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Blood Clot Risk from Stents Seen in African-Americans Essay Table of Contents 1. Drug-coated implantation peculiarities 2. The research findings 3. Possible reasons for such tendency 4. Conclusion 5. Work Cited The article “Blood Clot Risk from Stents Seen in African-Americans” by Denise Mann deals with the recent discovery that African-Americans are more subjected to the blood clot development with drug-coated stents in comparison with non-African-American patients. In spite of the strong evidence that such tendency does exist, scientists cannot define the reason for it, though many of them assume that it may be based on genetics. Drug-coated implantation peculiarities Patients with clogged heart arteries should undergo the special procedure, angioplasty, which widens the damaged arteries. Implanting stents, very small mesh cylinders, reduces the risk of arteries renarrowing after such procedure. There are two major types of stents: bare metal stents and drug-coated stents. The drug-coated stents are more effective than bare metal stents in the majority of cases. However, drug-coated stent implantation may cause the blood clot forming, so-called “stent thrombosis”. To prevent clots forming over the stents, the patients should take anticlotting drugs during a year. The necessity of such long treatment is determined by the peculiarities of drug-coated stents. They do prevent scar tissues from developing over the stent, but they are usually taken by an organism as foreign objects and, as a result, the body tries to isolate them by forming clots around them. Thus, anticlotting medication plays the essential role in patients’ healing. The research findings The research was based on the data of 7,236 patients who were implanted the drug-coated stents during the period from the middle of 2003 up to the end of 2008. 22% of the patients were African-Americans. The research proved that African-American patients developed blood clots about three times as much as the rest of the patients. It is necessary to add that the African-American patients developed stent thrombosis even after increased use of anticlotting drugs and the risk was apparent in 30 days after the procedure. Many scientists insist that patients and physicians should know about this tendency. Of course, researchers admit that it is important to find out the reason for such increased risk since blood clots development often leads to serious health problems, such as heart attacks. Possible reasons for such tendency Unfortunately, scientist cannot explain the reasons why African-American patients are at a risk group. Of course, it is not because these patients are sicker. Many scientists suppose that such tendency may be associated with genetic issues. Thus, it is possible that stent thrombosis develops due to the differences in bodies’ reaction to the anticlotting drugs (clopidogrel in particular). Such assumption is based on the fact that clopidogrel (according to the warrant) may not be effective for those people whose bodies cannot convert this medicine to its active form. Thus, anticlotting medicine fails to prevent clots development and renarrowing. So, scientists think it is necessary to explore this very field and find the definite reason why anticlotting drugs are not effective for African-American patients. The understanding of the reasons will enable scientist to work out effective treatment for African-Americans, e.g. new anticlotting drugs. Conclusion Thus, the article reveals that African-American patients are more subjected to such disease as stent thrombosis which can lead to heart attack and death. However, it is still not clear why this tendency exists. Scientists are likely to assume that the problem lies in genetic differences in reactions to anticlotting medicine and the problem solution can be found in the further researches in this field. Work Cited Mann, Denise. “Blood Clot Risk from Stents Seen in African-Americans.” WebMD. 2010. Web.

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David Mccullough: Summary and Themes in “1776” Essay (Book Review) Table of Contents 1. Themes in 1776 by David McCullough 2. 1776 Book Summary 3. David Mccullough’s 1776: Analysis & Criticism 4. Conclusion 5. Work Cited 1776, which adds a new scholarship and a fresh perspective to events that took place at the start of the American Revolution, is a historical book written by David McCullough that is considered a companion to his earlier biography of John Adams. This 1776 book review essay shall analyze the story by McCullough. The period was one of the turbulent and confusing times in the history of the U.S. as the British and the American politicians made drastic efforts to reach a compromise. However, the situation on the ground worsened until the war was unavoidable. As much as the book mainly revolves around George Washington, there is also considerable attention given to “King George III, General Howe, Henry Knox, and Nathanael Greene, and the main key revolutionary conflicts portrayed in the book include the Battle of Dorchester Heights, the Battle of Long Island, and the Battle of Trenton” (McCullough 1). Themes in 1776 by David McCullough 1776 is a book about the significant events that took place when the thirteen American colonies were fighting the world’s most notable power, Great Britain, in order to gain freedom from its oppressive rule. In illustrating how America got its freedom from Great Britain, the author starts by pointing the readers to the theme of oppression that was propagated by the colonialists. The British wanted the Americans to pay taxes even though there was not even one parliamentary representative for all the thirteen colonies. First, they needed to impose the stamp act. The colonies, led by Samuel Adams, successfully forced the British to repeal these taxes by threatening the tax collectors. Besides, the British continued their oppression by imposing a tax on essential imported goods such as tea and paper. Although there were spirited attempts from the Americans to gain freedom, the British used forceful means to continue their oppressive rule, for example, the violent killing of five people during the Boston Massacre and the enactment of the Tea Act that forced locals to purchase tea only from accredited British companies. The major theme detailed in the book is the theme of leadership portrayed by George Washington. His essential role is depicted by the thesis of the book, which states that without the Continental troops led by George Washington, the fight for American independence would never have been achieved (McCullough). As much as the British troops were well equipped and experienced, Washington led an army of Americans from various backgrounds and ages that lacked adequate training in military combat. The American Revolution, which was basically a chess game played out between the two great Georges of the eighteenth century, involved King George III of England and Washington, the second player in the chess game. King George III, who was only thirty-three years of age when the battle with the American colonies started in 1774, was tall for the times, handsome, and had strong leadership skills that drew individuals to him. On the other hand, Washington, at forty-four years of age, was charismatic and had equally strong leadership skills due to his engagement in the French and Indian wars. Although the British defeated Washington several times, he successfully managed to keep his army together and was eventually victorious. Another theme portrayed in the story is hypocrisy. The fighting began at the Battle of Bunker Hill. Even though the Americans lost that war, the British army had many casualties. When the Americans recovered, they surprisingly attacked the British in Boston, forcing them to retreat to England on their ships. Even though the American spirit went higher at this moment, it was going to be thwarted by some hypocritical soldiers who were more loyal to George III than to Washington. On returning, the British had even a stronger army who were full of expectations of defeating their enemies by a landslide. As the combat ensued, Washington’s army was forced to retreat, and they lost precious territories along the way. One of the factors that led to their defeat was the presence of traitors within the inexperienced American army. These people, who were called “loyalists,” chose to show their loyalty to Britain than to their motherland. Lastly, the book portrays the theme of ingenuity. In spite of the many losses at the beginning of the historic twelve months in the struggle for America’s freedom, what made a group of inexperienced soldiers conquer the world’s most influential nation at that time? As the author dramatically shows it, it was a complex combination of dedication amidst countless sufferings, determination, and above all, ingenuity. 1776 Book Summary All through the book, the author vividly captures the events that were taking place. The British commander, Lord General Howe, maybe not perceiving that the revolution would be successful, underrated the ingenuity of the Americans. In turn, the outnumbered American army employed the cover of night, surprise, and an abiding hunger to defeat the oppressive regime, for instance, Henry Knox, walked three hundred miles each way over the harsh winter terrain to deliver 120,000 pounds of weapons from Fort Ticonderoga to Boston. This made the Americans, in a cautious nighttime attack, to seize Dorchester Heights and reclaim the whole city. McCullough did to me what I had thought could never be done: he finally made history interesting to me. 1776 is a book that if an individual starts to read, it would be impossible for him or her to put away simply. Even though the title gives a hint about the contents of the book, its full benefits are only reaped by reading the book. It is evident that 1776 marks one of the most critical years in the history of the United States, if not the most significant year in the history of the country. However, since I am rather a novice in the area of history, at first glance, I did not fully fathom the meaning of this until I decided to find out by myself by reading, of course. David Mccullough’s 1776: Analysis & Criticism I expected the book to be divided by major military battles that took place prior to independence. However, the author shares the text by small events, which have significant impacts on the major military actions. The three main divisions of the book are The Siege, Fateful Summer, and the Long Retreat. The first category, titled “The Siege,” following the reinforcements undertaken at Dorchester Heights, gave me a vivid account of the military aspects of any battle. The chapter begins with a quotation, “God save our King, Long live our noble King, God save the King! Send him victorious, Happy and glorious, Long to reign o’er us; God save the King!” (McCullough 1). The quotation was taken from a British newspaper. I was surprised to learn that the battle was a widespread occurrence for the British. The author made me realize the experiences of the soldiers on each side of the war. The excerpts from the many letters written by ordinary soldiers indicated that the soldiers on both sides had a good reason to continue fighting. I find in the book that McCullough is not a very good prose writer since some of the events happen without the reader noticing. However, this perceived weakness is the strength of the book since he carefully culls facts to make a compelling story. The author begins the first part of the book by detailing the overconfident speech given by King George III, and as the book ends, George gives a more disciplined speech, whereas in between, the American army and the British army are engaged in bloody battles. It is a fascinating history, indeed. However, I think that the author (or his publisher) could have included more maps to make the story easier to understand. The three facsimiles maps, drawn in 1776, included in the book did not make any difference. All the same, I enjoyed reading the book. Conclusion It is somehow true that the path to America’s independence has never gained the same interest that has been accorded to the events that transpired during the Civil War, the First World War, or the Second World War. Even though 1776 will not alter that fact, the most interesting thing about McCullough’s work is that it motivates readers to look even more in-depth at the events that surrounded the road to America’s independence. Even currently, as the U.S. is struggling with serious issues regarding freedom, democratic rights, homeland security, as well as the intricate balance between those issues, it is of the essence to commemorate America’s birth. As the 1776 book review essay showed, in the book, McCullough seeks to achieve this by giving an analysis of the times, the spirit, and the struggles that triggered the U.S. on its path to present greatness. Work Cited McCullough, David. 1776. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005. Print.

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“Brain Plasticity and Behavior” by Bryan Kolb, Robbin Gibb, and Terry E. Robinson Report Brain is a complex phenomenon that can change in the process of life. This capacity of the brain to change is called brain plasticity. There are a number of factors that influence brain and lead to its changes. In their article “Brain Plasticity and Behavior”, Kolb, Gibb, and Robinson explain the nature of brain plasticity, consider the possible factors that lead to brain change, and arrive to the conclusion about the importance of studying brain plasticity. Researchers estimate that capacity to change is one of the key characteristics of nervous system including brain. As a result of change in nervous system, brain is also changed, and so is behavior. Brain plasticity may lead to change in behavior both in normal and abnormal way. The nature of brain plasticity lies in the fact that behavior changes in response to certain alterations that occur in brain circuits. Those alterations are usually measured with the technique suggested by Camillo Golgi and allowing to estimate differences in synapses located in certain regions of brain. As a result of studying brain change, it has been found out that experience is one of the leading factors that affect brain plasticity. Research shows that this experience can be both prenatal and postnatal. In addition, there is a whole range of other factors that have a significant impact on the neuronal structure and behavior. Among those factors are psychoactive drugs, gonadal hormones, and anti-inflammatory agents; growth, dietary, and genetic factors; certain diseases; stress; brain injury and leading disease (Kolb, Gibb, & Robinson 2). When scientists conducted research of various age groups affected by the same factors, they discovered important qualitative differences in neuronal structure change between young and adult sample. Certain prenatal and postnatal experience had a clear long-term impact on neuronal structure as well. It was also noticed that different factors influence neuronal structure in different ways and to a different extent. The results of research led scientists to several important conclusions. It has been shown that experience leads to changes in brain, and those changes are different for different age groups. Changes occur as a result of both prenatal and postnatal experience and may become obvious already at the adult stage of life. It is remarkable that seemingly similar experiences can lead to different consequences and changes in behavior. Those behavior changes are results of alterations in neural circuits. And last but not least, for the best results the therapy that is aimed at correcting certain behavior should be constructed in such a way that it also alters corresponding brain circuitry. Therefore, when treating certain diseases, methods of screening brain circuitry can prove to be efficient since they help to predict behavioral models and alter them accordingly. Together with achieving certain results, the study raises a number of significant issues that still require an answer. It is unknown exactly how various experiences alter behavior; whether brain plasticity is unlimited and permanent; whether there exists certain interaction between different plastic changes; and whether some plastic changes lead not only to normal but also to disordered behavior. Those are the vital questions that require more in-depth research. When answers are obtained to those questions, it could be possible to work out solutions for treating a whole range of behavioral and psychological disorders and improve the lives of millions. Works Cited Kolb, Bryan, Robbin Gibb, and Terry E. Robinson. “Brain Plasticity and Behavior.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 12.1 (2003): 1–5. Print.

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Breaking Point of a Soul Descriptive Essay The Nazi death camps of World War II produced some of the most horrific atrocities ever recorded. History has seen many accounts particularly from the perspective of holocaust victims. However, not much attention has been paid to the emotional effects suffered by the individuals who worked in these death camps. These individuals were not guards of SS troopers but rather individuals considered too impure to be part of the German society. Their impurity however was not of the extent that could warranty their execution upon arrival. These people were referred to as “Canadas” and it was their job to clean up after the executions and herd those considered sub-human to gas chamber commonly referred to as “the Canada”. Tadeuzs Borowski’s short story This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen , is an account of a young man forced to work in the camps as a Canada. While not directly responsible for the gassing of Jews himself, this young man definitely participated in the atrocities by helping the Nazis carry out mass murder. History is full examples of such circumstances where young men are forced to commit crimes failure to which they are either killed or bodily harm was inflicted on them. Individuals in such situations were forced to lose connection with their emotional side by ignoring humane attitudes directed towards the individuals being executed. To stand witness to acts demeaning human life inevitably resulted in the individuals losing all compassion for their victims. To some extent, there is a possibility that these ‘handy men’ ended up hating those being exterminated. This lose of emotion got to a point where the persons involved were in a position of turning against fellow men and start viewing them as animal at the snap of a finger. Those individuals who were constantly around killing fields had to develop adaptive measures to enable them cope with situation; this in current times is seen presented from the viewpoint of the soldiers’ involvement in the battlefields. They are constantly witnessing their comrades getting killed and maimed right in front of their eyes and hate begins to boil in their hearts directed at the individuals who inflicts these injuries. With time, their emotional tolerance towards fellow human greatly reduces such that they find it relatively easy to kill a person they consider an enemy. It gets to a point where their sole objective is to merely survive irrespective of the means used to obtain this survival. Such was the case with the young canada in Borowski’s story. The tolerance in this particular case develops as a result of the conditions in which he lives in as well as the rules that he is expected to follow. His task is to remove all the clothing and valuables from the Jewish prisoners and this has been clearly described in the essay. “Whoever takes gold, or anything at all besides food, will be shot for stealing Reich -property”. In order to stay alive they must take the food from those condemned to death since the latter are allowed a few necessities required for survival. The Canadas are however forbidden from taking even the smallest article of clothing from the prisoners, as much as these could improve their living conditions and make their lives more bearable (Borowski 342). Lack of basic essentials like shoes subjected the Canadas to painful moments that further served to enhance their resentment towards their victims. For example, the Canada’s feet developed painful sores and this further intensified their hatred to the Jews. The argument by the Canadas was that it was the Jews’ fault that they lacked shoes. Aside from physical pain, the Canadas underwent extensive emotional pain. The Canada in Borowski’s story, had to develop ways of copping with shock occasioned by seeing hundreds of dead bloated babies on a daily basis. As Borowski describes the scene, “Naked little monsters with enormous heads and bloated bellies” (344). The sight of these dead bodies must have prompted him to develop a lot of hatred and anger. This kind of anger has to be re-channeled in order for the individuals to maintain some level of sanity. Since it would have been imminent suicide to try and direct the anger towards Germans, that Canada instead chose to direct it towards Jewish prisoners. The Canada begins to question if he still is a good person after removing the babies in this statement to his friend, “Henri, are we good people? I am furious, simply furious with these people, furious because I must be here because of them. I feel n o pity. I am not sorry they’re going to the gas chamber. Damn them all!”(Borowski 345). This anger, a direct result of witnessing the horrors around him, is directly attributed to his dislike for manual labor and his anger is particularly directed towards the Jews because in his eyes, it is they that get him out of bed to go and work. In reality, this anger is the direct consequence result of having to experience emotion-numbing ordeals. The kind of emotional trauma experienced by this Canada demanded that for him to survive and still maintain some degree of mental control, he had to look at prisoners as non-humans and treat them as such. This became evident when the Canada was interacting with a certain Jewish prisoner, “I look at her without saying a word. Here, standing before me, is a girl, a girl with enchanting hair with beautiful breasts, wearing a little cotton blouse” (Borowski 348). The Canada was in this particular instance staring at a stunningly beautiful girl but his emotional situation did not permit him to regard her as human. Instead he chose to view her as some sort of animal and treat her in the same way an astonished farmer would see one of his cows that somehow starts talking. The Canada was no longer in a position to view this girl as a human being on the mere pretext that doing so would have made her subject to humane consideration. Unfortunately, fate demanded action when the Canada was faced with such a situation and in his case all he could do was kill the Jews irrespective of how any feelings he had towards them. this was a reasonable response and it definitely proves that no one can witness the events at death camps and still be able to sensibly live in society without viewing other people as sub-human. When the Canada realizes that he can no longer continue working directly with the prisoners on the unloading ramp, he confides in his friend Henri of his intention to step back. It is at this instance that Henri looks at him puzzled and asks him for the reasons that force him to quit after just a few trips. Henri cannot understand the Canada’s predicament since has worked the ramps for several months and has had millions of individuals pass through his watch. He has even witnessed some of his friends pass through the ramp, “The worst are the transports from around Paris, one is always bumping into friends” (Borowski 350). The response that he (Henri) gave to the friends was suggested that they (the friends) would take a bath on the other side and relax. Henri however was fully aware that they were marching to their death but could not bring himself to entertain such thoughts. All senses of emotion had been suppressed to the extent that he viewed old friends as animals on their way to a slaughter house. The atrocities of the death camps have left lasting impressions on mankind and this is more notable from individual who were forced to work in them. Both the Canada and Henri were forced to start regarding fellow humans as nothing more than animals; a consequence of having witness many people get sent to death. In order to survive without losing their minds, they had to block out all emotional feelings in the process changing how they viewed the rest of mankind. Works Cited Borowski, Tadeauzs. “This Way For The Gas, Ladies And Gentlemen.” The Mercury Reader: Ideas That Matter: Readings For English 111 . Boston: Pearson Custom Publishing, 2009. 336-352. Print.

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“Bus 174” Children: Oppressed, Neglected, and Stigmatised Essay Introduction Directed by Jose Padilha, Bus 174 is a fascinating documentary published in 2002 in Brazil. It includes people like Sandro, Williams, Luciana, among others. Sandro is a street boy who hijacks a bus, demanding to kill the passengers, a case that forces their journey to stand still for four hours. The media collect this information. During the event, the police force fails to turn up in time, a situation that gives the street children a good opportunity to harass and steal from the passengers. This movie gives the findings of Padilha’s research on the situation of media and traffic in Rio de Janeiro basing on how the two responds towards the hijacking. Street children are all over the city, some begging and stealing while others are harassing the innocent people. Neither police nor media is interested in assisting. Bus 174 provides a picture of the level of poverty in the city through the street children who had parents and relatives but now are alone to feed and sustain themselves. This on the other hand sets clear the reason as to why the kids have turned to robbers. The documentary aims at portraying the life of those living in slums in Brazil. It also shows mistreats of the poor by the government. Padilha is interested in knowing Sandro’s motives behind the hijacking where he searches the information from the present as well as previous street kids. He also questions the police, family members, not neglecting sociologists to gather clear reasons. This film finds out the background of Sandro as a representative of all Brazilian street children. It explores the kind of police Brazil has, who participate in crimes rather than nurturing peace, love, and harmony. Many people have set out to comment the movie and among them is Soares. This overview tackles the relationship between his ideas and the current global state of street children as well as what is being done to meet their needs. Soares’s comments Sociologist Luiz Eduardo Soares after seeing and understanding the documentary, goes further to comment it. Based on what Sandro does to the passengers in the bus, Soares views him as an illustration of the kids neglected by their parents. He says that they end up accumulating pain as a result, which later is poured to other people inform of fighting. In response to this comment, Erving (1963) portrays how neglected people, not necessarily street kids, express their pains and how they use it to communicate to those available to cater for their unattended needs. An example from the movie is seen when Sandro points a gun to a pregnant mother shooting her to death. Soares goes on to comment about the reason for their violence (Padilha, 2002). Any sound mind person expects love; he/she needs to be felt by the society and expects no discrimination based on race, religion, or finance. This is what Soares gives as another reason, generally given by all, who end up lacking the aforementioned requirements. He says that they do this because of the stigma attached to them. According to Heatherton, Kleck, Hebl, and Hull (2000) this category of people experience negligence and are prone to attacks, a situation that presses them forcing them to show it through reactions .Soares comments that these children are usually fighting against invisibility. This simply shows how they a treated as if they do not exist. They view the society as feigning blind when they meet them. They pretend not to understand that these are children like any others and ought to be taken care of. Their fight serves to open the eyes of the society to see their sufferings and their need of attention. For instance, in the movie, the young and poor Sandro watched his mother murdered. There was none to see and respond towards the incidence (Brussat & Brussat, 2009). Therefore, in retaliation, Sandro engages in violent acts because just like any other neglected child, he believes that it is only through force that the invisibility aspect can be arrested. They have at the back of their minds that they are valuable and important but none seems to realise this and this is what they want to instil to the concerned people. They are hungry, not only for food but for love and social interaction that the society ought to give. They have been quiet hoping common sense will do it all only for them to realise that it is through raising alarms inform of violence that the ears and eyes of the society will be opened for them. Current global trend of street children Ransel’s research provides the world news about street children. He has given the estimates of the number of the street children in various countries of the world. For instance, Yemen registers an approximate of 30,000 street children (Ransel, 1998). It goes further to give the factors thought to influence the number, not only in Yemen but also through out the entire world. Poverty, lack of jobs, inadequate socialization, government’s failure to intervene the situation of orphans, among others plays a major role in raising the number of these children. Street children have the right of attention by the government but on the contrary, the government views them as sources of embarrassment and pays no attention to them. As poverty increases day by day, the number of those going to the streets also goes up with the children opting to beg in order to sustain their deteriorating lives. This is in accordance with soare’s idea that they feel neglected by the rest, including the government. The current global economy is in crisis. All countries are running short of finance to run their businesses. As a result, retrenchment cases are being reported everywhere with parents of large families leaving jobs. Any home with no source of income is subject to conflicts. Charles (1855) says that these conflicts end up breaking the families and as a result, the children suffer inadequate parental care and guidance. They enter their nearby towns yearning for socialization, food, and parental attention. To take care of these, they venture into businesses like drug trafficking, prostitution, as well as stealing. This happens because people view them as dirty, cannot allow them in their homes, and not worthy of assistance. Soares got it right when he said that these children are stigmatised and suffer a lot as a result. Death of parents though diseases, accidents, or old age has also been viewed by the globe as a major cause of the increasing number of not only street children, but also children at large. It has been shown that places prone to diseases register the largest number of children at risk. Impact of the view of invisibility of street children on programme development Following the efforts made by the children in fighting against invisibility, the world has responded through various ways. It has come up with suitable criteria that, if well managed, can help rid the issue of street children. Statistics show that in all the countries, children at risk are the minority but the number is gradually increasing. This has called for a quick action from the government to curb the matter before it worsens. It has seen the importance of recognising them just like theirs. Organizations, not only governmental but also non-governmental have stood out to address the requirements of street children, some of which have proven effective. Media is one of the key means of responding to the battle. Any scenario that abuses the rights of children is aired immediately and stern actions taken against the abuser boosting respect between other people and the children. This is clear in the movie where the hijacking event channels to televisions, which in turn alerts the police force (Hayden, 2009). Other programmes have been established to prevent the children from adopting the street life. These include family care and free education programmes. Other programmes have set out to specifically deal with those children who had gone through sexual, physical, or drug abuses. These offer rehabilitation services to the children helping them recover from the harassments. Some Non-Governmental-Organizations have set up programmes that assemble the children in homes managed by the organizations. In these homes, the children have people, paid by the organization, who attend to them on a day-to-day basis. These people provide them with food, shelter, clothing, and education, among others. Others extend their services by following up and counselling those who have recovered and gone back to their original homes. Medical programmes have also been set in place to check the health of the children. By so doing, they are able to prescribe the necessary feeding habits of the children. Outreach programmes have not been left out. They aim at maintaining close relationship between the organization and the children. Conclusion Bus 174 is a documentary that is heavy laden with lessons, not only for the Brazilian, but also for all in general. Following the hijacking of the bus by a boy from a poor family background, it is open that the incidence is a way of communicating to the world and applies to the oppressed, neglected, and the stigmatised. It is experienced by all countries and is commonly portrayed by street children. It has been proved effective since it has opened the ears and eyes of a variety of agencies devoted to caring the children. This on the other hand, has lowered cases of theft, drug abuse, and sexual harassments. Reference List Brussat, F., & Brussat, M. (2009). Bus 174. New York. Charles, D. (1855). Household Words: Vol. 10 , Bradbury press: India. Erving, G. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Prentice-Hall. Hayden, S. (2009). Factual Documentary Covered Hijacked Bus in Rio de Janeiro. Heatherton, et al, (2000). The Social Psychology of Stigma, The Guilford Press. Padilha, L. (2002). Bus 174. Golden Globes. Ransel, L. (1998). Mothers of Misery: Child Abandonment in Russia . Princeton.

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Business Code of Ethics Vs Employees Code of Ethics Essay Business Code of Ethics Vs Employees Code of Ethics Code of ethics can be defined as guidelines which are established to help people in an organization behave in a manner that is acceptable. It is very significant in decision making process as it helps in deciding between right and wrong (Shaikh, 2006). A lot of organizations are governed by a code of ethics and although it is important in all organizations, it is most important in the organizations that deal with sensitive issues like healthcare. A code of ethics is very significant not only due to the fact that it establishes a favorable working condition and standard, but also due to the fact that it helps members of the public build confidence with a particular organization. Although there are different codes of ethics, there are certain issues that are covered in each like goals of an organization as well as some ethical issues and behaviors that are adopted by every organization. It should therefore be explicitly written and easy to follow for it to accomplish its ultimate goal of setting the right standard for people in an organization. Some of the different codes of ethics include, business, employee, personal and professional codes of ethics, to mention just a few. There is much concerning codes of ethics and due to that, this essay shall narrow down to comparing and contrasting business and employee codes of ethics. Since the goal of different codes of ethics is the same, there are a number of similarities between different codes of ethics. However, there are still some notable differences. Many organizations have got an employee code of ethics that stipulates the expected behavior of employees in that particular organization. For instance, studies of Employee Code of Ethics (n.d. ) illustrate that a company may tolerate mistakes but cannot put up with an employee that violates its code of ethics. The main goal is to ensure that the reputation of the company is not affected by the behavior of an employee in and out of the company’s environment. The company code of ethics contains the internal and external guidelines to govern the behavior of each and every employee. Similarly, a business code of ethics contains the values and the goals of the entire business organization. It is also inclusive of an employee code of conduct since it stipulates the expected behavior of each and every employee. As much as business code of ethics and conduct is related to the employee code of ethics, there are some differences of the same. According to Craven & Mills (2004), the business code of ethics for Lonmin Plc is very different from the code of ethics for employees. Further studies illustrate that a business code of ethics contains not only the code of conduct for the employees but also a fame work for conducting business practices. For instance, the framework incorporates such issues such as the responsibility of the business entity to the environment as well as other issues related to the business itself like protection of its assets, relationship with the government, its social responsibility as well as health and safety issues. Business code of ethics and employee code of ethics are very important to ensure that ethical issues are taken care of in each and every organization. Apart from developing a code of ethics, it is very important to ensure that it is adhered to, failure to which the business, society and the employees can be greatly affected. All codes of ethics are similar since they contain goals and the set standards of behavior. However, the main difference between business code of ethics and employee code of ethics is due to the fact that a business code of ethics is more comprehensive. Moreover, the two are not only related, but business code of ethics gives rise to an employee’s code of ethics. Whichever the case, both are important documents in every organization and should not be done away with at any particular time. References Craven, J. & Mills, B. (2004). Code Of Business Ethics . Web. Employee Code of Ethics . (n.d.). Web. Shaikh. (2006). Business Environment. Delhi: Pearson Education India .

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Ethical Dilemma in Accepting or Rejecting of Offers Problem Solution Essay Table of Contents 1. Memo 2. Facts 3. Issues 4. Legal Issue 5. Analysis 6. Recommendations 7. Works Cited Memo * TO: Henry Carpenter, ABC, Inc. Manager * FROM: Clare Cook, XYZ, Inc. company representative * DATE: October 1, 2010 * SUBJECT: Offering Material Assistance. Having informed me in confidence about your son’s requirements to work on a project at school and your financial position, I have resolved to offer desirable assistance. I propose to send over to you a digital camera and color printer and charge only the company’s cost on the devices as per my company’s regulations. My decision to take this action was after a detailed and careful consideration of the legal requirements, company laws, responsibilities, and obligations I am bound to while working with this company and decided to act in my capacity as our company’s representative. In addition to that, I took this course of action bearing in mind the close working relationships between your company ABC Inc. and XYZ Inc., my cordial working relationship with you, information of your budgetary constraints you confided to me, and my knowledge about you. I am entitled with the authority to act in the capacity as XYZ Inc. company representative to enhance client relationships as I deem it necessary. Looking forward to improving our company’s working relationship with you and acceptance of the offer I am making to meet your son’s needs. Facts Both Henry and Clare hold positions of responsibility which come with business obligations and responsibilities. Henry is ABC Inc.’s marketing manager and Clare is XYZ Inc.’s representative .ABC deals in computer equipments and office supplies in the retail market. XYZ sells new products to ABC Inc. Henry is responsibility for purchasing new products for ABC Inc. from Clare. There is a business relationship between Henry and Clare. Clare and Henry are single parents and do occasionally meet and spend a lot of time together. Henry confides to Clare about the failure of his son’s school to give him prior information about his son’s projects and the requirements for the project. Henry discloses his budgetary information to Clare and the position that he could not afford to meet the expenses for a new digital camera and a color printer. Due to their relationships, Clare offers to use her position as XYZ Inc.’s representative to give Henry her organization’s digital camera and a color printer. Clare clarifies to Henry that she had authority to act in that manner. Issues Should Henry accept Clare’s offer of the digital camera and color printer for his son for the sake of improving customer relationships? What could be the consequences of Clare’s actions of passing over company assets to Henry in relation to her position in the company she works for? What are the ethical considerations for Henry in accepting or rejecting Clare’s offer? Should Clare have acted by providing Henry with his son’s requirements on private information? Here, Henry is in an ethical dilemma to accept or to reject Clare’s offer of company property. On the other hand there is a direct conflict between Clare’s ethical considerations and her actions. Clare has to make a choice. Legal Issue What will be the legal implications on the part of Henry in accepting a camera and a color printer for his son and to Clare in providing that assistance in view of their positions? Analysis Utilitarianism Henry’s dilemma could be solved using the utilitarian theory in decision making. The utilitarian theory combines both Hedonism and consequentialism. Hedonism draws on the extrinsic good or bad and the resulting pleasure or pain of one’s actions. Consequentialism draws on the consequences of one’s actions. Henry has to evaluate the moral integrity of his decision in accepting or rejecting Clare’s offer and the consequences of his decision. Henry’s action not only could result in pain or pleasure to Himself, Clare, the companies they work for, but also to the business environment as a whole. Henry’s actions should reflect an upright, fair, and just person (Melden 120). Under this theory, Clare has to critically consider the consequences of her actions and their impact on her job and the company she works for. Giving the color printer and digital camera may result in greater pleasure for Henry and his son, but if the action results in greater pain for her, she may not be justified to act in that manner. Giving the color printer to Henry may result in greater pain if the company’s equipments are given to Henry on the basis of his relationships with Clare. That could have the possibility of generating distrust on the moral integrity of Henry and Clare. Henry could be viewed with distrust by accepting the offer if it causes pain to Clare such as getting reprimanded, creating a bad image, and damaging the company’s goodwill. On the other hand, if Henry receives the color printer and digital camera, he has to evaluate the impact that action will have on his position and the relationship between him, Clare, and his company. Accepting the equipments may cause displeasure and be in direct conflict with his company’s laws. Some of the consequences may include an undue influence by Clare on Henry for a good business relationship. Therefore, the act may not be moral. Each act has some intrinsic good and bad. Clare and Henry have to carefully weigh the consequences of their actions to themselves and their respective companies of work and the moral justification of taking a course of action each chooses (Melden 105). According to the theory, the utility of Henry’s and Clare’s actions should reflect a degree of moral integrity. Henry’s act of accepting the offer should purely reflect a utilitarian act evident of a just, fair, honest, caring, and trustworthy individual not to cause Clare pain. On the other hand, Clare should weigh her action in view of its consequences to herself, Henry, their respective companies, and the environment. The Golden rule According to Melden, the Golden rule lays emphasis on the need for individuals to do to others as they would like others to do to them (100). The reciprocity of this theory emphasizes on positive and passive forms, prohibitive passive forms, positive active forms, and the silver rule (Koons 1). Fieser argues that this theory is very popular and traverses many cultures of the world (1). If Clare decides to give Henry the equipments he mentioned to Henry, she could foster and enhance the working relationship that exists between her and Henry in addition to enhancing their own relationships. On the other hand, Henry should carefully weigh the kind of relationship between him and Clare and the effect of the choice of the action he should take. Given Henry’s position, Clare is justified to act by giving him the color printer and the digital camera. However, Henry should evaluate the fact that if he were in the shoes of Clare, the moral values attached to his actions and their effects on Clare’s job, himself, and the companies they work for. The golden rule lays emphasis on the reciprocity of actions by either party in an issue. Henry has to evaluate Clare’s actions by carefully identifying and determining if her action is simply reciprocating the business offer between both companies and his good relationship to her. On the other hand, Clare has to carefully evaluate if by doing Henry the act of giving him the digital camera and color printer, she and others are bound to gain from that act. Kant’s “categorical imperative” This theory focuses on the premise that each individual should act in a manner that one’s action becomes a universal law. The deontological theory has its foundation on the morality of duty. This raises the question on the morality of Henry and Clare’s actions. Moral duty is innate. We have personal inclinations that are summed up in our raw desires and wants and our actions are enshrined in moral statements. The Act and rule imperatives significantly underpin the general form of this theory (Liuzzo and Anthony 23). The theory lays emphasis on the moral standing of actions. Henry’s action could be moral and in a manner that it becomes universal because it is universally acceptable. However the benefits he is bound to gain by accepting Clare’s offer has to be carefully evaluated since his act may conflict with other universal values and beliefs. A universal act in this case is one that is acceptable to all and by all. Therefore, Henry’s act of accepting Clare’s offer should be evaluated against the fact of it becoming universally acceptable. A universally accepted act should reflect fairness and justice on the part of both parties in view of the business, climate, industry, organizational, society, and personal levels. Henry’s act of accepting the offer should reflect fairness and integrity while Clare has to critically evaluate and distinguish between duty and inclination. Henry has to evaluate the moral nature of his actions if he accepts these equipments by carefully weighing the resulting impact of the action on Clare, her employer, himself, and his employer. By accepting the color printer, Henry could be asserting the universal nature of his actions. That implies Henry’s act of accepting these equipments is an act that can be duplicated elsewhere. However, careful consideration indicates that this action could look to the public eye as accepting an inducement and not a moral act. This could adversely affect the image of Henry’s company and be a disaster rather than a benefit. Virtue ethics According to Liuzzo and Anthony, this theory focuses on virtue as a trait that should be imbued in human beings (23). Every one runs away from vice but seeks virtue. Such a trait could be good for every person. The theory emphasizes on love, social feelings, and the quality of the relationship between people and the moral motivation for taking certain actions (Fieser 1). Clare could act based on the love she has for Henry and the social feelings that are likely to be strengthened between Clare and Henry. Clare has strong feelings about Henry’s position and impelled by virtue that has been cultivated in her, she could be justified to give Henry the color printer and the digital camera for his son. However, she has to carefully weigh if her virtuous deeds are in conflict with the company she works for. Different companies operate on different laws and their employees are bound by different legal requirements. Clare’s decision should also be evaluated for impartiality. On the other hand, Henry should critically evaluate the motivating factor behind Clare’s offer not to lead to personal conflict and conflict of interest. Recommendations Henry should accept the color printer since the act could be ethically correct. In Henry’s view, accepting the digital camera and color printer could result in pleasure and could neither cause Clare nor the companies they work for any harm. Henry could be given these devices by charging some company fee. This could justify Henry’s moral integrity, trustworthiness, and fairness in accepting the offer since he could pay the fee. The fee payable could alleviate any act of dishonesty in both Henry and Clare. Henry could need Clare to offer him assistance that she could have liked to be given were she in a similar situation. Such could be a universally acceptable act. In this case, this offer is virtuous, human, universal, and moral. Accepting this offer on the basis of enhancing business relationships with a client and acting consistently with the laws of his employer could agreeably enhance working relationships and enhance the company’s image. However, Henry has to carefully weigh the company costs levied on the digital camera and color printer before accepting the offer. Works Cited Fieser, James. Business Ethics . 2010. Web. Koons, Robert, C. The Problem of Evil. Preliminaries . The Virtual Office. University of Texas. 2002. Web. Liuzzo, Anthony & Anthony, Liuzzo. Essentials of Business Law . 7 th ed. Harbor Town, New York. Career Education, 2009. Melden, Abraham, I., Ethical Theories . 2 nd ed. New York, Prentice-Hall Inc., 1950.

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Business Law in Tennessee Essay (Critical Writing) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Examination 3. Analysis 4. Transformations 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction Business law deals with all legal matters that govern individual and cooperate business groups. These laws start all the way from the government, states to local councils. States and local councils make laws that specifically govern the institutions in which they are. In Tennessee, there is an overall assembly meant to make laws to govern the state institutions found there. In addition, the proceedings of Metro council were available. A comprehensive listening of the recorded Metro council meetings produced the finding discussed below (Metro council, 2010). Examination The council meeting started with confirmation of the attendance of the councilors. The council is a legislative branch of the government that rules through the senate and other official departments. These departments may be official government agencies. The agencies tackle matters such as printing and bookkeeping. The judiciary together with the executive makes up the remaining parts of the ruling authority. The role of the executive is ensuring that laws made find application in area in focus. On the other hand, the judicial branch is entirely the court system with the Supreme Court being at the top of the ladder (TENNESSE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, 2002). The attended session was Metro council. It helped in getting deductions for this report. While attending the Metro council it was definite that there is a stack difference between national, state, and local legislative processes. National and state legislative processes take place under laws provided by the institution question. However, for the local legislative process, there is delegation of powers from the state. The similarity is that all the three processes are limited only to their sphere of influence (NASHVILLE .gov, 2010). The session majorly dwelled on proposed zone changes of title 4 map for the city to take care of newly demarcated industrial domain. The main objective was to support the economy and provide employment to residents. The key players who moved the motion were Maryanne Carson and the governors. The council used ordinance type of legislation to go through the discussions. Amending the title 4 map was the purpose of proposed legislation. This was because the city had adopted the project in 2003 called north-west liberty plan to promote urban character. After thorough council discussions, the legislation went through. This meant that the law created was to be in effect. Analysis The legislation had the strength of improving the economy of the city through right legislation. Weaknesses present could be a shallow view of the matters put on table without documentary evidence. The threats to the legislation could include angry reaction from the industries. Major points of the legislation were the zoning of the map and designation of industrial areas and residential neighborhoods. The zoning of the city had both strong points and drawbacks. The advantages would be; more support by amending title 4 maps because of the zoning of the city. The possible drawbacks would be that the concentrations of industries would likely lead to bad effects such as industrial emissions and noise in the neighborhood. However, categorically considering both sides it would be right to say that there will be more organization and improvement of urban character and growth. The end effect to that is, the urban growth and economy would soar high. Transformations The possible positive changes will be to provide more forums for public suggestions. Another thing that would create a big boost would be to have more documentary evidences during sessions to improve on the quality of decision-making. Conclusion Legislative branch of the government is very effective since it deals directly with the people. By doing this, administration throughout the country becomes easier. References NASHVILLE .gov. (2010). METRO COUNCIL . Web. TENNESSE GENERAL ASSEMBLY. (2002). Legislative Branch . Retrieved from http://www.legislature.state.tn.us/ Metro council. (2010). Meetings audio recordings . Web.

