death of Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln (1255) falls into this period. The facts of the original story are obscure. An admission of ritual killing was extracted from a Jew named Copin by John Lexington, a member of the Royal court and the brother of the Bishop of Lincoln. The Bishop stood to gain greatly from the establishment of a cult of martyrdom, as it would attract pilgrims and donations. The King intervened, executed the man who had confessed and ordered the arrest of a further 90 Jews. Eighteen were hanged for refusing to take part in the trial, while the remainder were later pardoned. |
20231101.en_13195200_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Hugh | Sir Hugh | Because of the intervention of the King, the story became well known and gained credibility. The contemporaneous chronicler Matthew Paris (d. 1259) mentions the story. |
20231101.en_13195200_6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Hugh | Sir Hugh | The story also appears in Annals of Waverley. The Paris version of events was drawn on by Chaucer. Elements of the Paris and Chaucer versions of the story can be found in some versions of the ballad. It is likely that the earliest versions were composed close to the time of the events. |
20231101.en_13195200_7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Hugh | Sir Hugh | The song has been found in England, Scotland, Canada, the US and, to a lesser extent, Ireland. It was still popular in the early 19th century. |
20231101.en_13195200_8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Hugh | Sir Hugh | There is an Anglo-Norman ballad (medieval French), likely composed while Henry III was still alive and probably with knowledge of the city of Lincoln. This version may contain the main elements of the original English song, many of which were lost in the later versions, which were written down in the 18th century and later. It is possible to relate elements in the older versions to the medieval stories; attempts to reconstruct the probable content of the original have been made. |
20231101.en_13195200_9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Hugh | Sir Hugh | Paris has a Latin fragment of the ballad in his Chronicle. Thomas Percy's Reliques (1783) has a version from Scotland. David Herd (1776) had a version, and so did Robert Jameison (1806). McCabe says that the "earliest texts of Sir Hugh are Scottish … [and] preserve the medieval saint's legend in its most coherent form." |
20231101.en_13195200_10 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Hugh | Sir Hugh | The song may also incorporate elements of other medieval anti-semitic texts, particularly a miracle story also drawn on by Chaucer in the Prioress' Tale that features Jews murdering a child, often a school child, that habitually sings an anthem near where they live, and throw the body into their privy. These elements occur in some of the early versions of Sir Hugh. |
20231101.en_13195200_11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Hugh | Sir Hugh | The known versions have lost many of the elements of the original story, or have simplified them over time. For instance, the original takes place near a castle, while this becomes a castle belonging to a Jew. The well near a castle becomes a private well set in the castle gardens. The location, "Merry Lincoln" becomes garbled, and dropped. The game becomes a ball game. The element of crucifixion is lost. The timing of the events is sometimes preserved as midsummer, sometimes altered to Easter. The role of the mother in warning against associating with the Jews, and later accusing the Jews, is simplified and dropped. (In some versions she becomes a disciplinarian figure, and eventually, even becomes the murderess.) Miraculous elements such as bells ringing without hands are dropped. The funeral element disappears, and the number of characters reduced. |
20231101.en_13195200_12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Hugh | Sir Hugh | New elements, such as rain or mist, are added, some including references to Scotland, implying that the ballad may have travelled back into England from Scotland. Stanzas from Robin Hood's Death are incorporated. Some of the later versions, particularly the American texts known as The Jew's Garden, incorporate elements of another song about child murder, Lamkin. |
20231101.en_13195200_13 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Hugh | Sir Hugh | Nevertheless, McCabe concludes that the most persistent element in Sir Hugh is the anti-semitic element: "despite the expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290 … with its consequence that many ballad singers knew no Jews, reference to a Jewish murderess is almost always preserved." |
20231101.en_13195200_14 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Hugh | Sir Hugh | Karl Heinz Göller gives a different view of the origins and resonances of the ballad. Like McCabe, he traces changes showing that the form of the elements are simplified. For Göller, one side of the ballad is a fairy tale, onto which anti-semitic elements have been added, and at later dates, dropped and forgotten. Thus Sir Hugh is in his opinion a "symbolic story", of temptation and sexual deflowering. He details how the anti-semitic elements are largely dropped in the American versions, and even the violence is removed, as the ballad in some cases becomes a nursery rhyme. He speculates that a version existed prior to its merger with the Hugh of Lincoln story, which "must have been similar to the Frog Prince tale in respect to love and the introduction to its mysteries". |
20231101.en_13195200_15 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Hugh | Sir Hugh | Göller points to James Joyce as a figure who recognised the tension between the symbolic story and the anti-Semitic tale. In Ulysses, Stephen and his host debate an Irish version of the song. Stephen "regards the ballad as a parable of human fate. Hugh challenges his fate once through carelessness, twice through premeditation. Fate appears in the person of the Jewish girl, who, as an incarnation of Hope and Youth, allures him into a secret chamber, and kills him like a sacrificial animal." On the other hand, his host remembers the accusations of ritual murder, "the incitation of the hierarchy, the superstition of the populace, the propagation of rumour in continued fraction of veridicity, the envy of opulence, the influence of retaliation, the sporadic reappearance of atavistic delinquency, the mitigating circumstances of fanaticism, hypnotic suggestion and somnambulis". |