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Segway HT: Business Model and Planning Case Study Table of Contents 1. Customer Value 2. Capabilities 3. Connected Activities 4. Works Cited Customer Value The firm is at a position of utilizing technology to the point of improving the quality of living all over the world. The firm invented machines that enabled the consumers to find ease especially in movement. The invention of the iBot made it easier for the consumers to move up and down stairs and even over rough surfaces. Home choice dialysis machine was made in such a manner as to enable the patients with chronic renal failure move freely. It is also portable hence can be easily carried in planes or cars. There is also the intravascular stent that help patients suffering from heart problems amongst other inventions in the medical field that are reliable (Cho 319). The firm invented an alternative mode of transport referred to as Segway Human Transporter. This machine offers customers and their goods convenience of moving short distances effectively. It increased the speed of movement at less amount of energy per person. The Segway HT is offered in two models the i-Series for personal and business people and the e series for transporting huge and heavy loads; it is priced like any other consumer electronic product (Cho 320). Capabilities The firms’ invention, the Segway HT, uses a design that has a smaller base with a unique stability that provides the users with safe stable and effective movement. Segway HT is provided in two unique models, the iSeries model that uses low pressure tires making it move easily over uneven grounds. The eSeries on the other hand have several capabilities which includes having an electric stand that enables it balance on its own, this provides the user the convenience of moving on and off the model when at work. The unit also provides for extra carriage capacity for luggage (Cho 319- 322). One of the capability gaps to be worked on is the weight of the design; it seems to be heavier than expected. To counter this gap the firm has plans to design a lighter version known as p-Series. The other disadvantage is that the design has no transportation laws to guard its use on the sidewalks. The firm’s capability lies on its dynamic stabilized technology that enables it to configure one of the most efficient means of personal transport. The Segway HT does not use fossil fuel which makes it convenient compared to other automobiles. This uniqueness makes it possible to be used in more congested cities where pollution is a threat. The firm has derived all of these capabilities from the combination of science, engineering and right focus (Cho 319- 322). In order to ensure stability the firm gives its employees the freedom to be innovative and creative, the manager encourages the staff and believes every idea from any person can always work provided it’s given the right attention (Cho 318). The Segway HT is unique in the sense that it has the ability of transporting people and goods without any space restrictions that most vehicles encounter. It does not need any fuelling for its operation and is reliable for short distance transportation. Connected Activities The company has tapped on the available knowledge and talent by recruiting creative people from different field of study. Through the engineers, the firm runs multiple small projects and encourages the outcome hence making quick development of any good idea generated (Cho 319). The firm works hand in hand with development experts from outside the company. The partners provide financial support and required technology whenever need arises. This helps the firm meet the expected deadlines during the process of development. The partners include; silicon sensing systems for integrated circuit boards and Axicon for gear manufacture (Cho 321). The firm promotes the sales of this machine through the Segway LLC which acts as marketing channel for the product. The firm has an experienced management team from other recognized companies that have helped in the development process, operations, human resource management, financial management, sales and marketing process (Cho 323). Works Cited Cho, Christopher, et al. Segway Human Transport case study . 29 th March, 2010 www.dekaresearch.com/

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The Pfizer Company Business Model Essay Table of Contents 1. Customer value 2. Capabilities 3. Sustainability 4. Conclusion 5. Works Cited Customer value The value the company attaches to its customers contributed to its thriving into limelight of drug business in the year 1941. This was due to the mass production of penicillin which saved many lives during the World War II. This was then later followed by the manufacture of Viagra. Before the firm developed Viagra, it had to create around 1,500 chemicals, tested their effectiveness as compared to previous drugs and finally screened them to come up with the best quality for the consumers (Magretta 3-8). The firm also went as far as researching to find out which of the age groups suffered most from the erectile dysfunction (Hedman). The Viagra invention had the ability to cause erections only during sexual stimulation. This was contrary to other injection therapies provided by other companies which at times induced the patient to prolonged erections, making the patient uncomfortable. Hence, the invention of Viagra was so much encouraging to the consumers who expressed their willingness to continue with the treatment as it satisfied their expectations. The firm had a stated maximum prescription for each patient diagnosed with erectile dysfunction, this ensured reimbursement of up to 6 tablets per month for each patient 18 years and above. The plan ensured that consumers were protected from any form of misuse of the drugs and danger (Mahadavan 4).The use of Viagra was dropped from the formularies since it became one of the lifestyle drugs. This helped majority to cut on Medicaid expenses. The introduction of online sales made it possible for the company to reach so many customers within the shortest time possible. This helped in increasing the revenues of the firm; this included the consultation and the shipping fee offered by the company which was averagely $ 715 for one year supply (Magretta 3-8). Capabilities The Pfizer firm recorded the highest earnings growth in the Pharmaceutical industry, which was rated at 25% between 2000 and 2002. This growth rate was attributed to the strong drug pipeline and its stability in blockbuster drugs. The firm also had the lowest risk when it came to the market share loss from the drugs as compared to other pharmaceutical firms. This was due to the fact that most of its pharmaceutical sales were given to generic cannibalization before 2005. The firm’s capability to increase its research and development expenses saw it venture into new field of medicine. This enabled the firm to invent new pharmaceutical drugs and also open many operational facilities all over the world (Army). For the Pfizer firm to overcome the competitors they embarked on continuous launching of new products and aggressively acquiring the best possible strategies. They bought drug maker companies and also ventured into the consumer products, bought companies that produced hospital related products. The company also extended an invitation hand to other related companies which saw it merge with some popular companies like Warner-Lambert. The company ventured in the sale of the brand name from its operating groups to the consumers. The brand name groups included Animal Health Group and Consumer Health care. These brand names made the company to be known as one which improved the health not only of human beings but also of livestock, hence became very popular to the consumers (Porter 62-78). The introduction of the internet enables the firm to reach so many companies at any given time. It also enhances the devising of the strategies since the progress of other firms can easily be monitored from the internet. It has enabled international expansion of the company (Stabell 413). Sustainability For sustenance purposes the firm invested heavily on the research and development, half of the employees of the company taken to the section dealing with research and development. The mixture on the labor force was also a contributing factor, which comprises the British and the Americans (Sandberg 3). The firm strategizes on conducting more clinical trials on Viagra as compared to its competitors. This made it to enlarge its market base since most of the patients came back with positive results. The firm also deployed a good number of sales representatives to that went direct to the doctors, who eventually prescribed the drug to the patients (Army). The firm uses the Direct-to-Consumer Advertising which ensures that patients are updated on new medical treatments, right prescriptions and also allows them to discuss their health conditions with their physicians. The company also focused on raising awareness on how important men’s health was to them (Porter 62). They used the brand name that made so many identify themselves with the brand i.e. so many became brand loyal to the company. The firm spent so much money in advertisement on medical journals, meetings and events that were mostly attended by the physicians. These promotional activities ensured some increase in revenue with the Direct-to-customer contributing around 16% in the year 2000. The use of the internet exposes the firms secrets to the competitors hence considered not safe at all for sustainability purposes (Porter 78). Conclusion The business model shows clearly the level of competition of the company, it reveals whether the company is the most cost-efficient company in the industry or not. The business model should be understood because it provides vivid information about the market and can be used by investors and financial analysts. Works Cited Army, Barret. “The formula at Pfizer. Don’t run with the crowd”. Business week , 1998. Hedman, Thomas. “ The Business Model: A Means to Understand the Business Context of Information and Communication Technology ”. Institute of Economic Research Working Paper Series, School of Economics and Management, Lund University 2001. Magretta, Joan. “Why Business Models Matter,” Harvard Business Review , 2002: 3-8. Mahadevan. “Business Models for Internet-Based E-Commerce,” California Management Review , Vol. 42, summer 2000: 4 Porter, Michael. “Strategy and the Internet,” Harvard Business Review , 2001: 62-78. Sandberg. Is it time to trade in your business model? Harvard Management Update , 2002: 3-5. Stabell, Fjeldstad. “Configuring value for competitive advantage: On chains, shops and networks”. Strategic Management Journal , Vol. 19, 1998: 413–437. Timmers, Paul. “Business Models for Electronic Markets,” Electronic Markets , ol. 8, No. 2, 1998: 3-8

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The Ethical Dilemma – How to Make the Right Decision Essay Introduction The issue of ethical dilemma is something human beings cannot let alone. It is evident that it remains part of their life. Someone finds himself in such a dilemma. Most of the time it is proper to make the right decision when in such a situation. Personally, I believe the right decision always lies with your conscience. When in an ethical dilemma, making the right decision goes a long way in measuring someone’s ability to be responsible in future (Carter, C. & Clegg, S, pp 125). My ethical dilemma Sometime last week I was faced with an ethical dilemma which made me choose between friendship and truth. I was at home watching movies with one of my schoolmates. Then a kitten jumped through the window and in to the house. I did not mind as am used to seeing it in our home most of the time. It belonged to the next door neighbor. My friend got so excited and even held it in his palm. He kept on telling me how cute it was. He went to the extent of saying he will leave with it, I thought he was joking. In the evening, I decided to see him off. He begged me to allow him go home with the kitten and bring it back tomorrow. I did not want to allow him do this, as I knew the first place our neighbor could come looking for her kitten was our home. We argued for a long time, and at last I allowed him to leave with it just to please him because he was my friend. As we were walking down the road the kitten jumped off my friend’s palm straight into a truck’s path. It was knocked down and died on the spot. My friend begged me not to tell the owner what had happened. He even made me swear, and because he was my pal I accepted everything just not to hurt him. When I went home that evening, I found my neighbor at my place. I was asked whether I had seen the kitten. I did not know what to say. If I told the truth, I was going to lose my friend. If i told a lie, I would save my friendship but I could not stand the guilt of lie to my parents. I also believed my neighbor needed to know what happened to her kitten. After a lot of thinking, i decided to tell the truth. It is noteworthy that I acted in the right manner, as I could not tell a lie just to protect my friend. He acted unethically, and I should not do the same by protecting him. I find it so uncomfortable, when I have to swear not to do something then I end up not honoring my oath. In this situation, I could not hide the truth when I knew clearly what consequences I was going to face. I knew I could still talk to my friend and tell him why I chose to stick to the truth. I could not allow my friend to manipulate me in to tainting my ethical integrity (Trevino, L & Nelson, K, pp 7). I believe when someone is in an ethical predicament he is supposed to make a decision that will stand the taste of time. Making decisions just to suit that particular time, and external factors may not work appropriately. When one makes such a decision he must be affected to some extent. If I could have protected my friend, I could always feel the guilty whenever in the presence of my neighbor. I also could have branded my self a dishonest person (Trevino, L & Nelson, K, pp 9). Work Cited Carter, Chris. & Clegg, Stewart. Business ethics as practice: representation, reflexivity and performance . Heltenham.UK. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007 125 Trevino, Linda & Nelson, Katherine. Managing Business Ethics . New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, 2010 7-10

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C. P. Ellis, One Writer’s Beginnings, and The Story of my Body Essay C. P. Ellis, One Writer’s Beginnings , and The Story of my Body show a life story that describes some important events and people who changed their views on life. The first story is about the former Ku Klux Klan leader, C. P. Ellis , who had to overcome his prejudices. One Writer’s Beginnings by Eudora Welty tells about the writer’s experiences and the way they influenced her decision to become a writer. Like the previous two stories, The Story of My Body is also based on personal experience where the author describes skin, color, and appearances as the parts of the body that influence social attitude. The stories show that people’s judgments are based on appearances rather than on people’s interactions. All the stories are similar because they have the same narrative structure and character development. Considering the stories’ setup (place and character’s background), the works depict the past events that happened to the protagonists. The characters use their experience to change something in their lives. In C. P. Ellis , the writer discusses the past events the moments that made a character become a separatist. In the second story, the writer depicts the feelings and senses that the character had when she wanted to become a writer. Finally, in The Story of My Body , the author pays attention to appearances that influenced a Puerto Rican girl. When discussing the character development, all stories present the idea that all characters realize the changes that happened to their lives. The reasons of those changes were the need for self-realization and analysis of the past events. Hence, the protagonists have to face their prejudices. However, One Writer’s Beginnings provides a different way to stress the climax of the story which is also similar to its resolution. While recollecting her knowledge, she explains how she becomes a fiction writer. However, the narration of the past belongs to non-linear type. The other two stories belong to a linear structure because one event causes another. Nevertheless, one can observe that the narrative structures run logically because they are not interrupted by flashbacks from the past. Therefore, the climax appears at the end of the stories. Despite some differences in character development, the resolution of the plot line is almost the same in all the stories. In particular, the heroes realize problem, face it, and find a logical resolution to it. In addition, all stories show the way characters face racial and gender differences and break stereotypes and prejudices. However, One Writer’s beginnings is focused on the analysis of recollections that are considered to be the greatest treasures. They helped to put all the moments form life together in one logical image. In conclusion, in the end of the stories, the protagonists realize that the best way to change oneself is to face the problem and overcome it. All the stories are based on personal experience and the way it improves people’s life for the better. Hence, the main protagonist of C. P. Ellis manages to put up with his racial stereotypes and start a new life that is free of hatred and aggression. One Writer’s Beginnings proves that a person can reach the goal if he/she really wants to. Finally, The Story of My Body shows that personal interaction is possible only when a person can accept his/her originality.

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Capital Punishment: Proponents and Opponents Arguements Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Proponents 3. Opponents 4. Discussion 5. Conclusion Introduction Capital punishment is a judicial death punishment for people convicted of committing heinous crimes. The use of capital punishment all over the world varies from one country to another, although it is being removed gradually from the current constitutions of various countries because it is considered as an inhuman form of punishment. Capital punishment raises a lot of controversy world wide on whether to continue using it or not. If yes, what type of punishment and on what category of crimes? Proponents Proponents of capital punishment argue that, the only way to punish heinous criminals is by capital punishment because life imprisonment is not an effective way of punishing and warning potential criminals against committing terrible crimes. Hence, capital punishment is not only a punishment to criminals but also a warning to prospective criminals from committing heinous crimes. Capital punishment supporters also argue that it is the cheapest way of eliminating horrific criminals from the society as compared to life imprisonment that needs tight security and much worry of possible escape of the criminal back into the society and repeat the same crimes. They also say that elimination of the criminals will stop them from haunting the families and friends of the victims. Proponents further argue that there are just and humane ways of executing capital punishment without torturing the criminal. Opponents The opponents of capital of capital punishment argue that it is not a just and humane way of punishing heinous criminals in the society because everybody has right to life. They also say that, since there is no standard definition of heinous crimes, there are high possibilities to execute innocent people or misuse execution in revenge to suite personal interests. Another argument in opposition to capital punishment is the lack of a standard in judicial procedures worldwide in determining what constitutes heinous crimes and what form of capital punishment is acceptable. For instance, in the Middle Eastern countries, homosexuality and unfaithfulness of a woman to a spouse is considered as crimes punishable by stoning while in United States homosexuals and prostitutes have their rights protected. Discussion Capital punishment should be allowed in punishing heinous criminals so that they pay the price of their actions and further convey a strong warning to other potential criminals. However, several questions remain unanswered; what constitutes heinous crime? What strategies are used in convicting suspects? In addition, what is the form of capital punishment? The capital punishment simply implies death punishment, which means it is possible to arrest, convict, and execute innocent suspects for subjective reasons. There must be clear and standard definition of what constitutes heinous crimes or crimes that are punishable by death penalty. The judicial system must have structures of vetting innocent suspects and standard form of capital punishment applicable worldwide to avoid subjective and stereotype forms of punishment that are inhuman. Conclusion Capital punishment is the effective punishment to horrific criminals who are there to destroy our societies. Capital punishment does not only punish the criminal but also gives the right impression to fellow criminals or prospective criminal of the imminent punishment awaiting them. This warning will give them an opportunity to change their life styles while still free since they have no second chance to reform. Unlike life imprisonment where criminals finds the opportunity of reforming but remain ruthless while still free.

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Siemens: Motivation Within a Creative Environment Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Case Analysis using SWOT 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction This report is on case analysis of Siemens that deal with motivation within a creative environment. This paper will analyze how Siemens motivates its employees within a creative environment using the SWOT analysis. Siemens, an engineering company, produces an endless variety of products and services that are used by many people on a day to day basis. Some of the products that are manufactured by siemens include traffic lights, wind generators, gas turbines and domestic devices such as fridges and kettles among many others. Siemens also give services such the maintenance and support of BBC’s website. Siemens also generates approximately 40% of the wind energy used in the UK. The company also employs more that four hundred thousand people globally (The Times 100, 2009). Case Analysis using SWOT This report analyzes how Siemens motivates its employees within a creative environment. SWOT analysis tool will help in identifying the internal factors such as strengths and weaknesses. The tool will analyze the external factors such as the opportunities of threats. This will help siemens to plan and focus on the key issues in the company (Marketing teacher, 2009). By knowing how to apply the SWOT analysis, Siemens will be competitive to its competitors (Zahorsky, 2009). Siemens has a lot of strengths in the business environment through the motivation of its employees within a creative environment. Many people survive by using many of the products and service produced by siemens. Different types of customers also benefit by the use of the siemens products and service since there are different types of products that are produced by siemens. This is because siemens produces a range of products from domestic appliances to medical appliances. By operating in many countries globally, siemens has helped in the contribution of building the economy through employment opportunities. Since most of siemens products are produced through innovation other than invention, the production costs of the company has been reduced due to improvement of the already existing products than creation of a new invention (The Times 100, 2009). Working at siemens allows engineers to use their creativity, skills, ideas, passion and energy to improve the already existing products. Siemens has also provided opportunities to young people to enter the engineering world despite their level of education and thereafter improving their skills and experiences. This helps in giving opportunity to people of different level that are rejected in other companies. Siemens also trains and provides educational opportunities to their employees therefore improving people’s standards. Siemens also provide a creative working environment that helps in motivating its employees. By being imaginative and influencing owns work the employees at siemens are motivated therefore improving the performance at the company (The Times 100, 2009). Motivation increases work energy and reduces the number of absentees since people belong and take pride in their work. Siemens has created a working environment that encourages people to be more involved in working since they suggest, implement and offer improvements. Employees at siemens work with enthusiasm therefore improving their performance and increasing their job satisfaction. Another way in which employees at siemens are motivated is through the fulfillment of the higher order needs such as self esteem and self actualization. Siemens as also managed in changing its programmes through the involvement of the employees and creation of issues awareness. The engineers at siemens have been able to work at the best due to the motivators that have been provided by the company (The Times 100, 2009). Siemens has a control of observing the employees has they perform their duties. This can be a weakness to the company since that alone cannot be a form of control. This can be solved by working with the employees to increase their enthusiasm. Since siemens only employees about 500 thousand people globally, the company should seek in expanding its markets to increase their production while building the economy through employments. Siemens has also the opportunity of collecting creative ideas from young people at all levels therefore increasing trust and respect from the community by giving opportunity to all levels of people without discrimination. Through improving the motivation techniques in the company, the company is able to improve its performance. To avoid having any unmotivated employees in the company, the company should investigate and improve their motivational skills from feedbacks (The Times 100, 2009). Siemens offer training and opportunities for people at all level to go for further studies. Since, the employees can move into other departments other than engineering, they might take the advantage to resign after the training and education opportunities. The issues at siemens can be applied in starting a small scale business. In starting a creative business such as creation of artistic products such as birthday cards, wall hangings and other decorative products, a person needs to identify the strength and weaknesses of that business so as to know how to operate the business. By identifying the opportunities and threats, the business will be competitive among its competitors. The employees at the creative business should be motivated to apply their artistic skills in order to produce innovated products. Employees can also be trained and educated on producing the best artistic products to be competitive (Zahorsky, 2009). Conclusion Motivation helps people to bring out the best in a working place. When people are allowed to work at their own creativity, they tend to be more involved in their work therefore experiencing job satisfaction. In starting a small business such as creative business for artistic products such as birthday cards, wall hangings, a person needs to identify the strength and weaknesses of that business so as to know what to do in the business and by identifying the opportunities and threats, the business will be competitive among its competitors. The employees at the creative business should be motivated to apply their artistic skills in order to produce innovated products. Employees can also be trained and educated on producing the best artistic products to be competitive (Zahorsky, 2009). References Marketing teacher ltd. (2009). SWOT Analysis: Lesson. Web. The Times Newspaper Limited. (2009). Siemens: Motivation within a creative environment. MBA Publishing Ltd. Web. Zahorsky, D. (2009). A Business Owner’s Secret Weapon: SWOT Analysis . SWOT Analysis for Small Business. Web.

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Patricia and Her Family Analytical Essay The case of 55-year-old Patricia is rather captivating for the field of Psychology: lots of internal and external factors considerably influence the general situation and attract the attention of lots of Psychologists. Usually, psychologists prefer to use several principles and theories in order to analyze a person, his/her behaviour, and comprehend him/her from several perspectives. Past problems, connected with alcoholism, obligations before her family, and contempt from Patricia’s son and sister’s side – all this have bad impact to a woman and create more and more internal problems, which are hard to solve. “Psychologists can draw upon a range of alternative approaches, each of which views the person and the study of the person in very different ways.” (Jarvis 2000) In this paper, the case of Patricia and her family will be analyzed by means a behavioural approach, psychodynamic approach, and rational emotive theory. Each of these approaches and theories should help Patricia re-evaluate the situation and come to the conclusion what to do further. Human behaviour is one of the most interesting issues to learn day by day. It is possible to predict weather, it is not that easy to find out the sex of the baby, however, it turns out to be rather difficult to comprehend why or why not a person treats him/herself like this. The behavioural approach is all about some measurable aspects of the behaviour, inherent to people. With the help of observation, psychologists analyze the behaviour of their patients and clear up how exactly this environment causes the patient behaves the way he/she behaves. Psychodynamic approach is one of those approaches, which are based on the role of certain internal processes and some past experiences, which influence the creation of personalities. The most famous psychologist, who made a considerable impact on the sphere of Psychology and the psychodynamic approach in particular, was Sigmund Freud. He admitted that the vast majority of human feelings cannot but be affected by different unconscious motives, and that personal problems, which are inherent to adults have their roots in their childhood. Rational emotive theory is one more aspect that has to be mentioned in this case to present a really worth psychological picture of the patient. “Rational-emotive theory states that much emotional disturbance stems from the faulty inferences and irrational evaluations that patients make in endeavouring to make sense of themselves, other people and the world.” (Dryden 1995) By means of this very theory, it turned to be a bit easier to comprehend human’s perception of this world and his/her abilities to develop own social and even spiritual abilities. It is crucially important to realize that any person is not only a certain being, who has to be responsible and controlled by own internal factors. Social factors and emotional responsibilities have to cooperate and provide a person with choices. These three psychological theories are chosen for one particular reason – all of them allow to analyze the case of Patricia and help her to overcome her problems and find out a proper way to communicate with her relatives. Any psychologist should also remember that ethical issues have to be considered in any mental-health professions and should be regulated by certain professional codes. (Corey et al. 1997) This is why any of the above-mentioned theories should be used carefully without any damage to the psychological condition of the patient. The behavioural approach will help to analyze the situation, demonstrate to Patricia that her behaviour is not that wrong, and prove that she has to reward herself in order to enjoy this life. To achieve good results, it is better for her to join some group of people with the same interests and talk about the themes, which are really interesting to Patricia. She has already comprehend that alcohol is not the best solving of all problems, and now, her relatives have to comprehend the same things and start respective Patricia. This is why Patricia should choose some group of people, who have no relation to alcohol and drugs. It may be some cinema fans or women, who like manicuring, etc. The psychodynamic theory will be useful in order to clear up how Patricia’s past, present, and future can be connected to each other. It is necessary to help Patricia to comprehend that her life is not endless, and it is better to start enjoying it. For example, it is not too late to create a web page on some love site in order to find a person or even several people to share secrets. Online talks are useful indeed, this is why if Patricia still does not have a computer, she has to go to the nearest shop and choose the nicest computer and start investigating the Internet and analyze its advantages. When Patricia talks more to people, she can find some support from unknown people and start thinking about one more way to explain her relatives, that she has to have a piece of her personal life. Communication is the best medicine for lots of women. Just let us remember the movie Requiem about the Dream, where the mother goes crazy because of being alone. This is why if Patricia wants to change her life, the Internet is one of the most available ways to start these changes. Rational emotive theory is used to demonstrate that it is necessary to defeat personal desires and interests. It is better to concentrate on patient’s beliefs and her skills in order to make her dreams come true. It is possible to advise Patricia to visit swimming pool, do fitness, or just change her haircut. Small changes stimulate women a lot: they find more powers to go outside, be pretty, and be desired. The expected outcomes of procedure are rather clear: Patricia should find some other reasons to enjoy this life and explain her relatives that her dreams and desires have some value as well. Maybe, it is high time to help Patricia to demonstrate that her past mistakes should be forgiven, and relatives are one of the first people, who have to give this forgiveness. She has enough powers to start everything from the very beginning. She has to believe in herself, and change in appearance is a good start for her. The major aim of any psychologist is to give a hint, to show the way, but to give orders. In such case, Patricia should realize that her present is not less important than the present of her relatives, and past should not be remembered for a long period of time in order not to omit the future. In order to analyze the case of Patricia and her family, it is better to use several theoretical approaches simultaneously: behavioural, psychodynamic, and rational emotive theories. Such diversity helps to find out the essence of the problem from different perspectives and give reliable pieces of advice. This psychological assistance cannot provide serious support to the patient, but just to show that some changes should happen in this life. List of References Corey, G, Corey, MC, Callanan, P 1997 Issues and Ethics in Helping Professions . International Thomson Publishing Services Ltd. Dryden, W 1995 Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy: A Reader . SAGE. Jarvis, M 2000 Theoretical Approaches in Psychology. Routledge, London.

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Catholic Charities and Their Relevance Research Paper Abstract One of the worthwhile activities in which we as human beings can engage in is the protection of our environment, our dignity and our future. To take up this noble cause for our survival’s sake, many individual activists and organizations have engaged themselves in various activities all aimed at the protection of our livelihood. The Catholic Church in particular boasts of a significant number of activists. Some of these activists are motivated by the peculiar dangers that face the world as a result of disease infestation, poverty, illiteracy, moral decadence and the dangers that can occur due to the prevalence of these factors. Introduction History has it that in most of the successful ancient civilizations, economic inequality was commonplace between the ruling class and the ruled. This status quo mostly resulted in anger and resentment between the two groups due to the great economic divide. These historical realities are still very much alive today in our present day society where income inequality is rampant. Traverso (2003) asserts that the difference between the rich and the poor in terms of economy has continued to expand over the last years with the rift between the middle and rich stretching even further. These facts reinforce the supposition that income inequality is at its all time highest level in the world. Social and economic trends such as change in family structures, increasing numbers of immigrants from poorer nations and globalization have led to rich and middle-income countries experiencing rising economic and social inequality. Ironically, all this is against a backdrop of great economic growth and prosperity that has been experienced by most of the countries in the world. Mapes (2004) suggests that such inequalities are positively related to social vices such as homicide, substance abuse and racism which inevitably foster social instability. With these daunting realities in mind, it makes sense to explore the most prevalent types of inequalities as well as the efforts that some organizations have put to come up with solutions and measures that can be used to reduce their effects on a global perspective. Purpose and thesis statement Catholic charities have been a beckon of hope and providence to many people suffering from various inequities around the world. Their contribution to the promotion of world peace, unity and equality cannot go unnoticed in many global situations (Kerby, 2009). This paper shall set out to explore whether Catholic charities have been helpful in diminishing social, economical and political hurdles in the world. This shall be accomplished through an extensive and articulate study of what catholic charities entail and the various factors that have contributed to their success. Their various measures employed to curb various issues shall also be highlighted and their respective effectiveness showcased. This shall be in a bid to provide a better appreciation of the charities thereby leading to an enhanced understanding of what they are, how they affect different societies and consequently, how they can be helped in their fight against these issues. Brief overview of catholic charities Catholic charities are nonprofit organizations located in almost all parts of the world. As the name suggests, they are church owned charitable organizations prominent in championing various relief efforts especially in developing countries around the world. They use their acquired resources in the provision of food, shelter, clothing, education and health aid to the less fortunate across the globe (Friedman & McGarvie, 2003). History of catholic charities and their evolution According to Hehir (2010), catholic charities have been in existence for more than a century. It is believed that the catholic charities network was founded in 1910. During that time, they could only provide human relief to people from all religious denominations within a few countries. Later on in 1923, it was acknowledged as being among the best provider of these services to a more diverse population as it covered more countries. By 1950, they had expanded their services to accommodate community and health services. Today, according to the organization’s official website, www.catholiccharitiesusa.org, the main purpose of the organization is fighting poverty, providing assistance to families and empowering the masses towards the realization of successful and moral living through the preservation of human well-being (Friedman & McGarvie, 2003). Management of catholic charities According to Maurutto (2003), management entails the effective and efficient utilization of resources that are available to an organization with an aim of achieving organizational goals and objectives. The author reiterates that it involves planning, organizing, leading and controlling of the organizations activities and resources. Despite popular belief, the catholic charities network is run by professional specializing in various fields of study. Like any other business, these charities also face the various challenges present in the economy. Therefore, they require an effective and efficient organizational structure if they are to remain relevant in today’s dynamic business environment. Leadership Leadership most often refers to a process through which one person uses the help and support of others towards achieving a particular goal or task (Palmer & Randall, 2003). Considering the current state of affairs in the world, the leaders of these charities are always under so much pressure to deliver. As such, their leader have to be knowledgeable professional in the field of expertise, having a proven track record of achieving set goals and objectives and the ability to motivate and delegate effectively. Leaders also ought to be able to cultivate and identify talent and exhibit sound judgment even under pressure (Brody, 2005). In addition, owing to the diversity of the services offered by these charities, the leaders often apply both the transitional and situational leadership styles so that they can effectively cope with the ever changing situations Financial management As mentioned earlier in this paper, catholic charities are nonprofit organizations. Therefore, they depend on well wishers, their church, donations and grants as some of their financial sources (Belcher & Deforge, 2008). With such sources, the need for accountability is always so high. As such, the charities have a team of highly qualified and dedicated team which is tasked with the duties of distributing, following up, and accounting for, all funds allocated to the charities. This has been deemed as a daunting task since the number of people in need is often more than the funds available (McKinney, 2004). Therefore, the decision making process in such cases is always tricky and seldom appreciated by many. Human resource management The network has employed a large and diverse workforce mainly due to its expansive (global) nature. Man’s desire for knowledge and success has over the years expanded beyond the restrictions of localities and regional boundaries (Burlingame, 2004). As such, business mergers and other agreements have been made between countries in search of a larger market base, resources and human capital. The occurrences of such interactions have over the years brought the human race closer to each other than ever before despite their varied differences in cultures, goals and objectives (Denhardt et al, 2008). Consequently, the advantages realized from globalization in terms of social and economic wellness have been great to say the least. Since the charities operate in different locations all over the world, they have employed competent people from these locations to oversee the on going projects with minimal complications (language barriers, geographic know-how and cultural barriers). Having such a diverse workforce has significantly contributed to the success of these charities (Denhardt et al, 2008). Services provided by catholic charities The main aims of these charities gear towards the preservation of human well-being (Dionne & Chen, 2001). As such, there are many issues that have been addressed by the charities in a bid to fulfill these objectives. They include, but are not limited to: Health services Good health is by far the most important aspect to the human race. Without it, there could be no development or growth in the world. That is why most governments have made it their priority to offer reasonable health services to the citizenry (Foster, 2010). However, most countries lack adequate resources to provide these services. Better health care can in most cases only be achieved by means of reforms. Denhardt et al (2008) describe reforms as meaning positive change. In the developing countries, this would imply coming up with sustainable and efficient systems. In a developing nation’s perspective, the reforms cannot take place without involving external donors since most of these nations are plagued by poor, inefficient and corrupt governments. While it can be irrefutably stated that donors are under no legal obligation to aid poorer countries improve their health sectors, they do feel morally obliged to lend a helping hand. The aid that donors extend has resulted in the accomplishment of significant results e.g. the eradication of small pox through large scale vaccination and the lowering of infant mortality (Foster, 2010). Without the assistance of these donors health in the poor nations would not be appealing. It is for this reason that catholic charities provide aid to the developing nations. The aid offered is not only limited to material help but also comes in the form of technical aid since most poor nations lack the expertise to set up complex healthcare systems and keep them running. Without technical assistance, all the monetary and material aid offered would be misappropriated hence setting back any reform efforts. McMillan (2010) articulates that provision of aid would be inconsequential if no expertise accompanied it. Catholic charities have stepped in to assist the government and other medical organizations in the provision of health services. They have been instrumental in building hospitals, health facilities, recreational and counseling centers in different locations where they are needed (Mapes, 2004). In addition, they have managed to provide these services at a considerably low cost. This has been very useful to many people especially those with low financial capabilities who account to a large percentage of the total global population. The input of these charities in the health sector has enabled many people who would have otherwise despaired get through difficult situations in their day-to-day endeavors. Financial services The campaigns spearheaded by the catholic charities point out to the notion that their projects will lead to creation of more jobs for the local populace. The leaders assert that the creation of social and health amenities opens up employment opportunities (Palmer & Randall, 2002). As such, the charities often extend financial services to local churches so that they can avail such amenities. In addition, they offer loans to aspiring entrepreneurs with the hopes that they will in turn create more employment opportunities. Also, they offer financial aid to people who have been struck by various disasters around the world. This is done to help the victims have a fresh start with minimum constraints. Spiritual services At the present, most economies in the world are working towards recovering from the credit crunch that hit almost all countries in the world. It is a reasonable assumption that most organizations were forced to make changes that included cutting on costs or laying off employees so as to remain profitable. In such times, there is need for a flame of optimism to be fanned in the organization (Mapes, 2004). At the heart of the efforts of catholic charities are the campaigns to empower the masses through spiritual interventions. One of the philosophies behind actions by the charities is that with God’s guidance, everything is possible. As such, they endeavor to ensure that Godliness comes above all other things. They have therefore built churches in various locations to ensure that people in different predicaments find solace in the house of God. To support this notion, Basil & Herr (2003), assert that many people suffering from various ailments have been documented as having found peace and comfort in God where everything else had failed. Burlingame (2004) state that an optimistic nature is one of the defining behaviors associated with a transformational leader. A person who can enthusiastically talk about the needs of the people and draw a compelling image of the bright future that all in a given setting can look forward to is capable of making a difference in the world. In regard to this, the catholic charities and churches have over the years provided the people with leaders of such stature. The priests and counselors have been known to be good listeners and preachers of hope. In addition, all organizations and communities often experience contentious issues which elicit different reactions at some point in time. How these issues are resolved, may spell out the difference between success and failure in these settings. Therefore, the presence of a person who can manage such crises in a diplomatic fashion may be crucial to the success of the organization. Diplomacy entails the using of power and authority carefully so as to achieve positive outcomes by being unanimous or arriving at a consensus. Arguably, this cannot be achieved without spiritual and moral interventions which are core principles in catholic charities (Belcher & Deforge, 2008). Literature review Many scholars and critics have documented different views as regarding the existence of these charities. The proponents argue that they have provided viable ways to cope for many while the “nay-Sayers” argue that they foster some ill sentiments among the masses. Arguments for catholic charities Burlingame (2004) argues that catholic charities have been instrumental in the promotion of moral ethics, human rights and unity around the world. He cites the protest against abortion as one of the charities significant successes in the recent past. The charities argued that this practice is unfair to the unborn children since they too have a right to live. This campaign has to a significant extent been a success for the charities as many countries are yet to legalize abortion. In addition, the author claims that these charities have helped communities that have been abandoned, mistreated and neglected by their governments cope with their sad situations. One of the latest campaigns by catholic charities is to educate the masses about the effects of the war in Iraq and most parts of the Middle East. By financing major campaigns and promotions, the charities have managed to provide people with valuable information about the war all the while promoting peace, unity and diplomacy as means to end this costly affair. Dionne & Chen (2001) claim that war and political instability are among the core factors hindering globalization. As such, the author supports these charities and their recommendations claiming that the full benefits of globalization can only be realized if the human race sets aside their differences and work together towards a common goal. Arguments against catholic charities Of particular concern is the speculation that religious organizations have been funding and inciting terrorism across the globe. According to Flanigan (2006), most terrorists attribute their actions to their religious beliefs as regarding to what is moral or immoral. That means that their acts of terrorism are directly related to their beliefs. In relation to catholic charities, they have been blamed for interfering in international affairs which in some cases have led to the death of innocent civilians who are viewed as sympathizers. In addition, McMillan (2010) argues that like any other business, all charities should be taxed accordingly in a bid to ensure fair competition within a market setting. This he attributes to the fact that charities also work according to the forces of demand and supply, they buy raw materials and use similar modes of production as other companies. Impacts and contribution of catholic charities to the world Despite the various arguments that have been raised as regarding to the presence of catholic charities, they have evidently been more useful to the people than they often get credit for. Impacts on globalization Due to rapid industrialization and development, many a firms have in the past decades sought ways and channels through which they can further tap the market and scarce resources to satisfy their monetary and developmental needs. As a result, they are always looking for new markets and sources of such resources. This has consequently led to investments and establishment of new branches in other countries and regions all over the world. As such, the best way to ensure that an organization remains relevant in today’s global society is by ensuring that it has a diverse workforce which can blend in with new markets and provide valuable leverage as well as competitive advantage against the rivals. The catholic charities have effectively mastered this result and in the process, these charities have created numerous job opportunities for many people across the globe. This has in turn reduced, even if it is by a small margin, the rate of unemployment around the world, which also affects the rate of poverty and finally, the rate of crime in different areas. In addition, their fight against such social vices as substance abuse, abortion, corruption and war have been instrumental in unifying many countries across the globe. These being common problems among many countries, the countries have come together in conjunction with the charities to fight against these life threatening affairs. In so doing, they have been able to set aside their differences and work together as a unit. Finally, they have been credited for leading by example, through their various initiatives, governments and other organizations have been forced to act ethically in all their dealings (Green & Webb, 2008). In addition, the charities have been a source of inspiration to many individuals (philanthropists) who would like to make a difference in the world. As such, it can be arguably noted that these charities have impacted the way human beings view each other and at the same time, they have influenced our personal perspective to poverty, diseases, illiteracy etc. through the provision of schooling facilities in different parts of the world, these charities have bridged the communication gap by ensuring that more people understand and speak plausible English. This will in turn facilitate the interaction between different people from different social and ethnic backgrounds to come together and merge in the interest of global development. Impacts and contributions on politics The goodness of an organization can be inferred by the manner in which it treats the people who work for it as well as those around it (Smith, Bucklin, & Associates, 2000). The relationship that a company enjoys with its employees and targeted audience can be gauged by looking at the rate of employee turnover. Benefits that individuals accrue from the existence of a given organization therefore lead to increased loyalty (Sargeant & Woodliffe, 2007). The catholic charities have been very instrumental in advocating for change in many countries. They have in some instances fought against political injustices and decisions that could have detrimental effects on many lives. In addition, they have also offered great advice on national matters in the interest of protecting the masses against bad governance. Impacts on poverty and related vices The efforts of these charities towards eradication of diseases and providing education have yielded great fruits. This is because these initiatives have enabled many people have the ability to work hard (due to good health) and acquire valuable skills (education) that enable them to look for work. In addition, through their campaigns and civil education, many people have been able to learn about the effects of drugs and consequently get help when necessary. This has in turn contributed to the reduction of violence, theft and discrimination across the globe. Recommendations Arguably, the work that these charities do is very important to the less fortunate people in various localities. As such, governments should ensure that they provide ample assistance to these charities in terms of security and acknowledgement to ensure that they offer their services with ease. In addition, people all over the world should know that the eradication of these inequalities can only be effective if they become partners in the fight. If each individual contributes in addressing these issues, they will have played a pivotal role in the preservation of life, promotion of peace and unity and ultimately in ensuring that the whole world lives in harmony. Conclusion Catholic charities are necessary in today’s environment. Their contribution towards the preservation of life cannot go unnoticed. From this paper, the various aspects surrounding these charities have been explored. The impacts of the same in different sectors have also been discussed. As such, it is important that we as a human race learn from these charities and work hard to ensure that the generations to come have a safe and morally upright future. References Basil, D.Z., & Herr, P.M. (2003). Dangerous Donations? The Effects of Cause-Related Marketing on Charity Attitude. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 11(1) , 59 – 76. Belcher, J.R., & Deforge, B.R. (2008). Faith-Based Social Services: The Challenges of Providing Assistance. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 26(4), 1 – 19. Brody, R. (2005). Effectively managing human service organizations . LA: SAGE. Burlingame, D. (2004). Philanthropy in America: a comprehensive historical encyclopedia. NY: ABC-CLIO. Denhardt, R.B., & Denhardt, J.V. (2008). Public Administration: An Action Orientation . NY: Cengage Learning. Dionne, E.J., & Chen, M.H. (2001). Sacred places, civic purposes: should government help faith-based charity? USA: Brookings Institution Press. Flanigan, S.T. (2006). Charity as Resistance: Connections between Charity, Contentious Politics, and Terror. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 29(7), 641 – 655. Foster, G. (2010). Getting in line: Coordinating responses for children affected by HIV and AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies: An International Interdisciplinary Journal for Research, Policy and Care, 5(2), 92 – 100. Friedman, L.J., & McGarvie, M.D. (2003). Charity, philanthropy, and civility in American history. USA: Cambridge University Press. Green, C.L., & Webb, D.J. (2008). Factors Influencing Monetary Donations to Charitable Organizations. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 5(3), 19 – 40. Hehir, J.B. (2010). Catholic Charities USA: 100 Years at the Intersection of Charity and Justice. CA: Liturgical Press. Kerby, W.J. (2009). The Social Mission of Charity; A Study of Points of View in Catholic Charities. USA: General Books LLC. Mapes, M.L. (2004). A public charity: religion and social welfare in Indianapolis, 1929-2002 . USA: Indiana University Press. Maurutto, P. (2003). Governing charities: church and state in Toronto’s Catholic archdiocese 1850-1950 . NY: McGill-Queen’s Press – MQUP. McKinney, J.B. (2004). Effective financial management in public and nonprofit agencies . NY: Greenwood Publishing Group. McMillan, E.J. (2010). Not-for-Profit Budgeting and Financial Management . NJ: John Wiley and Sons. Palmer, P., & Randall, A. (2002). Financial management in the voluntary sector: new challenges. CA: Routledge. Sargeant, A., & Woodliffe, L. (2007). Building Donor Loyalty: The Antecedents and Role of Commitment in the Context of Charity Giving. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 18(2), 47 – 68. Smith, Bucklin, & Associates. (2000). The complete guide to nonprofit management. (2nd Ed.). NJ: John Wiley and Sons. Traverso, S. (2003). Welfare politics in Boston, 1910-1940 . USA: Univ of Massachusetts Press.

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Challenges of HRM: Conclusion & Solutions Need to write a conclusion of human resource management assignment? Get inspired with this paper! It analyses the challenges of hrm and proposes a range of solutions to them. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Challenges Facing HR Departments 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction The degree of success of an organisation depends on the success of strategies adopted by its top management organs. Although this is the case, it is important to note that, performance levels and organisation’s business viability depends on the type of workforce such an organisation has. Therefore, this makes the human resource (HR) department one of the most crucial departments in an organisation. Due to many changing trends in terms of workforce characteristics, technological innovations, and globalisation, most human resource departments currently face many challenges as concerns formulation of their solutions. This therefore makes it necessary for HRM departments to integrate correct policies in their management systems to ensure they alleviate such challenges. Challenges Facing HR Departments HR departments play the overall role of ensuring they enhance organisations’ productivity through ensuring such organisations have required workforce, with required expertise and motivations. Although this is the case, challenges faced by these departments hinder goal achievement and innovative practises. Examples of these challenges include negative impacts resulting from economical and technological changes, organisational restructuring, scarcity of qualified and well-motivated employees, globalisation. Correctly predicting the future of an organisation is one of the most daunting tasks that face most human resource departments. This is because, globally many economies are undergoing through tough times, something that has greatly affected the operations of the HRM department. This is because, transformations in economies cause alterations to the working and employment patterns of organisations. For example, in most working scenarios currently, the nature of working patterns has undergone many transformations something, which has made most individuals to prefer working in service industries, rather than in manufacturing and agricultural industries. Technology although an important tool for organisational development, has brought forth many challenges to HRM managers. This is because technological innovations require continuous adoption of new systems and time to time upgrading of employees’ skills. For example, the introduction of computers in the banking industry made many individuals to loose their jobs due to lack of conformity to technology (World Federation of Personnel Management pp. 8-11). The second main challenge facing HRM is the recruiting and maintaining of quality employees with desired levels of motivation. This is because globally, there are many changes in terms of industrial workforce demands due to the need to beat competitions and increased technological innovations. Success in foreign business environments necessitates an organisation to have a cohort of most qualified employees, with advanced levels of skills that global markets demand. However, due to many economic challenges that most organisations face, it becomes very hard for the HRM departments to achieve this. On the other hand, the increasing numbers of workers with no specialisation or with common challenge to HRM, primarily because this forces an organisation to incur extra expenses in the upgrading skills or employee training; hence, sometimes acting as a setback to proper management of organisations. For organisations to have a competitive advantage over other business competitors in the same industry there is need for organisational restructuring, which in most cases results to abolition of some managerial seats or some branches of an organisation. In addition, the organisational restructuring can necessitate the merging of organisations something, which may cause lose of jobs or out-spacing of employees. This may result in many organisational conflicts or increase in expenditure; hence, causing organisational operational problems (Burke and Eddy pp. 84-90). Conclusion of HRM Challenges Essay In conclusion, due many challenges that are facing human resource departments, there is need for organisations to adopt correct and workable policies that will not only ensure they alleviate these challenges, but also develop mechanisms of dealing with such challenges in case they occur in the future. Works Cited Burke, Ronald and Eddy, NG. The challenging nature of work and organisations: Implications for human resource management. Human Resource Management Review , 16(2) (2006): 86-94. Print. World Federation of Personnel Management. Survey of global HR challenges: Yesterday, today and tomorrow. 2010. Web.

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Changes in Life: Positive and Negative Effects Essay One of the invariable realities in life is that we are every in a state of change. These changes may be positive or negative but regardless of their nature, they are a fundamental part of our lives and it is important that we brace ourselves for them. In my life, I have had many changes; some of which have been inconsequential and other which have literally marked a turning point in my life. In this paper, I shall narrate one of the significant changes in my life so as to highlight the fact that our perception of the change does at times determine whether the experience will be enjoyable or shall yield to discomfort and insecurity. The particularly significant change in my life came about as a result of the announcement by my parents that we would be moving from Texas to New Mexico. What made this change so significant to me was that we had been living in the same neighborhood for as long as I could remember and the moving process felt like literally been uprooted. As such, the change represented being taken away from what I was familiar with and loved to being placed in a foreign place which held a lot of uncertainty for me. My initial reaction was that of shock and distress at the prospect of what life in the new place would hold. While I did enjoy visiting new places, I had never pictured myself moving from my home town on a permanent basis. In a bid to resist the change, I tried to reason my parents out of their decision. This was a futile attempt mostly because I had no solid reasons as to my opposition to our moving. When it was finally clear to me that we were going to move regardless of my stance, I resigned myself to my fate and I recall wallowing in self pity as I expressed my predicament to my friends. However, one of my friends who happened to have come from New Mexico remarked that the place was actually enjoyable and held many a fascinating scenes for people. In addition, he commented on the lovely neighborhoods and the tight knit communities that were there. His statements opened my eyes to the possibilities that the change in my life presented. I had been too indulged in the uncertainty and discomfort that would arise from the move that I had failed to consider the numerous possibilities that the change presented. In my blindness, I had set out to avoid the change and failed to recognize the fascinating new possibilities. From this point on, I took up a more positive outlook and actually looked forward to the move. On getting to New Mexico, I discovered that while everything was not as picturesque as my friend had suggested, the place was actually enjoyable and the community was not that different from the one in my previous neighborhood. Due to the fact that I had braced myself for the change, I overlooked the negative aspects of my new home town and as a result of my optimism and high spirits, the change turned out to be one of the most memorable ones in my life. From my experience, I learned that sometimes the changes in our lives are neutral and it is our perception that makes them either a joy to be looked forward to or a pain to be shunned. I also learnt that our fears of change in most cases spring from unfounded assumptions and our own prejudices. As such, it is important for us to adopt an open minded and optimistic outlook as we undergo the numerous changes that life presents to us. By doing this, we will be increasing our chances of leading a satisfying and fulfilling life.

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Walter Lee Younger: Character Analysis Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Walter Lee 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction Walter Lee is the only protagonist and antagonist at the same time in A Raising in the Sun. As the play opens, Walter comes out conspicuously due to his ideologies concerning the money the Youngers are about to receive from an insurance firm as life insurance policy for the deceased Mr. Youngers. Every person in the Youngers family has a different idea on how they should spend the money. Mama, the mother of the house wants to buy a house for the family. Beneatha, Youngers’ daughter wants to pay for her school tuition using part of the money. Ruth, Walter’s wife, supports the idea of buying a house for the family because this would mean better future life for her son Travis. On the other hand, Walter seems to have a dream for the family. He wants to invest the money in a joint liquor store and co-own it with his acquaintances. This notion of investing for the sake of the family paints Walter as a responsible person; however, his undertakings are poor, exposing his immaturity and gullibility. Nevertheless, with time, he beats all these challenges to become the foundation of this family. Walter Lee Younger Character Analysis As aforementioned, Walter is the most outstanding character in this play. He is Travis’ cherishing dad, Ruth’s noncompliant hubby, Mama’s boy, and Beneatha’s combatant brother. As the play opens, he fights with nearly every one around him. In Act one, Travis is asking for fifty cents required in school; however, as Ruth tries to explain to Travis how they do not have it, Walter comes from nowhere and gives Travis one dollar. This shows Walters blatant immaturity. A dollar is a lot of money compared to the required fifty cents. Moreover, disapproving Ruth in front of Travis is contemptuous and immature. He then confronts Beneatha and tells her that she should just forget her medicine course for it would cut into the cheque from the insurance firm. It emerges that the one dollar that Walter had given Travis was meant for his transport. The fact that he gives his transport money knowing that he has to travel to work echoes his immaturity. Act one scene II, opens with Walter fighting Beneatha for no reason. He promises Willy; his friend and imminent business collaborate that he will take money to him immediately. This promise is immature; Walter knows very well that getting the money to invest in his business remains a point of contention, yet he promises Willy that he would take the money. That evening when he comes home, Walter is only interested in talking about his business contrives. Ruth wants to talk about her pregnancy; however, this does not bother Walter. He is so engrossed in his business plans that he does not care whether Ruth aborts or not. As a mature responsible father and husband, Walter should address this issue but he chooses to overlook everything, this is immaturity. After Mama announces that she has paid down payment on the family house, Walter cannot believe it and he accuses his mother of betraying him and thrashing his dream to own a business. He goes into drinking spree for three days until his boss calls Ruth to enquire what has happened. However, when Mama gives him $6,500, to invest part of it in his business, Walter becomes a more responsible man. He tells Travis how he would invest in a good business that would make their lives better by the time Travis is seventeen. “Your daddy’s gonna make a…business transaction that’s going to change our lives” (Hansberry 23). At least this is a vision of a responsible man who cares about the future of his family (BookRags Para. 5). Nevertheless, this is only the beginning Walter’s change. In Act II, scene III, Walter is a changed man. He takes Ruth for dinner and makes her happy all the time. For the first time Walter and Beneatha shares a humorous moment as a brother and a sister. When Mr. Lindner comes to urge the Youngers to stop purchasing the house in Clybourne Park because the residents are opposed to it, Walter stands for his family, tells Mr. Lindner that they do not need the money he is offering and requests him to leave immediately. Walter is now maturing and takes the responsibility of family head as required of him in the absence of his father. Even after Willy Harris runs with his money, he remains composed. Walter’s maturity comes out clearly, when he stands to defend his family. (CliffNotes Para. 6). When mama decides to reverse her decision of buying the family house, Walter stands his ground and reverses his decision to sign Mr. Lindner’s papers that would prevent them from moving to Clybourne Park. Walter says, “He says, “We have decided to move into our house because my father—my father—he earned it for us brick by brick. We don’t want to make no trouble for nobody or fight no causes, and we will try to be good neighbours. Moreover, that’s all we got to say about that. We don’t want your money” (Hansberry 31). The family moves in their new house, they resolve to dissolve their selfish ambitions and work together, and they owe their unity to Walter. Conclusion Walter is a man with many faces in this story. From an irresponsible immature father, husband, brother and a son, he fights many fights to become his family’s foundation (Robert Para. 9). He made many mistakes like making unwise investment among others. However, as the story ends, he becomes a responsible person. He refuses Mr. Lindner’s money, a move that brings unity, joy, and peace in the family, hence becoming the cornerstone of the family. Works Cited BookRags. “ Notes on A Raisin in the Sun .” 2010. Web. CliffNotes. “ A Raisin in the Sun .” 2010. Web. Hansberry, Lorraine. “A Raisin of the Sun.” New York; New American Library, 1994. Robert, Willis. “ A Raisin in the Sun Study Guide .” 2010. Web.

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“Emma” by Jane Austen: Main Character Analysis Essay (Book Review) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Emma’s Character 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction Emma by Jane Austen is a masterpiece exploring dangers of misconceived romance. The main character is Emma Woodhouse, a beautiful, ingenious, moneyed young woman (Aiken para. 2). The story opens with Emma attending a wedding of Miss Taylor after which she introduces Mr. Weston; her suitor to Miss Taylor. At this point, the issue of Emma’s overestimation regarding her matchmaking skills comes out clearly. Even though, Mr. Knightley advises her strongly, she statically sticks to her ego and moves on with her new pursuit; she matches Harriet Smith, her new friend, to Mr. Elton. Disregarding the dangers of meddling with other people’s affairs, Emma thinks that Mr. Elton is interested in Harriet and she has to do everything to make sure that Harriet rejects a marriage proposal from Mr. Martin (Austen-Leigh 69). To Emma’s triumph, Harriet rejects Mr. Martin’s proposal. There is no point Emma is letting go of her beliefs, and what is right to her; it is right to others. Emma’s Character Static and somewhat uncreative; Emma is not prepared to adapt to change or compromise her principles for the sake of others (Millar and Machichan 56). For instance, even though her neighbour Mr. Knightly warns her of her ‘meddling’ behavior, she doe not take heed. She blandishes herself that she is the person behind the matching of Miss Taylor and Mr. Weston. She goes to meddle with Harriet’s affairs who gives in to her advances. She says to Harriet, “I lay it down as a general rule, Harriet, that if a woman doubts as to whether she should accept a man or not, she certainly ought to refuse him. If she can hesitate as to “Yes,” she ought to say “No” directly’” (Austen 47). This is a true depiction of her static nature. She lays down rules and everyone has to follow them. Her static nature comes out clearly through the description that the author gives her, “She did not always feel so absolutely satisfied with herself, so entirely convinced that her opinions were right and her adversary’s wrong, as Mr. Knightley” (Austen 23). If Emma were creative and dynamic, she would at least understand other people and let them do things their way. The static nature blinds Emma from appreciating that everyone is entitled to his or her opinion and it does not have to be right always. Her static nature is fostered further by her insensitivity, which comes out clearly in the character of this young woman. Apart from meddling with other people’s affairs, she asserts, “’I have no faith in Mrs. Elton’s acknowledging herself the inferior in thought, word, or deed; or in her being under any restraint beyond her own scanty rule of good breeding. I cannot imagine that she will not be continually insulting her visitor with praise, encouragement, and offers of service; that she will not be continually detailing her magnificent intentions from the procuring her a permanent situation to the including her in those delightful exploring parties which are to take place in the barouche-landau” (Austen 264). She does not seem to care about other people’s feelings. To her, it does not matter if Harriet is in love with Mr. Martin; she has to marry Mr. Elton (SparkNotes Editors para. 6). This has to happen for Emma to get the credit of matchmaking the relationship. To affirm her insensitivity she says, “Silly things do cease to be silly if they are done by sensible people in an impudent way” (Austen 36). This may be true; however, people have to have their way in doing what they do. This character stems from the fact that Emma is not exposed to the real world where not everything works for the good of somebody. Dynamism would come along with sensitive and caring nature. Dynamism makes one realize that other people have feelings that calls for respect. Lack of dynamism still comes out in the way jealousy and immaturity stands in Emma’s character. For instance, after Emma realizes how successful Jane is in music world, she envies this talent and consequently hates her. Her immature and static nature of meddling with other people’s issues leads her to speculate and conclude that Jane is in love with Dixon. The reader thinks that Emma would change her behavior as she grows up; unfortunately, she is not set to accept dynamism and accept people the way they are, more so accepting the way she is. Instead of taking time to evaluate herself and know what she wants, she falls in love with Frank because everyone else thinks that theirs is a perfect couple (DailyLit para. 5). Because of her static nature and inability to make mature decisions, she only loves Knightly after realizing that he likes Harriet. “It darted through her with the speed of an arrow that Mr. Knightley must marry no one but herself” (Austen 375). Conclusion Emma by Jane Austen is an interesting story of how misunderstood love may turn out to be. Due to misconceptions about love, coupled with insensitivity and static mindset, Emma does not seem to understand other people. Hers is a selfish ambition of a perfect matchmaker. However, she fails utterly in matchmaking relationships that never came to be. If only Emma were dynamic, she would have realized that this life does not depend entirely on ones opinions; it is wise to listen; heed advice and change with changing times; that is, be dynamic. Works Cited Aiken, Lorraine. “ Emma .” 2009. Web. Austen, Jane . “Emma.” Banes and Noble classics: New York, 2001. Austen-Leigh, Edward. “ A Memoir of Jane Austen .” 1926. Ed. R. W. Chapman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967. DailyLit. “ Emma .” 2009. Web. Millar, Martin and Mackichan, Doon. “ Jane Austen’s Emma .” 2001. Web. SparkNotes Editors. “SparkNote on Emma.” SparkNotes LLC. 2003. Web.

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Chicago: Crossroads of America Reflective Essay “Those who cannot learn from history are doomed to repeat it”. – George Santayana This statement cannot be refuted. People should know their history in order to have the future. A great role in understanding one’s history is played by historical exhibitions. They can be especially helpful for young people who will be able not only to read about some historical events, but to see some pictures of those distant years. hus, the exhibition “Chicago: Crossroads of America” at the Chicago History Museum provides people with a great opportunity to find out something new in the history of this great city and too see the artifacts which reflect some peculiarities of Chicago story and represent a part of American culture. This exhibition embraces the entire history of Chicago. Of course, it points out the most significant eras of this city which made it well-known worldwide. As far as I am concerned the most fascinating and ambiguous part of Chicago history was the era of jazz and gangsters. Many books reveal the years of gangsters revealing different figures and some pictures, but it is impossible to feel that atmosphere reading a book. However, in the “Chicago Jazz and Blues club” the visitor becomes a kind of part of those years. When I was there I immediately started thinking about gangsters and Prohibition. When I saw “copper still and bucket for making alcohol” I was a bit surprised how easy gangsters could create the drinks and, of course, money. I would not say that this is the most significant artifact at the entire exhibition, but it is definitely interesting since it is impossible to imagine this apparatus (and evaluate people inventiveness) if you are reading about it in the book, and even if you see the picture. It is necessary to add that this artifact is the part of Chicago history since the 20-30 was “the jazz era” which was “accompanied by prohibition” (Lewis 436). Thus, this part of exhibition is the reflection of a definite period of time. However, the most significant artifact which reflects not only the history of Chicago, but the whole spirit of this city is, to my mind, the Pioneer locomotive. This great construction symbolizes the rapid development of the city and its continuous progress. Of course, now there are many machines which are faster and more progressive. However, this “old” locomotive seems a great the great guard of the past and the future of the city. As Hudson stated (precisely and gracefully) that the railroads “completed the work which nature had begun of making Chicago the great central mart of the continent” (Hudson 27). This locomotive is embodiment of this supremacy. In my opinion, the Pioneer is a symbol of the eternal development of humanity. People will never stop moving forward on the powerful locomotive of progress. Thus, The Pioneer can be not only an example of the city of Chicago development, but it is the reflection of the whole humanity. Thus, after visiting the exhibition “Chicago: Crossroads of America” at the Chicago History Museum” I found out more about the history of this great city. In particular, I saw the embodiment of the Chicago development, the Pioneer locomotive and was able to see with my own eyes the device which reflects the era of gangsters and jazz, a device for making alcohol. To my mind, such comprehensive and exciting insight made me understand some historic events better which only proves that exhibitions made the visitors feel the necessary atmosphere and plunge into some era becoming a part of it. Works Cited Hudson, Harper. Chicago, a History and Forecast . Charleston, SC: BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009. Lewis, Lloyd. Chicago – The History of Its Reputation . New York: READ BOOKS, 2007.

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China Town – New York Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. China Town- New York 3. Conclusion 4. Reference List Introduction Since time memorial, individuals have always associated the Chinese nationals with respect of cultural values. This is because; it is not unique to find common features of the Chinese people in most areas even before meeting a real Chinese citizen in such areas. This is a concept that is evident with the widespread China towns globally whereby, in almost all continents or nations, evidences of the Chinese heritage are common. Physical manifestations of the Chinese heritage are in form of Chinese cultural centers, schools, and above all cultural towns. In addition to associating such Chinese towns with cultural preservation centers, it is important to note that, currently majority of such towns are booming commerce and tourism locations hence, their continual development in whichever country or state they exist. Examples of cities with china towns in the United States include New York, California, San Francisco, Portland, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Washington D.C. Of all these and other cities within the U.S., New York City has one of the largest town of these kind hence, making researchers to consider it as, one of the biggest Chinese heritage center outside the Republic of China (Waxma, 2009, p.1). China Town- New York As compared to other towns with the Chinese heritage, this town has the largest number of Chinese inhabitants; approximately one hundred and fifty thousand. In terms of location, the town is well placed on the eastern side of Manhattan, where it borders towns such as Lafayette and Grand. The town has existed since mid 19 th century, although previously it was underdeveloped; something that has undergone transformation with its current state, as one of the busiest commercial and tourist center in the U.S. Although majority of individuals associate it with the Chinese nationals, the city has other citizens of other nationalities for example, Germans, Irish, Italians, and the European Jews. Majority of these ethnic groups have existed in the town from mid-1800’s; times, when the slave trade business was booming, as a result of colonization. With settlement of slaves from these ethnicities in these area, the town started to sprout out hence, the currently known New York Chinatown. The need to develop the town further led to the settling of more immigrants groups in this area whereby, by early 1900’s the town had expanded with more Chinese and Jews moving in (China town: New York City, (n.d.) p.1). Although the town kept growing in a steady rate as more Chinese and other immigrants moved in, the effecting of the Chinese Exclusion Act between the years 1882-1943, acted as a great impediment towards its development. Although the exclusion act slowed down its development, its growth resumed in 1968, when the federal government abolished the immigration quota hence, allowing more Chinese natives to develop the town. Currently, the town is one of the well developed industrial towns, with more than two hundred restaurants, twenty seven banks. Such developments have made this town to be one of the main contributors to the federal government revenues, because currently, the town contributes more than two hundred million dollars to the federal government’s revenue earnings (Waxman, 2010, p.1) The town has a variety of Chinese foods for example, Cantonese and Schezan, grouped in terms sizes for example the Din Sum; the least quantity of food. Other varieties of foods in the town include a variety of baked foods and beverages; available in any many almost all shopping malls hotels. Apart from these varieties of foodstuffs served in different proportions. The town is also well known of its variety of shopping malls whereby, majority of individuals call it a shopping paradise not only because there exists a variety of goods, but also because majority of available goods are reasonably priced. Such goods include jewelry, electronic gadgets, souvenirs, and many home products (Sham & Ostrow, 2008, p.43-53). In addition, these to the variety of foodstuff, gifts, and other goods, the town is a primary tourist attraction center with numerous landmarks, which include the Chatham square, Columbus Park, Israel Cemetery, Fujianese Broadway, Pell Street, and a town museum with a variety of many ethnic groups artifacts. In addition to the tourist attraction centers, the town is a cultural centre with many cultural festivals, which include the New Year, Ghost, Chung Yang, Mid Autumn, and the Lantern ceremonies. On the other hand, the town has a well developed infrastructural system, with well developed roads and train systems, which connect it to other towns for example, Brooklyn and New Jersey. Conclusion In conclusion, considering the nature of developments this town and its significance as far as tourism is concerned in the U.S., this town, is one best Chinatowns existing in the globally. This is because; in addition to its many features, the town has many other cultural heritages of other societies occupying it. Reference List China town: New York City . (n.d.). Chinatown: fact sheet. Web. Sham, M., & Ostrow, D. (2008). Manhattan’s Chinatow n . Portsmouth: Arcadia Publishing. Web. Waxma, S. (2009). The history of New York’s Chinatown . The New York Chinatown. Web.

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Christian Spirituality in Lewis’s Works About Narnia Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Discussion 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction Christian spirituality is a kind of belief that underlines the fact that the Holy Spirit is allowed to control and lead a believer’s life. This belief draws attention to one of the non-contemporary aspects of human reality. This reality is life with God and eternal future. One of the writers who pay lots of attention to the idea of Christian spirituality and its importance in our every day life was Clive Staples Lewis. C. S. Lewis was a well-known writer, literary critic, and Christian apologist. His best works were The Space Trilogy and The Chronicles of Narnia. This writer preferred the world of Christianity writing, and did not want to limit his works with concrete genres and experimented a lot. (Edwards) The number of messages he want to present in his works is really considerable. One of the messages, which C. S. Lewis wanted to convey in The Chronicles of Narnia, was the idea of Christian spirituality and its impact on the life of every character. Discussion There were two leading figures in the English literature at the beginning of the 20 th century: J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis. They were very close friends, and such deep friendship had a significant impact on both writers. Tolkien’s ideas about myths and imagination, which may be so close to reality, helped Lewis to find the real truth of Christianity. Being a desperate Roman Catholic, Tolkien truly believed in his Christianity faith. Lewis was an atheist and always tried to find concrete material explanations to the sense of life, his destiny, and origins. With time, Tolkien convinced his friend about the truth of Christian spirituality, and those changes were reflected in lots of Lewis’s works. The Chronicles of Narnia presents lots of allusions to Christian principles in the ways, which are comprehensible either to young or adult readers. Lewis’s books may be interesting both to Christian and non-Christian people. One of the first books about Narnia was The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe. It was a kind of apologize of the author because of his lack of faith. It is a story about four kinds, who find a wonderful country, Narnia, on the other side of the wardrobe. It was the country, which was ruled by a fair king Aslan, a magic lion. However, the White Witch raised the rebellion and dethroned Aslan. Lots of magical creatures had to hide in order not to become another victim of a new queen. The whole country was waiting for their emancipators. They were those kinds, Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy. The time to save Narnia and help Aslan to kill the witch has come, and children should be ready to fight. This story is a brilliant example of allegory for Christianity. Maybe, not every reader can understand from the very beginning that all the characters of The Chronicles of Narnia have something in common with the biblical characters. Aslan represents Jesus Christ, the White Witch is considered to be Satan who tempted Judas (in the story this is Edmund). In order to save Edmund, Aslan sacrificed himself and resuscitated. It is necessary to admit the appearance of Father Christmas in the story, who inspired the major characters. It was an allegory to the Holy Spirit, who brought gifts to those people who believed in Christian spirituality. Such an idea is great indeed. Not every reader knows about Lewis’s Christian faith and his late coming to believe. In this story, Lewis underlines that it is never too late to believe and be forgiven. People always have time to analyze their actions and find the necessary way to follow. There will be always people who may help to realize where the truth is. For Lewis, it was Tolkien, and for Edmund, it was Aslan, his brother, and sisters. The main message that Lewis wanted to represent in his works is the fact that people have to believe in something. When a person has nothing to believe in, someone else can use him/her and make something evil. “Quite often people are drawn to Christian spirituality due to their questions about life, God, and the search for meaning in life.” (Perrin 7) This is what Lewis intended to write about. Writing such fantastic works about Narnia, its habitants, and the troubles they face is a good way to show that “true spirituality consists in the pursuit of God, and not allowing our desire to become attached to anything or anyone else.” (McGrath 90) It does not matter what form God prefers to choose this time, the major point is not to miss a chance and be saved. Conclusion “Closely linked to Lewis’s zest for ordinary nature was his attention to the details of life and experience. This remarkable power of observation, and sensitivity to tone and mood, added detail after detail of exuberant creation to his imaginative writings.” (Duriez 73) This attention to the details should also help the reader find out the main idea that Lewis discussed in his works. The idea of good and evil, Jesus and Satan is present in many forms. It is crucially important to define it as soon as possible in order not to be tempted by the evil side and follow the right way in the life. Works Cited Duriez, Colin. A Field Guide to Narnia. InterVarsity Press, 2004. Edwards, Bruce L. C. S. Lewis: Life, Works, and Legacy. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. McGrath, Alister E. Christianity Spirituality: an Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell, 1999. Perrin, David B. Studying Christian Spirituality. Routledge, 2007.

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Citizen Participation and Political Process Essay Throughout the world, issues of governance and public administration remain the central focus for all. The main reason is that decisions made by the governing authorities have serious direct and indirect impact on the well-being of the larger percentage of citizens left out of the governance structure. More often than not the decisions which best fit the interests of those in government is not in line with the wishes of the people. This means that the masses cannot allow the elites in authority to simply have their way as this would spell disaster for them. This being the case, the role of the “linkage Institutions” becomes even more prominent. Linkage institutions are organizations which presumably link the people and the leadership especially in terms of properly articulating their views and pushing for action from within government circles (Linkage Institutions, n. d, and par4). The most important examples of such institutions are the media, political parties, the election process and the different interest groups existing in a country. This paper looks at the effectiveness of such linkage institutions in improving the level of democracy, development of public policy and the scope of government. Notably the above linkage institutions are developed with certain objectives in mind regarding the process of governance. The media is expected to inform the entire population of the occurrences within government circles. The process of delivering information is probably the most powerful among the processes undertaken by the other different linkage organizations. The media is able to engage in an enquiry process on governance issues and report to the general public. This being the case, the media is able to shape the manner in which the public perceives or evaluates the process of governance. Across the world, the media has been credited for enhancing the process of achievement of democracy (Sharma, 2009, par14). This is through engaging in a favorable reporting process which not only supports processes of consensus building but also scares away individuals who are against the achievement of democracy. Again the media offers a direct link for the people to the government. People are able to express their views directly to the government concerning policies, achievement of democracy and public policy without the need to meet the governors. Finally, the media educates on a mass scale and is able to shape the opinion of the people concerning many matters of governance. These roles of the media greatly help in ensuring that governance corresponds to the expectations of the people (The Role of Media in Democracy: A Strategic Approach, 2010, par4-8). Political parties on the other hand are more directly involved in the process of developing democracy and public policy. Political parties are largely seen as buses used by individuals to consolidate support from the public with the view of representing them in the government. Ideally, the political parties carry the aspirations of the people and are supposed to influence the governance towards making decisions which fulfill the aspirations of the people. All over the world, democracy is the most cited reason for the formation of new parties. Again due to the popularity of the parties among the people, political parties are able to effectively bargain for the inclusion of their inputs in the process of establishing democracy, developing public policies as well as defining the scope of government. The political parties represent movements with given agenda. Considering the popularity of the party strength mainly measured by the numbers who support it, the party is able to effectively engage the government in the process of governing. Indeed, parties which wield power are often voted out depending on their ability to meet the governance needs of the people. The incoming parties are normally expected to inject new governance as per their promise. Interest groups are organizations which seek to influence the political class to make certain decisions relating to certain issues. They are mostly composed of experts in certain fields or simply people with certain concerns. More often than not, pressure groups are established around an emotive issue. Examples of areas with such lobby groups include abortion, environmental concerns and gender issues. The intention of interest groups is to shape public policy to conform to their seemingly informed view on issues of interest. In many cases, they give valuable inputs to the development of sound policies which end up being beneficial to the entire society. Environmental laws based on the lobby groups’ inputs are known to be very effective in cutting the level of environmental degradation (Richardson, 2000, par3-6). The election process is listed among the most important methods of influencing democracy and public policy. When a leader’s policies are ineffective, the people are at liberty to remove hi/her from office following an election. This gives immense incentive to subsequent government leaders to develop governance which is sensitive to the will of the people. This being the case, democracy can subsequently grow and public policies become more responsive to the needs of the people. As can be seen from the above description, the power of the linking institutions is immense. Governments are not easily able to dismiss the views of the above interest people as this mostly renders them unpopular and hence unfit to run the government. However, there exist serious flaws among these institutions which are supposed to act as a link between the people and the government. The problems mainly originate from the vested interests harbored by those behind the organizations. The media is accused of being biased in educating and shaping opinion among the people to fit to the aspirations of those in government. Ultimately this implies that in some cases, the genuine interest of the public is not fully incorporated in developing policies and democracy. This being the case the opinion of the people is traded in for the opinion of the few who are in power. Political parties are also known world over for their ability to renege on the promises made concerning democracy and public policies. In many cases, concerns for the masses are used as the platform to ascend to power and then renege on the promises made. In addition interest groups also play partisan roles in development of their objective. It is common to find an environmental based interest group advocating for the ban of a certain substance due its perceive effect on the environment while the main reason is that a competitor to the company in question is behind the action (Guerra, 2005, par7)). As such it is true to claim that in many cases, the linkage institutions do not end up serving the interest of the general citizens due to the fact that they are prone to manipulation by those in government or those who are bound to gain from certain decisions. Reference List Guerra, A. (2005). Political Parties and the Quest for Effective Democratic Governance: The Case of Mexico . Web. Linkage Institutions, n. d. reading list. Web. Richardson, J., 2000. Government, Interest groups and policy change. Journal of political studies 48. Web. Sharma, M., (2009). Media and governance . Web. The Role of Media In Democracy: A Strategic Approach , (2010). Center For Democracy And Governance. Web.

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“City of God” (2002) by Fernando Meirelles Essay (Movie Review) The Movie City of God, directed by Fernando Meirelles came into scenes in 2002 in Portugal and hit the worldwide market in 2003. The movie dramatizes crime and drug dealing in Brazil as part of life in slums. The main characters are children and Meirelles, together with his co-director Katia Lund depict children as either dupes or culprits of crime. This movie contains violent panoramas and conniptions and not everyone can watch it. Meirelles used “Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround Sound” to capture a documentary tone to this film (Kleinman para. 9). This gave rich background sound, an element that catches viewer’s attention throughout the movie. The picture of the film is excellent for the film is showcased in “Widescreen anamorphic letterbox format with an aspect ration of 1.85:1 and is enhanced for 16X9 televisions” (Kleinman para. 8). In the plot, the movie opens by pictures of boys preparing some chicken for a meal. One chicken gets away, three armed boys pursue it, and it comes to a standstill between the armed boys and Rocket, a boy who thinks that this pack is after his life. A series of violent scenes follows where the three-armed boys are dubbed the “Tender Trio”. Corruption, murder, rape, crime, drug abuse, and trafficking dominate the scenes in this film. The location of this movie is in a Brazilian slum in Rio de Janeiro near Cidade de Deus. Perfect camera work and delirious editing captivates viewers greatly and this makes the film livelier. The cast includes Alexandre Rodriguez acting as ‘Rocket’ and Luis Otavio the main characters. In a move that many people did not expect, Meirelles chose to use non-professional actors in this movie. Moreover, most of these actors like Leandro Firmino da Hora are residents of the slum in Cidade de Deus. However, Meirelles gave the reasons for using this kind of actors. He said, “Professional actors are great, but for this project we were dealing with an environment that no professional actor in Brazil had any knowledge of. We needed the expertise of the boys and it was intrinsic to my work that we use them” (Barraclough para. 11). Authenticity should be the core element in cinema. Directors and producers should strive for authenticity to relate movies to what happens in real life situations. Movies should be educative. For instance, not everyone can go to Cidade de Deus; however, by watching City of God, one can understand what really happens down there. No wonder Meirelles says, “It (use of non-professional locals living in that slum) gave the film an authenticity that would have been lacking if we had used professional actors” (Barraclough para. 11). Meirelles did not do something revolutionary. This is because use of non-professional actors to achieve authenticity had been in film industry for quite sometime before he directed the City of God in 2002. For instance, the Battle of Algiers released in 1966, uses the same aspects as the City of God . However, it is important to note that Meirelles work is outstanding and this explains why this film has won four Academic awards including the Best Cinematography in 2004 (Andrews, Biggs, and Seidel 66). The city named “City of God” in this movie is a slum commonly known as favela in Brazil. In the Internet Movie Database’s Top 250 Films, the City of God comes at number sixteen and this exemplifies the good work that Meirelles together with his co-director Katia Lund did (IMDb Charts). Works Cited Andrews, Robert, Biggs, Mary, & Seidel, Michael. “The Columbia World of Quotations.” New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. Barraclough, Leo. “ Argentinean Actors Voice Concern over Use of Non-Professionals .” 2003. Web. IMDb Charts. “ Top 250 movies as voted by our users .” 2010. Web. Kleinman, Jeremy. “ City of God .” 2004. Web. Meirelles, Fernando. “City of God.” DVD. Buena Vista International. 2002.

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Code of Conduct and Ethics in School Essay Introduction The core mission of the school is to ensure the future success of our students. This is to be achieved though understanding them better and catering for their needs so as to help them achieve the best at a socially, intellectually, and ethically level. Our school has as its guiding principles the values of reasonable transactions and veracity in the conduct of its activities. This guiding principles, which are sanctioned by the school’s Board of Directors, are based on the tenets that school based activities should be conducted in an honest, just and legal manner. The Board expects its entire staff as well as the students to commit and conform to the stipulated moral, ethical and legal obligations. This code is aimed at ensuring that all students and employees develop and maintain an acceptable level of self control and respect, conduct themselves in a civil manner and create an awareness of the importance of safety and the consideration of one’s community welfare (Rosen, 2005). To facilitate this, an ethics and conduct program has been developed to provide the necessary guidelines towards the implementation of the same. Application This ethics and conduct program applies: * Equally to all students, educators, management staff, employees, including temporary workers, representatives, and contractual employees who work in or for the school. Conformity with the Set Rules, Laws and Regulations Students and all members of staff are expected to abide by all laws and regulations which pertain to the endeavors they partake for and on behalf of the school (Jimerson & Furlong, 2006). * Actions that break the law or unscrupulous business dealing by students or members of the staff will be punished. Failure to comply may lead to termination of suspension, expulsion, employment and or initiation of civil or criminal proceedings in a court of law. Code of Ethics These are the personal code of conducts that must be adhered to by all members of the school’s community. Punctuality and Attendance * Students are expected to remain within the school institution for the whole day. * They are supposed to arrive and attend their classes or other appointments on time. * Educators and other employees are expected to be punctual and vigile at all times. Safety and Order * All members of the school fraternity are hereby expected to conduct their duties responsibly with regards to their own safety and that of others. * Fighting, throwing things and bullying are strongly discouraged in this school. Perpetrators of such heinous acts will be severely punished. Respect * All members of the school are expected be to respectful of their personal properties and those of the school. * Littering, mistreating furniture (computers, desks books and lockers) and vandalism will not be tolerated and will attract heavy penalties and punishments. * All members are expected to use appropriate and respectful language. The use of profane, sexually suggestive or abusive language will not be accepted. Welfare policy * Students and employees are to refrain from soliciting, using or possessing illegal drugs within and around the school and on school sponsored events. * Employees must not enter school premises or conduct their duties while under the influence of any drug. The School has in its power, the right to suspend or expel a student or employee at any given time if the school’s administration deems the conduct and influence of the student as contravening to the set guidelines (Brownlie & King, 2000). This also applies to those students whose direct associates (parents/guardians) are not compliant to the required standards of the school (Hall & Aimone, 2008). References Brownlie, F., & King, J. (2000). Learning in safe schools: creating classrooms where all students belong. USA: Pembroke Publishers Limited. Hall, H., & Aimone, L. (2008). High School Journalism . USA: The Rosen Publishing Group. Jimerson, S., & Furlong, M. (2006). The handbook of school violence and school safety: from research to practice . LA: Routledge. Rosen, L. (2005). School discipline: best practices for administrators . USA: Corwin Press.

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The Cold War and Its Influence on Europe Report (Assessment) This essay looks into the Cold War and how it influenced happenings in Europe. The cold war was largely between USA and USSR but it influence individual nations in Europe in a big way. This war is largely the reason why the USA was deeply concerned about affairs in Europe. In response, it pursued policies and plans that to some extend helped towards recovery of Europe. The cold war can also directly be credited with the fast decolonization period between the 1960s and 1980s. At the center of the cold war were a fight for hegemonic supremacy and an ideological supremacy battle. A power vacuum had been left after world war due to the fall of Germany and devastation of major European nations. The USA and USSR emerged as the only contenders to hegemonic supremacy. The USA championed for capitalism while the USSR was communist. The capitalist viewed communism as an inherently evil system while the communists understood capitalism as the root of all social problems. The USA had an advantage when it came to hegemonic or supremacy title because of its stable economy and huge military power. However, the USSR was nearly equally powerful and was threatening to topple world order through Stalin’s expansionist interests. Stalin was using the allure of communism to bring as many countries as possible into one political fold. The communists desired to wipe out capitalism and capitalist states and vice versa. The cold war was characterized by economic sabotage, propaganda and an arms race. This war changed fortunes for Europe and also for colonized states especially in Africa (Bulliet 554). Control of Europe was at the centre of the cold war because communists controlled Eastern Europe and wanted to extent their influence to Western Europe as well (Bulliet et al 522). The Berlin crisis was a major climax of conflict that existed between east and west Europe. It is the tussle for control or influence in Europe that led the American President Truman to declare the anti-communism policy and institute economic aid measures. Europe was generally allied to the USA and its capitalism plus democracy crusade. The United States favored a system of government and economic policies that allowed for individual’s freedom and respect of individuals rights as human beings. Such a system called for formation of political parties, respect for right of assembly, right to speech and press freedom (Bulliet et al 488). The communists favored communal administration of wealth and equality of all. Europe took to democracy and instituted mechanisms that would guarantee personal freedom. This move reduced much of the political anxiety that had been the case both within states and between European states. Economically, the United States was democratic and encouraged free and fair trade throughout the world. It championed growth of trade by offering economic aid to European states through the marshal plan. Through the Breton Woods systems, it worked towards encouraging free trade around the world. Europe took to free trade and adopted economic models developed by the likes of Maynard Keynes. The Soviet Union proffered protectionist policies that cut off their territory of free participation in international trade (Bulliet et al 381). The cold war led to each side of the divide supporting certain regimes around the world. The aim was to rally as much support as possible to their ideologies and bolster world influence. Through such like support, guerrillas in colonized countries got necessary support to fight off colonizers. As for Europe, the war led to USA joining the NATO alliance which helped against internal as well as external aggression. Works Cited Bulliet, Richard, W., Crossley, Kyle Pamela & Headrick Daniel R. Earth and its Peoples: A Global History since 1500. Vol. 2. California: Houghton Mifflin, 1997

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Common Sense and Related Writings Analytical Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Précis 3. Analysis/Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction Common Sense and Related Writings is a masterpiece written by Thomas Paine, a scientist, inventor (of Iron Bridge), a philosopher, and a propagandist. As a writer, Paine is important in that, his writings stirred many people in the United States of America to rise up and fight for their freedom. Paine says, “Tis time to part” (73). People went to war for Paine convinced them that, “the sun never shined on a cause of a greater worth” (Paine 86). Paine talks of government as a necessary evil, emphasizes on state of nature, underlines the inevitability of American independence and British oppression, highlights the problems of monarchy, and finally sheds some light on America’s relationship with the rest of Europe. Précis According to Paine’s world, government is a necessary evil other wise people would live without it. The function of government is to “restrain our voices” (Paine 66). Paine believers that presence of government is justified by the fact that it relives problems that would arise if people lived without it. On the issue of state of nature, Paine considers a natural state of man without influence of society; a state where all men are “originally equals” (Paine 70). Paine saw independence of America coming and nothing could stop it. Actually, to him this was a simple fact that each person should accept. He says, “Until independence is declared the continent will feel itself like a man who continues putting off some unpleasant business from day to day, yet knows it must be done… wishes it over, and is continually haunted with the thoughts of its necessity” (86). This emphasizes how America’s independence was inevitable. Paine also saw the inevitability of British oppression and he says, “From Britain, we can expect nothing but ruin. If she is admitted to the government of America again, this continent will not be worth living in” (Paine 109). Paine also understands the importance of America’s relationships with other European countries and he suggests that, “it is advantageous for America to form commercial and political ties with these nations…” (Paine 116). On monarchy, Paine urges that it is wrong and men were created equal and the elite are “ignorant and unfit” (Paine 136). Analysis/Conclusion In Common Sense and Related Writings, Paine knew exactly what he was saying. His calling for people to raise and fight for freedom could not come at a better time than this. By criticizing the British colonial rule, Paine brought awareness to the people of America on the importance of freedom. The author’s thesis is very effective. The truth is, America needed freedom, and there was massive oppression from the British colonial rule with high unfair taxes. After Americans’ rejected these taxes, the colonial rule re-established them and nothing good would really come from British colonial rule. On the other hand, Monarchy is evil according to Paine and even the biblical origin of the same is inappropriate. The succession trend that the British exercised was illegitimate and Paine holds that the first king should have come to power, “either by lot, by election, or by usurpation” (Paine 137). True to Paine’s words, the British colonial leadership was ineffective because it was out to intimidate and exploit Americans. Finally, America’s relationship with the rest of European countries was and still is essential. It is through good relationships with other countries that the United States of America has become the super power in this world. Therefore, author’s thesis is very effective and it proves Paine true in his arguments. Works Cited Paine, Thomas. “Common Sense and Related Writings.” Slaughter, Thomas. (Ed). Bedford: St. Martins, 2001.

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Technology and Communication Connection: Benefits and Shortcomings Essay McLuhan’s theories arose from the inquiries the logician received to systematically back his media studies (Logan, 2007). The premise analyses four occurrences cooperative to all media and human interactions, specifically to enhance, retrieve, reverse and obsolesce. The innovative structure of media may progress or accelerate the present form of communication, portraying several advantages. It may also repeal its unique characteristics when pushed to new dimensions. The new forms sometimes acquire characteristics from prior forms of communication and repossess earlier forms of services. Finally, it may lead to the total annihilation of previous forms, leading to their desertion (Poster, 2010). For example, a cell phone may enhance voice connections, reverse controls, retrieve infancy howling, and make the handset radically obsolesce. The theorist saw culture as technical transformations, which could be easily personalized due to lack of self-sufficiency. Technologies manipulate the way man thinks, work, and share, thus prejudicing their discernment and understanding of information (Lawson, 2004). The materialization of new technology is often accompanied by emotional, material and social effects in the expansive humanity. McLuhan concludes that we create machinery, which in turn influences our etiquette. Communication media circled from verbal to print in the early 60s, as TV and radio stretched the reach of addressees. This new association brought different societies together, forming prevalent and shared backgrounds. This theory may be used currently in decision making to determine the attainment of profits, or predict changes in an institution linking human interactions. The society can thus organize and illustrate the new medium or expertise before it presents any alterations in routine. The relationship of technology and communication typifies both the benefits and shortcomings that new machinery provides. Technological determinism has two magnitudes related to the elemental attributes of technology that do not permit human alterations and a low determinism which may consent human choice and modifications (Lawson, 2004). This emphasizes the relationship between the densities of society and how it influences the forces of expertise. A HRO is a group which has effectively managed to shun disasters in the highly hazardous environment which characterizes the modern setting. Multipart processes arise in different organizations, apart from the routine procedures which necessitate watchful and unswerving procedures (Dyer & Ericksen, 2004). Thriving organizations thus continue to reinvent themselves and streamline the response institutions to contain any arising misfortunes. Canadian manufacturers and exporters is an example of a HRO in Canada, depicted in its building of a competitive business setting by providing significant and well-timed capacity (Canadian manufacturers and exporters, 2009) Safety records do not depend on fortuity, but in an institution’s efficacy in dealing with complex perilous technologies. There are several directorial structures which go beyond the usual traditional hierarchies of decision making to let the personnel make their coherent resolutions based on personal viewpoints. There are instances of unsatisfactorily assessments which may receive condemnation, but advantageous decisions are visibly honored. Everyone thus feels part of the group thus avoiding strict schedules which may fashion monotony. Individuals standardize themselves into different patterns depending on the customary conditions, rather than the typical one-structured system of organizations (Pool,). Such organizations change their forms from hierarchical to mutually respectful depending on the position. The organizations stress own learning, thus avoiding the fixed points where instructions are precisely specified. Slip-ups are not punished when a person originally had intentions of performing a positive deed, as it may demoralize employees and fail communication channels owing to the preset instructions. Engagement in the creation of services requires apt consideration, judging by the accidents that harm the repute of various organizations. Economic barriers have extreme effects in the running of the organization, alongside the appreciation of the Canadian dollar (Myers, 2008). Another test is to generate more innovators in order to solve common consumer problems and develop their livelihood standards. Competitive pressures affect how the group would create and retain their operation in the innovation of novel technology which ensures the sustainability of the HRO. References Canadian manufacturers and exporters (2009). Dare to compete champions meet their challenges head on… Canadian manufacturers and exporters. Web. Dyer, L. & Ericksen, J. (2004). Toward a strategic human resource management model of high reliability organization performance . Center for advanced human resource studies. Web. Lawson, C. (2004). Technology, technological determinism and the transformational model of technical activity . Rough draft. Web. Logan, R. (2007). The 14 messages of new media . Media shift: philosophy. Web. Myers, J. (2008). Is there a future for manufacturing in Canada? Canadian manufacturers & exporters. Web. Pool, R. (1997). Beyond engineering: how society shapes technology . New York: Oxford University Press US. Poster, M. (2010). “McLuhan and the cultural theory of media”. Media tropes ejournal, Vol. ii, No. 2, 1-18.

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The Communist Manifesto: the Statement of Germany Revolutionary Group Essay Introduction The manifesto brings about an argument of the changes in the society as a representation of the history running from the ancient roman emperor to the current modernized and industrialized world. The communist manifesto defines the statement of Germany revolutionary group with a reflection on the political undertakings of the time. For the fight of political and economical oppressions, the activist groups set out barricades for existence by setting out a system of private ownership of production referred to as capitalism. In the description on the manifesto, the argument shows the division of the society along the line of bourgeoisie or the capitalists who engage in the production fields such as milling, mining and other industrial productions. The other category comprises the workers who sell their workforce to the capitalists. The capitalists pay to the workers is very little for the services because the system allows them to dictate and get away with the misdeeds. The communist manifesto is a wakeup call for analysis of the political actions that urges people to unite and find change. There is use of various theories to motivate people such as that of historical materialism indicating that change occurs because of the political class struggle. The struggles realize various economical goals and the orders or economic concepts replace each other until the fine one is found. The social and political alliances cause the relationship that determines the production. This means that production depends on the social setting, because different settings have diverse modes of production, dissimilar organization techniques and equally distinct techniques for division of labour. An individual will have personal attitudes, actions and perception on the societal or political loyalties. According to the manifesto, this uniqueness derives from the social setting in relation to production. People either are politically exploiters or exploited and either of the categories merge easily to form alliances with those of the same grouping based on the similarity of the identifiers. I disagree with the manifesto on the notion that bourgeoisie alters all the aspects of the society and families and destroyed all the cultural or traditional believes and practices through industrialization and urbanization. Arguably, the bourgeoisie’s specifications that collective struggles along economical divide causes the changes in the social setting, political and historical events create good reality. Historically since ancient Rome to the current scenarios, the struggle against federal societies takes a shape along the social, political and economical classes. The economical interest of a master is quite different from that of the servant. The manifesto indicates that the livelihood of the bourgeoisie emerges to be wealthier because of its ability to sweep away poverty through world exploitation and discoveries referred to as revolution. This makes bourgeoisie a dominant class that shapes the society in a close reference to its personal interests. The replacement of the class struggle along wealth line causes a huge impact on the social setting by creation of a scenario where every one has to struggle to aim at acquiring a capitalistic style of production, but not to the level of altering the fundamental aspects of the family or social setting. The technological advancement in the production markets translates to change and less manual works and therefore the modernized workers have to upgrade skills to be in terms with such progressions. The loss on the production duties causes the low production. Expansion on capitalism may be forcing the poor to sell their labour forces to the bourgeoisie, but this is not the basis for compromising the family settings and societal cultural believes and traditions. The cause of the traditional changes is arguably due to the generation differences, poverty levels, formality on education systems and differences in understandings. Secondly, I disagree with the notion from the manifesto that the bourgeoisie force the working class to be like them through the well-established mode of production. The working class are either emulating the bourgeoisie or drawing away to their side of struggle against the poor in society. As the communist manifesto indicates, there is likelihood that the struggle over formation of class differences will force a split between the modern industrial workers and bourgeoisie. The political revolution, current advancement in technological matters and education makes the industrial worker to recognize their suffering in the hands of bourgeoisie. This will force a struggle for liberalization once they are in a position to realize their common association besides the struggle and competition for the ever-decreasing wages. The poverty levels are forcing the workers to form a divide among them but once they realize the existence of a common fate, the workers will gradually form a collective state over demands in the political sphere and force recognition. The growth of huge industries and superior industries owned by bourgeoisie lowers the likelihood of entrepreneurial growth for the middle class. This will possibly force a struggle causing some division between the two sides of growing entrepreneurs and the bourgeoisie. This is the struggle for realizing the economical advancement. Lastly, I disagree with the aspect of reducing the production to commodity exchange to the specific behaviour regarding the measure of exchange: money, thus avoiding the social representation. The communist manifesto has brought out many logical theories applicable and logical in today’s markets. For instance, the fundamental units of capitalism are commodities. The usefulness over satisfaction of needs or wants of a commodity determines the user-value and exchange value. It helps in determining the worthiness of a commodity in relation to other values of similar commodities. The common market indicates existence of a measure for all commodities of different sorts to satisfy different needs but is measurable in the same unit known as money. The existence of value in the market means that the commodity has an exchange or monetary value. The manifesto posed the question of how the user-values of commodities are measurable in similar units. Monetary measure of many corresponds to the amount of labour force and time in making a commodity. In the situation of commodity exchange, the value was measurable in terms of labour time. The labour time theory was an indication that commodities possessed a social relationship concerning the human efforts in their productions. This social aspect fails to reveal itself in the current social markets because the quality of commodities depends on the prices and not the labour in the capitalist social setting. The argument in the manifesto is that the value of commodity in the modern social setting seems mystical and according to the bourgeois economists’ production and exchange of commodities in monetary terms avoids their social significance or representation. Bourgeoisie avoids the fact that commodities materialize from the fact that there exists an explosive system of wages to compensate labour thus the continuation of a social aspect. Conclusion To increase resources, the capitalists rely on the disposal of labour forces from the poor workers who measure the power to work in terms of commodities and sales, which emerge from them. The capitalist accumulates products to sell in the markets as surplus values. Capitalists’ invest majority of their efforts in generation of profits to satisfy their personal needs. This means that they are the key causes of exploitation, because they want to enjoy the competitive prices by buying as much of the labour forces as they can, at the least price possible. There existed no laws or regulations to curb the exploitation back then, but today the workers are taking stands through their unions to ensure they have powers over their rights.

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Company analysis of Amazon.com Research Paper Amazon.com is a transnational electronic commerce organization founded in 1994 by an American named Jeff Bezos. The company is the largest online retailer in America dealing with a wide range of consumer products such as books and other products (“Your Amazon.com,” 2010). Since the time it was established, Amazon.com has acquired five different businesses. The company started by selling books and now deals with a range of other consumer products. These vary from a database technology to videos. It has also expanded to the European market where it has established separate websites. The success of this company can be attributed to its low competitive prices and the simplicity of making purchases from anywhere. SWOT analysis is the internal review of an organization’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and external environment threats, which influence its strategic decisions. Kotler (1988) has noted that a company should keep evaluating its strengths, weaknesses, risks, and opportunities if it has to survive in a competitive marketing environment. Amazon Company is one of the profitable businesses dealing with online products (Longo, 2009). The company has adopted major initiatives towards meeting the varied needs of its consumers that gave yield to the increased profits. The first issue facing the online store is that despite its increased profits, it usually experience periodic loses. These huge losses are due to a large amount of capital used in its establishment, poor implementation of some strategies, promotions of its products, and seasonality of its purchases. In 2005, for example, the turnover for one hundred days to June dropped by thirty-two percent to $52m compared to $76m during the same period one year later. Therefore, the company should continue implementing strategies such as the practice of CRM as a technique for fulfilling its objectives (Byers, 2007, p.69). It should also maintain the use of IT in assisting its business strategy as this will ensure that it cautiously documents all the relevant information related to customer buying behavior. This strategy is beneficial in providing people with particular items, or package of assorted items, based on preferences shown, through a collection of things bought or online products visited. The strategy of providing free shipping to its consumers would undoubtedly decrease its returns. Although, it is a fair strategy since a person may consider purchasing similar products from a local shop at no added costs. Nevertheless, it is rumored that delivery costs could reach $500m, and such an amount is detrimental to the longevity of the online retailer. Therefore, the management should reconsider this expensive strategy since transportation costs are increasing due to the high fuel price increments. Moreover, the periodic losses are also due to the seasonality of its purchases. The items that the company sells tend to be purchased on a seasonal basis; hence, this makes its revenues to fluctuate. These items are most of the time purchased as gifts during holiday seasons. This makes most products to be sold at certain times of the year. To manage this issue efficiently, the management should consider trading in overseas markets in different cultures and such a situation will not be persistent. The growth of sales during the off-season can also be facilitated by introducing a membership facility to offer clients benefits during such times. Secondly, Amazon is at the risk of deteriorating its established brand. Amazon is a significant global brand recognized for many reasons. The brand was one of the initial versions of dotcoms (Ehrlich, 1999). During the previous decade, it reached an estimated number of thirty million clients. Amazon took an early advantage of online technologies for establishing e-commerce. This enabled it to be one of the earliest online retailers. However, as the company continues to add more products on its website, it risks deteriorating its brand. Microsoft, for example, is well known for computer software products. Imagine if Microsoft decided to diversify and start selling books. This will confuse its customers and put its brand at risk. Similarly, many of the new products, for instance, automotive products, might bewilder Amazon’s consumers. Also, to avoid deteriorating its brand, Amazon can capitalize on several opportunities that can enable its continued growth within the marketplace. The company can build specialist connections with publishers to provide exclusive editions on its website as well as launch proprietary rights with authors. This would give a point of difference within the retail market and create aroused expansion through followers of particular artists. The company has the opportunity of adding more investment in fulfillment. This would boost the level of actual client service and meet the needs and requirements of the purchasers since it depends on customer expectations to provide repeat purchases and prolonged existence. The company can sell its skills to various store groups. For instance, the British retailer Marks and Spencer, Target, and Toys-R-Us all agreed to corporate with the firm in online retailing. The company can also exploit other opportunities that come from the entrance into new markets such as its new Luxembourg-based division seeks to provide retailers in Europe with tailored services. In 2004, the firm entered into China and bought the country’s largest internet store, Joyo.com. Joyo.com is dealing with similar items as Amazon. Exploiting foreign markets can expand their customer base. For example, the move into the Chinese market by buying Joyo.com is commendable as this would increase its returns in the long run. However, the management should take drastic measures to ensure that Amazon does not lose its market leadership amidst these mergers. This is because the collaborations that it has formed with other firms may make weaken its brand in the market. Finally, in this era of technological advancement, Amazon is faced with several threats to its existence. Every online business that has achieved its goals attracts rivalry from other players in the market. Since the firm deals with related items as high street retailers and other internet shops, differentiating the brand from its opponents can prove to be a significant problem. Therefore, with no particular differential to the increasing competition, potential consumers can shift their loyalties to other brands. However, Amazon has its established brand and a variety of items to sell. Or else, price competition might harm the online retailer. As the company grows, the management should implement strategies for dealing with increased competition, especially from international opponents. This is because when the home-based competitors have failed to outdo it in the home ground; they may make their way and compete with it overseas. In conclusion, Amazon.com plan of maintaining the competitive edge in the market is to employ every resource it has to make profits. To achieve this, it has spent fifteen years and about $2 billion developing its internet store, which is one of the largest and most consistent worldwide. To maintain its market leadership, the company should implement counter-measures for dealing with the rise in property rentals, piracy, and unauthorized downloading of internet materials. Reference List Byers, A. (2007). Jeff Bezos: the founder of Amazon.com. New York: Rosen Publishing Group. Ehrlich, C. (1999). Retail Success Factors. Web. Kotler, P. (1988). Marketing Management (6th Edition ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall. Longo, D. (2009, May 11). Pillars of Amazon’s Success. Nielson Business Media. Web. “Your Amazon.com.” (2010). Shop all departments. Amazon.com. Web.