20231101.en_13195200_16 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Hugh | Sir Hugh | Given the tension between the story of Hugh, murdered by Jews, and the symbolic story that Göller describes, he concludes that the "introduction of details from the Hugh of Lincoln story is thus in all probability a secondary phenomenon. It is very difficult to say when the amalgamation took place. Events such as the discovery of the bones of the murdered little boy in Lincoln Minster could have been a catalyst. But it is more likely that the anti-Semitism of a part of the ballads and the localization in Lincoln is a kind of euhemerist contamination similar to the Prioress's Tale, which gave rise to associations with the Hugh of Lincoln story through the similarity of its subject matter. Most of these anti-Semitic details have disappeared in the course of oral tradition, because they were no longer understood." |
20231101.en_13195200_17 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Hugh | Sir Hugh | Some of the ideas in the extant versions have parallels elsewhere. For instance, the idea of a corpse speaking (sending thoughts) to the living occurs in the ballad The Murder of Maria Marten, The Cruel Mother (Child 20) and in The Unquiet Grave (Child 78). Gruesome killings are quite common in Child ballads. |
20231101.en_13195200_18 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Hugh | Sir Hugh | Victorian collectors were surprised to find evidence of a ballad featuring a blood libel, and two wrote books on the subject. James Orchard Halliwell wrote Ballads and Poems Respecting Hugh of Lincoln in 1849. In the same year, and unknown to Halliwell, Abraham Hume wrote the book Sir Hugh of Lincoln, or, an Examination of a Curious Tradition respecting the Jews, with a notice of the Popular Poetry connected with it. |
20231101.en_13195200_19 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Hugh | Sir Hugh | One of the earliest professional recordings of the song was by A. L. Lloyd on "The English and Scottish Popular Ballads Vol 2" in 1956, produced by Kenneth Goldstein, himself a Jew. Another interpreter of the song, Ewan MacColl, described the ballad as "the barbaric functioning of medieval thinking". |
20231101.en_13195200_20 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Hugh | Sir Hugh | It is still a controversial topic as to whether it is something that should be performed or recorded; and if it is, whether it is reasonable to remove the anti-Semitic elements. The 1975 version recorded by Steeleye Span, for instance, removes these references entirely. |
20231101.en_13195200_21 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Hugh | Sir Hugh | Edward Francis Rimbault printed a version of the ballad in his Musical Illustrations of Bishop Percy's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry of 1850. |
20231101.en_13195220_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morne-%C3%A0-l%27Eau | Morne-à-l'Eau | In March or April each year since 1993, the town organises a crab festival which features crab races and many stalls selling crab-based dishes. In 2008 the event's 18th edition attracted over 20,000 visitors and included a Brazilian music plus a cycle-race passing through the already congested town. |
20231101.en_13195220_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morne-%C3%A0-l%27Eau | Morne-à-l'Eau | Béguette, Berlette, Blanchette, Boisvin, Bosrédon, Belle-Espérance, Blain, Blanchet, Bonne-Terre, Le Bourg (Grippon), Brion, Bubelloy, Chastel, Chaumette, Chazeau, Chevalier, Chouioutte, Clugny, Cocoyer, Croustère, Dubelloy, Dubisquet, Espérance, Geffrier, Gensolin, Lemesle, Lola, Jabrun, Jabrun-Saint-Cyr, Labuthie, Lasserre, Lebraire, Marchand, Marieulle, Perrin, Pierrefite, Point-à-Retz, Quirine, Réduit, Rousseau, Richeval, Salette, Sauvia, Vieux-Bourg, et Zabeth. |
20231101.en_13195230_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face%20hallucination | Face hallucination | Face hallucination refers to any superresolution technique which applies specifically to faces. It comprises techniques which take noisy or low-resolution facial images, and convert them into high-resolution images using knowledge about typical facial features. It can be applied in facial recognition systems for identifying faces faster and more effectively. |
20231101.en_13195230_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face%20hallucination | Face hallucination | Due to the potential applications in facial recognition systems, face hallucination has become an active area of research. |
20231101.en_13195230_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face%20hallucination | Face hallucination | Image superresolution is a class of techniques that enhance the resolution of an image using a set of low resolution images. The main difference between both techniques is that face hallucination is the super-resolution for face images and always employs typical face priors with strong cohesion to face domain concept. |
20231101.en_13195230_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face%20hallucination | Face hallucination | An image is considered high resolution when it measures 128×96 pixels. Therefore, the goal of face hallucination is to make the input image reach that number of pixels. The most common values of the input image is usually 32×24 pixels or 16×12 pixels. |
20231101.en_13195230_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face%20hallucination | Face hallucination | Moreover, the challenge in face hallucination is the difficulty of aligning faces. Many methods are required to bring the alignment between the test sample taken and the training samples. Even a slight amount of wrong alignment can degrade the method and the result. |
20231101.en_13195230_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face%20hallucination | Face hallucination | In the last two decades, many specific face hallucination algorithms have been reported to perform this technique. Although the existing face hallucination methods have achieved great success, there is still much room for improvement. |
20231101.en_13195230_6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face%20hallucination | Face hallucination | The common algorithms usually perform two steps: the first step generates global face image which keeps the characteristics of the face using probabilistic method maximum a posteriori (MAP). The second step produces residual image to compensate the result of the first step. Furthermore, all the algorithms are based on a set of high- and low-resolution training image pairs, which incorporates image super-resolution techniques into facial image synthesis. |
20231101.en_13195230_7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face%20hallucination | Face hallucination | The resulting image always contains all common features of a human face. The facial features must be coherent always. |