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Compare and Contrast Child Developmental Theories Psychologists have made tremendous progress in their attempts to explain how development occurs among human beings. Over a long period of time, developmental psychologists have been engaged in controversies in their understanding of development as either continuous or stage oriented (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2008). Those who propose that human development is discontinuous argue that it involves distinct stages which are uniquely identified by significant behavioral differences. Psychological theorists who say that development is a continuous process have very contrary explanations. There are several theories that have been advanced in support of the stage oriented development. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast three major developmental theories as advanced by Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget. The key concepts of the three theories are discussed in the paper. The outstanding similarities and differences of these theories are elaborated. Moreover, the interactions of cognitive, physical and emotional development on the overall development of the child are discussed. The paper also provides explanations of the importance of understanding the normal child and adolescent development as far as assisting each child to reach their full potential is concerned. According to Papalia, Olds, and Feldman (2007), theories that explain human development are characterized by models of how individuals undergo transformation (and stay unchanged) over time. Sigmund Freud is considered the pioneer of the psychoanalytic school of thought of human development. He developed this theory towards the close of 19 th century and the beginning of the 20 th century. Freud advanced the psychosexual theory of human development with emphasize on sexual drive being crucial in influencing behavior. According to Freud, human beings have sexual instincts that unfold in distinct stages right from birth (Zerucha, 2003). This sexual drive is referred to as libido. The source of the drive is peculiar to each stage and is called the erogenous zone and shifts with time. This theory has three major components. The first is the dynamic component or the economic concept. Freud too up the concept of energy and applied it to human behavior (Papalia et al., 2007). He identified the psychic energy which operates the different parts of an organism. This energy is biological based and always available in same form. The source of this energy, according to Freud, is instinctual in nature which implies that it is not learnt. The most powerful of the instincts are those dealing with creation and sustenance of life, the sexual instinct. He named them Eros. There are other instincts that were identified but the sexual instinct becomes a main life instinct which is necessary for the survival of species (Rayner, Joyce & Clulow, 2005). Sigmund also identified another class of instincts called Thanatos which represented death and aggression. Libido is the special form of energy used by the Eros. Freud believed that human behavior occurs unconsciously. This means that the development of human behaviour is out of awareness and the unconscious part of the brain stores up all experiences, memories and repressed material and motivations. The second component of Freud’s theory is the structural component which illustrates three levels of personality. The Id is the inborn, biological structure and its main purpose is immediate gratification and reduction of tension through the pleasure principle (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2008). This part is illogical, blind, demanding, insistent, and unconscious, lacks organization, and cannot tolerate tension. The Id never matures and remains the spoilt part of human personality. The Ego, on the other hand, deals with the interaction between the individual and the environment. It is ruled by the reality principle (Papalia et al., 2007). This is the part that is responsible for ensuring realistic human behavior and logical thinking. It formulates plans of actions for satisfying individual needs. The ego is the seat of intelligence and rationality since it checks and controls the blind impulses of the id. The third part of personality, according to Feud, is the Superego. It is the judicial part of personality since it represents the internalized standards, values, and attitudes. The ego-ideal component has the ideal standards while the conscience deals with the judge and punishing agency that leads the child to experience guilt each time the standards of the ego-ideal are violated (Rayner et al., 2005). The third and the most significant component of psychosexual theory is the stage component. It has five main stages of human development. In this theory, Freud explains the development of child from birth to the adolescence stage. He observed that the demands of each of the stages must be fulfilled, otherwise the individual becomes fixated. Fixation refers to the arrested development at one of the psychosexual stages because of under or over-gratification of a need (Zerucha, 2003). The following are the five stages of Freud’s model of human development. The first is the oral stage which starts from birth to one year of age. The primary focus of stimulation is the mouth and lips. The child gets gratification in feeding through the oral cavity. One main source of a child at this stage is breastfeeding. An adult who show excessive oral needs such as excessive eating, chewing, talking, smoking, drinking, gossip, hostility, aggression, and greediness, according to Freud, may have oral fixation (Rayner et al., 2005). He proposed that children should be breastfed, given food and love if this problem is to be avoided. The second is the anal stage which is experienced at age 1 to three. The anal area becomes the erogenous zone where the child derives pleasure. Children will get bowel as well as bladder elimination pleasurable (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2008). This stage is naturally oriented to coincide with toilet-training and the method of training affects the formation of particular personality traits. Individuals fixated at this stage will display cruelty, inappropriate display of anger, extreme disorderliness, and anal aggressive personality. These behavior characteristics occur when the individual perceives the waste from the body as not useful. If the waste is perceived as useful, the person will develop extreme orderliness, hoarding, stubbornness, and meanness. In general, the fixated person exhibits anal retentive personality characterized by selfishness. The third is the phallic stage occurring at between age three to six. The focus is on the genital zone where the child derives pleasure from manipulating its genitals (Papalia et al., 2007). A child at this stage faces a crisis which must be resolved. A boy-child experiences Oedipus complex where the boy desires to posses the mother as she is possessed by the father. However, the boy fears creating trouble wit the father. According to Freud, the boy develops castration fear or anxiety and resolves this problem by identifying with the father (Rayner et al., 2005). This implies that the boy possesses the mother vicariously and engages in manly activities. Faced with similar conflict, the girl-child experiences Electra complex; the penis envy. To resolve this problem with the mother, she identifies with the mother and posses the father vicariously and develops gender roles. The fourth stage in Freud’s psychosexual theory is the latency stage experienced between age six and 11. At this stage, there is loss of interest in sexual gratification and their energy is channeled to other behaviors like developing affection with others; parents, age mates, school mates, and sports (Zerucha, 2003). This marks a period of socialization. The last is the genital stage which sets off at puberty to 18 and beyond. This stage is characterized by the maturity of sexual interests. The old sexual themes of the phallic stage are revived. The adolescents develop interest in the opposite sex and there is some sexual experimentation (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2008). The individual assumes responsibility and the conflicts at the phallic stage have been solved through socialization. The second developmental theory was advanced by Erik Erikson who was Freud’s student. Erik extended Freud’s work and emphasized the role played by the social and environmental factors in human development. He was also a member of the psychoanalytic school of thought. Erik’s theory is commonly referred to as the psychosocial theory which focuses on the entire life span of an individual. Just like Freud, he examined the consequences of early experiences on later behavior in life (Zerucha, 2003). Erik also developed the idea of crisis/conflict which must be resolved in constructive and satisfactory manner for the enhancement of human development. He observed that if resolved in an unsatisfactory manner, the negative quality will hinder further development which may manifest itself in psychopathology (Rayner et al., 2005). Eight developmental stages are outlined under the psychosocial theory. The human development as explained by the psychosocial theory uses the crisis approach where there are two direct opposites to be experienced. The first is the early infancy stage starting at birth to one year of age. The crisis here is the trust versus mistrust and centers on the development of trust (Zerucha, 2003). The child develops trust through being given support, provision of basic needs, and continuous and prompt response. If there is lack of trust, mistrust will result from inconsistency, frustration and deprivation. The second stage is the late infancy and spans ages 2 and 3. It starts when the child learns to control and regulate its behavior (Papalia et al., 2007). Activities indicating control include toilet-training. The issue at this stage is autonomy and shame and doubt. For a child to exercise autonomy, he should not be criticized, ridiculed or laughed at incase of failure to perform some activities as expected. This is because the child will doubt themselves and always seek approval, hence lowering their self-esteem (Zerucha, 2003). If this crisis is not resolved, the child develops defensive behaviors like projection, and drug abuse. Thirdly, there is the early childhood (4-6 years) stage which is characterized by initiative and guilt crisis. Initiative indicates that the child feels sure to take positive actions of its own, like dressing and feeding oneself (Rayner et al., 2005). Failure to solve the problems at the autonomy stage will delay initiative or destroy it completely. Parents, according to Erik, should encourage children’s self-initiated behavior. If the child lacks initiative, he will experience guilt, low self confidence and self control. The fourth stage is the middle childhood or the industry versus inferiority crisis stage (6-11 years). This is a period of learning and mastering more basic skills necessary in the society (Zerucha, 2003). Children ought to learn to take pride in their work through well cultivated attitudes. Failure to be productive results in inferiority feelings. Children will withdraw and regress to dependent behavior (Papalia et al., 2007). They may direct their energies to socially unacceptable behaviors in defense. Identity versus role confusion crisis characterizes the fifth stage and occurs at age 12 to 18; the adolescence stage. At this stage, the individual is expected to develop identity and role clarity. Due to physical, emotional, social, and intellectual changes, there is change of expectations. The adolescents are no longer sure of the roles they are supposed to play. In order to resolve these confusions, identity grows out of identification with parents, teachers, friends, and other role models (Zerucha, 2003). According to Erikson, this is the most sensitive stage since identity grows out of the preceding stages. The sixth stage is the early adulthood (19- about 40 years). It is marked by intimacy versus isolation crisis. Once the sense of identity has been developed, it is ready to be fused with another identity of another person especially of the opposite sex (Zerucha, 2003). There is manifestation of true love between two people with intimate/mutual relationship. Failure to achieve intimacy, there is development of feelings of isolation even when married and with children. Stage seven of Erikson’s theory occurs between the age of 40 and 60 and is referred to as the middle adulthood. The crisis at this stage is generativity versus stagnation. It involves the achievement of productive, purposeful, and creative personality (Zerucha, 2003). The negative aspect of this stage is the feeling of stagnation. The last stage is the old age at 60 and beyond. It characterized y the ego integrity versus despair crisis. The individuals at this stage look back in their lives and are content because they know that they have done it! Failure to develop a sense of integrity leads to despair and regret (Papalia et al., 2007). The third human development theory was advanced by Jean Piaget. His theory focuses mostly on human cognitive development and describes four stages of how children think and reason about their environment (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2008). Piaget believed that all children go through these stages in the same way and warned that no skipping of one stage. Differences in the stages are both qualitative and quantitative. The first is the sensori-motor stage which occurs in children from birth up to 2 years. At this stage, children evolve from reflexive creatures into reflective planful problem solvers (Zerucha, 2003). He divided this stage six other sub-stages. The second stage is the pre-operational stage (2-7 years) where children are more proficient at constructing and using mental images to think about objects, situations and events they encounter. Piaget divided this stage into two more sub-stages; the pre-conceptual period (2-4 years) and the intuitive period (4-7 years). The third stage identified by Piaget is the concrete operational stage from age 7 to 11. Piaget believe that children at this stage can apply their operations to objects and events that are real or imaginable (Papalia et al., 2007). The child achieves class inclusion, mental representation and has concrete operation as well as reversibility. The fourth stage of Piaget’s cognitive development theory is the formal operational stage starting at age 12 and above. A child at this stage is able to reason logically, give creative responses, and exhibit systematic problem-solving approaches (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2008). A number of factors, according to Piaget, play a role in influencing human cognitive development. These include; biological, educational, socio-cultural, and the physical environment. From the above discussion, it is evident that there are a number of similarities and differences between the three developmental theories. The theories provide very reach information on the physical, emotional, and cognitive development in human beings. The explanations given are convincing and can be used in guiding the general development of the child from the formative stages. Erikson’s psychosocial theory provides a comprehensive analysis of human development from birth to death. This enables the handling of life experiences from a knowledgeable perspective and to make necessary amends. In general, it is important to understand the normal child as well as adolescent in order to help them attain full potential in life. The paper has compared and contrasted three major developmental theories using the block method as advanced by Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget. The key concepts of the three theories have been discussed in the paper. The outstanding similarities and differences of these theories have emerged from the discussion. Moreover, the interactions of cognitive, physical and emotional development on the overall development of the child have been highlighted. The paper has also provided an explanation of the importance of understanding the normal child and adolescent development as far as assisting each child to reach their full potential is concerned. References Kail, R. V. & Cavanaugh, J. C. (2008). Human development: a life-span perspective (5 th ed). Cengage Learning. Papalia, D., Olds, S. & Feldman, R. (2007). A Childs World (11 th ed). McGraw-Hill Plc. Rayner, E., Joyce, A. & Clulow, C. (2005). Human development; psychodynamics of growth, maturity, and ageing (4 th ed). Psychology Press. Zerucha, T. (2003). Understanding human development . Infobase Plc.

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Comparing and contrasting “The Tyger” by William Blake with “Traveling through the Dark” by William Stafford Compare & Contrast Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Contrasting 3. Comparison 4. Conclusion 5. Works Cited Introduction Use of animals in poetry has found wide application amongst different poets. Animals have been used to represent different issues that affect human beings. William Blake and William Stafford are such poets in their works The Tyger and Traveling through the Dark respectively. Although the poetic style and mannerism of William Stafford is somewhat easier to comprehend than that of Blake, both authors talk about key aspects of animals that are very speedy, somewhat immortal, and loving creatures to some extent. These two poems have both similarities and differences; this paper analyses the similar and the different elements of these two works. Tiger and a deer are morphologically different, they share little in common, and this extends to these poems where differences outweigh similarities. Contrasting The two poems talk about two different animals. Whilst Stafford talks of a deer, Blake talks about a tiger. These two animals are different and they symbolize different issues. A tiger is larger than a deer and faster too. The emotions that the writers have about the two animals are different too. Stafford feels sorry for the deer as he says, “she was large in the belly… her fawn lay there waiting/ alive, still, never to be born” (Stafford lines 9, 11 & 12). This brings out the authors feelings of sympathy about the deer; therefore, the poem’s mood and tone is a sympathetic one. On the other side, Blake paints the tiger as a heroic animal and adores its nature. He says, “Tyger! Tyger! Burning bright/ in the forests of the night/ what immortal hand or eye/ could frame thy fearful symmetry” (Blake lines 3-6). Unlike Stafford, Blake does not sympathize with his animal; on the contrary, he is mesmerized by its nature. This description brings out tiger as a fierce animal that could ‘burn’ brilliantly in the forest. As discussed somewhere else in this paper, these animals symbolize different issues. As aforementioned, another outstanding difference between these two poems is the symbols represented by the two animals. To Blake, tiger symbolizes a powerful, spiritual, and/or immortal creature. He says, “What immortal hand and eye” (Blake line 3). The fact that the tiger has an ‘immortal’ eye, paints a picture of an immortal animal. Moreover, the tiger comes out as a powerful animal when Blake says, “Tyger! Tyger! Burning bright / in the forests of the night” (Blake lines 1 & 2). This description evokes thoughts of a powerful animal. On the other side, the deer in Stafford’s poem symbolizes a very innocent and normal animal. This is just a normal animal that has fallen probably into hands of a hunter. Stafford says, “My fingers touching her side brought me the reason…” (Line 10). The fact that the author could associate with the deer echoes its gentle and normal nature. If a deer were a fierce animal, the author would not associate with it even in its death. Finally, the themes of these two poems are different. Blake explores immortality and mightiness and uses tiger to demonstrate these themes. The tiger is swift, not even death can overtake it, and that is why Blake wonders, “What immortal hand or eye/ Could frame thy fearful symmetry” (Blake line 3 & 4). On the contrary, Stafford’s theme is death and rebirth. The deer died as she was about to give birth. Stafford says, “A recent killing/ she had stiffened already, almost cold… her fawn lay there waiting/ alive, still, never to be born” (Stafford lines 7, 8, 11, & 12). Unfortunately, the two lives of both the doe and her fawn were lost. Nevertheless, Stafford’s claim here is that, there is rebirth even in the face of inevitable death. Comparison Despite many outstanding differences between these two poems, they have some similarities. In both cases, there is use of animal imagery. Blake uses tiger; Stafford uses a deer. The two poems address human issues, power, death, and rebirth. It is human nature to crave for power and inevitably give birth before they die. Moreover, some people are as strong as tiger while others are as innocent as a deer. Therefore, these tow poems addresses human issues perfectly. The issue of symbolism stands out well despite the fact that the two animals symbolize different things. Conclusion William Blake and William Stafford’s works, The Tyger and Traveling through the Night respectively are both interesting poems and masterpieces by virtue of their originality. They both address issues affecting human beings hence making them relevant in real life situations. Power, death, and rebirth are inherent human issues; therefore, it validates the themes behind these poems. There is rich application of symbolism. While Blake uses tiger to symbolize power that equals immortality, Stafford uses deer to represent innocence, death, and rebirth. Due to its swift and powerful nature, tiger can outrun death hence its immortality, something that mesmerizes Blake. On the other hand, deer cannot outrun death and this explains why it dies. There are outstanding differences and similarities between these two poems. In Blake’s case, tiger can outrun death; however, in Stafford’s case, deer cannot outrun death and it dies in the hands of probably a hunter. In summation, the poems are educative and enjoying at the same time. Works Cited Blake, William. “The Tyger.” 1974. Web. Stafford, William. “Traveling through the Night.” N.d. Web. http://www.eliteskills.com/c/12824

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Comparison of Night by Elie Weisel and Cry of the Beloved Country by Paton Compare & Contrast Essay Elie Wiesel’s memoir Night gives a thought provoking account of the ruthless maltreatment of his family during the Holocaust by Nazi Germany. Wiesel was brought up in the mountains of the present day Romania and in 1944, at fifteen years old, his family was captured as part of a mission by the Germans to torture the Jews. Thereafter, Wiesel and his dad were detached from his youngest sister and mum at Auschwitz. All the family members died in different circumstances leaving the young Wiesel behind. Alan Paton’s novel Cry, the Beloved Country, is a commanding, spare, poetic modern classic that protests against the structures of the South African society that would lead to apartheid in the 1940s. The novel tells the story of Reverend Stephen Kumalo who undertakes the difficult and expensive journey to Johannesburg from the remote village of Ndotsheni (Paton, 1). He makes the journey in order to find his wayward son, Absalom, and assist her sick daughter, Gertrude. In as much as the two novels are distinct, they portray the same thematic link: good and evil in the society. To begin with, both the two novels give a portrayal of social breakdown and racial injustice in the society. The society represented in Cry, the Beloved Country , is unjust, segregated along racial lines in which the white people have assumed ownership of the most profitable farmland from the black people. For that reason, blacks have been compelled to migrate from their tribal villages to try to find work in cities like Johannesburg. In the cities, white businesses rely so much on the labor provided by the blacks, for which they work for subsistence wages. Since the blacks have been forced to leave their traditional social structures such as adherence to morals and reverence for the elderly in the society, social breakdown has inevitably followed. Because the blacks left the traditional social structures that lent stability to their lives, the crime rate among the blacks is increasing at a fast pace. The novel Night, by Elie Wiesel, also portrays the theme of social breakdown and racial injustice in the society. The Nazi’s captured and killed so many Jews after forcing them to endure treacherous situations. Wiesel notes, “Without passion, without haste, they slaughtered their prisoners” (4). Their oppressors did not even spare the weak among them. The Nazis purposely withheld proper means of transport and forced the Jews to travel in cattle cars to the concentration camps. By doing this, they placed their voiceless prisoners on the same level as the animals. Therefore, this undermined the significance of the Jewish existence, dehumanized them, and belittled their self-esteem. The novel depicts instances of the breakdown of the Jewish social structures. Wiesel witnessed occasions when sons turned against their fathers by abusing them, abandoning them, or fighting with them. The Jews themselves abandoned the traditional social structures that lent stability to their lives when they started turning against each other in the concentration camps. In addition to the kapos, who were also Jews, they never treated each other as brothers and sisters. Even though the two novels give an illustration of extreme social injustices, they also have a human heart. In Cry, the Beloved Country , the sense of despondency is envisaged by the likelihood of reunion amongst the races and the blacks coming together once again. Even in the evil parts of the book, bright spots wherein individuals show human love to each other, not considering the race, are evident in the story. For instance, a white man offers free transport to blacks who were on foot because of a bus boycott. Another show of human heart is whereby Kumalo and Jarvis desperately search for their sons to reconcile with them. Although Kumalo finally discovered that his son had changed to an evil man, he endured the ordeal of the trial with him until he was sentenced to death. Jarvis is depicted to have undergone a change of heart when he tried to reconcile with his dead son through his writings that he had left behind. In the book, Paton seems to imply that societal change is possible if it can start to be effected from people’s heart. The novel upholds that such change is possible in the future. In Night , instances of compassion, as depicted by the relationship between Elie and his father, are evident. In the concentration camps, Elie did not want to give up because he never wanted to leave his father alone since they had been separated from the other family members. A number of kinships portrayed in the novel are very different from that of Eli and his father in that the sons abuse, abandon, mistreat or kill their fathers. During the Holocaust, the Jews changed dramatically because there was scarcity of food and everyone was struggling for his or her own survival. Amidst the cruelty and selfishness that ruptured familial bonds, Elie showed compassion to his father. This strong bond between the father and the son illustrates that Eli’s compassion and solidarity are stronger forces for his continued existence than his instinct for self-protection. In Night , Eli seeks to find an answer to the questions he was having, but there is silence and he seems to get no answer. Eli asks, “Where is God?” but there is no divine response. He failed to understand why God could permit such a torture to be experienced by devout worshippers. Another type of silence in the book is seen when the Jews failed to resist the oppression that they underwent during the Holocaust. On the other hand, in Cry, the Beloved country , Kumalo is able to get answers to the questions he was having. Even though he was going through tough times, his only solace came from faith in God. The trial of his son shook his faith but never broke it. He spent most of his time in prayer in order to get the answers from God. Unlike Eli’s case, Kumalo was able to find comfort from fellow compatriots. These two books are so rich, so proficient in describing the trouble, the dissatisfaction, and the unbelievable misery in a torn planet. Understanding the past is important when one wants to understand the future. Therefore, these novels remain relevant in our current society. Currently, the world is full of various atrocities that parallel the situation in South Africa before apartheid and the oppression of the Jews during the Holocaust. In spite of these violence and gloom, the novels remind us that we have the power to change the world. Everyone has the potential to do good. Although the novels are set in different parts of the world, they indicate that at times good can prevail over evil or on the contrary, evil prevailing over good. Works Cited Paton, Alan. Cry, the Beloved Country. New York: Scribner, 1948. Print. Wiesel, Elie. Night . New York: Hill & Wang, 1960. Print.

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The Impact of Computer-Based Technologies on Business Communication Report Executive Summary The impact of computer-based communication can be considered as a revolution of communication. Computer based communications are currently the most common tools of communication not only in organizations, but also in social lives. Many people spend most of their time on a computer working, studying or having fun by playing various computer games. Blogs and Facebook are some of computer-based communication tools, which have had a great impact on communication. Blogs are used as tools through which debate over various issues is conducted. As a result, they allow individuals to participate in debates on subjects of their interest. In business, customer, employees and other groups can participate in debates. Through blogs, market information related to various issues such as taste, customer preference, competition and customer satisfaction can be obtained. They are also important public relation tools where public relation officers can respond to issues arising from an organization. Facebook is the most popular social networking tool at present. Through facebook, individuals can share their social lives such as photos, birthday celebrations, updates and events. Facebook has provided an affordable, fast and effective tool through which communication is relayed. However, it has been noted that long hours spent on facebook and blogs can affect an individual’s productivity adversely, however it is clear that if well managed, these tools can enhance the performance of an organization greatly. Some of the areas where they can be effectively be used is in advertisement, public relations and organizational communication. Introduction Development in computer and internet technology has had a significant impact on communication. Currently, computer based communication has become very popular. This is evident in its increased adoption by many individuals and organizations on daily basis (Perkins, 2008, p. 44). Many people spend most of their time on the computer working, studying or having fun by playing computer games. Computer technology has increasingly been integrated into people’s cultures. For example, carrying a laptop has become a norm rather that an exception. Consequently, the computer has become a major tool for communication. Today, using email, instant messaging, Facebook, blogs and other computer-based communications has become very common in that they are almost replacing other conventional means of communication (Kent, 2008, p. 32). Facebook and blogs have become very common communication tools. This report addresses the impact of these tools on communication. In addition, the report focuses on how these tools are currently being used, the challenges experienced when using them and what can be done in order to effectively address the challenges observed. Enhanced Business communication through Computer-based Technologies Importance of Blogs to Business Communication Blogging involves development of blogs or web logs which are internet-based journals that can be accessed by customers for vital information about an organization. The impact of blogging in business communication is based on their ability to replace the conventional means of communicating with customers by sending them newsletters through the post office (Cox, Martinez & Quinlan, 2008, p. 4). The main objective of blogs is to support active debates. Blogs allow people from different parts of the world to contribute to various debatable issues of interest. In this way, a business organization can pose questions to their clients and in turn get a feedback particularly useful in product development and investment ideas (Cox et al, 2008, p. 5). Additionally, through blogs, customers can participate in debates concerning an organization’s operations, products or services. However, in order to catch the attention of regular bloggers, the web log or blog must be frequently updated. From the above discussion, it is evident that blogs have two main roles in business. These include market research and public relation. This is because market information that relate to taste and preference, competition and customer satisfaction is accessible through blogs. By providing blogs where customers can raise their issues, an organization can succeed in customer relations management. Blogs allow public relation officers in an organization to respond to issues raised in subsequent debates. In addition, their ability to facilitate debates with former employees and loyal customers, they can help create a positive image of an organization (Cox et al, 2008, p. 5). Another important aspect of blogging entails customer-generated advertising, which can allow a business organization to communicate directly with its clients through blog entries such as opinions, reviews, discussions, and feedbacks. The Importance of Facebook to Business Communication Facebook is one of the most popular social networking tools among college students and businesspersons. Currently, Facebook allows subscription from all over the world thus connecting millions of people globally. Through Facebook, people share their personal and business posts on a daily basis (Pannunzio & Nelson, 2008, p. 8). Facebook has thus succeeded in creating a virtual community where individuals can participate as family members. In addition, Facebook support live chats where friends can chat freely. Furthermore, Facebook consists of useful applications such as MyOffice, which allows users to communicate business posts, news, and ideas to other users at no cost. This is a great business opportunity for organizations looking forward to reach out to their customers on a worldwide platform (Pannunzio & Nelson, 2008, p. 8). Impended Business Communication through Computer-based Technologies The negative effects of Blogging on Business Communication Blogs pose both ethical and business threats to many business organizations. This is because they lack clear guidelines regarding the amount and type of information that an employee or organizations can share with customers. In this case, many organizations and employees have found themselves giving out more information about their practices than required (Cox et al, 2008, p. 6). Another problem of blogging is related to misguided or malevolent corporation/ employee weblogs. This practice has led to defamation of corporations’ names including their artistically developed brands. In addition, employees can be fired or reprimanded for posting damaging information about their organizations. For instance, Google, which forbids external blogging for its employees, fired one of its employees for displaying information about the corporation on an external blog. Another aspect of blogging which can lead to a damaged organization or brand name is astroturfing. This entails marketing campaigns comprising of paid participants with the aim of deceiving the public. If discovered by the public, the organization stands to loose trust from customers and it may damage the credibility of its blogs (Cox et al., 2008, p. 12). The negative effects of Facebook on Business Communication As important as it may seem, Facebook has a variety of negative impacts on business communication. Communication through social networks disrupts normal social interactions between business organizations and their clients. Therefore, this derails social development especially among the young generations (Pannunzio & Nelson, 2008, p. 9). In addition, lack of normal social interactions such as face-to-face communications can undermine basic communication skills such as negotiation and bargaining skills, which are important in business communication. Moreover, social networks consume a large percentage of employees’ time and organizational resources thereby lowering productivity, efficiency, and performance (Pannunzio & Nelson, 2008, p. 10). Furthermore, the probability of giving out personal and corporate information is higher in social networks than is the case with other conventional platforms of interaction. It is also argued that the level of office gossip is bound to be higher through social networks than in real world communication (Pannunzio & Nelson, 2008, p. 8). The solutions/ risk management strategies Before joining any social network, it is advisable to consider a number of factors. Experts recommend that these factors should be considered in four major steps which include investigating, observing, joining in and moving up. However, for many business corporations, it is important to follow certain guidelines which govern the development of internal and external blogs. In addition, these corporations should design plans aimed at assessing the applicability and the level of accessibility of the computer-based technologies amongst their employees (Kent, 2008, p. 35). On the other hand, because of the sensitivity of the information displayed on social networks, there is the need to select one employee who can be trusted with the corporation’s internal secrets and with the responsibility of communicating with others and the general public. Finally, business organizations should attempt to monitor their online presence in order to track blog entries that may be malicious and damaging to its brand names (Kent, 2008, p. 38). Conclusion This report explores the impact of computer-based technologies on business communication and the possible solutions to the identified impediments. The impact of computer-based communication is evident in various ways. For example, blogs, Facebook and other computer-based communications have become very common in various areas. Blogs and facebook have become preferred tools in debate, communication and social life. Blogs are used as tools through which debate over various business issues is conducted. On the other hand, Facebook has become an important tool in social life. Blogs and Facebook can be used for the benefit of an organization. Blogs can be used to facilitate positive debates which lead to product development and service improvement. For example, they can be used by employees, customers and other groups to debate issues of common interest. Through blogs, an organization can be able to keep track of issues affecting its operations. This will enable the organization to respond effectively. On the other hand, Facebook can be used in various ways for the benefit of an organization. For example, it is used to conduct advertisements, public relations management and communication. However, the two computer-based technologies can also act as impediments to successful business communication. Therefore, there is the need to strike balance between social networking and business practices. Reference List Cox, J.L., Martinez, E.R. & Quinlan, K.B. 2008. Blogs and the corporation: managing the risk, reaping the benefits. Journal Business Strategy . Vol. 29, issue 3, pp. 4-12. Kent, M.L. 2008. Critical analysis of blogging in public relations. Public Relations Review . Vol. 34, issue 1, pp. 32-40. Pannunzio, C. & Nelson, C. 2008. Leverage the power of social media. Journal of Financial Planning . Vol. 4, issue 1, pp. 1-10. Perkins, B. 2008. The Pitfalls of Social Networking. Computerworld . Vol. 42, issue 7, pp. 40-44.

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Deceptive Advertisements Essay Table of Contents 1. Outline 2. Introduction 3. Elements of deceptive advertisements 4. Happy Cows Company and deceptive advertisements issue 5. Speedy Net advertising 6. Conclusion 7. Work Cited Outline * Introduction * Elements of deceptive advertisements * How a case account to deceptive advertisements * Conclusion Introduction The Federal trade commission policy paper declares deceptive advertisement to be unfair, misleading and of material respect which is against the law. These advertisements may sometimes persuade falsehood purchase of products. Hence, there is a need to identify the elements of deceptive advertisement which will enable the protection of the consumer from such advertisements. Elements of deceptive advertisements Most of deceptive advertisement cases are supported with certain elements. The first element being that, there has to be a description or error of neglect that is probable to delude the consumer. Deceptive advertisements cases that have been found deceptive usually comprise false verbal or written representations. In some instances it is the error of neglect of information which is needed to avert the assertion, from being misleading. The second element is the practice from the consumer point of view acting reasonably to the situation the measure is the response or interpretations by a reasonable consumer. To be regarded as sensible, the understanding or response does not have to be the only measure but also if that is the massage represented was deliberated to convey. Finally the last element being, representation, error of neglect, or practice is of material nature. The fundamental issue is whether the act or presentation is likely to have an effect on the consumer’s judgment regarding the product (Federal Trade Commission: Policy Statement on Deception Para. 4- 34). Happy Cows Company and deceptive advertisements issue Happy Cows Company being a competitor in supply of milk has shown interest of being a market leader in the supply of milk. In line with this, Happy Cows Company decided to advertise its milk product as Organic while in fact the company is producing 50% organic milk and the other 50% being hormonal milk. With this labeling of its milk as organic it translates to 75% sales if its milk. To this point the company labeling on its milk as organic translate to a deceptive advertisement. To start with, it brings out a misleading massage to the consumers as all the milk is labeled organic yet not all of the milk is organic resulting to consumers misinformed as the company does not explicitly explain to the consumers in their advert that however they sell organic milk, they also sell the hormonal milk. This will mislead the consumer that they are really buying Organic milk although it is not satisfied. The company’s description of the milk as organic conveys a false meaning other than the intended one of also selling its hormonal milk. This happens to be confusing to a reasonable consumer even though there is a disclaimer that it is not satisfied to be standard. In any case the consumer expect that any product selling in the market has to have meet some standards which of course Happy Cows need to have met before starting selling it milk to the consumer. Finally the happy cow company’s labeling on its milk as organic present a deception of material nature as the labeling of its milk organic and yet they sell the hormonal milk under the same label is likely to have an effect or injury on the consumer’s judgment regarding the milk. If that is the case, then the advert of their milk as organic yet not all is organic is substantially material and is probable to cause consumer injury as consumers are likely to choose distinctively due to deception which is not according to their wish Speedy Net advertising Speedy Net is an internet service provider company which has embarked on market campaign as the speediest net service provider with speed man who race at a speed of light being its market campaign slogan. However its services do not meet to customer’s expectation like the slow network and its network get congested during peak time, does not qualify it to be a deceptive advertisement. This is because the advertisement does not seem misleading that the Speedy net services are fast but also depend on the network congestion as the number of users increases during peak time which can not be controlled by the net provider. The marketing of its internet network as speedy man that deliver information at the speed of light can not be mislead a reasonable man as this is just a comparison of internet speed to light which does not mean that it exactly has to move at a speed of light hence or otherwise can not be termed as confusing to a reasonable person. Finally the fact that it has the same limitations as any other Internet Service does not affect the customer judgment on the product service he/she is going to receive from any of the service provider. Hence, it is immaterial to say this advertisement will affect the customer judgment on the product service. Conclusion In conclusion to find an advertisement to be deceptive, there has to be a description, error of neglect or act that is likely to misinform the consumer acting sensibly in that situation and of ‘material nature’ which is to the consumer’s harm. Work Cited Federal Trade Commission: Policy Statement on Deception. 1984. Web. https://www.ftc.gov/public-statements/1983/10/ftc-policy-statement-deception

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Concepts of Civil Law Versus Sharia Law Report Introduction Owing to diversity in individual character, it is very hard to manage people without use of correctly drafted and recommended set of doctrines. These doctrines help to guide practices and solve problems not only in local settings, but also in international scenarios. Since time memorial, these set rules have been the main guiding principles on individual practices, hence helping to shape societal, economic, and political orientations of different communities. This is because depending on a specific society’s treasured values and living patterns, there exists extensive variations in laws that mange their practices and activities. In this regard, it is important to note that, laws vary according to areas of implementation or use, which sometimes depend on societies’ religious beliefs. Laws are generally a set of policies, which authorities use to manage or govern its citizens. They are main determinants of the nature of relationships that exist not only between individuals and organizations, but also between different communities within an area. In many countries for laws to be valid, they have to be assented by the president of that nation or leaders of that specific community. Although this is the case, before lawmakers present such laws for assent by top leaders, the laws have to pass through a scrutiny system, mostly conducted by members of parliament, congress, elders or set up community leadership organs (Beale and Talon pp. 3-9). Formulation and use of laws is a practice that has been there since time memorial. For example, during Middle Ages individuals considered most governing laws as divine, hence their application followed principles of divine will. The past Byzantium societies also had laws; however, theirs were a little bit different because they coined both sacred and worldly laws. Another community that had a unique form of laws is Western Europe; it had clear differentiations between its secular and sacred law (commonly called the cannon law). Law has five main classifications namely: civil, public, natural, criminal, and internal law. It is important to note here that, individuals never apply a single classification of law in governing and solving problems whenever they arise, but rather they coin different sections of these laws to formulate workable solutions. This paper will discuss concepts of civil and Sharia law. In addition, it will compare these laws in terms of their principles and application as pertains to different scenarios and societal issues. Sharia Law Majority of religions follow spiritual precepts, hence determining the practice that believers of that religious community follow. Some religious rules are so rigid to levels that, if members of those specific communities go against them they face very harsh punishments, as specified in statutes of those specific laws. Sharia is a religious law that dictates practices of all Islamic believers. In addition to directing Muslim believers, Sharia’s code of ethics dictates practices in most Islamic communities and countries. These laws clearly define acceptable practices in marriage, divorce, living beliefs, business dealings and other moral conditions encountered by members of the Islamic religion. It is important to note that, although Sharia law manages most practices in Islamic believers, sometimes they affect other civilians of such nations. This is because in areas where Sharia’s set of rules find wide application, its influences are many on the patterns or ruling, criminal, and personal status laws. Sharia law primarily originates from the Islamic holy book: the Quran. However, it is important t note that, some sections of the Sharia law find their foundation from the Islamic sayings book; the Sunna. These two books carry the Islamic teachings and sayings of Prophet Mohammed addressed to all Muslim believers internationally (Vriens p.1). History of Sharia Law Sharia laws came into existence after the death of Prophet Mohammed back in the year 1632 CE. These laws came into being as Muslims extended their rule to some sections of the horn of Africa and east China. Sharia’s adoption was as a result of respect that Muslims accorded Mohammed before and after his death. This is because they considered and still consider him the most virtuous or righteous person on earth. Due to this respect, Muslim clerics recorded and wrote down most of Mohammed’s sayings, speeches and summons in books called Hadith. These books later became the main source of information that helped Muslims draft the Sharia law. Owing to diversity of practices by Muslims civilians in areas they occupied, Muslim leaders formulated mechanisms of reconciling these practices, hence leading to the adoption of the Hadith readings; common thing among the Muslim society. The adoption of the Hadith led to the emerging the currently existing schools of thoughts namely: the Hanafi, Maliki, Jafari, Shiite, Hanbali, and the Shafii. All this schools have titles originating from Muslims who first gave out ideas they deal with. Depending on sections of the Sharia their originators obtained them from, these fields have different implications on Islamic practices. In addition, due to differing ideological thoughts of these schools, there application also varies in terms of areas of jurisdiction or country. For example, the Taliban and the citizens of Saudi Arabia use the Hanbali School, whereas the Sunnis use the Hanafi (Vriens p.1) Previously (before the 19 th century), Muslims used a non-codified law, but in the wake of 19 th, century the first form of Sharia codified law emerged in the Ottoman Empire. Muslims named this first form of codified law the Ottoman Empire’s Mecelle Code, a practice that has undergone many transformations to form the currently used coded Sharia law. Although this law currently faces much opposition due to arguments that, it is hash, most Islamic countries use its ethics and customs in judging acts of its citizens (Shahin pp. 14-56). Civil law Civil law unlike, Sharia law is not religion based, however they share one common goal: achievement of a peaceful society that thrives within specific standards and conditions. Achievement of peaceful co-existence of individuals is never an easy task owing to the fact that the society carries individuals with different qualities, political orientations, and social lives. Owing to this fact civil law tends to ignore all individual’s sole qualities, hence defining boundaries, which all individuals must base their daily practices. This law’s main goal is to solve fights that may occur among different individuals or organizations as concerns property ownership, economic exchanges and disputes that may require compensations. That is, civil law’s main aim is to provide a set of laws that all judges must follow in trying to ensure courts achieve justice. Examples of disputes solved by civil war include accidents, property ownership, and family issues. This form of law follows almost same principles as the Roman law, whereby it defines principles of providing solutions to disputes considered complex to solve using common knowledge. Depending on specific countries, the main source civil law is the legislature, hence making the court system to have special practitioners who help in solving civil cases. In addition, this law makes court procedures inquisitive, hence not controlled by precedents. This form of law is the oldest as compared to other laws globally, owing to fact that, it traces its foundations to colonial times, when Europeans transformed most forms of traditional civil laws (Merryman and Perez-Perdomo pp. 4-12). History of Civil Law Primarily this law’s system derives its principles of application from the Romanian law, specifically the Corpus Juris Civilis used by emperor Justinian. Most practices in Rome emphasized growth of legal systems that were strong and just, hence development of strong legal systems. Past Roman law was in a form of legislation commonly referred as “the law of twelve tables”. Later as the complexity of legal cases increased, judicial officers added views of law intellectuals. As times changed and the complexity of cases advanced, under command of the Byzantine Empire judicial officers combined all law resources, which included the Theodosian code and all scholarly works as concerns legal issues to form a new law; the Justinian law. This law became the main basis of handling all legal issues. Although the Justinian law was limited to the eastern section of the Roman Empire, this never prevented the law from spreading because by mid the 11 th century, Italy revived its use. Its revival led to introduction of colleges that taught on concepts of this law, which up to today find wide application in legal cases. In addition to evolution of the Justinian law, other laws such as the Cannon and the merchant’s custom have greatly contributed to the development of currently existing civil laws. For example, combination of these three laws led to the formation of the Jus Commune; an international law used mostly by Europe. As time advanced this also underwent very many transformations, which have resulted to codification of the present civil law. Examples of past codifications that have contributed to the development of present civil law include the civil code, penal code, code of civil procedure, commercial codes, and the code of criminal procedure (Civil law p.1). This codification of laws marked the onset of the present codes adopted by different countries, hence the movement from the multi-national Jus Commune to present unique national legal structures. It is important to note that, colonization also acted an important in the spread of civil law, for through it colonizers propagated their values and forms of laws on countries they colonized. Most nations that use the Justinian code also use the real provisions as specified in its laws, although little variations exist in terms of reference to past decisions made on cases handled by their courts. For example, in the U.S. for judges to solve any civil cases, they have to refer to decisions made on akin past cases. Types of Civil Law Courts use civil laws in cases where cases to be solved demand compensations as the main remedy of their solution. For example, consider a case like divorce; owing to complexities associated with this type of case, it demands application of civil laws on involved parties, hence formulation of solutions that do not favor any side. Common types of civil laws are; Contract law; family law; tort law; intellectual property law; and business law (Missouri Bar p.1). Contract law finds wide application in cases where agreements are involved. Courts mostly use the contract law where there is contention between objects or subjects of agreements. For example, incase individuals insured their cars against fire, but something different destroys it, an individual can sue the company for compensation, owing to the fact that one had paid insurance premiums. A second common form of civil is the tort; a law that deals with neglected objects, which cause harm, hence the need for owners to cater for all used expenses and other losses incurred in dealing with the situation. A third type of civil law is the family law, which finds wide application when it comes to family matters. Courts use this law to determine the custody of children and other family possessions after marital problems such as divorces. The last form of civil law is the intellectual property law, primarily concerned with copyright rights, trespass rights and other claims as concerns personal belongings. It is important to note that, although this laws deal with different concepts, their core aim is compensation of wasted resources for example time, money, and investments. Types of Sharia Law Shari law primarily has three injunctions namely: an injunction concerned with Islamic beliefs; an injunction dealing with spiritual advancement and reform; and an injunction concerned with external behaviors of individuals. All these three injunctions deal with different concepts within the Islamic religion ranging from basic human living virtues to Allah’s (God’s) qualities, writings, and judgments. These three classes off injunctions combined results to two types of Islamic law namely: Transaction law and Devotional law. These two main divisions deal with different concepts of the Islamic belief, primarily determined by goals they are supposed to achieve in individuals. Devotional law’s main aim is to build well-built individuals spiritually. That is, this law determines practices that individuals can embrace to guarantee them nearness to God. It specifies practices such as Hajji, Zakah, and obeying of covenants, which individuals must adopt in their daily lives in order to offer appreciation to Allah, hence call for more blessings; eternal life. On the other hand, transaction law is a form of law that governs worldly practices, which individuals should embrace. According to the law, gaining of worldly possessions is necessary for they are indications of Allah’s blessings. This law’s primary motive is to control human activity for the common benefit of sole individuals and the entire Muslim community. This law has two main branches namely: personal and commercial law (Islamic law p.1). Comparisons between Sharia and Civil Law Although these two forms of laws fight to ensure judicial systems are just and fair, hence provision of solutions to many existing human problems, they have some differences in form of application and their provisions. To start with, the main clear difference between these two forms of law is; Sharia law follows Islamic doctrines where as civil law has no connections to any religious belief. Sharia bases most of its legal principles on Prophet Mohammed’s teachings in the Quran and Sunnah, whereby civil law’s provisions use concepts related to peaceful human existence; ethical principles that are universally accepted and formulated. Secondly, many lawmakers can change or make changes to Civil laws of a nation depending on the jurisdiction country, a case different from Sharia laws, which are unchangeable. It is necessary to note at this point that both civil laws and Sharia laws vary depending on the application country (Hassim p.1). To almost all countries regardless of its; religious affiliation, there exist a set of civil laws governing its citizenry as concerns agreements, a factor that makes civil law a common thing globally as compared to Sharia law, which is used in only Islamic countries. The acceptance of these two forms of laws varies depending on the application region. That is, because these two forms run parallel to each other, it is very rare to find a country that has adopted both because of varying ideological differences. For example, Sharia law prohibits any act of homosexuality, a practice legalized in some countries. Hence, whenever a case occurs in a country that has adopted these two forms of law, chances of conflicts are high depending on which religion is strong (Badr pp.188-194). As most law researchers argue, Sharia law is very “rigid” and harsh as compared to common civil laws. This is because depending on circumstances surrounding a case, courts can flex civil laws to fit such cases; a practice that Sharia law lacks. In addition, depending on the type criminal offense committed, some punishment as specified by Sharia law are very harsh and in-human for example chopping of hands in robbery with violence cases (Fernandes p. 1). In terms of fairness and gender balances, regardless of an individuals gender, civil laws guarantees all individuals equal rights, hence courts base their judgment on available evidence leading to passing of proportional judgments. To some extent, Sharia law is gender biased in terms of penalties and passing of judgments. For example, according to provisions in Sharia law, punishments for women involved in adultery is stoning; a sentence that court never passes on men. Although differences exist between these two laws, law practitioners in these two fields must undergo extensive trainings depending on area of specialization. In addition, they must be members of recognized law societies within that community of application. In addition, these two forms of law have many other common provisions and influences on each other depending on the nature of cases. Conclusion In conclusion, although many variations in terms of provisions in these two forms of laws vary, it is necessary for practitioners in the field of law to always ensure they are fair in passing judgments. In addition, regardless of one’s religious affiliation, there is need for establishment of a common law that will serve all individuals with due respect. Works Cited Badr, Gamal. Islamic Law: Its Relation to Other Legal Systems. The American Journal of Comparative Law 26 (2) (1978): 187–198. Print. Beale, Hugh and Tallon, Dennis. English law: consideration . Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2002. Print. Civil law: Historical development. History. Com. 2010. Web. Fernandes, Edna. Sharia law UK: mail on Sunday gets exclusive access to British Muslim Court . Mail Online, 2009. Web. Hassim, Unes. Explaining the concept of Sharia law. Helium. 2010. Web. Islamic law. Discover Islamic project. 2010. Web. Merryman, John and Perez-Perdomo. The civil tradition: an introduction to the legal systems of Europe and Latin America . 3 rd Ed. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007. Print. Missouri Bar. Civil library of the Missouri Bar. 2010. Web. Shahin, Omar. The Muslim family in western society: a study of Islamic law . Indiana: Cloverdale Corporation, 2007. Print. Vriens, Laurens. Islam: governing under Sharia, 23 March. 2009. Web.

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Concepts of Diary Account of the Whiskey Rebellion Creative Writing Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Whiskey Rebellion 3. Conclusion 4. Work Cited Introduction I was in my room watching television news when suddenly, a broadcast of protesters appeared on the screen. There were rampant protests everywhere including my locality. This was on March 3, 1791, a time when the United States Congress situated in Philadelphia enacted into law a policy which allowed a seven percent of tax for every gallon of whiskey. The essence of increasing tax to this commodity was to generate revenue meant to cover revolutionary war debts. Like any American, I was also not happy about taxations but at least not all. I felt for western Pennsylvania farmers who like me were hostile to this enactment. Already, I had witnessed the difficulty that farmers had in transporting their farm produces to other markets. Accordingly, majority of the farmers had decided to use their grain in manufacturing whisky. In my view, although the tax was meant to increase marketability and value of whiskey, the challenge was to farmers who paid more taxes. Distillers of whiskey however, had accepted to tax increase because; they were to increase their prices making consumers pay that tax. This is my account of what happened during this period as a witness of the whiskey rebellion. (Richard Para.15-18). Whiskey Rebellion Poor road transport networks had forced the western farmers to convert their grain into whiskey. Like any other American, I wondered why the tax affected only western farmers. The idea to tax whiskey drinks came from Alexander Hamilton who was the Secretary of the Treasury. The western farmers did not like the idea of paying taxes. I have witnessed a number of times when they could have hard times with treasury policies. In my own view the inhabitants of the west were mainly Scottish, Irish or of Scots Irish origin. Many at times, western distillers refused to pay taxes due to their hard stances. For example, I heard them say that, the taxes were nothing but an assault to westerners. In fact, the law was a pure legislation that allowed all distillers to be registered. Anybody who was found guilty of not paying whiskey taxes could be tried in federal courts far away. The fact that these courts were far and will make the victims use a lot of money as transport to hear their cases only increased unrest in the west. Whiskey rebellion was a product of unrest. I saw many people disturbed with Indian attacks and Spain’s domination on New Orleans. In particular, inhabitants of the west were aggravated by the government which to them was a barrier to complimentary American trade since it had failed to open Mississippi River. (Hoover Para. 1-10). Establishment of whiskey taxes led to confrontation from Western Pennsylvania to Kentucky to Virginia. It was at this point that I realized a sinister battle between the government and its citizens who accused the state in interfering with their frontier life. Most farmers refused adamantly to pay taxes and over the three year rebellion period, protesters made derision to any farmer who tried to pay whiskey taxes. Whiskey tax collectors were beaten up and maimed while government officials received intimidations and sometimes hijacked. Soon, the mail delivery system collapsed due to distraction. The end result was a society that lived in disharmony and discord. For example, on May 1794, United States Marshall David Lennon and John Neville served court orders to Miller family who had refused to pay taxes to appear before Federal court in Philadelphia. After the hearing of the case which I attended, I suddenly heard gun shots one mile away. Luckily, nobody was injured. Consequently, protesters accompanied miller’s family members to Neville’s house. During the confrontation, a shoot out emerged and Neville killed Oliver Miler through a gun shot. Although the protesters fled at that time, they later returned accompanied by militia gang on17 July 1794. This time, soldiers helped Neville to escape though they burnt down his mansion in southwest Pennsylvania. (Clouse pp. 28-36). President George Washington then issued a stern warning to the protesters and pledged for negotiations. But in vain the modality failed to yield fruits. President George Washington then sent about 13 000 troops while accompanying then to Western Pennsylvania to go and try to quell the rebels. In order to avoid further confrontations, President Washington sent three prominent leaders including the Attorney General to meet rebels and strike a deal. However, the committee failed to reach consensus and went back to Washington. The only solution left was to apply military force together with civil authority to return normalcy. The local militia had to face the full force so that constitutional laws could be protected. (Hoover Para. 10-21). President Washington then issued a stern warning to rebels not to dictate United States as a nation because they were a portion. Anybody found armed was to face dire justice in courts of law. About 150 rebels were arrested. Astonishingly, 20 of the rebels arrested were high-flying leaders. Whiskey rebellion was almost coming to an end. Under presidential pardon authority, President Washington pardoned those who had participated in the rebellion. Majority of those who were arrested were found not guilty due to lack of proper substantiation. Conclusion Even though whiskey rebellion violent acts ceased, it was evident that opposition of whiskey taxes continued. I attended successive political campaigns whereby, politicians opposed taxes on whiskey in public. It was due to the antagonism in taxation of whiskey which led to the triumph of Thomas Jefferson as the president over John Adams. Moreover, in 1802, United States Congress removed all exercise taxes on distilled spirits and other internal Federal levies. The violent attacks from rebels ensured their victory over the government. It was a war fought through political and violent machineries to realize liberation. Nevertheless, whiskey rebellion remains one of America’s liberation histories. Work Cited Clouse, J. The Whiskey Rebellion: Southwestern Pennsylvania Frontier People test the American Constitution . Pennsylvania: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 1994. Print. Hoover, M. The Whiskey Rebellion: The Distilled Spirits Tax of 1791. TTB.GOV. Web. Richard, G. The Whisky Flags. 2001. Web.

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Concepts of Environmental Protection Legislation Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Environmental Protection Agencies 3. Obstacles Facing Environmental Conservation Agencies 4. Pollution 5. The Copenhagen Climate Conference 6. Conclusion 7. Works Cited Introduction Environmental pollution is not only problem of developed countries, but also a global problem that affects all human kind both directly and indirectly. Over the recent past, globally many nations have felt the impacts of global pollution through disasters, hence the need to ensure all individuals and nations combine forces and curb the vice. Eradicating pollution should be a global responsibility, because whether its air emissions or water pollution, all countries feel impacts of such practices in one way or the other. Pollution takes many forms that range from the simple waste paper disposal, which all individuals do, to the most complex that involves chemical combination that various industries and plants release to the environment. Due to such disposals, globally nations have faced many disasters, which have led to massive deaths and property destruction. In addition, most of these impacts have left many individuals desperate with little in saving themselves. Examples of related disasters that have faced the world include flooding such as the tsunami, typhoons, food shortages, and chemical poisoning. What makes the whole situation worse is that, most of the nations facing the impacts of pollution contribute very little as concerns environmental pollution. Due to increasing disasters caused by global pollution, many nations have come up with environmental protection initiatives both at national and international levels, the latest being the Copenhagen conference. Other initiatives include green belt movements in various countries and other programs to conserve the world habitats and forests. It is important for all nations to note that global warming and impacts of environmental pollution never work within national boundaries, but affect all individuals equally. This therefore calls for a strong international legislation body, which all nations should respect and follow all it orders in order to save Mother Nature from destruction, which is growing at a higher rate than expected. Environmental protection legislation is a set of rules that govern environmental practices. Although these regulations exist at national and international levels, most countries more so the developed ones never adhere to them. The violation of these laws has been a global concern; hence, the continuous campaign on environmental protection and conservation. Environmental Protection Agencies In the past environmental pollution was never a great threat to extinction of the world habitat and living organisms, but presently, if nations never take caution there is a likelihood of disasters wiping all existing living organisms and world habitats. This is because there is diverse destruction of forests, and high disposal rates either by individuals or from industries. Due to this, many national and international bodies concerned with environmental protection have beefed up major campaigns directed towards environmental protection. In addition, other environmental protection agencies have come up with prizes for individuals who help in the struggle to protect the environment. A common example of such prize is the Goldman environmental prize geared towards rewarding local individuals dedicated to environmental conservation (Goldman p.1). Common examples of agencies that deal with global environmental protection include the United Nations Environmental Agency (UNEP), European Environment Agency (EEA), Earth System Governance project, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change( IPCC), and the recently debated on; the Global Environment Organization (GEO). In addition to these big international bodies, other intergovernmental agencies aid to curb the environmental pollution problem. These agencies or organizations work not only at national levels, but also internationally in assisting member countries to adopt practices that will ensure such countries accord the environment the respect it deserves. Common examples of these agencies include Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA) and the Network of Regional Governments for Sustainable Development (Environment law alliance worldwide pp. 1). One common thing among all this agencies is that they use common policies and environmental protection practices with same principles. In addition, they encourage coordination among themselves, whereby their main guiding tools are the UN millennium goals. These bodies not only do they receive recognition within their areas of jurisdiction, but also by UNEP in terms of labor and financial support. On main thing to note here is that, its not only developed countries that have this movements, but also developing countries have come up with initiatives to conserve their environments. For example, the green belt movement in Kenya, started by Nobel peace laureate Wangari Maathai. In addition, some countries have many non-governmental organizations that help in the fight on environmental conservation. Common examples include the African World Dog Conservancy, the American Consumer Council, Antipoisoner international, and the American Indoor Air Quality Council. Others include the Biosphere Expeditions, Center for International Environmental law, Earth charter initiative, Earth liberation front, Stockholm Environment Institute, and the Earth System Science Partnership. The United States also contributes greatly to this war against environmental pollution, where by the government partners with both local and international bodies to ensure countries put into practice correct environment protection policies. Although this is the case, many contention issues have rise, due to the blame the game among developed and developing countries. The United States, the European nations, and other world countries have funded many projects internationally geared towards environmental protection. Although this is the case, still one main question remains unanswered; do these countries operate within the set limits and regulations of environmental pollution? Take for example the United States and other countries always are fighting countries producing nuclear related materials, but one thing all individuals should ask themselves is that; have these countries themselves stopped producing such nuclear products? Due to these many unanswered questions, it has become very hard for “genuine” environmental protection bodies to properly co-ordinate environmental protection initiatives because many countries seem to set their own working standards. Majority of developed countries have embraced practices that have greatly jeopardized the well-being of the environment. This hence calls for initiatives that will give this ‘genuine” agencies power to prosecute nations that do not want to follow the laid down policies, limits, and standards (Citizens for Global solutions p.1). These environmental protection agencies apply agreed upon policies by all world leaders, as concerns environmental protection, whereby their main support or mother body is UNEP. This is an international environmental conservation organization fighting for environmental conservation. It works in close collaboration with world governments and other organizations in ensuring all nations follow the set rules governing waste disposal and environmental protection. It is necessary to note here that, UNEP works with no biasness, although it faces many challenges in effecting its mandate due to differences and oppositions from some countries that consider themselves more superior. Obstacles Facing Environmental Conservation Agencies Although many environmental conservation agencies have implemented many policies that all nations should follow as concerns environmental conservation, still there is a hard fight for them. This is because of changing trends in technology and lifestyle. In addition, it is very hard implementing some environmental protection policies in some countries due to opposition from such countries’ administrations. On the other hand, from the report by the United States general accounting office (pp.6-8), what makes the implementation of some environmental protection policies hard, are the cost incurred during the whole process. For example, from its approximations U.S. only spent over $121 1997 million to deal with pollution, which was almost 100%, increase in government expenditure, from the previous value calculated in 1970 ($64). This therefore shows how complicated environmental conservation procedures are, although still nations must endeavor and implement correct environmental conservation measures. The third obstacle facing conservation efforts by these organizations is ideological differences that result due to trade agreements among different nations. There is lack of coordination among different nations, whereby some countries supports processing of some products, while others oppose. Trade being the backbone of most world economies, many countries favor each other because of associated benefits they receive from such countries. For example, there are many ideological differences among European nations as concerns nuclear production in North Korea. Due to these differences, many counties have pinned down environmental conservation efforts, hence leading to many world calamities caused by global warming. Another main challenge to these agencies more so the international ones, is the localization of environmental conservation rules. Different countries have different rules as concerns environmental conservation. In this regard, it is the duty of such organization to ensure industries working within such regions meet the set standards, which in most cases is never the cases due to looming corruption among government officials. In addition to trade agreements and localization of environmental conservation policies, varying and conflicting political views have greatly affected the implementation of correct environmental conservation policies. Take for example in America, due to varying political ideologies among the democrats and the republicans, implementation of some environmental conservation policies is hard (Stuart, Sarntharm and Sriwatanaporgse, pp.591-600). Finally, financial obstacles also face many of these agencies. Effecting of correct conservation efforts needs a lot of machinery and integration of many processes in the overall management of manufacturing industries, which these agencies cannot afford to fund or support. On the other hand, sometimes this agencies lack funds to support campaigns on the same, hence in most times, this organizations have to terminate conservation initiatives or projects in progress. This therefore calls for combination of efforts from governmental, non-governmental organizations and communities in general in averting this vice, because in one way or another all individuals are contributors. Pollution Many human activities done either intentionally or unintentionally are the main contributors to environmental degradation. Impacts of pollution are clearly visible in that, in one way or another each individual has faced its outcomes. Pollution generally involves the introducing of materials considered foreign to a clean environment. This to larger extents has affected balance in ecosystems, whereby this foreign materials change the chemical combination of the environment. This has led to disappearing of some animal and habitat species, hence if individuals do not take proper care, then great threats face the human generation (Victoria Rural foundation p.1). Pollution takes many forms that include noise, thermal, chemical, and radioactive. All this process depend on the nature of pollutants, hence their effects on the environment also vary. In most cases, matter becomes a pollutant, if the quantity of such a substance goes beyond the required quantities in the environment. Air pollution results when substances considered harmful contaminate the fresh air used by living organisms. The most types of air pollutants .include gas emissions such as sulphur dioxide, excessive carbon dioxide, nitrogen gases. These originate from sources such as industry and motor vehicle emissions, burning of fuels such as wood. These lead to formation of smog, which affects control of global temperatures. In addition, some nitrogenous gases can lead to formation of photochemical Ozone, which affects the balance in ecosystems causing deaths or many associate disasters. Water pollution is the second form of pollution that has greatly affected the existence of living organisms. This results due to manufacturing and processing industries releasing toxic substances to water bodies. In addition, water pollution can result from runoffs into water bodies of chemicals. This form of pollution can cause many diseases and deaths, because all human beings are consumers of water products. In addition, excessive water pollution can cause death of marine habitats in that it leads to eutrophication, hence preventing absorption of oxygen and sunlight into water (Effects of water pollution p.1). Water pollution can also result to formation of acid rain, which is very destructive when in contact with iron and other metals. Soil pollution is another common form of pollution, which mostly results due waste disposal and chemical runoffs. This affects the composition of soil, hence affecting the existence of living organisms. This to larger extents leads to natural catastrophes such as food poisoning and food shortages, which have immense impacts on human and animal existence. Other common forms of pollutions are sound, radioactive, and thermal pollution, which in many ways have affected the environment negatively causing many diseases and deaths of living organisms. For example, radioactive pollution is very dangerous to human existence because it can result to diseases such as cancer and gene mutations. This in turn if reflected in gene transfer can affect the normal functioning of the body leading to deaths. Due to many effects resulting from such pollutions, environmental bodies have come up with many regulations that manage the quantities that industries should release to the environment. This includes measures that have sought to eliminate sulphur and leaded fuels, which have degraded the environment. In addition, different governments have formulated different policies that govern industrial gas emissions, although due to looming corruption and varying ideologies among different nations, most industries have not implemented them. The Copenhagen Climate Conference Due to continued effects of global warming and almost expiry of the Kyoto protocol, there was need for nations to call for a conference whose main aim was to draft a new protocol of environmental conservation. This meeting primarily centered on mechanisms that nations could implement in order to minimize emissions. In addition, the meeting was to formulate a funding mechanism, which could see nations implement correct mechanisms of reducing emissions to the environment. Although nations signed the accord and promised to adhere to it, legislation regulations agreed on in a way are biased and favor developed countries. This is because most developing nations have fewer emissions, as compared to developed countries; hence, these laws are bound to affect their rate of developments. Although global warming is a major issue, it is important to remember that most developing nations need industrialize too fully. Reducing the emissions was a good proposition, but still one question remains unanswered; will developed nations stick to the agreement, if they never did to the Kyoto protocol? The proposition on funds contribution was good, because it will give developing nations some added funding, but still another question arises; will the mandated body manage the funds well? All these questions unless answered the whole agreement will be invalid, hence the need for all nations to be committed to, the agreement. Another main disadvantage with the accord is that, the tools nations agreed on that they were to apply in reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD), lacked some recognized coding (Conservation International p. 1). In general, although the accord lacks some important aspects of environmental conservation, if nations correctly implement it, it may alleviate some threats facing the existence of humankind due to environmental degradation. Conclusion In conclusion, it is important for all nations to remember that conservation is a collective effort; hence, unless they join hands to alleviate pollution, future populations will have to endure the most of present activities. Water, soil, thermal, and air pollution are practices that nations can alleviate if they only have the will. Works Cited Citizens for Global Solutions. Support stronger legislation to combat global warming. 2010. Web. Conservation international. Copenhagen- a glimmer of hope. Conservation International. 2009. Web. Effects of water pollution. Scipeeps. 2010. Web. Environmental Law Alliance. About ELAW. The Environmental Law Alliance. 2010. Web. Goldman. The Goldman environmental prize is the world’s largest prize honoring grassroots Environmentalist . Goldman environmental prize. 2009. Web. Stuart, Amy L., Sarntharm, Midhasakul, and Sriwatanaporgse, Watahee. The social distribution of neighborhood-scale air pollution and monitoring protection. Journal of the Air and Water Management Association . 59.5 (2009): 591-602. Print. United States General accounting Office. Report to congressional requesters, 1997. Web. Victoria Rural Foundation. Pollution control. Rural Law. 2009. Web.

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Concepts of Lessons from My Life as a Bully Autobiography Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. My Life Experience 3. Lessons Learnt 4. Conclusion 5. Works Cited 6. Letter Introduction Having grown in humble and reserved family my early childhood life was very interesting and enjoyable because at least I had parents who could provide everything to me. My parents always emphasized to me the need to treat other people well, more so other children who sought help from me. Owing to my age and lack of experience of the outside world, I could not see the essence of all they told me; instead, all I could feel was jealous seeing my parents share out what I thought rightfully belonged to me. As I grew, little mattered to me about other people, a notion that has undergone change as I have learnt many lessons from the treatment I gave other children. My Life Experience Life as a bully It is one thing to bully other children and another to understand what they go through in their real lives. This happened on my second month in ninth grade. All through my previous grades, I had always behaved as required, owing to the teachings I received from my parents. On entering ninth grade, my company of friends changed, because I considered myself grown; hence, had to change my behavior to fit what I felt was developing in me; adulthood. One thing I never realized is that the rate at which all this was happening was too much for me to contain, owing to the fact that this friends introduced me to many new adventures. For example, I had this friend called Hillary, whom we had grown with from the first grade to the ninth grade although he came from a richer family. Hillary introduced me to the internet something, which my parents prohibited me from because of reasons that I never I understood. Another worse thing that he introduced me to was bullying, of our classmates and anybody we outweighed whenever we were out of teachers’ sight. In addition to physical bullying, he thought me how to use the internet to bully schoolmates and other strangers by sending funny and threatening messages, something that I never thought could cost somebody’s life. Although this happened for sometime, it never lasted, when on my second day in the second month of ninth grade I realized some classmate I had sent some message to over the weekend was missing. Although at that I did not bother, curiosity made me to confront her friends, who told me she was in hospital nursing her wounds after trying to take her life because of the psychological torture she had suffered from messages sent from a stranger. This hit me hard, to an extent after school I sneaked out of home and went to see her in hospital; although I never talked to her, I felt the impact that made me to almost confess to my parents; something I have never done up to today; however I thank God she survived the ordeal. Lessons Learnt Causes and Effects of Bullying The main motive of bullying is to dominate whereby; harm caused on victims is never a bother to the perpetrators, whether in their normal or “abnormal” senses. One question that I have never had clear answers to is; had she died, will I have forgiven myself? This is the guilt, which I live with up to today but, I thank God because out of this I learnt a lot, which has helped me to educate my friends and juniors on effects of bullying. Bullying is one common practice in many schools that most parents and teachers have failed to recognize hence come up with workable solutions. Although the whole act is enjoyable to the perpetrators, it has many-associated harms on victims who sometimes are aware or unaware of their traitors. Bullying can be in form of verbal words or physical harm, although the most worse is internet bullying because in most cases the perpetrators are stranger. To me I had clean intentions of bullying others; to dominate, but Hilary had personal intentions; something that I discovered later was a parental influence. Due to immense wealth Hillary’s parents had, they always had life their way, a vice; ruling others, they transferred to him and encouraged him to embrace. Ethically this is wrong owing to impacts such egocentric behaviors have on other learners; hence, a big warning to parents who propagate such vices on their children. Although parents may contribute a lot to their children’s behavior, failure by school managements is also another common factor that has promoted the widespread bullying. Most bullies lack correct guidance from teachers, because in most cases school managements lack correct communication channels for reporting them, hence help them; something that was the case in my school. Considering the trauma associated with bullying, majority of individuals find it hard to cope up with its effects, hence embracing evasive behaviors that are negative to the well-being of an individual. Majority of individuals never recognize that, emotional and psychological effects are more harmful as compared to physical harm from bullies. This is because physical harm is containable, but psychological torture is never. Therefore, it is the mandate of parents to learn their children’s behavior, so that whenever alterations occur they can offer help (DeHaan p.1). Conclusion In conclusion, considering the complexity associated with bullying, it is important for all parents, school administrators, and stakeholders to combine forces and end the vice. In addition, measures applicable to curbing the vice include parental guidance, implementing tough measures on bullies, educating youths on dangers of bullying (National center for education statistics p.1). Works Cited Dehaan. Bullies. North Dakota State University, Feb. 1997. Web. https://www.ndsu.edu/ National Center for Education Statistics. School bullying: preventing bullying. 2009. Web. http://www.bullyingstatistics.org/content/prevent-bullying.html Letter Having read a report on the number of juvenile delinquency cases resulting from bullying in schools and homes in the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), I was touched by impacts such a vice is costing the society. Hence, this made me to consider writing this article; being a testimony, with hopes that it could reach parents and teachers who understand little about bullying. I wrote this article with the Monitor on Psychology Magazine in mind, being a common magazine among many U.S. adults and parents.

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Concepts of the Rise and fall of the Babylonian and Egyptian Empires Compare & Contrast Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Rise and fall of Babylonia 3. The Rise and fall of Egypt 4. Conclusion 5. Works Cited Introduction Historically many nations that people took to be superior fell due to many varying reasons. A good example is the Roman Empire, which historically people considered very superior and mighty. In addition, another great empire that rose and fell was the Greece Empire, which historically individuals consider as one of the origins of civilization. This is never different even in present times, where some countries that people perceived to be superior are falling and new empires rising. For example, the once called the Soviet Union broke down into different states that are fighting with much political, social and economic turmoil (Ames Para. 1-2). Majority of past empires ruled great territories, but simple mistakes and weaknesses led to their downfall. For example, majority of regions in the Middle East were under the rule of the Babylonians, whereby king Nebuchadnezzar had great powers, hence dictated everything he perceived as right for the people. The Rise and fall of Babylonia The past Babylonia is an empire that people knew to be mighty, rich, and harsh. Babylonia rose to power after destruction of the Assyrian empire. Its capital city (Babylon) was strategically located to the southern region of river Euphrates, hence making it a tower of power. The country had immense riches, and due to its monumental outlook that made many people respect it for they took it as a biblical center. Babylonia’s success is in most cases attributed to its strong leaders such as Napololassar and Nebuchadnezzar, who ruled Babylonia, hence helping it defeat its oppressors such as Assyria. During Napololassar’s rule, he helped Babylonia defeat its enemies by taking many treasures from countries he defeated. After his rule, Nebuchadnezzar inherited the kingdom hence developing it further using riches obtained during his father’s reign (Ancient Babylonia: history of Babylonia Para. 3-13). Even after Nebuchadnezzar’s fall, other incoming leaders embraced the same principles he used in ruling, hence making Babylonia more successful. In addition to immense wealth grabbed from other nations, many civilizations helped Babylonia rise to the top, because many countries considered it a center of civilization, hence accorded it a lot of respect. Adoption of better flood control mechanisms, gave the Sumer people a chance to develop their agriculture, which to larger extents promoted its economy. On the other hand, expansion of agriculture made Babylonia to expand its trade, production and manufacturing industry. Another main contributor to Babylonia’s rising was the unification of its people and strong support they accorded their army. Nebuchadnezzar used most of the prisoners captured during war as slaves to help in building his empire, hence providing free and enough labor to accomplish his projects. To protect his country Nebuchadnezzar constructed a tall wall to safeguard his capital city, which acted as the main store of Babylonia’s wealth. These wealth helped Nebuchadnezzar to rule Babylonia, for it promoted Babylonia’s economy (Lendering p.1). Although this was the case, this oppressive rule never lasted for long after Nebuchadnezzar’s demise. Its downfall began with the killing of king Belshazaar, and the destruction of the Babylon wall by the Persians and the Medes. The blocking of the Euphrates River made it hard for Babylonians to continue with their flourishing agricultural activities. In addition, effects of the war, capturing of Babylonia’s cities, and destruction of the Babylon’s walls by the Syrians made the situation worse for Babylonia, hence leading to its downfall (The rise of Babylonian world power p.1). The Rise and fall of Egypt As history depicts most developments in Egypt resulted from agricultural developments embraced by early Egyptians. Most farmers in Egypt previously were hunters and gatherers but their migration to river Nile’s Banks gave them an opportunity to practice substantial agriculture. In addition to agriculture, the Egyptian empire rose due to many other innovations in science and mathematics. These innovations led to the construction of monuments and other beautiful scenery, which up to date acts as tourist attraction centers. As was the case in Babylon, Egypt had also strong leaders such as King Menes, who made sure Egyptians acted with one voice. Due to embracing of correct ruling procedures, instances of wars were low, hence making the country to thrive economically (Globusz p.1). The unification of the Egyptian kingdom lasted only during the old kingdom. Divisions in the first intermediate period weakened the unification of the Egypt Empire making it susceptible to attacks from its enemies. During this period, also many calamities such as floods affected the empire, causing food problems. Other factors that contributed t the fall of the Egyptian empire include poor ruling skills by some of its leaders, a case resembling Babylonia. Attacks from Persian and Syria soldiers saw the downfall of the Pharaoh’s kingdoms, hence further destruction of the kingdom. This is because leaders such as Ramsey III misused most of the empires resources on war affecting negatively the empire’s economy. Economic impacts saw the empire lack funds to pay its workers and the army. Lack of pay caused an increase in insecurity making the empire weaker. After the death of Alexander the great, the empire fell far apart because his leadership acted as a unification factor (Radine, Rush and Stengle p.1). Conclusion In conclusion, both the Egypt and the Babylonia Empires fell due to poor ruling schemes, whereby most of its leaders misused power accorded to them through oppression. Works Cited Ames, Richard. Rise and fall of nations . Tomorrow’s World 4.4 (2002). Web. Ancient Babylonia: History of Babylonia . 2009. Web. Globusz. The rise and the fall of Egypt. 2010. Web. Lendering, Jona. Babylonia Empire. Ancient warfare magazine. 2009. Web. Radine, Mike, Rush, Rutherman, and Stengle, Laura. The decline and fall of ancient Egypt, 2005. Web. The rise of the Babylonian world power. 2009. Web.

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Concepts of the Yield Management: Room Management Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Yield Management 3. How to Implement a Yield Management System 4. Advantages of yield management 5. Disadvantages 6. Conclusion 7. References Introduction Revenue income in the hotel and accommodation business varies with seasons, hence the need for a company to adopt good management systems. Proper adoption of such strategies helps organisations to ensure that they remain in business during all seasons, hence business viability and sustainability. Primarily this strategies aim to ensure organisations study well the consumer characteristics, which in turn will guide policy formulation and implementation as concerns pricing and booking. The common strategy or management scheme used by many organisations is yield management. This is a strategy adopted by most service firms to ensure they maintain their profits regardless of seasonal variations (Baker and Collier, 2010, p.1-2). Yield Management Yield management is a revenue strategy adopted by organisations to ensure their businesses attain set goals or targets in terms of revenue collection. Failure by an organisation to meet its goals jeopardises the smooth running of an organisation, which can lead to business closure or disposing of some workers in order for it to work within budget. The whole process involves determination of appropriate prices for services that are almost the same, hence clustering them or organising them in form to ensure an organisation maintains its profit margins. For example, if its room allocation, an organisation should allocate different prices for its available rooms depending on seasons. One main challenge faced by organisations is formulation of a correct management strategy that will ensure such organisations offer customer correct resources, at rights costs and season. This is because, if an organisation does not use correct measures, which will eliminate variations that may occur as concerns prices charged, customer discrimination is bound to rise. This strategy since time memorial has helped many organisations to determine rates to charge their customers, hence maximise profits throughout business operation. How to Implement a Yield Management System For an organisation to ensure it maximises its revenues, it is necessary for it to consider both past and present business occurrences. This is possible through critical study of available data on business operations using econometric tools. This is where historical data plays a central role in that, organisations can use it to make future predictions in terms of customer numbers. The system generally analyses the number of business transactions that have transpired between a hotel service company and its customers. After consideration of this, then the management can consider other factors external to an organisation. These factors include the number of available holidays, seasonal booking variations, and prices offered by other competitors in the business. At this point then, an organisation can use a predictor mode to accurately determine demand variations in changing seasons. This system tries to coin operational constraints that may occur in a specific season, and best options that an organisation can use to meet them as it struggles to remain in business and maintain its profit margins (Martin, 2006, Para. 1-3). Organisations can determine its accommodation prices using the following: services they offer and nature of market (or a blend of the two). To ensure that the adopted yield management scheme is efficient, an organisation must ensure that the nature of service offered is perishable and capital intensive. On the other hand, models adopted should not only predict the number of nights, which customers will book, but also the length specific customers may spend. In addition, before calculating such rates companies should consider economic factors that can influence its operations depending on the market such a room service company serves, which can be national or international. Yield management uses software that is either machine installable to determine the prices of rooms or software that is in form of a service commonly called soft-as-a-service (SaaS). An organisation can integrate this in its customer relation management, overall reservation management, the Human resource management or its marketing management program (Powers, 2010, Para. 1-5). Advantages of yield management Adoption of correct yield management models helps organisations not only to maximise their profit margins, but also to ensure it offers required services to all their customers, depending on their financial ability. In addition, this strategy gives an organisation a chance to compete with other firms in the room service businesses, which offer their rooms at low prices (Berman, 2005, pp. 17-178). To workers this strategy is good in that it maximises their potentials. This because, although their duties maybe hectic, they will better customer characteristics, hence help an organisation to improve its service delivery. To customers more so regular ones, this system can be advantageous when an organisation gives them first priority in room allocation. In addition, use of correct yield management models can benefit customers in that; it will safeguard them from malicious businesspersons, who take advantage of seasonal variations to hike prices. Disadvantages To customers the whole process is in some cases disadvantageous, in that for common users of such room facilities regardless of the season situation may force them to spend more than they anticipated. To organisations, it is hard for them to maintain customer loyalty, in that some common customers expect special consideration from companies they regularly use. This is because yield management aims to allocate rooms to customers with highest bids, hence sometimes hard to meet such customer’s demands. In addition, some pricing inventories can make some customers lack confidence in such organisations, which in turn will ruin organisations’ rapport, hence loosing of some customers. On employees, this strategy can be very burdening in that, it will force them to strain in balancing between customer needs and organisational goals (Wirtz, Patterson and Theng, 2001, pp.5-8). Conclusion In conclusion, yield management can be of great benefit to organisations, customers and employees, if only an organisation adopts a model that coins all these stakeholders’ views in its formulation. References Baker, T., & Collier, D., 2010. A comparative revenue analysis of hotel yield Management heuristics. Bnet. Berman, B., 2005. Applying yield management to your service business. Business Horizons, 48(2), pp.169-179. Martin, D., 2006. A definition of yield management. 4Hoteliers. Powers, E., 2010. Starting a hotel business? Here is how to set prices. Ezine Articles. Available from: http://ezinearticles.com/?id=2531797&Starting-a-Hotel-Business%3F-Heres-How-to-Set-Prices= . Wirtz, J., Patterson, P., & Theng, J. P., 2001. Yield management: resolving potential Customer and employee conflicts.

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Concepts of Truth in Mathematics, the Arts and Ethics Essay Philosophically many issues have a close relationship to truth, whereby they either follow theories of truth or mean theories regarding truth. It is never easy to exactly determine what truth is due to many controversies that arise depending on the field of study. This is to say, depending on prevailing metaphysical conditions, truth has varying meanings, which primarily depend on a specific case, body of knowledge, reality of things, or standards. Before stating that something or some occurrences are true, it is important for all individuals to ask themselves the following questions; what are the building blocks of truth?, which mechanisms are good for identifying truth?. In addition, it is important for individuals to ask themselves where their definition of truth falls. This is to say, is their definition of truth complete, relative, subjective or objective? This paper will discuss the degree to which truth is different in mathematics, ethics and arts. Truth Depending on prevailing conditions, different individuals have varying definitions of what truth means. Truth encompasses qualities such as allegiance, sincerity, fidelity, and authenticity. Truth does depend on what single individuals or an entire community knows, but rather it depends on what holds theoretically. These theories are formal, substantive or minimalist. Examples of these practical theories include the consensus theory, correspondence, pragmatic, coherence, and the constructive theory (Prior pp.223-224). Truth in Mathematics In most cases, individuals take mathematics as the clearest discipline, but as any other field of knowledge (philosophically), it has associated problems. To understand the nature of mathematics, it is necessary for individuals to question the real nature of mathematics’ existence. In addition, individuals also must ask themselves, what most mathematical propositions mean, owing to the fact that in most cases these propositions seem to lack meaning. On the other hand, many mathematical concepts have varying features depending on what an individual centres on; hence need to include these concepts before ascertaining the truth in mathematics. For example, to say that an axiomatic-deductive formula is true, then individuals must endeavour to deduce a mechanism of proving such a formula under specific prevailing conditions. In this regard, one can say that such a proof of applied formulae falls within the set classic logic standards if it is provable. It is important to note also that, such a definition of truth is natural, hence takes less consideration of mathematical objects but lays emphasis on syntax (Lemanska p. 1). For proper understanding of truth in mathematics, it is necessary for individuals to consider all features of mathematics. Giving specific formulae in form of mathematical theories makes the definition of truth to apply to the entire mathematical theory’s consistency. Occurrence of this like a scenario makes it easy to ascertain the truth in a theory, in that if a theory is inconsistent, then it lacks some sense of truthfulness. At this point, it is important to note that, it is never easy to prove the consistence of a theory using a direct approach, but rather individuals can prove consistence by use of mathematical models. This is to say, mathematicians can prove the consistence of a theory, hence not wrong to argue that its only by application of learnt experience can individuals prove the truth in mathematical presumptions and their theorems. Acceptance of mathematical axioms is also debatable owing to the fact that some are logical tautologies. This again puts forward another question: which logic mode is the best to use in mathematics? For example, following beliefs of intuitionists, the rule of double negation is never correct hence, when proving mathematical concepts truth depends on the system of logic that individuals apply. Truth in Ethics To some extent, ethics and mathematics share the same premises in defining truth. Although this is the case, the nature of data in these two fields differentiates the nature of truth, whereby ethics uses moral intuitions, where as mathematics calculations. It is very hard philosophically to set clear definitions of what truth is, considering the nature of moral intuitions. Under ethics most individuals have believes that, once somebody opposes some concept, it means they have specific attitude towards such actions. This makes it hard to define what is true or false, depending on the philosophical stand of an individual. To apply moral language in determining what is true or false, makes it necessary to state genuine propositions or ethical facts. Therefore, ethically it is not wrong for one to argue that, truth is not what individuals or the society considers morally right but rather, justifiable actions that foster good relationships among individuals. Truth in Arts As in mathematics and ethics, many complications also occur in arts concerning the correct definition of truth. This because in ethics many opposing meanings arise on what truth is all about. When studying truth in arts, it is important for individuals to ask themselves whether what they consider true artistically clearly depicts what comprises the external environment. In addition, it is important for individuals to ask themselves whether their artistic internal definitions of truth are culturally or emotionally determined (Addiss p.1). To some extent, art is truth, because in artistic work many external forces never affect the nature of its outcomes. Art is like a societies mirror; hence depicts both morally correct and wrong acts. On the other hand, it is important to note that although art some has some truth in it artistic tools such as literature and speech sometimes can pass messages that are outright lies. Other tools of art such music and visual art lack a language of expression, hence determination of truth in them depends on individuals’ perceptions Art and Truth p.1). Similarities and Differences of Truth in Art, Mathematics and Ethics Although to some extent the procedures, premises, and rules of expressing the truth in mathematics, ethics and arts seem the same many differences are clear, hence defining truth in these three cases is different. For example, it not possible to define truth of a certain fact geometrically using words, which is a main form of expressing truths in ethics. On the same case, it is not possible to use the same mathematical expressions to express truth in artistic work, because humans determine mathematical calculations, where as artistic work is a depiction of human existence and lifestyle. Ontologically it is never wrong for an individual to argue that truth in these three fields is subjective, owing to the fact that human existence determines the existence of other things. Using this analogy, one can also argue that, it is a little bit different to determine the truth of different occurrences and objects considering the nature of concepts epistemologically. Another main difference between these three fields is that, mathematically one has to discover truth; artistically truth depends on perceptions, whereas ethically truth is a mediation process. In this context, although it is possible for computers to create mathematical expressions that are artistically interesting, still one-question lacks an answer, are these patterns pleasing? Although mediation, discovery and human perceptions are three different concepts, it is important to note that, all these concepts results due to evolution of thoughts and knowledge. It is important to note that, although some differences arise, to some degree these three field’s definition of truth can sometimes be the same because some concepts of their truth definition may depict relative, absolute or subjective truth. For example, it may never be wrong for one to argue that mathematical truth is generally absolute. This argument is defendable because since time memorial all mathematical laws are invariable. In addition, algebraically mathematical laws are provable, hence concreting the concept that truth in mathematics is absolute. On the other hand, someone else who argues that truth in mathematics is relative may not be wrong. This is because although individuals can use mathematical formulae to prove concepts, sometimes they too fail, primarily because they have their own limits. In arts, truth can also be relative, in that human perception of beauty and quality depends on ones cultural background and age group. In addition, depending on one’s views, it is not wrong for one to argue that, truth in arts is subjective, owing to the fact that, individuals have the liberty of choosing what they consider good-looking. In ethics, truth can also be relative, absolute or subjective. This is because globally there is a set of ethics, which all individuals consider right or wrong. Truth in ethics is absolute if individuals choose to believe that, rules determining human existence are fixed. Ethics can be subjective, depending on one’s belief of what is morally correct or wrong. On the other hand, ethics may be relative if viewed from a cultural variation or situational context, considering the fact that, different societies have varying cultural beliefs and values. In this regard, all these fields share common concepts of truth, hence almost same definitions, although differences in application context vary To some level, truth stretches far beyond the mathematical, ethical and artistic knowledge held by human beings. This is because; it mainly determines the existence of these three concepts, hence defines premises under which they exist. In terms of validity, truth depends on views held by different individuals, hence offering individuals a chance to discover what exactly truth means. To Plato, truth pertains to what the world holds to be right. For Plato truth transcends beyond the human sense perception, but rather encompasses what is correct universally. In this regard, it is important when defining truth in any these fields to include universally accepted principles. This can help to give a clear meaning of what truth is considering the fact that human beings have different perceptions of ideas depending on their cultural or social backgrounds. Conclusion In conclusion, although this three fields share common aspects, their definition of truth varies in that mathematical can be a language of expression, art applies language to pass messages, where as ethics combines both in expressing themselves outwardly. Works Cited Adiss, Stephen. Truth in arts and science. 2009. Web. Prior, Arthur. Encyclopaedia of philosophy . New York: Macmillan, 1969. Print. Lemanska, Anna. Philosophy of mathematics: Truth and existence in mathematics. 2003. Web.