20231101.en_13195230_8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face%20hallucination | Face hallucination | The output image must have very specific features of the face image having resemblance with photorealistic local features. |
20231101.en_13195230_9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face%20hallucination | Face hallucination | The simplest way to increase image resolution is a direct interpolation increasing the pixel intensities of input images with such algorithms as nearest-neighbour, bilinear and variants of cubic spline interpolation. |
20231101.en_13195230_10 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face%20hallucination | Face hallucination | Another approach to interpolation is to learn how to interpolate from a set of high resolution training samples, together with the corresponding low resolution versions of them. (pg 4 baker and kanade) |
20231101.en_13195230_11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face%20hallucination | Face hallucination | However, the results are very poor since no new information is added in the process. That is why new methods have been proposed in recent years. |
20231101.en_13195230_12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face%20hallucination | Face hallucination | The algorithm is based on Bayesian MAP formulation and use gradient descent to optimize the objective function and it generates the high frequency details from a parent structure with the assistance of training samples. |
20231101.en_13195230_13 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face%20hallucination | Face hallucination | It divided the face image into four key regions: the eyes, nose, mouth and cheek areas. For each area, it learns a separate Principal Component Analysis (PCA) basis and reconstructs the area separately. However, the reconstructed face images in this method have visible artifacts between different regions. |
20231101.en_13195230_14 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face%20hallucination | Face hallucination | This method was proposed by J. Yang and H. Tang and it is based in hallucinating of High-Resolution face image by taking Low-Resolution input value. |
20231101.en_13195230_15 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face%20hallucination | Face hallucination | The method exploits the facial features by using a Non-negative Matrix factorization (NMF) approach to learn localized part-based subspace. That subspace is effective for super-resolving the incoming face. |
20231101.en_13195230_16 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face%20hallucination | Face hallucination | For further enhance the detailed facial structure by using a local patch method based on sparse representation. |
20231101.en_13195230_17 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face%20hallucination | Face hallucination | This method was proposed by Wang and Tang and it uses an eigentransformation. This method sees the solution as a transformation between different styles of image and uses a principal component analysis (PCA) applied to the low-resolution face image. By selecting the number of "eigenfaces", we can extract amount of facial image information of low resolution and remove the noise. |
20231101.en_13195230_18 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face%20hallucination | Face hallucination | In the eigentransformation algorithm, the hallucinated face image is synthesized by the linear combination of high-resolution training images and the combination coefficients come from the low-resolution face images using the principal component analysis method. The algorithm improves the image resolution by inferring some high-frequency face details from the low-frequency facial information by taking advantage of the correlation between the two parts. Because of the structural similarity among face images, in multiresolution analysis, there exists strong correlation between the high-frequency band and low-frequency band. For high-resolution face images, PCA can compact this correlated information onto a small number of principal components. Then, in the eigentransformation process, these principal components can be inferred from the principal components of the low-resolution face by mapping between the high- and low-resolution training pairs. |
20231101.en_13195230_19 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face%20hallucination | Face hallucination | This method was developed by C. Liu and Shum and it integrates a global parametric and a local parametric model. The global model is a lineal parametric inference and the local model is a patch-based non-parametric Markov network. |
20231101.en_13195230_20 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face%20hallucination | Face hallucination | In first step, learn the relationship between the high resolution image and their smoothed and down-sampled. In second step, model the residue between an original high resolution and the reconstructed high-resolution image after applying learned lineal model by a non-parametric Markov network to capture the high-frequency content of faces. |
20231101.en_13195230_21 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face%20hallucination | Face hallucination | This algorithm formulates the face hallucination as an image decomposition problem and propose a Morphological Component Analysis (MCA) based method. |
20231101.en_13195230_22 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face%20hallucination | Face hallucination | Firstly, a low-resolution input image is up-sampled by an interpolation. The interpolated image can be represented as a superposition of the global high-resolution image and an “unsharp mask”. In the second step, the interpolated image is decomposed into a global high-resolution image by using MCA to obtain the global approximation of the HR image from interpolated image. Finally, facial detail information is compensated onto the estimated HT image by using the neighbour reconstruction of position-patches. |
20231101.en_13195230_23 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face%20hallucination | Face hallucination | All methods presented above have very satisfactory results and meet expectations, so it is difficult to determine which method is most effective and which gives a better result. |
20231101.en_13195230_24 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face%20hallucination | Face hallucination | Hallucinating Faces: Global Linear Modal Based Super-Resolution and Position Based Residue Compensation |
20231101.en_13195232_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%20School | Model School | There were four model schools in Adelaide, South Australia in the late 19th and early 20th-centuries: |