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Consumer Behavior and Marketing Strategies Essay Introduction Wahaha is a famous soup company in Chinese soup market. The company is in the process of launching a new healthy, nutritional soup for children that contains some medicinal herbs. These ingredients will not only have the nutritional value but also prevent occurrence of certain common childhood diseases. In ensuring that the product is well received the company will mainly target parents as they are the ones to take care of the children. Because it is a new product, the company needs to devise the best market approaches that will guarantee success in the Chinese market. This is only to say that the soup producing industry is a sensitive one, with a lot of its success relying on the amount of research that the company is willing to undertake in its search for the best product. The customer needs to be highly involved in coming up with a marketing strategy. This is because they have an impact from the way the product will be received. At this point it is evidently noticed that just posting advertisements for the product will not give it the required outcome in the Chinese market. If we are to do so, then the amount of investment we will have to thrust through the media will have to be great. Soup producing industry is very competitive. Therefore the success of firm in this industry will depend on the intensity of market research conducted so as to identify the most appropriate product to supply in the market. In formulating a marketing strategy, it is paramount to consider consumers’ product requirements. This means that creation of product market awareness does not guarantee success of a product in the market. Besides, this will be a risky maneuver for the marketing team seeing as history has shown us the down side of using this kind of marketing strategy. This paper therefore is a proposal of how we are going to introduce Wahaha, a soup that our company produces into the market. In addition, the proposal analyzes the strategies that the firm will use in influencing consumer attitude and the decision making designs to be incorporated. We are going to strategize on how to capture the customer’s attention, motivational factors towards the consumer, consumer attitudes and how the company intends to come up with decision-making designs. The paper also will look at the external influences targeting on the consumer, and finally, our multimedia strategy in reaching out to our customer. The proposal also includes the firm’s market communication strategy. Consumer Marketing Engagement Strategy Target Consumer Perceptions and Recommended Marketing Strategy With regard to market perception regarding products and services, it is important for the firm to understand the questions being raised by consumers regarding the product (Kumar, 2010, p. 25). This will enable the firm to address these issues thus contributing to development of a positive perception amongst the consumers. Some of the most fundamental questions regarding the soup product are its authenticity, its taste, and its nutritional value. The marketing team is therefore required to capitalize on satisfying these needs without any reason doubt. In essence, the company’s ability in striking a deal with the customer will measure how well the new product can penetrate the market. According to Burrow, consumer perception relates to the image creating in the consumers mind regarding a particular product or service. Firms introducing new product in the market have a high probability of succeeding if consumers develop a positive image regarding the product (Burrow, 2008, p. 192). For example, the Colgate toothpaste brand has been able to maintain its high market standards as a market leader. This arises from the fact that the firm’s marketing team has been able to continuously convince consumers that the specific toothpaste brand is a necessity in the lives of its users. In the same way, Campbell Company will ensure that its customers develop a positive image with regard to its product. One of the ways through which this will be attained includes maintenance of a high nutritional value of the product. Considering the fact that the product, relates to health of children, the firm will depict the product in such a way that it promotes a progressive growth rate amongst children who consume the product. A short and precise statistic will be used to support the claim about our products value in terms of health. Information relating to the various ingredients that are used in making the soup will be given. These ingredients will have nutritional value and also prevent occurrence of certain common childhood diseases. This will be done in a vivid way that will give room for understanding. The information will be easy for the consumers to understand. Inclusion of scientific explanation about the content of the soup and its nutritional value will result into confusion. Information regarding the product will play a significant role in attracting customers to purchase the product. Motivation Influence and Related Strategy Motivation plays a significant role in the consumer decision making process. Without some form of motivation, consumers are rigid in making certain decisions. Despite the fact that the product being offered in the market being of high quality and or nutritional value in case of food products, consumers have to be motivated to purchase it. Motivational factors are classified into two categories which include rational and non-rational motivational factors (Shaw, 2004, pp.190-191). In order to succeed in its marketing strategy, the firm’s marketing team must capitalize on motivational issues in order to gain our customer’s attention. Rational motivation is basic. It relates to motivation which arises from factors such as product price, its durability, taste (in case of food products) and the existing economic balance. For example, developing a product whose price is set a high point may not be successful in the market despite its quality. This arises from the fact that consumers are price sensitive in their purchasing process. This means that a balance has to be established in relation to the when introducing a product in the market. On the other hand, non-rational motivational factors are secondary in nature and are basically leisure related. For example, one may be motivated to purchase Ferrari car model which costs more than Toyota Lexus model. However, Toyota Lexus has more advantage since it can be driven through rougher terrain while Ferrari model cannot. Such a decision may arise from prestige associated with Ferrari brand. The pleasure associated with driving a Ferrari might make a person supersede his rational motivational factor of price. It is therefore important to understand the factors that motivate one in his or her decision making. Within the food industry, taste is the basic motivator. In addition, price also goes in line with the product that is being sold. Food products such as soup does should not vary diversely in value from one company to the other. In order to succeed in the market, it is important for the firm to conduct a research in order to determine the most effective mixtures, flavor and color of soup that most appeals the customer. In marketing the product, it is important for the marketing team to give free samples of the favored soup type in hotels. The idea here is to capture the attention of a customer who will not only taste the soup, but will want to know more about the product. Use of free samples may be expensive to the firm but it is very effective in attracting customers. Incorporation of high quality in developing the product will motivate customers to purchase the product. In entering the Chinese market, the firm should ensure that it supplies the soup in flavors that appeal this market. For example, the local touch may be integrated. This will give the firm a high competitive advantage compared to other firms in the industry. The result will be creation of a high level of customer loyalty (Knapp, 2005, p.175). This arises from the fact that consumers will consider the soup to be indigenous. Incorporation of indigenous taste will contribute towards the firm positioning itself effectively in the market compared to other firms which supply soup products with foreign tastes to the Chinese market. Indigenous soup is considered have a high nutritional value. This type of motivation will play a significant role in motivating customers to consider purchasing the firm’s product. In creating market awareness through advertising, the firm will ensure that it communicates the benefits received from consuming the soup. For example, inclusion of Chinese herbs in process of producing the soup will be communicated. Consumers Attitude and Related Strategy In business, the customer is always right. Therefore, one should have sufficient marketing skills in order to convince a customer to buy something he is not too willing to purchase. There are a number of factors that should be considered in introducing a new product in the market and trying gaining the customer’s attention to purchase the product. These factors are directly related to consumers’ purchasing behaviors and attitudes. If these factors are not in line with consumers attitudes, it will be difficult to introduce the product. One of the most important aspects to consider is the customer’s attitude towards a certain product. Some products attain a high market value within a short time while other products take time. Introduction of new products in a new market requires extensive market awareness through various methods such as advertisement and branding in order to draw the attention of the customer. Some of the issues to be put into considerations include the norm of the society, the political atmosphere, the main religion, some common behaviors and legal environment of the country. This arises from the fact that they influence consumer’s attitude (Costa, 2003, p. 193). For example, the market for pork and other pig products in Islam related countries is very small due to the religion’s influence on consumption (Collins, 2006, p.10). The market for machines like the motorbike or the bicycle is relatively high and more favorable in India compared to USA. This arises from the fact that the economic atmosphere in US has surpassed this technology. The public transport system in the US is advanced and the market for such products like bicycles will be considered to be luxury than a necessity. Soup in China is considered as an indigenously acceptable product. The feeding culture in China is that people prefers more of their own indigenous products compared to foreign products. As a result, foreign food products in China therefore take longer than usual to be accepted in the local markets. Only international hotels and institutes provide foreign foods. This also applies to medicinal products. Tradition highly influences the market for these products in China (Olson, 2001, p.221). Chinese believe in the medicinal value of their products. Their culture is highly esteemed worldwide for the amount of tradition in medicine and health products that has been developed. Common diseases such as flu, coughs, headaches and physical injuries are managed with the aid of locally manufactured drugs (Ryan & Mahoney, 2002, p.144). From the above, analysis, it is evident that Chinese tradition influence consumers attitude hence their consumption pattern. The firm’s advantage in entering this market arises from the fact that the firm is introducing a product with a Chinese concept that is the “Chinese herb”. The firm’s promotional strategy will be geared towards meeting consumer product requirement in this market. For example, information related to the medicinal and nutritional value of the soup will be communicated to the customer. In marketing the product, the firm will mainly target mothers. As a result, the firm will evaluate the nutritional value highly demanded by mothers. For example, it is important to develop trust amongst mothers that their children will attain high nutritional value and health benefits from consuming the product. In promoting the product, the firm’s management team will incorporate the most appropriate form of communication. In order to attain this, the local language, diction and projection of local dialect will be used. Decision-making Criteria and Related Strategy The bond that is developed between the consumer and the product by the manufacturer is mainly created through their interaction. This means that the customer is more attracted to a product if it satisfying his or her psychological or sociological needs (Reynolds, 2001, p. 221). The more the product attracts the consumer, the stronger the bond and hence the increase in the level of sales. This means that it is important to make an effective decision in implementing the marketing strategy. A product’s strength is increased significantly if the marketing strategy is effective. The decision adopted contributes in building consumer’s confidence in the product. Consumers make decision to purchase a product from the trust he developed regarding the product. There are certain physical attributes that attract consumers towards certain products. Through attraction, a number of functional consequences are developed. These experiences go hand-in- hand with consumption of the product. As a result, a certain degree of desire is developed within the consumer. This entails the need to psychologically satisfy the desire. As a result, the consumer ends up making a decision to integrate the product in his or her consumption pattern. By developing consumer trust, it is possible for the marketing team to influence the decision making pattern. Marketers therefore should consider integrating the most effective marketing strategy in influencing consumer purchasing decision. In order to retain the customer, the marketer should convince the consumer that the product is authentic, trustworthy and is worth its purchase value. In marketing the firm’s product, it will be ensured that the consumer’s decision making process is influenced. This will be attained by researching on consumer purchasing patterns. The research will aid the firm in marketing the product thus preventing poor performance of the product in the market. The firm’s marketing team will formulate a comprehensive strategy to ensure that the product is accepted in the market. This will aid in minimizing possible doubt regarding the product that may arise from the consumers. Some of the doubts may arise from creation of a perception that the soup contains contents that are not considered to be authentic within the Chinese food industry. In addition, consumers may perceive that the soup lacks certain ingredients that are necessary in the soup. Gaining consumer trust is challenging and takes a long duration of time to achieve. Upon developing customer trust, the firm can survive in the market for a long time despite intense competition. Considering the fact that the firm’s main target customers are women, the firm has to ensure that it effectively influences them. This arises from the fact that they are skeptical about the products in the market especially if the product is to be consumed by children. They are very careful on what their children consume. Therefore, they take more precautionary measures with regard to their children’s consumption behavior. It is the management’s objective to ensure that the firm becomes the best supplier of food products in the market. This will be done via effective marketing. This will be attained by ensuring that children receive value from consuming the product. The result is that the firm will be able to develop a bond between the customers and the product. The goal is to develop a positive perception amongst mothers towards the product. For example, the high quality of the product will enable mothers view the soup to be similar to other supplements purchased in retail stores. The marketing will develop effective marketing ideas. For example, promotion of healthy growth amongst children in developing the products marketing plan will be considered in developing the marketing plan. As a result, it will also be profitable for the firm to expand the market idea in order to cater for the rest of the society. Target Segment Multimedia strategies Key external influences on target consumer segments There are a number of issues that influence the consumers in purchasing products or services. Some of these issues are internal such as consumer perception while others are external. As a matter of fact they play an important role in determining how the target market will be approached. Before a consumer makes a decision about something they have to be influenced by some factors best known to them in all occasions. In the long run the consumer will always look unto the influence that they got from either external or internal forces before they decide on an undertaking. This section will ultimately seek to evaluate external influences that a consumer is subjected to. External influences play an integral part in the target market as the customer is likely to consider this influence than that one coming from internal ones. One of the external influences that influence consumer purchasing behavior includes the consumers’ culture and his subsequent subculture. Culture influences a consumer in defining his beliefs, opinions, behaviors and some values that are necessary elements in their purchasing pattern (Lake, 2009, p.15). For example, this might be defined by what a consumer eats, dresses like and what they believe should done. As a result, culture influences an individual in choosing between satisfying a particular need or not. This can be prioritized depending on how urgent that particular need is to the consumer at a given time. In some occasions there are cases where a person’s culture might not allow them to make a decision on a particular product. Aspects such as religion, education and family control the consumer’s culture. More so, they are important when one has to make a decision on what to purchase or on what not to purchase. Firms intending to enter into the foreign market should evaluate the existing culture in determining the product to supply (Justin, 1966, p.100). This will enable the marketer to understand to the extent to which culture influences the probability of the product succeeding in the market. In our case it is important to know the diverse cultural aspects of the Chinese as they will tell the company more about the trends that relate to culture. These trends might either work in favor of the company’s product or be the main stumbling block in ensuring that the company gets a wide market share. Existing groups also influence individual consumption decision. In abroad aspects the said groups tend to share the same common interests. In other occasions these groups have the ability to influence each other on what should be done at a particular time in relation to a given undertaking. These groups relate to such entities such as peers, school groups, clubs amongst others in which the consumer belongs. The groups can be said to be either primary or secondary. Primary groups may include the family members and they influence the most due to the perceived closeness that they might have with a particular customer and hence they will be highly trusted. On the other hand the secondary group (organizations and clubs) can not be said to poses a lot of influence as they may not have a lot of personal interaction that is needed to make an informed decision between customers. Gaining extensive understanding of how these groups influence purchasing decision will also be of importance to the firm. It can not be assumed that their influence is minimal as whatever they say is given a lot of consideration than the information that they may get say from other sources that are available at their disposal. For example, the firm should evaluate how these groups operate, communicate and their influence on the product purchased (Kurtz, 2009, p.135). In order to attain this, the marketer should consider leaders of such groups. A leader is assumed to be the face of the society and the one whom they have entrusted to act on their behalf. It is therefore on this assumption that we form an opinion that if the leader endorses something they are not expected to give a lot of resistance as they will imgine that they are doing so for the interest of the society at large. Most of steps that these leaders take are not disputed in any way as people (customers) may not doubt their endorsement for the product. It is taken as positive nod from their leaders. Endorsement of the product by these group leaders can contribute towards the product succeeding amongst the group members. It can also be said that some groups have more power over the kind of decisions that customers will make over other groups. This is expected in a normal society as it can not occur that all the groups will have the same influence with the same degree of magnitude when it comes to critical decision making that involve business or purchases. When a person likes a particular group they will tend to act and behave like them and in cases where influence comes in they may not dispute any influences at they may tend to believe that this will make them be like the group that they so much look unto in the society and market as a whole. Another source of influence is the household structure. The marketing department should develop an understanding of some of the household issues that influence purchasing. These issues can not be ignored as they are the ones that form an integral part of the structure that includes the customers that the company may want to target in both the short and long run. For example, the management will have to consider, the family’s volume of consumption, its purchasing pattern and the decision roles held by various members of the family (Getz, 2004, p.32). Understanding these roles will enable the marketer to influence the decision making units. Every member of a family has the role that they play every now and then. This means that when it comes to making a decision in a particular issue they are the ones that will be most suited to handle the issue at hand and not the one who is supposed to be in charge of the said issue. By gaining this understanding the firm will be able to sell the product in the market. It is easier for the company to sell the products after it has known pretty well that there are some roles that may relate to the particular product in the society (which is a building block). Situational influences can also be termed as an external influence that might end up trickling to the target consumer that the company has decided to focus on at a given time. In other words these are atmospherics that in one way or another tend to influence the buying patterns that consumers will exhibit in the market at the prevailing circumstances. Examples of this can be said to be things like lightning, smell, color and in other cases music. This arises from the fact that sale of our soup product in China is greatly revolving around cultural issues, the existing groups and the household structure of the Chinese people. The Chinese a different culture that is very diverse and therefore needs to be well understood before any further undertaking can be taken with the best interest of the customers as the main focal point in nay scenario. Continuous research on the Chinese culture regarding the firm’s product will be conducted. The firm will focus on groups that are willing and are easier market to go approach. In this regard the firm will evaluate the behavior of the Chinese mothers. Multimedia Strategies for reaching Target Consumers Multimedia provides firms with a wide range of choices to consider from in selecting the most effective method of creating product awareness in the market. It also provides a high degree of creativity in creating awareness. Creativity will mainly come from the way the whole undertaking will be carried on. A medium of communication will not be effective if it lacks creativity as it is from this that customers are well taken care of. For example, the internet is one of marketing communication tools that is widely being used across by organizations across the world in creating effective interaction between firms and their customers. This is because people have embraced the internet in the way they conduct their business. In its market communication strategy, the firm will incorporate various tools which include use of television, the electronic billboards, internet and the radio. Educational campaigns are also an avenue that the company can use to reach its target market without a lot of straining (this is after coming up with the right modalities to do these). These campaigns can be done in an edutainment point of view so that the customers do not become bored but also at the same time receive information about the product. This helps to make customers to understand more about the products than just having a general overview (which is not good). Consideration of the target market is vital in selecting the tool to use. The firm will select a mode of advertising that will most appeal to women. This is because the target market might not exhibit the same character inclinations. For example, it will ensure that the advertisements posted on television, print materials such as magazines and newspapers are appealing to the eye. It is easily achievable if there is a proper and extensive research that will come up with the best way to do this. This will be attained by ensuring that the pictures used are colorful. The product will be effectively branded so as to appeal the customers. This will contribute towards ensuring that the advertisement appeals to these consumers’ emotions. The emotions that an advertisement creates on the potential customer are very important in the success of a given product. In addition, the slogans that will be used in marketing the product will also be catchy and emotional. These slogans tend to create a permanent impact on the consumer that might not even be easy to disappear in the mind of the target customer. Use of multimedia will ensure that product information is effectively communicated in the market (Hertog, 2001, p.146). It can not be ignored that proper market communication will be very helpful in making customers to be better informed about the product at all times. Creation of market awareness via use of multimedia will enable the firm to cope with competition. It is undeniable that multimedia can help the company achieve its projections depending on what they had anticipated to achieve over a given period. This can also help them in redefining the way they do business. Conclusion Introduction of a new product in the market can contribute towards success of a product in the market. In order to attain this, the firm has to integrate strategic marketing in its operation. One of the ways through which this can be attained is via expansion of its market. By venturing into Chinese market, there is a high probability of the firm succeeding. However, Chinese market is complex and hence the need to conduct a comprehensive research. This will enable the management team to gain knowledge on the most effective way to penetrate the market. Chinese are proud of their indigenous culture. As a result, they use foreign product only when it is necessary. In order to penetrate this market, it is vital for firms to incorporate a local touch. In an effort to venture Chinese food industry, Campbell will introduce a soup product with that fits the market requirement. One of the issues to be considered in producing the soup is inclusion of medicinal and nutritional values. In addition, some of the ingredients to be used in producing the soup include the Chinese herbs. This will serve in giving the soup a local taste. Learning outcomes It is evident that a firm’s success in marketing is dependent on the strategies implemented. The marketing strategies are important as they define the route that the whole process of marketing the product will take. Some of the issues which have to be considered include consumer product requirements. This is because in some occasions consumers can have some specific requirements that they need attended to for them to fully embrace the product. The product being introduced in the market must be in line with the market needs. This will ensure that a large number of consumers are attracted to purchase the product. In addition, the product must be unique in order to attain a high competitive advantage relative to other competing products. This uniqueness ultimately adds to the attainment of customer satisfaction; the end result is the attainment of a good market share in the long run. In addition, the firm through its marketing must ensure that it motivates consumers to purchase the product despite the benefits associated with the product being supplied in the market. Motivation is very vital as the market is diverse and always expecting new ways of doing things. In relation to these, there might be occasions where consumers like the product but they are not being motivated to buy it and this will therefore call for a strategic approach for enhanced customer motivation. This means that extensive marketing has to be conducted. Motivation acts as an incentive which influences consumer’s decision making process. The type of motivation used by marketers varies from one industry to another. In addition, consideration of consumer attitude in the marketing process is vital in ensuring that the product succeeds in the market. Consumer attitude can result from internal or external forces. These attitudes that customers have towards a product must be well evaluated and the company should come up with the best avenue to deal with this. Consideration of consumer attitude enables the company to make a decision on the best product to supply in the market. This is because the company might want to supply the product more often but consumers have a bad opinion (which translates to bad attitude) about the product that is being offered. Analyzing customer attitude contributes towards the success of a product in the market. Factors such as culture, religion, peer influence and family background influence the consumer’s choice of a product. As a result of these influences, the marketer has to find a breakthrough in influencing consumers purchasing decision. Reference List Burrow, James, L. 2008 . Consumer Perceptions, Marketing. 3 rd ed. Boston Massachusetts: Cengage Learning, p. 192 Collins, Francis. 2003. Goodbye Saudi Arabia. Trafford, Canada: Trafford Publishing, p.10 Costa, Carlos, 2006. Communication, Management dynamics: trends, management and tools Riverport Lane Maryland: Butterworth-Heinemann, p. 193 Donald. , 2004. Organizational Modifiers. The family business in tourism and hospitality. Kielce, Poland: CABI, p.32 Heather, Zeppel. 2006. Indigenous ecotourism: sustainable development and management , Kielce, Poland CABI, p.243 Hertog, Pim. 2001. Multimedia Cluster Performance, Innovative clusters: drivers of national innovation systems. Paris, France: OECD Publishing, p. 146 Knapp, Michael C., 2008. Never Underestimate the Power of Soup, Contemporary Auditing: Real Issues and Cases . 7 th ed. Belmont, California: Cengage Learning, p. 175 Kumar, Ramesh. 2010. Consumer Perception and Marketing Strategies, Consumer Behavior and Branding: Concepts, Readings and Cases. Noida, India: Pearson Education, p. 25 Kurtz, David, L. 2009. Social Influences, Contemporary Marketing. South Melbourne, Victoria: Cengage Learning, p.135 Lake, Laura. 2009. Introduction to Consumer Behavior, Consumer behavior for Dummies. Maryland, Florida: For Dummies, 2009, p. 15 Macinnis, J., Deborah. 2008. Consumer Behavior Case. Consumer Behavior. 5 th ed. Boston, Massachusetts: Cengage Learning, p. 282 Olson, Corrie, Jerry, 2001. Distinctions from Consumer-Attitude survey Research. Understanding consumer decision making: the means-end approach to marketing . Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Routledge, p. 221 Paul, Justin. 1966. International Marketing: Text and Case. McGraw-Hill, New York: Tata McGraw-Hill, p. 100 Reynolds, Thomas, John. 2001. Means- End Fundamentals. Understanding consumer decision making: the means-end approach to marketing. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Routledge, 2001, p.221 Ryan, James, & Mahoney F., Peter. 2002. Conflict and catastrophe medicine: a practical guide . USA, New York: Springer, p. 144. Shaw, John, J., 2004. Motivation. International marketing: analysis and strategy. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Routledge, pp 190-191

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Trends in Consumer Buying Habits Report (Assessment) Digitization = Customization Trends in consumer buying habits There are various changing trends in consumer buying habits. This has been seen in recent years as people become more knowledgeable and demanding (Joshi, 2005, p. 12). Consumer trends have changed and become unpredictable because the current consumer is more informed and knows what he is supposed to get. Information has been spread by various mediums of communication. This has enlightened consumers on their rights as far as choice is concerned. It means that consumers are choosier. In our case, the approach to marketing has been changing in recent years. This is because companies are supposed to develop products and services that meet the needs of these consumers in both perspectives (Joshi, 2005, p. 15). The marketing concept that has been adopted is not likely to change in any given case because this trend is expected to continue taking shape. Although consumers are distinct in what they prefer, companies are supposed to offer them various versions and models of products so that they do not complain. These concept is not expected to change any time soon because technology is moving forward and allowing companies to customize products and services as per their customers needs (Joshi, 2005, p. 11). Because of this, there are various changes that are expected to take centre stage as far as marketing is concerned. Such changes might include paying more attention to consumers so that one can tell what they are likely to demand. This means that marketing will have to be redefined for consumers to get the right information because they rely on it to make informed decisions in relation to buying goods and services (Joshi, 2005, p. 14). In a broad perspective changes must be made on how companies relate with consumers. Shifts in behaviors have an impact on the marketing strategy that companies will settle on. These changes in consumer behavior have different impacts. For instance, more technological shifts in behavior will demand that companies embrace the same practice (Joshi, 2005, p. 18). As consumers become more informed about the products that they need to consume, companies should ensure that these specifications and likings are catered for to avoid any disappointments. More consumer changes might demand that companies choose sophisticated ways of marketing their products so that they can reach as many people as possible (Joshi, 2005, p. 14). This means that they have to be more committed in their marketing activities for enhanced sustainability. The shifts in behavior and its impact on overall market strategy There are products that can not allow for product customization. This therefore means that traditional market segmentation and targeting will be more applicable (Joshi, 2005, p. 22). An example of such products is some medicinal drugs or the medical industry. A given drug is meant to take care of all patients and there are cases where they can not be compromised to suit a given individual. This therefore demands that they are supposed to suit the market as they were made rather than them being customized in a given scenario. Although there are trends in consumer buying habits, the fact still remains that patients need these drugs as they are so that they can get well. Customization can only be allowed in small incidences but it is practically impossible. Changing consumer patterns might only be met by engaging in more research to come up with good drugs. This means that consumers are expected to cope up with what has been developed for them as they have no capacity to dictate (Joshi, 2005, p. 24). In this case, consumers will be expected to be consistent with what is offered. Changes might be expected in relation to how these drugs are marketed but this will be minimal. It means that marketing will be factual (Joshi, 2005, p. 31). This will occasionally be changed in relation to the drug that is being offered. Marketers will need to be vigilant and ensure that consumers get all the information in relation to a given drug. Shifts in demand for a given drug will make companies to change the way they market their products. Shifts will also be necessitated by increased information about drugs and their importance or the situation at hand and the mood on the ground. Watching M&Ms Grow M&M had developed a new version that targeted adults. This was done by coming up with new appealing colors that were to specifically appeal to the adults (Thompson, 2005, p. 3). Segmentation is mostly done after a good research has been conducted to determine if it is viable to undertake the exercise. It is only through this that a given company will be able to tell if it is in the right basis to do so. These types of research design include; exploratory, casual and descriptive. Exploratory research unearths all the important points, attitudes, behaviors and perceptions in the market about a given situation. This goes into a deep analysis that ensures that there is concrete information. Descriptive research lays more emphasis on the occurrence of a given issue in the market with an aim of carrying out a good analysis’s (Holliday, 2007, p. 5). With this approach, the company can be able to predict the likelihood of an occurrence recurring. Casual research is majorly concerned with knowing the cause- effect relationship in relation to a given market issue. It can be used to test the various market scenarios that a company wants to engage in (Holliday, 2007, p. 14). More so, it can be used to tell if a given change in the design of a product will likely result to an increase in sales. The use of research design in each case is supposed to help the company choose the best decision that will optimize what they had projected to achieve. For instance, with exploratory design, the company will be able to get the right facts about an undertaking that they would wish to undertake. This helps to take care of all precautionary issues. For a company to make informed decisions about its marketing strategies they are supposed to be well acquitted with what is necessary (Holliday, 2007, p. 8). Descriptive research will help the company to make sound decisions about products and services based on past analysis. This will look at the past history for such activities that other companies have been involved in to tell if the company might be successfu in its endeavors. If they are able to tell the likelihood of a given strategy being successful or not they will be in a good position to enhance success. Causal research will be used by companies to know the relationship (Holliday, 2007, p. 15). This will help it to tell the impact of coming up with changes in a particular way. The company will ultimately be able to tell the expected changes in relation to sales should it decide to make any changes about its product. In order for the company to make the final decision about a given option, it must use the most appropriate research design. Consumer habit analysis is very demanding and as such needs the best research design. Therefore, the most appropriate research design method to use in consumer analysis is exploratory research. As much as other methods are efficient in one way or another, exploratory research tends to give out the right information in relation to attitudes, behaviors and attitudes in a given market (Holliday, 2007, p. 17). These are very important as they ultimately form a habit. Any habit that consumers form about a given product will influence their consumption patterns in a large perspective. If a company understands these habits well, it will be in a good position to satisfy their demands. M&M might have decided to develop a new version targeting adults after doing a good and extensive consumer habit analysis (Holliday, 2007, p. 13). Though the company saw this as a good strategy, it was not a good segmentation strategy for it to develop a new version targeting adults. Those products have not succeeded as it is very hard to find them in stores or mass merchandisers (Thompson, 2005, p. 5). This implies that the strategy has not helped to make customers demand the products more often than they used to do before. On the other hand, it confirms the held notion that these products are not moving in any way. Therefore, the company needs to develop a good marketing strategy that will appeal to every consumer and ensure that they are comfortable. In this argument, it is better if they pursued a mass marketing approach to reach a wide base rather than just targeting adults alone. Reference List Holliday, A. R. (2007). Doing and Writing Qualitative Research . London: Sage Publications. Joshi, R, M. (2005). International Marketing . New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Ross, J. (2005). Product placement for the whole family . New York: New York Times. Thompson, S. (2005). M&M’s Gain Weight, Get New Dye Job . New York: Advertising age.

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Contrasting an Online Class to a Traditional Class Compare & Contrast Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. An Online Class 3. A Traditional Class 4. Conclusion Introduction A college or an advanced degree was historically a dream among many people especially the full time employed people and family oriented career professionals but today academic achievements are a reality that is almost becoming the standard style. Many people are taking studies concurrently with their jobs in the aim of becoming apprentices in their field of specialization. Most people mainly work to get good remunerations, but the level of payment mostly depends on skill area and level of skills. What many potential students have discovered is the ability to blow off their academic limits by considering other options of attending classes without having to be physically involved. This is a practical strategy of influencing the payment levels or staying competitive in the job market among the part-time students. What are the differences between the online classes and the physical or traditional classes? An Online Class Online classes provide one with a chance to learn by combining college theory work, with the work training provided by employers at the work place. According to online education guides, one is able to get a competitive edge over those who have to attend fulltime classes physically before they can engage work placements. One can easily connect the online studies to real work situations, thus making the learning process to become easier, since there is no need to keep remembering facts. Much of the learning is achievable though application of what one learns during fieldwork. An online study therefore provides one with the ability to turn theories to practice without further delays. The diversity of technology and availability of wide choices without any physical limits enables a student to be in a position of recognizing institutions with high qualifications internationally and enroll in the best institutions, without extra economic requirements such as travel and accommodation expenses. A Traditional Class With a traditional class, one attends the class full-time as per the set class schedule. Here most of the learning occurs theoretically with fewer practical or applications that do not involve real job market as in the online class, where one has freedom to practice. However, the learner is able to concentrate on the syllabus taught fully without interruptions and later translate the theory practically in the job market. Unlike the online class, the learner’s errors may cause inconveniences to training, the traditional class is different as all materials and facilities are for learning purposes. There is also no much pressure on the student in traditional class as the instructors or teachers are patient to guide one through, unlike online class where the learner or even the instructors are on pressure to meet the high market level. In most cases, the traditional class syllabus is usually a bit wider hence offering the trainee much more as opposed to online classes where there is lack of provisions for diversification of the subject. Educational websites restrict the materials to what is necessary for the trainee rather than wasting resources on giving what is pertained in the whole field of expertise. Traditional classes offer one freedom to choose from the whole library of books. Conclusion The choice between online classes and the traditional classes solely depends on career requirements or vital and technical skills requirements, therefore one should be in a position to make a personal choice that will enable achievement of goals by contrasting between the two. Recent changes in the global market require people who are able to invest heavily in education, thus the need to find alternative methods of attending classes. Either Part or full time learning can enhance competitive edge and ability to find extra skills in educational level for career advancement.

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Eddy Cue as a Creative Thinker Critical Essay Most people argue that there are no secrets to success. However, successful managers assert that there are several considerations which should be taken into account while implementing a development strategy. Eddy Cue, the vice president of Apple, began working from a strategic base around which he has turned round the company. This paper looks at how one can implement a strategic development idea in a creative way like Eddy Cue did hence the phrase a ‘creative thinker’. It is important to gauge an entrepreneur’s source of inspiration. Every project begins with an idea. An idea may be born out of the needs of customers or out of corporate studies. An idea forms the platform and the path on which the thinker follows. Upon coming up with the idea, the right and easily affordable tools should be used to implement the idea. In addition, critical ideas should be sifted out to establish their effectiveness. It is also crucial to involve the community and top innovators to evaluate and comment about your project. With time, shift from ad- hoc decisions to clearly drawn procedures that will help establish the true rating of the product ideas (Stamm, 2008, p.367- 374). These are the practical things that Eddy Cue found necessary. For any strategic project to succeed, time and personal determination are a requirement. Cue’s creative concepts were based on efficient time allocation. Just because one has a concrete idea is not enough to ensure that the project succeeds. A sufficient amount of time will be required to ensure that the project to turns into a reality. Creative work is also driven along the motivation for the project. It is therefore important to maintain the motivation through discipline and consistency (Gonzalez, 2008, para. 8). The approach that an individual gives the idea determines the success of the project. After securing enough time Eddy Cue gave his strategic idea a comprehensive approach. He assumed the position of a leader towards his distribution of tasks and programming. As a leader in a project it is critical to draw proper designs and adequately distribute the applications. Success in implementing development strategies is driven by involving customers in the early stages of the project. This ensures that there is a ready market for the product being designed. Early adopters and consumers who are open too new ideas will always embrace the product. This in turn will provide the business with an additional market unlike other businesses where the consumers need awareness first and trials of the product being introduced (Stamm, 2008, p.367- 374). Finally, creative innovators think about how the product will be delivered. As a result of the radical innovations within Apple Company, Eddy Cue and his management crew embarked on providing sufficient information to the external community. This equips the customers with the right information about the product or service hence minimizing false expectations among the potential users of the product or service. Further, Eddy Cue paid attention to his daily behaviors so as to ensure that they were in line with his strategic idea (Gonzalez, 2008, p.367- 374). In summation, software development requires generation of effective ideas. In addition, sufficient time should also be allocated to ensure that the implementation process succeeds. The success of the project is also determined by the effectiveness with which various tools and techniques are incorporated. Reference List Gonzalez, J. (2008). Developing for the iPhone – chapter two: the strategy. Web. Stamm, B. (2008). Managing innovation, design and creativity . U.S: John Wiley and Sons. https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=IlC7bN94zWgC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

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Crisis Management: Fire and Rescue Services Report Introduction It is estimated that fire accidents in United Kingdom kill almost 800 people and injure 15,000 other people every year (Wang Para. 1). In responding to accidents of fire, the findings also show that for the last six decades, the provision for crisis fire fighting response in the country has involved consideration for the density of the built environment (Wang, par.1). Fire accidents are estimated to occur mostly in domestic areas as compared to urban areas whereby, 75 per cent of all deaths resulting from fire occur in domestic dwellings (Wang Para. 1). As a result, major efforts in fighting fire have centered on developing risk-based asset management systems that in turn have been used to transfer reasonably, fire and rescue resources as well as improve the operations that for a long time have based on risks to life, property and the environment. Fire accidents in nature of occurrence constitute a crisis, which if not properly managed may cause many damages. Past studies indicate that some treatment theories have been employed in facilitating fire risk assessment and management, but the detailed literatures reveal that there is absence of a holistic leadership crisis management framework that can be used in fire and rescue services. In an attempt to address this specific identified research issue, this research paper will try to propose a leadership crisis management framework in relation to fire and rescue services. The study will employ appropriate research methodologies and tools in reviewing the available literature based on crisis management before coming up with a framework that can be employed in fire and rescue services. What is a crisis? David Liss, analyze the term crisis and note that, “any circumstance or set of circumstances become a crisis at some point during the life of any organization or individuals” (Liss Para. 3). According to the author, a crisis is any event that inevitably has to befall an organization or individuals in their lifetime. Oxford Dictionary defines a crisis as the “a condition of instability in social, economic, political or international affairs leading to a decisive change; further, crisis is a stage in a sequence of events at which the trend of all future events, for better or for worse is determined” (cited in Mukhopadhyay 1 ). On the other hand, Samuel Miller state that “Crisis is God’s call to us to reach a new level of humanity, where after a disorder or chaos a new order takes place, after triumphing over an impending crisis, man has to learn to prevent recurrence of a similar crisis or to management a natural crisis after it has occurred” (cited in Mukhopadhyay 2). Thomas Paine, credited as being one of the America’s founders of independence, was believed to have published the first stories concerning crisis which was later christened as, ‘The American Crisis’. He noted that every form of crisis constitutes a testing time of human and when the crisis is overcome after being managed properly, humans find a state of peace and tranquility (Mukhopadhyay 2). From his stories, it is evident that in the eventuality of a crisis and afterwards, the fortune of humans are greatly transformed; thus “crisis is a short span of life during which many events are compressed and after the crisis is over a new development takes place during a longer span of life” (Mukhopadhyay 2). Goel states that a crisis can be regarded as “a major, unpredictable event that threatens to harm an organization and its stakeholders and although crisis events are unpredictable they are not unexpected” (Goel p.25). From this perspective, crises have the potential to cause impacts on all segments of the society that may include businesses, churches, educational institutions, families, non-profits, and the government. The author establishes three characteristics that constitute a crisis, whereby a crisis is seen to be “a threat to the organization, the element of surprise, and a short decision time” (Goel 25). Further, a crisis can be seen to have impacts on an organization in terms of operational viability, reputation of the organization, credibility of the organization, financial stability for the organization and legal action that the organization may encounter. When a crisis takes place, three major stages have to be fulfilled: pre-crisis, crisis, and resolution/post-crisis. Martin Loosemore sums up the concept of crisis by noting that whatever level a crisis may take place or occur, a crisis is always seen as “a low probability, unexpected, high-impact event that is not covered by contingency plans and that crises represent an immediate and serious threat to high priority goals, placing managers under extreme time pressure to find a non-routine solution” (Loosemore 5) Crisis management Modern setting has presented a situation of inevitability for organizations and individuals to think or assume they are immune to crisis. Crisis may take place unexpectedly in form of accident, attack or just a natural calamity. As a result, it is becoming necessary to manage organizations in anticipation that crisis can happen any time. Most definitions of crises have heavily associated crisis to a threat and despite this, many crisis management theories have paid little concern to the likely impacts of threat for effective decision making under any condition of crisis. Liss note that it is an unavoidable fact that a crisis at some point will happen in an organization and therefore, management in most organizations have been instructed to have adequate plans in place on numerous occasions where they should allocate enough resources to deal with crises when they occur (Liss Para. 3). Mukhopadhyay observes that, due to many crises that are befalling organizations, management of crisis and the subsequent prevention efforts to such crises has greatly assumed an increasing important role (Mukhopadhyay p.3). Today, most organizations have established crisis or disaster management teams that are instituted with responsibilities of investigating causes of crisis, suggested ways to avoid such crisis and recommend mechanisms to manage a crisis after it has occurred. In analyzing the concept of crisis management, there are key issues in form of questions that guide crisis management teams. For instance, Mukhopadhyay notes that the most relevant questions asked about crisis management are “why did the crisis occur, was the crisis managed effectively and efficiently, could chaos be prevented during the crisis, could the crisis be averted, would the crisis reoccur, and so on” (Mukhopadhyay 3). Crisis management involves efforts to prevent crises from taking, adequate preparation for a better protection against the impact of a crisis agent, making an effective response to an actual crisis, and providing plans and key resources for recovery and rehabilitation in the aftermath of a crisis. According to National Research Council-U.S, crisis management constitute all activities that range from the immediate response to mitigation and preparedness efforts that are always aimed at reducing the consequence of future actions and take place over a longer time period (National Research Council-U.S 2). Therefore, crisis management involves four main phases: 1. Crisis response, where quick actions are needed in terms of coordinating necessary resources and facilities in order to address the crisis. 2. Crisis recovery, where numerous short-term activities are designed in order for the organization to go back to normal situation and long-term activities that generally are designed to return infrastructure systems to predisaster conditions. 3. Mitigation, this involves formulating and adhering to systematic efforts with aim to reduce the effects of disasters on people and property. 4. Preparedness, on its part involves the various activities that are adopted before a crisis occurs and they may include training and exercises that may be intended to increase readiness in relation to crisis response (National Research Council-U.S p.4). Crisis management models Numerous theories have been developed that address the issue of crisis management, for instance, Pearson and Clair, developed a model of crisis management which postulated that effectiveness of any crisis management process is affected by executive perceptions about risk, the environment context, individual and collective responses, and planned responses (cited in Turner 456 ). Mitroff and Pearson on the other hand presented a multistage model which could be utilized to respond to crisis, where they suggested that effective response to crisis are more likely to be successful if the organization has adequately prepared for the crises and again if the management team has adequately received necessary training. Accordingly, they suggest that effective management of crises can be achieved when detection activities are undertaken, damage and containment activities are pursued, and communication with the media is effectively handled (cited in Turner p.456). Gonzalez-Herrero and Pratt on the other hand created “a four-phase crisis management model process that includes: issues management, planning-prevention, the crisis, and post-crisis” (cited in Small Business Encyclopedia 1). The model postulates that for a crisis to be effectively managed there is need to define the crisis that has occurred and the factors that have contributed to the occurrence of the crisis. Another model is the management crisis-planning model, which outlines that although no organization anticipates to be struck by an immediate disaster, which can result into media scrutiny, the organization’s management is however supposed to be prepared to give the best response to any crisis when it eventually occurs (Small Business Encyclopedia 1). Contingency planning theory on the other perspective suggests that organizations should have in place early response mechanisms before a crisis can occur. In this regard, organizations should have crisis management plans that formulated by crisis management teams, and the crisis management plans should clearly indicate the people who are supposed to speak for the organization when a crisis occurs. The model further indicates that when crises do take place, the crisis management team should act with speed and efficiency if effective management of the crisis is to be realized. Further, the contingency plan should be design in such a way that, “it contain information and guidance that will help decision makers to consider not only the short-term consequences but the long-term effects of every decision” (Small Business Encyclopedia 1). Lastly, there is the structural-functional systems model, which on its part notes that during the period of a crisis it is important to provide adequate and reliable information to the organization if any effective crisis management is to be realized (Small Business Encyclopedia 1). Moreover, the model identifies how information networks and levels of command are crucial in making up the organizational communication and it postulate that information circulation in the organization is carried out in networks that involve members and different links (Small Business Encyclopedia 1). Fire prevention strategies in United Kingdom Since the fire regulation safety measures were instituted, there has been a decrease in number of fire accidents in the country (Bratt Para. 1). However, what is notable is the fact that even with available safety regulations, there is no 100 per cent guarantee of safety when fire strikes. The formulation of the safety regulations has been commended as one big leap towards managing crisis caused fires and this may earn appreciation in some section of the society. However, evidence from the safety regulation manuals shows little attention has been paid to the role a manager or the head of an institution should play in managing crisis of fire (Bratt Para. 1). Moreover, leadership has been recognized as the key aspect that when effectively used in an organization, then management of fire crisis can be addressed appropriately. Fire safety regulations requires institutions, organizations and even individuals to “design any structure with fire safety in mind, equip the structure with firefighting equipment, regularly monitor the conditions of the equipment, and lastly to conduct fire safety training for all employees” (Bratt Para. 1-5). These steps and requirements are perfect, but when the role of leadership is divorced from them then their success is doomed. Crisis management has been seen as a young field and therefore little efforts have been done to train managers and other organizational leaders on how well to manage crises. For example, according to an article published by Free Management Library, an effective crisis management plan should involve “forecasting potential crises and planning how to deal with them” (Free Management Library Para. 1). Further, the article suggests that many organizations possess key resources and time that are crucial in completing a crisis management plan before any crisis can strike the organization. In the modern world where crisis is inevitable, crisis management techniques largely dwell on identifying the actual nature of the crisis that has taken place or is likely to take place; in a systematic way intervene in order to reduce the damaging effect of the crisis; and finally, device ways to recover from the crisis (Free Management Library par.1). Throughout this process, an effective leadership is instrumental in realizing the goals of any crisis management plan. Why leadership is necessary in crisis management Crisis management as defined earlier is the process “by which an organization deals with a major unpredictable event that threatens to harm the organization, its stakeholders, or the general public” (Matai Para. 1). Managers who have an overall role to ensure the success and continuity of the organization lead organizations; hence, they have a responsibility to avert any crisis or threat to the organization. Second, when a crisis has taken place in the organization performance of things will have to change. New ways to deal with future crises will need to be developed and the person to facilitate and foster this is a leader of the organization. Leadership therefore is intertwined with crisis management. Matai notes that leaders have a role to reduce the effects of a crisis when it occurs. In addition, they should be the people at fore front to address the strategic challenges which their organizations face, formulate ways to avoid the reoccurrence of such pitfalls and the general paths they should establish in order to follow in managing crises (Matai par.8). According to the author, crisis leadership constitutes five important tasks: “sense making, decision making, and meaning making, terminating, and learning” (Matai par.8). Crisis Management leadership framework Leadership framework for crisis management Source: ALAGSE, N.d. As expressed earlier in the literature, effective leadership is the key to efficient crisis management in any organization. First, six key leadership characteristics have been identified that are crucial in any crisis. The six are: the leader confronted with any crisis should as the first step create and establish trust in the organization; leader should embark on a detailed process of instituting reforms with the aim of changing the widespread mindset of the organization with regard to crisis; leader should institute a process that he or she can use to identify the observable and incomprehensible vulnerabilities that the organization may be facing; leader to be wise and first in making decisions that need courage; and lastly, leader should have ability to learn from the crisis and in coordinated way lead the process of effecting change (Small Business Encyclopedia 1). Further, research done in the area of crisis management and leadership have found out that for a leader to succeed in managing a particular crisis, the organization’s environment should be competent enough to offer the leader with the necessary help through the existence of firm structures in the organization. On his part, Goel observes that effectiveness of leader in crisis management can be realized when the particular fulfills certain and key requirements. 1. The leader has “to institutionalize the process of crisis management to anticipate, prepare, and mitigate a likely crisis,” and to succeed in this, the leader needs the support of the organization (Goel 248). 2. The leader has the responsibility to clarify the goals and purpose of the crisis management plan, which in its formulation should reflect the goals, values, objectives, and philosophy of the organization. Leadership at this level should provide guidance as to how crisis management policy should be drafted and the leader should provide an enabling environment for the members to carry out their responsibilities. 3. The leader has the mandate to establish a crisis management team tasked with the responsibility to ensure all crises, both existing and potential ones are dealt with completely. At this stage, leadership should be at forefront in empowering the core team in carrying out its duties. 4. Next is for the leader to foster an effective and elaborate communication strategy and infrastructure during the period of crisis, as this will help to ensure there is timely and reliable communication both to internal and external stakeholders at all times. 5. Further, the leader collaborates with external agencies in a bid to enhance skills and resources to mitigate any potential crises in the future. 6. The leader should be able and ready to institute training that relates to crisis management to members in the organization, as this will help the members to be prepared in case a crisis occur (Goel 248). Leadership and crisis resolution Crisis resolution framework Source: ALAGSE, N.d After a crisis has taken place in all measures, the organization and other key stakeholders look to the leadership as the instrument to resolve the crisis. As such, crisis resolution has evolved to become part of crisis management and hence role for the leader to carry out. The assumption here is that there may be availability of effective crisis management plans and tools as far as the organization is prepared to respond to a crisis. However, the success of such instruments will rely on the particular and unique direction the leader adopts, thus the outcome of the adopted direction will greatly affect the overall perception the public and other stakeholders will have about the organization (ALAGSE Para. 9). Therefore, the values the leader creates and establishes over a period will act as the gauge where the leader will effectively resolve the crisis. Although no adequate framework can be developed as to how a leader can handle crisis resolution more effectively, there has existed a possible framework, which can be adopted by various organizations of course with possible adjustment in accordance to the specific organization. The crisis resolution framework is based on the assumption that a crisis in any organization should be expected and hence, there needs to be a strategic plan coupled with risk management plan. In resolving the crisis, the leader has to utilize various lessons he or she has learnt and acquired then make a clear communication to the organization members, a procedure that should manifest itself in learning. This will enable the leader to effect the necessary changes. Conclusion Crises in organizations are inevitable. While some crises may be predictable, others happen unexpectedly with a surprise. However, organizations irrespective of their nature or size cannot claim to be immune to crises. Every organization is at risk, thus the sound leadership will define the continuity of the organization during and after crisis. Crisis management therefore will greatly succeed if there is an effective leadership that is able to facilitate and implement an effective crisis management plan. Without a sound leadership however, there may be crisis management plans and teams, while the organization will not escape the impacts of the crisis when it occur. Therefore, it is prudent for all organizations and other institutions to develop a reliable, effective, and dependable crisis management leadership that can be instrumental in guiding the organization towards effective management of crises. Works Cited ALAGSE. Promoting Thought Leadership. Web. Bratt, Dale. How to prevent fire-related accidents in the workplace . Web. Free Management Library. Crisis Management . Web. Goel, Suresh. Crisis management: master the skills to prevent disasters . New Delhi, India Publications. 2009. Web. Liss, David. Fire Drill: Preparing for Crisis. 2002. Web. Loosemore, Martin. Crisis management in construction projects . MA, ASCE Publications. 2000. Web. Matai, D. How Can Leadership Strengthen Crisis Management? Survival Guide for the 21 st Century . Web. Mukhopadhyay, Kumar. A. Crisis and disaster management turbulence and aftermath . New Delhi, New Age International. 2005. Web. National Research Council-U.S. Summary of a workshop on information technology research for crisis management . US, National Academies Press. 1999. Web. Small Business Encyclopedia . Crisis Management . Web. Turner, Marlene. E. Groups at work: theory and research . NY, Routledge. 2001. Web. Wang, J. A Risk-Based Fire and Rescue Management System . Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. 2009. Web.

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Critical Thinking Method vs. The Elements of Thought Questions: Finding Out Which Method Is More Effective Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Compare and Contrast 2. Which one is better? 3. Conclusion 4. References There is no need to elaborate the fact that critical thinking is a very important skill that can be the difference between success and failure or just the ability to receive and act upon information provided by authors, commentators and leaders of society. However, the ability to think critically is not a skill that can easily be picked up and master like taking up a particular sport or hobby. Critical thinking requires practice and mental discipline. But this does not mean that only a few can learn the ability to think critically. The first step is to find a system or a method that can help in developing this particular skill, especially when it comes to analyzing a book, article or website. One method can be seen in the book entitled Asking the right questions: A Guide to Critical Thinking and the second one is quite similar and called Elements of Thought Questions , these two are actually two sets of questions, a guide that can help a person to develop critical thinking skills Compare and Contrast There are a lot of similarities and differences as well. For example from Asking the Right Questions the first two questions: 1) What are the issues and conclusions? and 2) What are the reasons?; are similar to Elements of Thought’s first two questions: 1) What is the author’s purpose and 2) What is the author’s point of view? The similarity lies in the objective of the questions and the type of answer that these can generate. This type of questions will reveal the purpose of writing an article or book and at the same time clarifies the main idea that the author wanted to communicate to the readers. These questions also seek to find out the author’s mindset and why he made those statements. These two methods provide a good way to begin the analysis of a written document. The two methods also are similar in how both tried to uncover the assumptions made by the author and this is a good way to find out where the article is heading and how the author tried to develop his ideas based on an assumption that has to be accepted as true in order to proceed. There is also a similarity when it comes to identifying the evidence presented by the author. There are also differences when comparing the two methods. The first one can generate more detailed answers but the second method can produce generalizations and subjective answers. For example the second method simply asks the question: “What evidence is provided?” On the other hand the first method does not only ask about the evidence but even provides a follow-up question: “How good is the evidence?” as well as “Are the statistics deceptive?” (Bronwne & Keeley, 2010). Another major difference is the way the second method ends the critical thinking process. It asks a simple question: “What are the conclusions?” This question is not the most crucial when it comes to the end part of the analysis process. In fact, the first method places this question in the very beginning of the whole thinking exercise because the main goal of critical thinking is not to repeat what the author has stated but to figure out the truth. Which one is better? There is no question that the second method helps the reader think because it provides a guide in the form of questions. However, it can only lead the reader up to a certain point and the best thing that it can hope to achieve it is to solicit opinions from them and not help them think through the problem. The first method is more effective because it does not solicit opinion from the readers but help them develop a critical thinking mindset such as not to believe everything that they read but to figure out if the assertions of the author was based on fallacy, hearsay, unproven assumptions or truth. The first method is the better guide and one can see this from the very beginning of the process when it comes to the question regarding issues and conclusions. It immediately sets the tone and does not beat around the bush going straight to the point to determine what the author is attempting to communicate and how he uses information to persuade or inform. There is urgency in the questions that demands clear answer and this will help separate assumptions, lies, propaganda, ulterior motive etc. The second method on the other hand regresses by asking questions that can be answered in different ways therefore the process does not actually teach readers how to think critically but to express how they perceive the article and what they believe is the impact on the person who will read the article or book. This can be seen in the question: “What are the implications?” This puts pressure on the readers the wrong way because it does not help them analyze the information found in the article but forces them to judge what the author was saying based on their own knowledge and expertise regarding the topic. The first method steers clear from this trap by guiding readers step by step until they are able to identify fallacies in reasoning; if deceptive statistics were used; and if important information were omitted. Thus, the reader is alerted if the author is trying to manipulate evidence to simply persuade people to rally to his cause or side with an issue. Conclusion It is crucial for readers to develop the ability to think critically. This is indispensable in order to filter through news articles, books, magazines, and even information that can be accessed through the World-Wide-Web. This skill is important especially if the author is attempting to change the point of view of the readers such as when a commentator talks about government policies or about healthcare. It is these kinds of articles that require analysis before readers embrace the idea or conclusions made by the writer. The second method is not a great help in this regard because the readers are left with generalizations and their own opinion regarding the article or book that they read. The first method on the other hand is more effective because it is able to guide the readers to a step-by-step critical thinking process that will reveal of the author can be trusted with his arguments and conclusions because he did not manipulate evidence and use deceptive data to prove a point. References Browne, M. N., & Keeley, S.M. (2010). Asking the right questions: A Guide to Critical Thinking . 8th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

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Critical Thinking and What Really Constitutes Critical Thinking Research Paper Introduction Critical thinking originated back during the times of great Greek philosophers like Socrates and Clausewitz. Socrates used logic in his quest for reason and wisdom while Clausewitz viewed critical thinking as the strength of the mind. Currently, various definitions has led to misconceptions of what really constitutes critical thinking. According to Guillot, critical thinking is “the ability to logically assess the quality of one’s thinking and the thinking of others to consistently arrive at greater understanding and achieve wise judgments” (2004). Basing on this definition, critical thinking is simply a logical assessment of internal and external dimensions of our thinking. This essay is going to apply the elements of critical thinking to the report of September 11, 2001 concerning the attacks on the United States. The purpose The purpose is one of the elements of critical thinking which assesses our thinking and actions in a given situation. Assessment of the purpose is very important to a critical thinker to avoid self-deception on thoughts or actions (Guillot, 2004).The purpose of the 9/11 commission report is to explore terrorists’ threats and give out the appropriate recommendations to the United States government to be implemented. Then report has both the right and the false purposes in trying to address the problem of terrorism. The right purpose of the report is to explore humane ways of addressing terrorism threats world wide like preventing the continued of Islamist terrorism, protecting against and preparing for any terrorists attacks (The 9/11 Commission Report, 2005). The false purpose is of attacking terrorists and their organizations because critically thinking demands that the government should not be a terrorist in order to fight terrorism. If the government can prevent and prepare for any terrorist attacks, there will be no threat of terrorism to the United States Government and its citizens. The question There are three ways of looking at critical questions depending on their continual use, the need to ask and answer at the right time and their interrelationships in the identification of the real problem. The main objective of critical thinkers is to institute whether the point in question is about addressing the right issue or not. Three types of critical questions exist; questions about facts, preferences, and judgment. Questions of facts have definite answers while questions of preference have indefinite answers. The questions of judgment are complex to answer and require critical thinking (Guillot 2004). The 9/11 Commission Report tries to answer many questions of judgment, for instance, who are terrorists? What is the best way of combating terrorism? Alternatively, how can American protect its citizens? Information Information is very important in making day-to-day decisions as the decision we make depends on the quality and validity of the information analyzed in our minds. Critical thinking demands the mind to identify and filter the raw information obtained and the processed information in order to differentiate between quality and biased information. Our minds can to take information in three ways. One way is to store information inertly which has no benefit, the other way is through activated ignorance which is a dangerous use of false information as truth while activated knowledge is the third way and entails powerful use of the true information, leading to deeper understanding and wise decision making (Guillot, 2004). According to the 9/11 Commission Report (2005), the information on terrorists’ threats has been too much resulting into inert information that has no use. There have been also rumors of terrorists’ attacks providing a false information thus activating ignorance, which is the dangerous utilization of false information. Concepts Concept stands out as the major critical component in the field of decisive thinking. Concepts enhance understanding of new challenges that we face in life. Multiple applications of concepts by conceptual thinkers enables them change their focus and the way of viewing challenges hence they are flexible in the light of new concepts. In the 9/11 Commission report (2005), the United States is said to be “a nation transformed” as the new concept of terrorism to use planes as weapons made the Central intelligence Agency to reconsider their strategies and change their conceptual thinking. Inferences Inferences here refer to the reason behind any conclusions made. Proper interpretations of the assumptions require critical judgments of the assumptions. In the 9/11 attacks, many people falsely concluded that people who were responsible for the attacks were Muslims but critical inference in the report proved that the people who were responsible for the attacks were Islamic extremists and not all Muslims. The assumption that the masterminds and executors of these attacks were Muslims was inevitable given the fact that the Islamic insurgents involved are part of the Islamic society. Nevertheless, it is wrong to assume the attacks were “Islamic.” This is why critical thinking isolates Islamic insurgents from the Islamic community pointing out they were the ones involved in the 9/11 attacks. Assumptions Assumptions are very importance in making inferences given the concepts. These assumptions are believes made based on the reality or our expectations. When the information is lacking or limited, logical inferences are made consciously using assumptions. Subconscious assumptions are dangerous as they give false inferences that can have serious implications. For example, the 9/11 attacks can give false inferences that Muslims are terrorists but thanks to critical thinkers who can turn subconscious assumptions into conscious assumptions to be assessed. Point of view Critical thinking involves having a view of a given situation from multiple points of view to have a complete picture if the situation. The 9/11 Commission Report (2005), viewed the concept of terrorism locally and internationally, from political and security points in drawing of necessary recommendations. Implications Implications are the expectations of the consequences of a decision in terms of beliefs, opinions, and actions. Critical thinking of implications must consider all reasonable possibilities from worst to best cases. The 9/11 Commission Report (2005) must have considered implications of declaring war on terrorism as it will cost lives and money. In weighing the implications of the decision to fight terrorists and their organization at the expense of billions and losing the lives of their soldiers demands great critical thinking. Non-critical thinker would just opt to protect its citizens locally and reduce huge expenses in fighting what seem to be imaginary terrorists. Conclusion Critical thinking is an invaluable strategy of understanding complex situations that require logic in the understanding major challenges in life. Then internal and external dimensions of critical thinking provides basis of conflict resolution as the conflicting parties can share a common logic. Since critical thinking is robust, it help leader to make decisions and mange strategic environments. Commissions employ critical thinkers in preparation of a report by considering all the critical thinking elements. References Guillot, Michael. (2004). Critical Thinking for the Military Professional. Air and Space Power Journal . Retrieved from https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/ The 9/11 Commission Report. (2005). Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. The US Government Printing Office. Web.

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Critique and critical reveiw analysis Critical Essay The debates concerning the quality of textbooks on History have been led in the United States within the recent decades. The decreased quality of the course books on national history has been pointed out by American Textbook Council. Deciding between the contemporary course books, educators should evaluate content and layout of available historical texts critically. Incorporating visual aids and maps into the text is expected to make a book student-friendly and improve learners’ understanding of the materials. However, the authors of the textbooks should not go too far, overfilling their books with images which they often consider to be self-explanatory, sacrificing the space of traditional black-in-white text. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate and compare three popular coursebooks on national history. History of a free nation by Bragdon, McCutchen, and Ritchie is used in a number of American schools. However, besides its advantages, this text has some weak points at the same time. Deciding on this book, a tutor will have an opportunity to use the teacher’s edition while preparing the lesson plans. Covering the national history from the New World till the present moment, the information provided in the textbook is not limited to the historical materials only. Incorporating charts and tables into the edition, the authors were aimed at developing students’ general literacy and improving their understanding of the course materials. The layout systematizes the materials and is learner-friendly. On the 1118 pages a reader can find the chapter reviews and index for the whole book which simplify the student’s task and make the work more convenient. Learners can take advantages from charts for climate, population and religion. Bearing in mind the fact that understanding of historical materials is impossible without knowledge of the related sciences, the authors tried to make the text accessible for students with diverse levels of preparation. Thus, education purpose of the coursebook is not limited to creating learners’ awareness of separate historical events and epochs but presupposes deepening their knowledge in various spheres for creating a full picture of the state of affairs instead of shedding light upon separate fragments of the materials. At the same time, these charts are always close at hand and are easy to use. Thus, on the one hand, learners do not have to keep in memory the enormous amounts of data, knowing where to find the necessary information if it is required. On the other hand, consulting the charts every now and then according to the principles of visual memory, students would remember them at least partially. Containing a dictionary of geographic and history terms, and written in rather simple language, the book may be regarded as learner-friendly. Students are offered to look through presidents’ profiles or important historical documents. A teacher can use planning guides of the teacher’s edition while preparing for the lessons. Tutors do not have problems with collecting visual aids, deciding on this text, because the book is overfilled with various images and charts. These are only some inconsistencies in theoretical materials that are considered to be the main drawbacks of the book. Thus, for example, authors are accused of oversimplifying some episodes and underestimating the role of religion studies in the course of history. The word ‘Christianity’ was mentioned several times in the book, but the historians are accused of not providing information on the theories. Teachers should not rely on the text of the coursebook only if they want to make knowledge of their students comprehensive. History of a free nation by Bragdon, McCutchen, and Ritchie is teacher- and learner-friendly, providing them with numerous visual aids and additional materials on related sciences but underestimating and sometimes even distorting particular historical events. History of the United States by DiBacco, Mason, and Appy is another textbook popular among contemporary History teachers. The authors of this textbook managed to strike the right balance between incorporating additional materials and visual aids and providing accessible and reliable data on history of the native country. The primary goal of the historians was to tell the whole story, considering various aspects of the life of the society, viewing the facts from various perspectives and paying proper attention to the most important events. One of the main benefits of the coursebook is integrating multicultural perspectives for deepening the students’ knowledge. The text contains a lot of economic, religious and geographical themes, shedding light upon the most important events and pointing at their impact on the course of history. Creating students’ awareness of such difficult questions might seem to be an overwhelming task for a single coursebook. Still, systematizing the materials and implementing the principle of proceeding from the simple to the complex, the authors managed to make the text accessible for high school students. Incorporating visual aids into the book, they found the golden mean and allotted enough space for traditional black-in-white text, not relying on self-explanatory pictures and making students acquire theoretical terms and be able to use them by the end of the course. It is important that the edition contains an atlas and gazetteer because it makes work on the historical topics more convenient, providing students with an opportunity to create links between the historical events and corresponding locations, suggesting that the events in question took place on the native land and motivating learners to visit the historical sites. Creating a teacher’s annotated concise edition, authors enabled instructors to work with the primary sources, deepening their professional knowledge and improving the teaching-learning process instead of using ready-made lesson plans. History of the United States by DiBacco, Mason, and Appy may be regarded as one of the best contemporary textbooks on American history. It contains a comprehensive analysis of the historical development of the native land, involving learners and teachers into the research process, providing them with all the necessary materials and motivating to deepen their knowledge by working with other sources. America: Pathways to the present: Civil War to the present by Cayton, Perry, and Winkler is appreciated for the accessibility of the materials for students with different levels of preparation but criticized for distortion of particular historical facts and providing some subjective views. The language of the text is simple and easy to read. The writing style and narrative key chosen by the authors make students enjoy the learning process. On the one hand, it might be interesting to learn the historical materials reading the textbook like a work of fiction. On the other hand, it limits students’ opportunities for acquiring theoretical materials and learning the necessary terms. Thus, it can be used as additional source, but the question whether it can be used as the main coursebook is rather disputable. Being learner-friendly, it requires teachers’ contribution to development of the lesson plans, finding the necessary visual aids and adding important information to the book materials. It is possible to use separate excerpts from the textbook in lessons for combining business with pleasure if an instructor wants to generate learners’ interest in particular issues. Still, it should be noted that this text is insufficient for creating students’ awareness of the historical development of the country. The textbook might be used by teachers who have profound knowledge of the subject and can evaluate the materials critically. Lacking knowledge of the subject, students would not be able to work with it without external help and teachers should not rely on the book as the main source of information. The main disadvantage of the coursebook is insufficiency of materials for teachers. Being aimed at enhancing students’ academic achievements, tutors will have to work hard on lesson plans, collecting the materials using other sources. America: Pathways to the present: Civil War to the present by Cayton, Perry, and Winkler is easy to read but sheds light only upon a separate episode in the history of the country and distorting particular facts, requires teachers’ hard work on the lesson plans. All the three textbooks on national history have their advantages and disadvantages, depending upon the authors’ views on the primary purpose of the educational process and the subject itself. Weighing all pros and cons of History of a free nation by Bragdon, McCutchen, and Ritchie, History of the United States by DiBacco, Mason, and Appy, and America: Pathways to the present: Civil War to the present by Cayton, Perry, and Winkler, a teacher should critically evaluate the theoretical materials, quality and quantity of visual aids as well as other options, simplifying the teaching-learning process and deepening learners’ knowledge of the subject. Reference List Bragdon, Henry, Samuel McCutchen, and Donald Ritchie. 1998. History of a free nation . New York: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill. DiBacco, Thomas, Lorna Mason, and Christian Appy. 1991. History of the United States . Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Cayton, Andrew, Elisabeth Perry, and Allan Winkler. 1998. America: Pathways to the present: Civil War to the present . Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

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Critique of the Gersick’s Article Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Critique of Gersick’s research 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction Gersick’s 1988 study entitled Time and transition in work teams toward a new model of group development can be pin-pointedly singled out as one of the greatest in-depth researches ever conducted with regards to the intrinsic determinants of the effectiveness of any given group. Preliminarily, the research was conducted to bridge the knowledge gap left by most group development researchers in talking about the unpredictable nature of group operations. Prior to her research, the existing modules information depicted that group operations were always predictable which—as we later find out from Gersick’s research—is not normally the case (Gersick, 1988, p.9-10). More importantly, her research cites previously conducted authoritative studies, documents the current happenings and foreshadows what can be done in the future by people coming after her. This greatly serves the purpose of continuity—which is something that is missing in many studies. Basically, her research involves the selection of eight groups, data collection, data analysis, then from the results; she forms her “theory of punctuated equilibrium.” Critique of Gersick’s research Before beginning to offer my comprehensive viewpoint on Gersick’s work, it is crucial to note that my views are based on a thorough analysis of Gersick’s, as well as many other related studies, which endows me with the potential to give a professional assessment. My analysis is going to be based on the questions below which act as a guidelines for summarizing my views. How would you characterize Gersick’s approach; phenomenological, ethnographic, or grounded theory? Why? The approach used by Gersick is undoubtedly the Grounded theory approach. Right from the onset of her documented work, we get to know of her data collection; followed by her painstaking analysis of transcripts that contain details from the groups of people she analyzed (Sniezek, 2007). From here, she decides to formulate a tentative method for “firmer grounding” of her results since most findings were from similar settings thus making it relatively difficult to get note some tiny priceless differences. After establishing the tentative method, she again makes an analysis and circumspectly views the results against her hypothesis and results of the data that she first collected. It is from this data that she gets to formulate her theory. This approach is typically the Grounded theory which Davidson (2002) defines as “A research method in which the theory is developed from the data, rather than the other way around.” How would you characterize her data collection process; direct observation, unstructured interviewing, or case study? Why? Gersick’s data collection is a professional blend or high-breed of the all the above methods. It is a direct observation since his documented research says that she had to attend all the group meetings to get a personal observation of the happenings (Gersick, 1988, p.11-12). As for being a case study, she selected particular groups of people for her studies (p.11). Finally, it is unstructured interviewing since she says that “I chose an inductive, qualitative approach to increase the chances of discovering the unanticipated and to permit analysis of change and development in the specific content of each team’s work” which is simply unstructured (Gersick, 1998, p.12). Do Gersick’s findings have face validity? How do they compare with your own experiences in various work groups? Were you surprised by her findings? Most of Gersick’s work is verifiable thus making it quite valid. The use of valid groups of people from different organizations (Gersick, 1988, p.12-14), group members being professional i.e. university graduates (p.13) and having excerpts during final presentation, (p.16-18) all attribute to the verifiability and thus validity of the findings. However, the findings were slightly different to my experience in work groups. This greatly surprised me since I never got to witness or read about such an in-depth analysis of occurrences in work group. Additionally, there are many new important dimensions that are highlighted in Gersick’s work (especially towards the concluding pages of her work) which is part of the reason I am awed with her study. In your opinion, are her findings widely Generalizable? Why? Yes, although with the exception of some few specific parts. To the weighty side of yes, concepts like most people striving to finish work to in order to beat deadlines rather than ensure group progress or completion of a specific group development stage (Gersick, 1988, p.11-15). On the opposing end, her research should be conducted on a wide range of groups since her studies were conducted on rather similar groups thus might not be aptly representative. What implications do her findings have for practice? If you really believe that Gersick discovered what she says she discovered, how will that change the way you approach the group task, the next time you’re put in charge of a work group? From her findings, it is important that a proper plan be laid down for the first group meetings, since what happens there greatly determines the group’s course (Gersick, 1988, p.11-15). Additionally, the “mid point” in group meetings should be timely calculated since this duration offers a good chance of renewing communication flow and ensuring objectivity of group discussions (p.38). Based on what I have learned from Gersick’s research, if I was put in charge of a group meeting, I would offer good leadership for the timely completion of a task by: adequately planning for group meetings, ensuring that the first group meeting goes according to plan and finally, making sure that the environment for group meetings is devoid of distractions that might hinder completion of the task in time. How well does the “theory of punctuated equilibrium” fit Gersick’s findings? Since theories are mostly based on abstract concepts, I would say that Gersick’s findings are largely fitting to her proposed theory. This is because theory fittingly interlinks with the results to fill the gap left by those who ascribe to the traditional theory (Gersick, 1988, p.16). Did adding that theory to the paper help you understand her findings? In your opinion, did adding that theory to the paper improve it in any way? If so, how? In as much as Gersick’s representation of her theory on paper is commendable; the representations did not help me much in understanding her findings. It is also for this reason that, in my opinion, adding the theory paper did not improve it any way. Conclusion In spite of not greatly improving the theory, the documented findings serve the important role of being able to be used by others for future reference. And in a nutshell, Gersick’s theory is greatly informative not just for researchers but also students who are bound to find it extremely useful. References Davidson, A. L. (2002). Grounded Theory. Essortment. Gersick, C. J.G. (1988). Time and transition in work teams toward a new model of group development. Academy of Management journal, 31 (1), 9-41. Sniezek, S. M. (2007). How groups work: a study of group dynamics and its possible negative implications. Brynmawr. Retrieved from https://serendipstudio.org/exchange/node/481

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Cultural and Racial Inequality in Health Care Term Paper Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary 2. Overview/Background 3. Discussion 4. Recommendations 5. Conclusion 6. Reference List 7. Footnotes Executive Summary “Overwhelming facts reveals that racial and cultural minority groups are more likely to receive poorer quality health care than white Americans, even when factors such as insurance status are controlled” (American College of Physicians 2010). As the cpuntry’s population continues to grow and diversify, the health care system will have to change and adjust to meet the needs of an increasingly multicultural patient base. The statistical and anecdotal facts of racial injustice in American healthcare are undeniable. Studies done since 2003 by ACP shows systemic in addition to clinical discrimination, health practitioners, legislators, and normal citizens can no longer ignore the fact that America focuses on the color of one’s skin and the national origin of one’s ancestors still largely determine the quality of health care a consumer receives (American College of Physicians 2008; Urban Institute (2005). America thought that the issue of racial injustice and inequity was long gone, but it is shocking that the vice still endures largely, not only in the common platforms, politics and socials, but in a more critical issue like health care. After controlling the differences among the races in socioeconomic status, health insurance, access to health care and geographic differences, the statistical facts still demonstrates that Blacks and Latinos still get lesser and substandard medical attention than their counterparts, the whites, irrespective of whether those services are for treatment of cardiovascular disease, chronic diseases, mental illness, child medical care or HIV/AIDS. Comparing these minority groupings (African Americans, Native Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos) with the white Americans, they are more vulnerable to chronic illnesses, higher mortality rates, and worst health effects (Bardach 2009). Among the disease-specific examples of racial and ethnic disparities in the U.S. is the cancer incidence rate among Blacks that is 10 percent more than among the white Americans (Barrett, Dyer and Westpheling 2008; Kettl 2007). Also, adult Blacks and Latinos are almost twice more than Whites prone to diabetic complications. Although African Americans, Latinos and Native Americans suffer and succumb to diabetes more often than then whites, research show the disease is not well handled among minorities. Paradoxically, Black, Native and Hispanic Americans have more medical attention services than do whites for those undesirable medical attentions, for instance amputations, and cesarean section among others. Although these are necessary attentions, they are considered undesirable because a patient would rather avoid them if at all they had an option, for instance many patients would prefer to keep a leg if it could be made healthy, rather than going for an amputation. Undisputedly, ignoring these injustices would take the efforts of social scientists, researchers, health care providers, legislators, environmentalists, clergy, and patients among others to adequately attend to the matter (Lurie and Dubowitz 2007; Schlotthauer et al. 2008; Zuckerman et al. 2008). Although the issue is multi-sided, this paper looks at the policy solutions available. Overview/Background Lexically, health inequalities refer to the gap in the quality and accessibility of medical attention among racial, ethnic, socio-economic groupings. Almost as long as there have been hospitals in America, there have been racial disparities in the health care system. The first hospital founded in the U.S. was the Pennsylvania General Hospital, established in Philadelphia in 1751 from private funds, donated for the care of the less-fortunate and the mentally unstable. In the beginning of its operations, records from Pennsylvania General did not show that any patients other than whites were admitted for care. The institution was, in fact called the “First Anglo Hospital” [1] in the U.S. nevertheless, historical records reveals that the institution eventually began to admit non-Caucasian patients. Beginning in 1825 and 1829 respectively, Pennsylvania General began to record the “color” and “national origin” of admitted patients, confirming that the hospital at some point began offering services to both Black and white patients (Baker et al. 1996). In fact, before end of slavery in America, the judicial record reveals that African-Americans got a significant healthcare whenever need be; their health influenced their monetary value as property of slave-owners. After the Civil War, giving access to African Americans took on a different dimension. Waves of Blacks migrating from the south began to mount pressure on health care amenities to serve Black and white patients the same. During the Reconstruction, racial segregation, surfaced both within healthcare institution used by both the non-native American and white patients, professional, and physicians, and in the structure of the hospital industry itself. Martin Luther King, Jr. quotes that “Of all the forms of inequality, injustice in healthcare is the most shocking and inhumane” (as cited in ACP 2004). Ever since overt racial disparities has grown and still looms. Arguably, health disparity starts shortly after conception. One pointer of a child’s healthy birth, making other lifetime outcomes more probable to be successful, is whether mothers get early medical care at pregnancy. 25% of African-American women do not receive prenatal attention at the first trimester, while 11% of white women get none (American College of Physicians 2007; Bach et al. 2004; Dorn et al. 2008). For African-American women, 6% do not receive prenatal attention, but only 2% of white women, one third the number of 27 blacks, get no or too-late care. Considering infant mortality during the first year of life, there are 14 deaths for African-American and six for native Americans/1,000 live births. However, proper prenatal care likely could have prevented some of these deaths. Infant mortality and morbidity are enduring, thus the high rate of African-American infant mortality shows the probability of a similarly higher rate of black infants who survive with unhealthy conditions that make school and lifetime success more difficult. It is these disparities in pregnancy and childbirth, which are eventually reflected in racial inequality (Winkleby et al. 1992). Discussion Inequality of access to health care in the adequacy of care different cultural and racial groups get can include: * Difficulties with patient-practitioner communication . In delivering medical care, communication is essential so as to administer proper and effectual treatment and attention in disregard to racial group. As miscommunication could lead to inaccurate analysis, wrong medication, and failure to get a follow-up attention. As Flores (2007) describes, “Cross-cultural differences in information-seeking patterns, communication styles, perceptions of health risk, and ideas about prevention of disease [have] an impact on health.” In the US language barrier is even worse, especially among the non-natives groups. Statistically, “less than half of non-English speakers who say they need an interpreter during health care visits report having one. In addition, communication barriers crop up from the lack of cultural understanding on the part of white providers for their minority patients” (Halbert et al. 2006). * Practitioner inequity . In some cases the medical care practitioners either unconsciously or consciously attends to some racial patients in a different way than other patients. Some studies show that racial minority patients are “less likely than whites to receive a kidney transplant once on dialysis. Critics argue that certain diseases cluster by ethnicity and that clinical decision making does not always reflect these differences” (Institute of Medicine 2004). * Lack of preventive care . According to the 2009 National Healthcare Disparities Report, “uninsured Americans are less likely to receive preventive services in health care, for instance racial minorities are not regularly screened for colon cancer and the death rate for colon cancer has increased among African Americans and Hispanic people” [2] . “Many people of colored skin are facing poor health care than whites from the cradle to the grave, in terms of greater rates of infant mortality, chronic diseases and disability, and pre-mature death” (Peterson and Yancy 2009). These health disparities take a significant human toll, but in addition inflict a huge economic weight on America. A recent research conducted shows that the direct health costs, that is, related with health inequalities, extra costs of medical services incurred due to the greater burden of diseases suffered by the minority groups-was more than US$250B in the period between 2003 and 2006. Aggregating the indirect costs related with health inequalities, for instance foregone salaries and yield and foregone tax revenue, the total costs of health inequalities for the country was US$1.24B in the same duration (Kettl and Fesler, 2009). With the inception of Obama administration, things are looking bright. With the enactment of the Health Reform Law, this will see more than 32 million uninsured Americans, the majority being the minorities get insurance coverage. These laws will avert insurance companies from exploiting new enrollees and rejecting claims due to the earlier conditions and more medical care providers will get more incentives to work in “medically underserved communities, among other expected benefits. These legislations will improve the current state of health care for people of colour, who are disproportionately un- and under-insured and who face greater barriers than whites to receiving high-quality care, even when insured” (Herbert et al. 2008). A research commissioned by the Institute of Medicine (2002) estimated that: “over 886,000 deaths could have been prevented from 1991 to 2000 if African Americans had received the same care as whites. The main differences were due to lack of insurance, inadequate insurance, and poor service for the minority patients.” Recommendations Youdelman (2007) and Smedley (2008) argue that “The correlation between socioeconomic position and health, is a pervasive correlation, which is seen across periods of time, across places in the world, and across groups… and it is almost invariably in the same direction,” as socioeconomic position increases, health improves. Youdelman opines that although there are various means to explain health inequalities (from a racial and ethnical dimension, socio-economics, and geography) socioeconomic inequalities should take center stage in the health policy talk, because application of some policy functions can worsen this issue. However, according to Schillinger et al. (2003) ‘race is not an issue’ when it comes to matters of health inequity. He notes that the income differences across racial groups, exposure to social and economic adversity over the time and subjection to prejudice and institutional bigotry can influence the health of the minorities in several ways. Schillinger et al. (2003) “underscores this by revealing that majority of the socio-economic group of black women have almost or even higher rates of infant mortality, low birth-weight, hypertension and obesity than the lowest socioeconomic group of white women.” Blendon et al. (2008) emphasize on the use of specific approaches to contain racial disparities and urges that the health policy should be redefined so as to take account other sectors of the community, which have health impacts. It is noticeable that the minority groups face distinctive and intricate challenges in modern policy environment, from crisis alertness and response to equal access to proper medical attention. Recognizing the situation, those representing these groups should join forces and put forward a strong voice in addressing these intricate (Williams and Jackson 2005). To reduce the health inequalities, more emphasis should be made on evidence-based techniques modeled to overcome the groups struggle against medical and public health research, together with: * Result-orientation: research entrenched in a community background modeled to achieve substantial outcomes and attain the optimal performance. * Community collaboration: partnering “with” the groups, instead of giving things “to” them; * Ethnical tolerance: models custom-made for community demands and reaches; Notably, equity of access to quality health care cannot be guaranteed through uniformity in a multicultural community, but through cultural sensitivity in delivery of medical care is equally necessary in achieving this equality. In ascertaining cultural tolerance, we should find if the current delivery of health care is impartial, and if it is as it is, then know how to reverse the situation. A more practically approach in dealing with this is “ethnic match” [3] which seems to have a remarkable effect on the patients and providers in terms of access and utilization of health care services. In America, Barrett, Dyer and Westpheling (2008) observe that the more the minorities’ workers working in a mental institution, the higher the utilization rate by the minorities. Moreover, many surveys have revealed that an “ethnic match” between patient and the practitioner normally increase utilization rate while reducing the dropout rate. However, in addressing such inequalities numerous viable options have been raised. These options range from simple and realistic to involving a whole change to the system. Blanton et al (2002) notes “improvements in quality of care can simply begin with multilingual information, link workers, appropriate diets to a multi-faith approach in hospital.” While on the other hand, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2008) advocates for “anti-racism service delivery” which involves “ensuring that providers are reflective of ethno-racial communities and knowledgeable about issues of race, gender, power and privilege, that people of color are involved in planning, implementing and evaluating these services and that services are appropriate to the needs of communities of color” [4] . However, the provisions made on the health reform law do not assure an answer the health care inequalities issue, as going by studies having health insurance doesn’t assure access to quality medical services neither does it considerably better health services. Instead, it is notable that health disparities continue due to differences in the neighbourhoods of the minority and non-minority groups. Racial and cultural minority groups are more probable than white Americans to live in segregated, poverty-ridden populations, people who have ever since experienced lack of health care resources (Zuvekas and Taliaferro, 2003). Even worse, majority of these people stare at a host of health dangers, for instance a lot of environmental stressors, and an influx fast food outlets and liquor shops and have rather countable health-conscious investments, for instance grocery outlets. One’s environment has a considerable effect on his/her general health status. 25% of preventable diseases globally are associated to poor environmental quality. Reschovsky and O’Malley (2008) recommend that “The government at all levels can improve health opportunities by stimulating public and private investment to help make all communities healthier. It can achieve this by providing incentives to improve neighbourhood food options, by aggressively addressing environmental degradation, and by de-concentrating poverty from inner-cities and rural areas through smart housing and transportation policy.” Many of these strategies are highly cost-effective; however addressing health inequities that are the outcome of environmental stressors can be a complex and challenging task. Moreover, policymakers should come up with a set of measures to track environmental stressors and how they impact on the health inequities of racial and cultural minority groups (Gaskin et al. (2007). According to the American College of Physicians, although America has made some tremendous advances towards achieving health care equality, a lot still needs to be done. “Closing the disparity gap is not only morally and professional imperative, it remains a glaring civil rights injustice that must be addressed,” the ACP (2010) says. Improved communication is one of the core issues in bridging the inequality gulf in a country where approximately a quarter of the inhabitants are not native English speakers. Also, given that by the year 2042, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, “half of America’s population will be people of colour, it is imperative that we be prepared to address the health needs of an increasingly diverse population” [5] . It is also recommended that all third‐party payers, such as Medicare, pay for the services of interpreters, and “language services”. In addition, medical professionals should be trained to have racial and ethnical tolerance so they appreciate the medical care practices and misunderstandings harboured by racial and ethnic minority groups (Hoffman and Tolbert 2006). “Organizations that set standards for medical education”, the ACP (2010) reports, “are becoming believers in this kind of training — an encouraging sign of progress. To create a more diverse physician workforce, we should strengthen the education of minority students, especially in math and science, at all levels to create a larger pool of qualified minority applicants for medical school.” Similarly, medical schools should enrol and retain more minority faculty. One nagging societal ills highlighted in the ACP report is the advertisement of tobacco and alcoholic products, and fast foods to minority groups. Conclusion Racial and cultural inequities in health care emerge from the interaction of many intricate factors, including past and current discrimination in health care, genetics, unequal educational opportunity, income and health care access disparities, cultural beliefs, and community systems. Bridging the disparity gulf is not easy, but it is a moral imperative that appropriate resources should be made to address these differences. Reference List ACP. (2004). Language Access in Health Care: Statement of Principles. ACP . Web. American College of Physicians. (2008). Achieving Affordable Health Insurance Coverage for all Within Seven Years: A Proposal from America’s Internists . Philadelphia: American College of Physicians. American College of Physicians. (2007). Achieving A High Performance Health Care System With Universal Access: What The USA Can Learn From Other Countries, 2007 . Philadelphia: American College of Physicians. American College of Physicians. (2006). Language Services for Patients with Limited English Proficiency: Results of a National Survey of Internal Medicine Physicians . Philadelphia: American College of Physicians. American College of Physicians. (2010). Racial and ethnic disparities in health care, updated 2010. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians. Bach P et al. (2004). Primary Care Physicians Who Treat Blacks and Whites. NEJM , 351, 575-584. Baker, D. W. et al. (1996). Parker RM, Williams MV, Coates WC, Pitkin K. Use and effectiveness of interpreters in an emergency department. JAMA , 275, 783-788. Bardach, E. (2009). A Practical Guide to Policy Analysis: The Eightfold Path to More Effective Problem Solving , 3rd Edition. New York/London: Chatham House Publishers, Seven Bridges Press, LLC. Barrett, S., Dyer, C. and Westpheling, K. (2008). Language Access: Understanding the Barriers and Challenges in Primary Care Settings. Perspectives from the Field . McLain, VA: Association of Clinicians for the Underserved. Barret, S. R. et al. (2008). Health Literacy Practices in Primary Care Settings: Examples from the Field. Washington, DC: The Commonwealth Fund. Barrett, S., Dyer, C. and Westpheling, K. (2008). Language Access: Understanding the Barriers and Challenges in Primary Care Settings. Perspectives from the Field . McLain, VA: Association of Clinicians for the Underserved. Betancourt, J. et al. (2005). Cultural Competency and Health Care Disparities: Key Perspectives and Trends. Health Affairs , 24, 499-505. Blanton, L. et al. (2002). Racial/Ethnic Differences in Cardiac Care: The Weight of the Evidence . New York: Kaiser Family Foundation and American College of Cardiology. Blendon, R. et al. (2008). Disparities in Physician Care: Experiences and Perceptions of a Multi-Ethic America. Health Affairs , 27, 507-517. Dorn, S. et al. (2008). Medicaid, SCHIP, and Economic Downturn: Policy Changes and Policy Responses . Kaiser Family Foundation . Web. Flores, G. (2007). Language Barriers to Health Care in the United States. NEJM , 355, 229-231. Gaskin, D. et al. (2007). Examining Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Site of Usual Source of Care. Journal of the National Medical Association , 99, 22-30. Grumbach, K. and Mendoza, R. (2008). Disparities in human Resources: Addressing the Lack of Diversity in the Health Professions. Health Affairs , 27, 413-422. Halbert, C. H. et al. (2006). Racial Differences in Trust in Health Care Providers. Arch Inten Med , 166, 896-901. Herbert P. et al. (2008). When Does A Difference Become a Disparity? Conceptualizing Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health. Health Affairs , 374-382. Hoffman, C. and Tolbert, J. (2006). Health savings Accounts and High Deductible Health Plans: Are They An Option for Low-Income Families? Kaiser Family Foundation. Web. Institute of Medicine. (2002). Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care . Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Institute of Medicine. (2004). Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion . Washington: National Academies Press. James, C. et al. (2009). Putting Women’s Health Care Disparities on the Map: Examining Racial and Ethnic Disparities at the State Level . Kaiser Family Foundation . Web. Kaiser Family Foundation. (2006). Supplemental Coverage Among Medicare Beneficiaries, by Race/Ethnicity, 2006. Kaiser Family Foundation . Web. Kettl, F. and Fesler, J. (2009). The Politics of the Administrative Process , 4th Edition. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. Kettl, D. F. (2007). System Under Stress: Homeland Security and American Politics , 2nd Edition. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. Lurie N. and Dubowitz T. (2007). Health Disparities and Access to Health. JAMA , 1118-1121. Peterson, E. and Yancy C. W. (2009). Eliminating Racial aand Ethnic Disparities in Cardiac Care. NEJM . 360, 1172. Reschovsky, J. and O’Malley, A. S. (2008). Do Primary Care Physicians Treating Minority Patients Report Problems Delivering High-Quality Care? Health Affairs , 27, w222-w231. Schillinger, D. et al. (2003). Closing the Loop: Physician Communication with diabetic Patients Who Have Low Health Literacy. Arch Int Med , 163, 83-90. Schlotthauer, Y. et al. (2008). Evaluating Interventions to Reduce Health Care Disparities: An RWJF Program. Health Affairs , 27, 568. Smedley, B. (2008). Moving Beyond Access: Achieving Equity in State Health Care Reform. Health Affairs , 27, 447-455. Williams, D. and Jackson, P. (2005). Social Sources of Racial Disparities in Health. Health Affairs , 24(2), 325-334. Winkleby, M. et al. (1992). Socioeconomic Status and Health: How education, Income, and Occupation Contribute to Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease. Am Journal Public Health , 82, 816. Urban Institute (2005). Going Without: America’s Uninsured Children. Washington: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation . Web. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion . Health Literacy – Fact Sheet: The Basics. Web. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion . (2008). Health Literacy – Strategies: Improve the Usability of Health Information. Web. Youdelman, M. (2008). The Medical Tongue: U.S. Laws and Policies on Language Access. Health Affairs , 27, 424-433. Youdelman, M. (2007). Medicaid and SCHIP Reimbursement Models for Language Services . Washington DC: National Health Law Program. Zuckerman, P. et al. (2008). Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Treatment of Dementia Among Medicare Beneficiaries. Journal of Gerontology , 63B(5), S328–33. Zuvekas, S. H. and Taliaferro, G. S. (2003). Pathways to Access: Health Insurance, The Health Care Delivery System, And Racial/Ethnic Disparities, 1996-1999. Health Affairs , 22, 139-153. Footnotes 1. More reading from Grumbach, K. and Mendoza, R. (2008) and American College of Physicians. (2006). 2. As cited in U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2007). 3. See more discussion on “ethnic match” by Barret, S. R. et al. (2008). Health Literacy Practices in Primary Care Settings: Examples from the Field. Washington, DC: The Commonwealth Fund. 4. Also cited by Kaiser Family Foundation (2006). 5. Cited by James, C. et al. (2009). Putting Women’s Health Care Disparities on the Map: Examining Racial and Ethnic Disparities at the State Level. Kaiser Family Foundation . Web.

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Literature Study on Rising Incidence of Cyber Pedophilia Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Literature Review 3. Research Findings 4. Recommendations 5. Conclusion 6. Works Cited Introduction The Internet is increasingly becoming a breeding ground for pedophiles. This research paper is based on literature review and intended to identify the specific challenges facing crime preventers such as law enforcement officers, parents and concerned communities while dealing with cyber pedophiles. The study has a literature review section, where data from other researches and studies is gathered, a research findings section, where I have documented the information collected and a recommendations section where I have stated some of the ways that can be used by the parents and the law enforcement agents in order to detect and bring pedophiles to justice. The current day pedophiles rake through internet sites, chat rooms and newsgroups in search of an easy target. This is unlike the pre-internet age when like minded criminals would prey upon children on open playgrounds and schools. The internet provides the cyber pedophiles with the anonymity and the extra confidence required to go about their evil plans with a slim chance of identification and prosecution. The internet also provides them with a mode through which they can build confidence among their targeted children in preparation for the physical encounter. Pedophiles bold enough to manipulate their children targets sexually use pornographic materials where children are featured in order to justify their actions to the child and prove to the child that sex is not after all a negative thing (Dixon 1). In view of the increasing risks posed to children by the cyber predators, different government have reacted to the situation through passing relevant laws that would enhance bringing the perpetrators to justice and more importantly, detecting predators before they commit a crime hence preventing more children from abuse. In Britain for example, the police have been given the mandate to “track and capture” that lure children on the internet with the intention of committing sexual crimes to them (Dixon 1). It is noteworthy that cyber predators do not identify themselves as adults. Often, they will lurk in forums that are popular with their targets and even engage in conversations with the children pretending to be one of them (Dixon 6). In the developed countries (incidentally pedophile crimes are higher in the developed countries due to the wide spread use of the internet by children), the law enforcement officers have realized the need to use similar tactics to detect the pedophiles. While parents would play a vital role in warning and hence preventing their children from falling prey to the pedophiles, Dixon notes that most parents are either too busy doing other things rather than watching and guiding their children, or are simply technologically challenged hence lacking the means to monitor what their children are engaging in cyber space (6). Others are ignorant about the probability and seriousness of cyber crimes committed against children. Literature Review The intent of law enforcers to curtail the activities of cyber pedophiles is challenged by the fact that cyber crime is not as straightforward as other forms of crime. Ekblom notes that for law enforcers to prevent a crime from happening, they must be able to establish that there are motivated offenders and facilitators of the crime (252). More to this, there must be an attractive or a vulnerable target (in this case children below 18 years), and may be the presence of careless, deliberate of unwitting crime promoter (for example uncensored chat rooms where children are exposed to pornographic materials) (Ekblom 252). The duty of the law enforcers in this case would be to prevent crime either by limiting access of children by pedophiles, sounding an alarm or intervening when they detect a lurking pedophile and reacting by identifying the pedophile, pursuing and arresting them. In cyber crime, this would involve a lot of technological surveillance by the law enforcers. Although Ekblom notes that children, parents, law enforcement officers and the community at large are more informed today than was the case ten years ago about pedophiles and how to stop it (250), Sommer states that the children who are unlucky enough to fall prey to the same crime lack the necessary legal and prosecution powers to ensure that their abusers face justice (2). For starters, law enforcement officers are faced by technological challenges, which consequently make them to gather “admissible” evidence that conforms to probative values of the courts (Sommer 2). According to courts standards, the evidence produced in court against an accused person must be authentic and accurate, in addition to providing a complete account as an exhibit. Sommer notes that handling digital evidence by law enforcement officers have proved quite challenging over the years because “a record or a log can be changed with a few typed keystrokes, and this can remove all traces of crime” (2). Further complicating the process of pedophile detection and prosecution is the fact that most pedophiles see computers and internet as a hobby and are thus always eager to try out and exploit latest technology releases to their advantage (Sommers 2). If the law enforcement officers and investigators are not equally versed with the technology used, some evidence may be lost. Penna et al (2) states that pedophiles misuse the internet to; 1) enhance communication between like minded people (communication between pedophiles), 2) Communicate with their target children and transferring files that promotes their intent to the children, 3) locate viable targets for molestation, whereby they initiate communication, learn about the child and strike when the child is vulnerable, and 4) traffic and publicize pedophiles themes through web-based stories or images. Research Findings This research has established that the rising incidence of cyber pedophile has given rise to different solutions. Packet sniffers are among the network monitoring software that is common used among law enforcement agencies (Penna et al 5). The packet sniffers capture explicit children related data and trace it down to the related sender and receiving Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. With the help of the Internet service provider, the law enforcement officers can be able to trace down the IP address and the owner. With increased use of Internet Cafes however, this is usually a preventative measure to the recipient address owner (if a child) since the sender may use different IP computers and hence IP addresses at given times. Different software that analyze and monitor chat rooms are also used in children based chat groups. According to Penna et al, such software follows chat messages in search of adult language and hence detecting any adults posing as children (5). However the challenge posed by such software is that they cannot keep up with the multiple simultaneous chats conversations that happen in any given chat room at all times. This hence leaves room for criminal element to penetrate the chat rooms. Discourse analysis is also a way that law enforcers use to trace pedophiles (Penna et al 5). Here they monitor language interactions for pornographic themes, existing relationships between children and pedophiles or pedophile peers, support themes for pedophiles and related information. Image analysis is also used to detect pornographic images sent to children. With the internet awash with countless pornographic images, law enforcers find it hard to pick specific images that are intended for the underage audience. This study has found out that technological challenges remain the single most challenge to law enforcement officers, parents and community members who care for the children. More to this, pedophiles can falsify emails accounts and use the same to lure children. IP hiding is also another technique that can be used to hide the identity of people chatting on a specific platform hence giving the pedophile an easy way to execute his attack strategies. Internet hacking has also been identified as a way through which pedophiles take control of another person’s computer and use the same for pedophile activities without the owner of the same knowing (Sommers 2). Recommendations According to Ekblom, technology is changing fast (258). Having established in the literature review section that most pedophiles are technological savvy and ready to utilize any new technology to their advantage, it is clear that the crime preventers need to adopt just as fast to new technology. While Ekblom acknowledges that cyber criminals are “highly creative in spotting opportunities and adopting coping countermeasures”, he observes that “crime preventers need to build on intelligence and creativity in order to increase their adaptive capacities and handle contingencies” (258). This means that law enforcement officers need to keep up with technological advancement if the fight against pedophile is to be won. Parents also need to play an active role in educating their children about the possibility of meeting pedophiles online. Tremblay notes that if parents were as vibrant watching the activities that the children engage in while on the internet as they were when they watch them on the playgrounds, then cyber pedophile would not be as big a problem as it is today (6). More to this, parents need to teach their children about the extent of information that they can give out on the internet. “Children should be taught to interpret the ‘where do you go to school, when do u leave school and when can I see you’ type of questions as signs of real danger” (Tremblay 7). Conclusion The cases of cyber pedophile attacks can be drastically brought down in different communities with a combination of increased parental responsibility and a more vibrant law enforcement unit dedicated specifically to tracking down pedophiles planning attacks on innocent children. It’s notable that pedophiles who are deterred from committing their intended action on target children never give up easily. They keep trying out new targets. This thus raises the need for the law enforcement officers to devise better ways through which the pedophiles can be traced and arrested before committing crimes against children. The legal hurdle that faces investigators when the pedophiles are charged in court needs to be re-defined, consider the dynamics presented by the ever changing environment of the cyber world. Overall, this study recognizes that there is a need to develop more effective tools to profile, monitor and analyze pedophile activities in order to increase the accuracy of detecting and arresting the offenders. Works Cited Dixon, Nicolee. Catching ‘Cyber Predators’: The Sexual Offences (Protection Of Children) Amendment Bill 2002 (Qld). The Queensland Parliamentary Library. Web. Ekblom, Paul. “Gearing up against Crime: a Dynamic framework to help Designers keep up with the Adaptive Criminal in the Changing World ”, International Journal of Risk, Security and Crime prevention. October 1997. Vol. 2, No. 4, Pp 249-265. Penna, Lyta, Clark, Andrew & Mohay, George. Challenges of Automating the Detection of Pedophile Activity on the Internet. IEEE Computer Society. 2009. Web. Sommer, peter. “Evidence in Internet Pedophile Cases.” Information Systems Integrity group. 2002. Web. Tremblay, Pierre. Social Interactions among Pedophiles . 2008. Web.

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History and Development of Dance Essay The history of dance can be traced back to the very beginnings of humankind history. Dance is ultimately a social event and signalizes occasions of social interaction: not incidentally, therefore, elements of dance can be observed even in such non-human societies as bee swarms and bird couples. Initially bearing purely informative meaning in the animal world and the primitive society, dance gradually acquired a more complex meaning and became a means of self expression. Developing from symbolic religious activities, the practice of dancing evolved in a social activity and later obtained the status of performing arts. As such, dance is movement, and movement is altogether natural to human body. It is observed that at moments of intense joy, people tend to perform an increased amount of movements in order to relieve the brain of the excessive amount of oxygen (Scott 1). Such behavior is especially noticeable about children, since they do not control themselves as much as adults; in this respect, primitive savages are not much different from children. Those leaping movements of the body are the first prehistoric dance that can be observed both in people and in animals expressing their happiness. But this disarrayed motion does not comply with the comprehensive definition of dance provided by Edward Scott, who interprets dance as “the art and expressing gracefully and intelligibly, by movement and gesture, every emotion and sentiment of which the mind is capable, and every incident possible in human life” (6). Such was the vision of dancing practiced already among the Ancient Greeks, whose art of pantomime dance was compared by Aristotle to poetry, since it could express not only actions but also manners and passions. The art of dancing was connected by Greeks to the idea of harmony and perfection of human body: therefore, dancing ultimately had to be graceful in order to emphasize and not to destroy the natural human beauty (Scott 38). Corresponding to the meaning behind them, religious dances, embodying the spirit of tragedy, were dignified and stately; while their opposites, the wild grotesque dance, were not to be danced in sober mind (Scott 41). Combining the features of those two extremes and concluding the three-partite order of dances was the vivid dance. In any case, both stately and wild Greek dances were inseparably linked with their religious practices and bore their peculiarities from the nature of the deity glorified by dance. Historians state that the Greeks borrowed the art of mimic imitation from the dancing art of the Ancient Egyptians (Scott 21). Together with ritual dances performed at funeral of prominent people and at other religious ceremonies connected with worshipping the astronomic gods, Egyptians took pleasure in entertaining dances, mostly performed by graceful girls in light attire. The character of movements was varied by hired dancers according to the tastes of their employers, and therefore could sink from grotesque to mere buffoonery (Scott 23). From the above it becomes obvious that the antiquity shaped three visions of dance: dance as ritual, as ecstasy, and as entertainment. The Middle Ages witnessed two applications of dance: in church (sacred dance) and in society (secular). Ceremonial in its nature, religious dance involved solemn movements and symbolic figures that corresponded to the accompanying hymns. Though provoking controversy as to their appropriateness in the church, sacred dances enjoyed a large variation from May Dances to Dances of Death, each bearing a religious significance (Kassing 73–75). Due to the fact that secular and sacred spheres closely intermingled in contemporary life, dances often ‘migrated’ from church to the worldly life. In addition, the institute of chivalry which prospered at the time positioned dance as a way to express gentility and compliance with etiquette, as well as state the knight’s code of honor (Kassing 72). Dance was more and more drawn into the sphere of entertainment, since amusements were scarce; travelling performers became especially popular, bringing new dances such as carole, farandole, pavane, and others from court to court. In the Renaissance dances increasingly drifted apart from the sacred sphere and became a token of position and manners for the upper society, and a way of celebrating social and life events for the lower classes. From the Medieval tradition of Dance Dramas, which represented the lives of saints and martyrs, stemmed the idea of 16th and 17th century ballets, ranging from Ballet-Masquerade to Ballet Pastoral and Ballet-Comique (Kassing 101–105). Moving dance from the court into the theatre, the eighteenth century celebrated the onset of ballet art, mainly in the Paris Opera. Moving away from the artificiality of court ballet, ballet d’action set the aim of imitating nature, which naturally fostered development of costume and decorations. In addition, the art of pointe-work was initiated as well as capacities of whole body were employed in dancing. Court ballrooms also witnessed a refreshment of repertoire, with minuet being one of the most popular dances of the period and reflecting the national peculiarities of the places it was danced in: while the French envisaged it as a graceful unhurried dance, emphasizing the male gallantry and the female grace, the Italians imparted a brisk and lively character, as well as faster tempo to it. The early nineteenth century in Europe was still experiencing the consequences of the French Revolution, and the slogan of freedom applies to women’s clothes as well. The unrestrictive design of the garments allow performing jumping and skipping movements, reflected in such dances as gallop and quadrille. However, the ballet stage witnesses a completely different situation. The era of Romanticism dictated its ideals to the image of ballet-dancer: ballerina on pointes became a nearly deific, ethereal creature, soaring over the parquet in her magic movements. This fully reflected the tendencies towards fantasy, spiritualism, and emotional perception of world promoted by Romantic ideas. By the mid-1850s, female fashion was characterized by enormous hoop skirts, which in turn promoted changes in dancing techniques and made turning dances, such as waltz, rule the ballroom. The twentieth century has brought about cardinal social change, which also reflected on the dancing styles. On the one hand, due to efforts of Russian ballet troupes, professional ballet was revolutionized, acquiring new techniques and virtuosic standards of dancing. On the other hand, social dancing is more than ever the terrain for raving youth who possess enough energy to perform such active dances as Charleston, fox trot, shag, and others. In addition, black society influences the dance room and introduces such genre as swing dancing. By the eng of the century, classical dance is characterized by breath-taking technique and conceptual choreography, while popular culture is organized in the sphere of street-dancing, with hip-hop and break dance ruling the dance floors. All in all, it appears obvious that the ritual character of dance inherent in it since the first days of its existence shapes itself into two directions: the “self-unconscious act without deliberate aesthetic concerns” that reveals itself in the culture of tribal dances, and the unique experience of individual transformed into the “metaphoric idiom known as art” (Highwater 14). In the course of historical development, dance demonstrates a clear tendency from the former aspect to the latter, basing on the social influence that affect its development. Works Cited Highwater, Jamake. Dance: Rituals of Experience . 3rd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1996. Print. Kassing, Gayle. History of Dance: An Interactive Arts Approach . Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2007. Print. Scott, Edward. Dancing in All Ages — The History of Dance . London, Hesperides Press, 2006. Print.

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Data Analysis and Maintenance Analytical Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Non-Survey Data 3. Survey Instrument 4. Statistical Tests for Data Analysis 5. Research Approaches 6. Summary of Findings 7. Conclusion 8. Reference List Introduction The research under consideration is a hypothetical research scenario that involves a client supplier organization that is involved in the manufacture of steel products. The research project was carried out to address the problems of training ineffectiveness and employee satisfaction. The hypotheses of the research have been developed with the operationalization of the variables done. It is thus necessary to develop a data collection plan for the research which is presented in this paper. Non-Survey Data The factor of heat is an independent variable to be measured using the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) scale which is a parameter for the assessment of thermal comfort. This variable depends is subjective since heat perception is based on the mind and individual interpretations (Weiss, 2002). This thus has to make use of the heat thermal equations proposed by Fanger (1970). The four parameters for the environment shall be measured by a technical expert engineer in the fields of temperature, relative humidity, mean radiant temperature and air velocity. The personal parameters which are clothing and activity level shall be obtained from the Standard ISO 7730 and compared accordingly. The other personal data such as the age, weight, height and personal characteristics of the employees shall be obtained from the survey. The thermal parameters are likely to experience environmental changes but this shall be overcome by measuring from 9.00AM in the morning to 5.00 PM in the evening in intervals of 1 minute (Weiss, 2002). Survey Instrument The survey instrument shall cover items that focus on obtaining information about the level of employee satisfaction, support of the instructor, training relevance, promotion and coworker support, payment, training opportunities (Johns, 2006). The survey instrument will contain the following items: 1. Overall how satisfied are you based on the following statements (statements a to f below) (Please circle one number appropriately where 1 represents extremely dissatisfied, 2 represents very dissatisfied, 3 represents somewhat dissatisfied, 4 represents somewhat satisfied, 5 represents very satisfied and 6 represents extremely satisfied). Please answer the other questions by marking the most appropriate response for you. 1. How do you feel about XYZ as your employer? 1 2 3 4 5 6 2. How do you perceive the long term strategy of XYZ Company? 1 2 3 4 5 6 3. Do you like the type of work you do? 1 2 3 4 5 6 4. How do you feel about how your supervisor treats you? 1 2 3 4 5 6 5. Do you feel that your salary is fair to the work you do? 1 2 3 4 5 6 6. How satisfied are you with the amount of vacation? 1 2 3 4 5 6 2. I received as much initial training as I needed Yes No 3. There is an effective training program Yes/ No 4. The training is an individual training and group based training Yes/ No 5. The training process automatically leads to a salary increment True/ False 6. The training I receive is relevant to my work True/ False 7. The trainers are very supportive and understanding True/ False 8. My coworkers support me in work True/ False Statistical Tests for Data Analysis The statistical tests for the correlation between employee satisfaction and payment levels shall be done using the structural equation model technique while the correlation between employee satisfaction and heat factor shall be done using regression analyses (Weiss, 2002). The correlation between employee satisfaction and training opportunities and that between training effectiveness and training opportunities shall be tested using simple and multiple analyses. Hierarchical regression analyses shall be used to test the correlation between training effectiveness and performance appraisal as well as between training effectiveness and payment levels (Johns, 2006). Research Approaches There are no conflicting interpretations due to the quantitative nature of research, use of age cohorts and the individuality of the hypotheses. Moreover, the methods of analysis are related. This can however be avoided through increased objectivity (Johns, 2006). Summary of Findings The findings likely to be established are that there is a positive correlation between: employee satisfaction and payment levels; employee satisfaction and training opportunities; and training effectiveness and payment levels. On the other hand, the employee satisfaction is negatively correlated with heat factor. Conclusion This paper has provided the data collection plan for the hypothetical research problem. The plan includes the non-survey data, the survey instrument, data analysis, research approaches and summary of findings anticipated from the research. Reference List Fanger, P. (1970). Thermal Comfort. Copenhagen: Danish Technical Press. Johns, G. (2006). The essential impact of context on organizational behavior. Academy of Management Review, 31, 396–408. Weiss, H. M. (2002). Deconstructing job satisfaction: separating evaluations, beliefs and affective experiences. Human Resource Management Review, 12, 173-194.

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Debate: Fingerprinting and Background Check vs. Invasion of Privacy Research Paper Nowadays, the development of technologies and science takes one of the most significant positions. Scientists can present numerous innovations, which may considerably improve people’s lives, help to find out the solutions and even to make the right choice. Nowadays, numerous background checks and fingerprinting are improved by means of science, and people get more opportunities to find out more information about each other. Fingerprint identification is considered to be an accurate science, accepted by numerous state courts. Lots of civilians think that fingerprinting and background checks are all about invasion of privacy. I truly believe that such sciences like fingerprinting and background checks help to control society and establish justice, and in spite of the fact that people’s identification and investigation deprive lots of people of personal life, privacy, and secrets, the idea to live in disorder frightens me more. Fingerprinting and background checks help to control society and provide the necessary order . If there is no means to control a person or, at least, to give some hints, this person can take unpredictable steps against the law. The value of fingerprinting lies in the fact that by means of such investigations, it is easier and more accurate to find out a criminal. “Through the use of computers, fingerprints lifted from crime scenes, weapons, and other objects can be matched to a particular individual’s fingerprints in a matter of minutes” (Hall, 2008, p. 429). This is why within a short period of time, it is quite possible to find out a real criminal and assume the necessary measure. With the help of background checks and fingerprinting, it becomes a bit easier to obtain justice. Very often, innocent people may be blamed for something they did not do. A profound background check may help to focus on person’s past and evaluate his/her actions in the present. People cannot avoid mistakes, however, their mistakes should be grounded on their past experience, this is why such reliable techniques like background checks can be quite useful to those, who is looking for justice. However, the above-mentioned techniques deprive people from one simple issue – their privacy. It becomes not very difficult to organize a background check and find out some personal information that should be secret. People can be found anywhere; the presence of people in any place may be identified by means of fingerprinting. Is it fair to deprive people from their personal life by means of background checks? To my mind, it is not fair. This is why it is crucially important to have an access to such techniques only in the extreme cases, when the question or blame has strong grounds. According to the Fifth Amendment to the US Constitution, also known as the Bill of Rights, people have a kind of protection from government authorities. This is why no one has the right to worm into other person’s life without clear reasons. Fingerprinting and background checks cannot be considered as invasion of privacy, but on the contrary, as one more means in order to make this life safe and law-abiding. With the help of such techniques, it is possible to clear up who is a real criminal and who is a victim. Fingerprinting and background checks are really useful, however, not everyone should have an access to these technologies in order to control people’s existence somehow. Reference List Hall, D. E. (2008). Criminal Law and Procedure . Delmar: Cengage Learning.

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Definition of a good roommate Compare & Contrast Essay Roommates are an essential part of life especially in college. Most students prefer this option because it is a simple and affordable way to start life in the big bad world completely independent. Besides this, it provides an opportunity for forming social relationships. So who makes a good roommate? This paper will examine the qualities of the given roommate posters and use these posters to compare and contrast these qualities. The definition of a good roommate to me would be a person who is out-going, tidy, responsible, considerate, diligent and most importantly sociable. These are just a few characteristics that define what is desirable to me in choosing a roommate and are my guidelines when choosing a roommate. But a few more come to mind, though this can be considered to be picky and thus rule me out of someone else’s list. For example, from experience I have come to realize that people hate being told what to do so a good roommate should naturally be responsible since this eliminates the potential for friction. I had a roommate who used to skip class then later on vilify me for being selfish and inconsiderate for not insisting on her going to class with me. Another example is the issue of tidiness. Who wants to come into their abode and be greeted by a mirage of dirty laundry or half-eaten sandwiches? This not only breeds pests and diseases, but is also a general discomfort (for most people). Consideration for others’ wellbeing and their personal values is an important element for amiable relationships. A roommate who brings strange house guests into the house at all hours and shows no concern for one’s privacy and personal space is quite irritating. Diligence is a quality that is essential. If you are too lazy to do simple tasks as clean up after yourself then late rent payments and dependency are bound to follow soon. Lastly, sociability and being out-going is important to maintaining a friendly relationship. For example in the ad put up by Bryan, he expects that there be little or no social interaction between him and his roommate. He may get very few responses because most people like to have friends as roommates with whom they could hang out. On the other hand, most people would want to hang out with an edgy and rude person. Comparison and contrast is a one of the types of rhetorical mode. As discussed earlier, Bryan is an edgy roommate, can be rude, inconsiderate and irresponsible as well as generally anti-social. Bryan is different to Shap and Otto in these ways. Bryan is not very particular about his roommate except for minor specifications that suggest his dislikes and dislikes but not how the person should behave or what they should cook or how they should cook. His only specifications are in regard to being in the apartment when he is present. In relation to my specifications, Bryan is quite a far-cry from my ideals. He is untidy, anti-social, irresponsible as described by his statements about rent, and may be a tad lazy. He also seems like an introvert. On the other hand, Bryan shares some similarities with Otto and Shap. Otto is friendly, warm, considerate, hospitable but very particular even about his dog! He contrasts the others in the ads put up in that he tries to be more receptive and hospitable to the potential roommate although he is the most particular of all in terms of cooking, personal time and music. He seems to be making an effort to make a friend out of the roommate and has no problem with having guests. He seems rational. This is in line with my ideals but in terms of tidiness, responsibility, nature of his personality and diligence but he contrasts these ideals when it comes to his pickiness. Shap is friendly and quite particular too. He can be quite contradictory in his specifications since he discourages drinking yet he puts his alcohol under lock and key. Also, he cites the roof top deck as an attractive feature which he does not the potential roommate to access it. Most of his specifications are also ridiculous. For example, he wants a roommate who sleeps in the street, goes out to eat most of the time and has no social life. Differences between him and the others are his insensitivity towards the potential roommate’s personal freedom and his general prejudice. Similarities between Shap and the other ads are the particularism when it comes to guests and the cooking. I find that he is obnoxious and prejudicial. There are major differences that distinguish him as a candidate for me: his obnoxious character that is not a sociable quality and his prejudice against ugly people. Similarities between his specifications and mine are the tidiness and responsibility as seen in his comment about recycling newspapers. Cause and effect is another rhetorical mode that can be used to analyze the ads. Shap’s causes for needing a roommate a re not specified but can be inferred from his final comments on the physical attractiveness of the potential roommate. His reasons for looking for a roommate may be to find a partner who will comply with his rules and is willing to pay up quick and beforehand. He also seems that he may be conning the potential tenant as he wants payment in advance and for another six months that the tenant may not utilize. The effects of this may be friction and a tense atmosphere because the tenant may not want to be pursued or is unwilling to pay for a full year based on an open house. Otto’s causes seem to be motivated by money with the added bonus of friendship. The effects of this are that he finds a roommate who is responsible and friendly and who can help alleviate some of his financial burdens. Bryan’s reasons or causes for looking for a roommate may also be financially motivated. This can result in a roommate who helps pay for rent but is very uncomfortable and thus may want to move out soon and leaving him in the same position as before all over again. Narrative is another rhetorical mode. This is an anecdote of a friend’s encounter with his first roommate. Andrew put up an ad for a roommate and after a matter of a few weeks he found his ideal roommate. She was funny, friendly, tidy, mature, kind hearted and never delayed on monthly payment of rent. They got along well and as fate would have it they shared some classes. Of course there is no perfect person in the world and this showed in her laxity to pick up laundry from the floor and her incessant need to be around him most of the time. Andrew was mindful of this because he also had annoying habits. After some time they developed deeper feelings and started going out with each other and eventually got married. In summary, one should be careful in choosing roommates and should learn the value of compromise. Conclusion In conclusion, the ads put up by Otto, Shap and Bryan say a lot about their respective personalities and are an indication to potential tenants of what they may be in for. Otto seems to be the most genuine and open-minded and may get more calls. He seems to be the most compatible with my personality based on my ideals and those that are implied by his statements in the ad. He seems friendly, accommodating and hospitable. Based on the comparison and contrast analyses, he seems least likely to butt heads with. Shap and Bryan are the polar opposites of my ideals. They are too picky and anti-social. Shap is prejudicial and seems quite difficult to be around while Bryan is just generally not a person who likes to be around people. His statements in the ad suggest and reinforce his assertion that he is rude and is not interested in making friends. As mentioned above, no one likes to be bossed around! Lastly, it is important to note that roommates have the potential to influence our lives drastically as shown in the anecdote about Andrew and his bride. The key points in choosing one are summed up in two concepts: personality and ability to keep up rent payments.

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Different Cultures in Tito’s Good Buy and in the Land of Free Compare & Contrast Essay Cultural diversity has always been a serious obstacle for people to overcome because it is primarily based on the difference in moral standards, and principles of general behavior and traditions. The impact of cultural bans is brightly illustrated in the stories presented for analysis. Both literary works – “Tito’s Good Bye” and “In the Land of Free” – unveil the hardships the people should overcome when living in a host country. Hence, the first story, “Tito’s Good Bye” written by Garcia, narrates about two important periods of the protagonist’s life – the deplorable present and happy life in the past. The second story is about the changes that occurred right after the heroes return to the free and wealthy United States. Both stories depict the adversities that immigrants have to overcome to adjust to life in America as well the way social and physical environment hampers their accommodation to new culture and people. Despite the differences in the plot, the stories’ characters move to America in the quest of better life, but face frustration and disappointment instead. In Garcia’s “Tito’s Good Bye”, the main character is forced from Cuba to the United States because of the rise of communism. The story starts with news about Tito Urena’s death from heart attack in his office. From the very beginning, the author provides a thorough description of Tito’s present life including the place he worked, the people he communicated with and the attitude he had towards other people, which emphasizes some notes of pessimism. Special consideration should be given to the description of the place where Tito’s worked in New York, “a squalid room over a vegetable market in Little Italy” (Garcia 159). This place could be the reflection of Tito’s feelings. He was suppressed and even miserable. He was lonely in his “squalid room” and in his life. He lost everything he had, but failed to succeed in his new life. On the other hand, “In the Land of Free” begins positively where the main characters – a Chinese American couple – move to America hoping that this country will bring peace and happiness to their lives. This is shown by the descriptions and attitudes revealed in the beginning of the story: “there is thy home for years to come. It is very beautiful and thou wilt be very happy there” (Far 148). Lae Choo was glad to bring her child to their American house. She believed that the country which became their second homeland would welcome their little boy as well. But further, the couple’s opinion dramatically changes and they get more frustrated and hopeless when facing people’s cruelty and indifference. The plots are largely based on the contrasts. The Sui Sin Far’s heroes are first delighted and blinded by the atmosphere of happiness, but further the illusions fade away with all hopes for a better life. Thus, the country which gave them a new life took away the most precious. In fact, the government took away their lives since their son was the sense of their lives. The same is revealed in the second story where description of death is intertwined with flashbacks to a happy past. The main character suffers because of the great pain and he even has no opportunity to think of all good in his life. Only Garcia contemplates on those bright things that happened in Tito’s life which could smooth his last minutes. However, Tito is deprived of such relief; his last minutes are hollow and painful, just like his new life. Referring to the analysis of physical environment, it should be stressed the protagonists from both stories feel a considerable pressure from the surrounding world reminding them of their ethnic origins. In the first story, the physical environment relevantly emphasizes transformation of Tito’s character. Tito’s office is not far from the court, but far from his family. All his life passes in front of his desk but it is not with his close relatives. His work becomes the sense of his life because he starts working there spending all day long there. Tito’s death in office also seems logical, therefore. This shows to what extent the hero is separated from his family. He dies of heart attack, the most painful death as many doctors admit. Thus, he suffers greatly physically. Of course, this is the last cut down which he has to pass. Besides, such death also symbolizes his relationship with his family. His heart is torn, just like family relationship. The second story also deals with hostility of new circumstances; a Chinese couple faces bureaucratic obstacles after Lae Choo delivers a baby. In California, the place where the ratio of immigrants is the biggest one, the indigenous population expresses its hostile attitude to them. Hom Hing, a thriving merchant, had great expectations and believed that he would be prosperous and happy with his family in America. However, later the young family faces a lot of disappointments. They witness that the most obvious things need documental confirmation. They see that even if they have already gained some respectful position they are still reminded that they are new-comers. Of course, these Chinese people understand that the system may have such flaws. But they could not accept the human indifference which is revealed with the help of the young American lawyer. The story proves that cultural difference influences people’s attitude, particularly in the time of colonialism. The social environment is explicitly revealed in Sui Sin Far’s narration who manages to depict the social interaction between different cultural groups. From the very beginning, we see the hostility of police officers who are reluctant to let Lae Choo, Hing’s wife, to pass the boarder with the newborn child because they do not have the necessary certificate which is an official permission for a child to come to the country. The life in America of the Chinese family gets worse as some people are eager to take advantage of them revealing no respect and dignity. In particular, a lawyer James Clancy who is supposed to assist this family tries to cheat them and to get his money. He brings only some documents which, however, cannot bring their child to the family. Thus, the lawyer says he needs money to go to Washington and finally bring the necessary certificate. Desperate mother agrees to give him the necessary sum (which is quite big). Of course, they do not have such money so Lae Choo gives away almost all of her jewelry. In fact, she is eager to give everything to bring her little boy back to her. Thus, instead of building a prosperous future, the Chinese merchant loses all his welfare together with the lost hope for a happy life. The second story discloses Tito’s conscious desire to be detached from his family. Hence, New York of that period witnessed many illegal immigrants with whom Tito had to work. However, absorption with material welfare made him more indifferent to other people’s problems. The problem is aggravated because, like those people, Tito was also an immigrant, but he betrayed his roots for the sake of personal well-being. Perhaps, the loss of cultural roots and awareness was connected with his movement to New York. Both characters, Tito, a lawyer, and Hom Hing, a Californian merchant, have to face aggression on the part of the native population revealing their explicit hatred and condemnation to ethnic minorities and other cultures. In conclusion, both stories are examples of how cultural changes can negatively influence people’s lives. They disclose the hardships that the cultural groups have to face. However, unfavorable social and physical settings hinder their adjustment to the new culture and customs. Struggling for a better life, both, Tito and Hing, meet reluctance and misunderstanding on the part of the new country. In order to enhance the readers’ impression about the periods those heroes lived in, the authors provide the description of place and circumstances under which they had to move to “a free land”. However, the allusion of happy life just remains unrealized because immigrants fail to abandon their cultural roots believing that they deserve respect and recognition. One way or another, both stories have pessimistic endings, which prove people’s reluctance to be tolerant to other cultural identities. Works Cited Far, Sui Sin. In the Land of Three. Guidelines: A Cross-Cultural Reading/Writing Text. UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Garcia, Cristina. Tito’s Good Bye. Guidelines: A Cross-Cultural Reading/Writing Text. UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

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Discovering Cumberland Island Essay Well nested on the east coast, is a place I never imagined I could long to go back and visit. Its funny how many individuals perceive east coast to be; a land where money and time-share a common language; “scarcity,” while forgetting there are better things there. To some extent, owing to its geographic position, it is not wrong for one to ague that, it is a forgotten treasure because it is rarely spoken when it comes to choosing places to tour. During our winter holiday in 2009, my parents proposed that we should have a visit to one of the less spoken tourist centers; something that I opposed at first but on further consideration I accepted without knowing the fun that was awaiting me. It takes approximately two days to travel by road to this wonderful island if you live in New York or its outskirts. Geographically it is near the southern Georgia coast. Occupiers of this island thrive within a magnificent ecosystem comprising of sand dunes, marshland, and a variety of tree species, which makes the place look even more beautiful. This habitat is mainly is comprised of animals of the giant lizard family (which can scare the breath out of one), wild horses, birds, and pigs, turtles, sharks and snakes of all species. The site of nesting turtles made the scenery even more beautiful as they maneuvered around their eggs making sure no predators struck. Although the journey to the island was exciting, the site of the scenery left me more excited. One unique thing with this island is that, its weather; you can imagine living home in a quite chilly morning, hence the need to cover yourself, only to find that you have abused the weather on reaching the Island the following day; because the temperature were more than anyone could anticipate. Because this is an island, our adventure commenced the moment we arrived at the seashore. We had an option of using a private boat but my parents opted for a ferry, which we boarded at St. Mary’s Georgia. It was my fist time riding in a ferry; hence, you can imagine how fun it was having met local natives who spoke a language one could think they were not American citizens, but rather originated from some foreign country where English was a scarce language. Have small crawling animals like ticks ever defeated you? Do not laugh and take it as a joke because this visit proved this to me. Like oxygen, ticks were allover, hence acting as our welcoming masters and hosts something we got used to because even if you tried to kill them it was just a waste of time. Singly I can testify I removed more than 150 ticks stuck on my body, a fact that made me question the essence of companies manufacturing insecticides because, this ticks not only seemed stubborn, but also immune. Although the ticks had given us a general preview of how life was to be in these nine days, it was important for the rangers on duty to give us a formal welcome. On funny thing about their welcoming note was that, instead of them encouraging us, they increased the levels of our heartbeats by telling us how dangerous animals in this park were; hence the need to take precaution. I cannot deny that I had seen raccoons previously, but Cumberland’s Raccoons were more that one could anticipate their size could be; because not only were they enormous, but also they seemed more voracious. They were so famished that no matter how much we fed them, one could think they had an extra stomach they put the food because they were insatiable. Because we could not stand these Raccoons, we opted to stay up at the Hickory hills, something we never knew was worse that feeding them. The conditions there were un-tolerable because, the place was extra thorny and invested with so many biting insects that included our welcoming friends; ticks. On our second to seventh day, we went around the jungle park where we saw the beauty of creation and evolution, which included wild turkeys, a variety of serpents, and other wild animals, which I think are the causes of my nightmares. As it was culture of the island, on our second last day, we attended a unique swimming competition; unique in the sense that it was not between human beings, but rather between human beings and dolphins. In addition to swimming with dolphins, the imagination of a shark attacking me made the experience more enjoyable, although terrifying. In conclusion, I do not want to remember my last day in the park; it makes me long for the park. This is because for once, I had the chance of touching and feeding most venomous snakes, something that was my greatest fear. In addition, I had the chance of seeing wild horses mate, hence continuation of the living species; horses being my favorite animals.

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Do People Choose What They Are Attracted To? Essay (Critical Writing) Considering the subject of attraction, the term seems ambiguous because for a scientist, it might mean some forces of physics, to psychologist it takes the emotional perspective, to lovers it takes the emotional perception and, from the youth or the new-age point of view it faces various external determining factors or circumstances such as events. Away from the earlier century, current references regarding the law of attraction indicate it as the evolution of matter. Today, the Law of attraction talks about people’s way of thinking in the aim of achieving an advantage. One of the key factors that need consideration in matters pertaining attraction include, knowledge about the personal need. The universe is able to manifest desires if one cultivates positive thoughts about the personal wishes or needs. Arguably, this is the philosophical nature indicating the possibility of attracting whatever one wishes to achieve or have. Attraction however, raises many questions that seem to lack good answers. For example, do people have a choice over attraction? Biologically, the subconscious mind is the source of attraction because it begins with release of a substance referred to as dopamine, in response to individual unique paradigms. It is a special quality that makes people attractive, which they have no control over. One has control over the attraction for instance; attraction to someone is not a choice but way of enhancing the relationship in a personal perfective manner. It is logical that one should be attracted to a person who is equally attentive to their needs or feelings, sensitive, nice, generous and provides, but a close attention to the real world indicates otherwise. Attraction does not happen by choice but through an unconscious stage of responding emotionally to various clues. It fails to involve logic but has a pattern and methodology of working it out that is discoverable through practice. Learning or understanding the methodology or essence behind attraction is comparable to learning how to perform tasks that never occur naturally. One has to learn the skills to be in a position of garnering results. Arguably some negative aspects are excellent ways of pushing the attraction button such as creating tension between people, playing hard to get, enhancing laughter, or developing unpredictable self-image. People ought to have strengths to control attraction. As a good example, heterosexual people have desire to have relations with different people of the opposite gender. This is a drive but does not permit them to the act in that procession because they can have control over the act. There is need to control special contemplations for success. Therefore, attraction is not a choice but the alternative is to control personal thoughts in order to gain power over the law of attraction. There is only one consciousness, which is self and this is the main source of human intentions.

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Do People Inherit their Personality? Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Determinants of Personality 3. Conclusion 4. Reference List Introduction Personality differences are one of the primary factors that differentiate different individuals, because of the varying nature of peoples’ behaviors. Behavioral differences are evident in people’s ways of thinking or reactions to different occurrences in their immediate environments. Therefore, personality traits define an individual’s profile in terms of character hence, determining how such individuals will interact with their immediate environment and other people. The question of the primary determinant of peoples’ personality traits is one of the most controversial topics in psychology, because of the varying arguments presented by different psychologists. On one end, some psychologists believe that individuals acquire their personality traits through genetic inheritance; while on the other hand, some argue that peoples’ personality traits are products of the environment. Contrary to these two antagonizing notions, some psychologists believe that, both heredity through genetic inheritance and the environment play a role in shaping an individual’s behavior. As research studies show, although individuals may inherit some personality traits from their parents, parental methodologies of nurturing children also contributes to shaping an individual’s personality (Nash & Bernstein, 1999, pp. 560-574). Considering this, although heredity through genetic inheritance plays a crucial role when it comes to defining an individual’s personality characteristics, environmental occurrences and challenges play some roles in shaping an individual’s personality. Determinants of Personality As research studies show, heredity only defines the limits of an individual’s personality traits, whereas the environment shapes the defined personality traits. The actual development of an individuals inherited personality traits primarily depend on one’s cultural, situational, and social environment. The ability of individuals to survive in any environment primarily depends on their ability to change their personalities in order for them to fit such environments. Environmental factors, for example, culture, defines the type of values embraced by an individual whereas, others, for example situational factors can either diminish or encourage development of some features of an individual’s personality. In addition to such occurrences in one’s environment in shaping an individual’s personality, some environmental factors, for example, one’s family and religious affiliation also play a crucial role in defining the nature of values that an individual will embrace hence, greatly shaping their personality. Therefore, although most nomotetic psychological researches undermine the significance of the environment in determining an individual’s personality, by holding that genetically inherited personality traits are constant, environmental influences can greatly alter an individual’s genetically inherited personality traits (Cervone, 2001, p.1). Further, as psychological research studies show, although some aspects of an individual’s personality traits, for example, intelligence are purely products of genetic inheritance, the ability of individuals to act in a certain ways depend on factors in their immediate environments. Psychologically, conditioned behaviors are products of learnt experiences. Hence, although individuals may inherit some genetic personality traits from their parents, through experiences, such personality traits are bound to change, this being the only mechanism of fitting into a certain environment. For example, consider a case of children brought up in family with very irritable parents; although such children may inherit such a trait, if these parents provide these children with the required behavioral guidance, likelihoods of these children developing such traits are low. This is because, as these children grow and interact with their environment, they are likely learn the consequences of such a behavior, a fact that will make them to detest irritability; hence, the likelihood of these children to control their tempers (Eysenck, 1990, pp. 246-260). Conclusion In conclusion, although individuals inherit some elements of their personality, heredity through genetic inheritance only defines the limit of personality traits, which individuals can have. Considering this, both genetics and the environment play a role in shaping an individual’s personality, because as genetics defines the limits of development, the environment shapes such developed traits. Reference List Cervone, D. parental influences on personality. Web. Eysenck, H. J. (1990). Genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences: the three major dimensions of personality. Journal of Personality, 55, 245-261. Nash, P. W. & Bernstein, D. A. (1999). Essentials of Psychology . Belmont, California Wadsworth Publishing Company. Web.

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Drug Use by Employees Essay Drug testing coupled with reference checks among medical practices are some of the pre-employment tactics subjected to employees. Though some may consider them as a waste of time and resources, they are a priority to various job markets. Employers have sought to use these tests in getting quality workers and improving the productivity of their businesses. They carry them out to all people seeking for jobs. They have put in place powerful gadgets that detect any signs of drug use by employees. Employers should know and monitor drug use amongst employees for the performance of any company depends on productivity of employees and inappropriate drug use may affect this. Drug use carries with it consequences, some of which are positive and others negative. The healing brought about by use of drugs can be viewed as a positive consequence whereas drugs taken to arouse feelings may be viewed as bringing a negative impact. According to the National Drug Intelligence Centre (2006), the negative side effects of drugs affect the user, his/her family and friends, as well as his/her business. Since business is among the affected areas, any employer willing to offer a job in his/her business has to know the drug status of his/her willing employees, if at all he/she is looking forward to maximising his/her profits. This on the other hand gives all employers a right to know the drug use of their employees. In a discussion like this, one student argued that not all drug uses affect the employee’s performance and according to him, if this is the case, then employers ought to show no concern to the use of drugs by their employees. This is true but to some extend. Box (2002) says, even if the employee’s drug use does not affect his/her performance, the fact that drugs affect their corresponding users is an implication that the business has to be affected at some point. “Quality results in whichever field, are only achieved by drugs-free employees” (David, 2004). These observations make it clear that employers need to consider drug use as a barrier of the performance of their businesses because there exist an unarguable negative correlation between business performance and drugs oriented employees. Some drug use constitutes a serious health risk and ultimately death. Another student pointed that, health issues are private and if the affected can rise up and carry out his/her duties, it will be against his/her rights for any person to claim the status of his/her health. Jeremy (1998) puts it clear by giving the illustration of pilots, drivers, as well as train managers. He emphasises much on consequences that arise untimely. For instance, blindness is an effect associated with the use of some drugs and shows up anytime the respective drug is used. For the aforementioned people, a case like this arising from one person can turn catastrophic. “Prevention is better than cure” (Ferroglio, 2000). This is true and to the point and if a drug test can help prevent such a disaster, then, it becomes a right for employers to know the drug levels of their employees, failure to which their businesses can fall abruptly. To sum up, as a manager, given the opportunity to address the issue of employee drug use, I would call upon all to join hands in the fight against drug use not only to employees, but to all in general. This is because it is only a few people, who are aware that, maintaining and developing ones life is the greatest business we have. The fact that we are living is a sign that we have a business to manage and among the barriers of its growth, drug use is one and ought to be fought against. That is why I, in no doubt, encourage all employers to claim their right in knowing drug use by their employees. Reference List Box, L. (2002). Drugs and Employment . New York: Heinemann Publishers. David, L. (2004). Drugs: Effects and Treatment . West Virginia: W.Va Press. Ferroglio, P. (2000). Employers and Employees Rights . Morgantown: W.Va Press. Jeremy, O. (1998 ). Employment: Quality Results . Martinsburg: Appalachian editions. National Drug Intelligence Centre (2006). National Drug Threat Assessment . Retrieved from https://www.justice.gov/archives/doj/department-justice-archive

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Early Musique Concrète Co-Composition: Pierre Schaeffer, Pierre Henry, John Cage, Vladimir Ussachevsky, and Otto Luening Essay Musique concrète is one of the types of electroacoustic music that unite instrumental sounds with natural ones, which are usually altered during recording processes. “Early musique concrète can be seen to belong to the world of radiophonic art, here without a sense of clear narrative normally associated with most radio plays.” (Landy 31) The father of this kind of music was Pierre Schaeffer, who presented his works at the end of the 1940s. The brightest representatives of musique concrète were such compositors as Pierre Henry, John Cage, Vladimir Ussachevsky, and Otto Luening. Their works and co-compositions are known to the whole world and make lost of listeners admire their creations. In 1950, a radio engineer and writer, Pierre Schaeffer, and his friend, a classical composer, Pierre Henry, united their skills and mastery and created a wonderful Symphonie pour Un Home Seul (Symphony for One Man Alone). (Holmes, 2008, 45) In order to create this 12-movement work, the authors recorded human body’s sounds. They did not want to concentrate on the sounds of cello, which were so familiar to the listeners of those times. They made use of steps, voices, and noises, which were so inherent to humans. This work was a real futuristic ideology. It was not similar to any previous music work; such a choice was rather dangerous, but really justified. This co-composition was one of the most successful ones in the middle of 1900s. Another representative of early musique concrète was John Milton Cage. This American composer, one of the pioneers of electronic music, turned out to be the most influential avant-garde musician. His originality, his marvelous ideas, his unique vision of music – this is what attract so many people to Cage’s works. One of his early tape-music pieces was Williams Mix. In order to create this work, Cage divided sounds into several categories: sounds of a city, electronic sounds, country sounds, sound produced by wind, manually produced sounds, and sounds, which require amplification. (Pritchett 90) His oddness made him a really significant figure in the world of musique concrète. One more co-composition that deserves attention in early musique concrète is the co-work of Vladimir Ussachevsky and Otto Luening. In the middle of the 1950s, these two composers established the Columbia Tape Music Center, where started creating lots of collaborative pieces of works for magnetic tapes. They both preferred the manipulation of recorded sounds. They work with nonmusical and natural sounds in order to bring out some new resonances, which are so inherent to the world of voices and instruments. (Holmes, 2002, 106) Incantation for Tape Recorder is one of their famous collaborative compositions, created in 1953. The unity of the aesthetics of these two great composers brought satisfactory results and made them popular to the world. They both used European traditions, and created music via tape-speed vibrations and filters. Ussachevsky’s darkness and Luening’s calmness were perfectly combined in Incantation; with the help of natural sounds, their music was much closer to listeners and allowed everyone feel a kind of unity with nature. People prefer different styles of music. Those, who are fond of hard rock and heavy metal, will hardly comprehend the beauty of musique concrète and the works by Schaeffer, Henry, Cage, Ussachevsky, and Luening in particular. Unbelievable and unknown unity of natural sounds with electronic sounds made their works captivating and rather attractive. Nowadays, lots of people still admire such works, which help people be closer to nature. Works Cited Holmes, Thom. Electronic and Experimental Music: technology, Music, and Culture. Routledge, 2008. Holmes, Thomas, B. Electronic and Experimental Music: Pioneers in Technology and Composition. Routledge, 2002. Landy, Leigh. Understanding the Art of Sound Organization. MIT Press, 2007. Pritchett, James. The Music of John Cage. Cambridge University Press, 1996.

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EatNGas Performance Appraisal System Problem Solution Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Problem Solution 3. Conclusion and Suggestions 4. References Introduction A performance appraisal system can only be effective if both the management team and the employees can relate to it and feel comfortable with the whole process (Fink & Longenecker, 1997). At EatNGas inc. the existing performance appraisal system is ineffective and deeply flawed. The first problem with the system is that it has not been very helpful as no positive impact has been achieved. Secondly, it seems that employees view the process negatively and bad reaction to the appraisal feedbacks is common. The third problem is that the managers are unable to fill the appraisal forms correctly hence meaningful information cannot be derived from the process. The final problem noted with the system is that no guidance has been provided to the managers concerning the appropriate methods to describe employees’ positive behavior and future improvements needed. Problem Solution A well structured performance appraisal system should be subjective, individualized, qualitative and be geared towards problem solving. The appraisal system should be specific and contain realistic and measurable standards and performance indicators (Yammarino & Atwater, 1993). The current system that exists at EatNGas cannot effectively meet the above requirements hence there is need to institute a new performance appraisal system. There are several performance appraisal techniques that differ both in strengths and weaknesses process (Fink & Longenecker, 1997). 1. Essay appraisal method: This system requires the assessor to describe the general potential of the employee as well as their strengths and weaknesses in an essay format. The method therefore requires extensive interaction between the assessor and the employee and has the disadvantage that it is hard to compare results due to differences in the content of the essays written for different employees. 2. Graphic Rating Scale: This method assesses an employee with respect to their work. Terms generally used include unsatisfactory, average, above average or outstanding. This method is more consistent and reliable than the essay appraisal technique and can be used to assess many types of job responsibilities within the company. 3. Field Review Method: Due to the limitation of the graphic rating and essay appraisal technique, researches in the field of human resource management developed a methodical review process by combining the two techniques forming the field review method. Due to differences arising in the standards used by assessors, a discussion group consisting of assessors and a member of the HRM office discuss each rating used for analyzing performance and systematically analyze all the differences in the system thus arriving at a more standardized performance criterion. This method has the disadvantage that it is very time consuming (Longenecker & Golf, 1992). 4. Forced-choice rating method: In the techniques, several statements are provided describing a given criterion and the assessor has to choose one to describe the subject. The statements are given particular scores in advance which are not revealed to the assessor to avoid bias. This technique however cannot be used in interviews and is only undertaken by the assessor without employee involvement. 5. Management by Objectives: This is a relatively new technique whereby the performance goals and criteria are set by the employees themselves. The advantage of this method is employees can discuss with the management on what constitutes fair standards and they know what is required from them by the company. A disadvantage is that in some cases employees feel pressured in choosing the standards and are usually victimized on not achieving the set goals especially since the whole system was modeled by the employees themselves. 6. Work standard approach: This technique involves setting targets that are realistic and in an open manner by the management team. The targets are based on realistic output standards that are integrated into the appraisal system. This ensures that the employees know what their duties are and what the company expects from them. Although this technique is more accurate and objective, individual ratings are difficult to compare. This problem can be eliminated by using a collectively acceptable ranking system (Lawrie, 1990). 7. Ranking Methods: This technique involves a checklist that describes a series of standards and the assessor has to tick an answer which he believes describes best the individual being assessed. This technique allows for comparison between individual rankings. 8. 360 degree feedback: This technique involves collecting feedback about an employee from everyone connected with the organization and has knowledge of the employee under assessment. Feedback is collected from fellow workers, supervisors and sometimes, source outside the organization such as customers. This method also requires the employee to carry out a self assessment. This method however depends on the time the rater has known the employee and is also very time consuming. The techniques described above can be combined to form a more user friendly and more reliable system that can provide more useful and consistent information for employee management. Conclusion and Suggestions Due to the failure of the existing performance appraisal system in the company, I would suggest using the work standard technique together with the ranking method (checklist method) The system I propose would include both essay based description and a checklist giving statements describing a given criteria. The performance assessment criteria already in use cover the basic aspects of an employee’s work and can be effectively applied with better guidance. The categories given cover most of the criteria required to generate a good appraisal report and only a few more categories need to be added. The discussion of these categories and their possible modifications are presented in the slideshow provided. References Fink, L. S., & Longenecker, C. O. (1992). Keys to designing and running an effective appraisal system. Journal of Compensation and Benefits, 23 , 36-41. Lawrie, J. (1990). Prepare for a performance appraisal. Personnel Journal, 69(2) , 132-136. Longenecker, C.O. & Goff, S. A. (1992). Performance appraisal effectiveness: A matter of perspective. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 14 , 17-23. Yammarino, F. J., & Atwater, L. E. (1993). Self-perception accuracy: Implications for human resource management. Human Resource Management, 32(3), 231–235.

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Saudi Arabia’s Oil Sector Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Oil Prices in Saudi Arabia 3. GDP of Saudi Arabia 4. Unemployment rate in Saudi Arabia 5. Inflation rate in Saudi Arabia 6. Conclusion 7. References Introduction The world has considerably experienced economic growth despite the major challenges that has occurred in the recent past. There has been an accelerated growth in the emerging markets in Europe, China, Middle East and the USA (Mygatt, 2006). The overall experienced growth rate in the world economy increased from 4.9% to 3.1% this was mostly in the advanced economies of the world. In the new industrial Asian economies it was from 4.7% to 5.3% in 2006. However it is predicted that in the near future the world growth rate will decline considerably (SAMA, 2009). Chart 1: Variables Used to measure economic activity in Saudi Arabia (1980-2008) Real prices of oil Real GDP Unemployment rate Inflation rate 1980 12.4 1985 8.76 1990 5.54 1995 3.85 1999 3.68 2000 5.53 2001 4.62 0.5 6.1 2002 4.79 0.1 6.2 2003 5.35 7.7 6.4 2004 6.54 5.2 6.8 0.4 2005 9.31 6.5 6.9 0.6 2006 11.1 4.6 7.1 2.2 2007 3.7 7.3 4.1 2008 3.4 7.5 9.9 2009 3.3 7.7 10.4 Table 1: Economic indicators Oil Prices in Saudi Arabia There has been improvement in the oil prices for the last few years, and this has contributed to the good show of the Saudi economy. The average price of oil rose considerably from $50.15 per barrel to $61.05. This increase showed an increase in output that stood at 9.21 million b/d in 2006 higher than preceding years which recorded 9.35 which was a decrease by 1.6%. According to the table below the real price of oil indicated a high level in the year 2006 as compared to other years as from 1999 the year it recorded its lowest level (SAMA, 2009). $ per barrel Year Nominal prices of oil Real prices of oil 1980 28.67 12.4 1985 27.54 8.76 1990 20.82 5.54 1995 16.73 3.85 1999 17.45 3.68 2000 26.81 5.53 2001 23.06 4.62 2002 24.32 4.79 2003 27.69 5.35 2004 34.53 6.54 2005 50.15 9.31 2006 61.05 11.1 Table 2: Nominal and Real prices of oil GDP of Saudi Arabia The growth rate of GDP rose by 10.6 percent to Rls 1.3 trillion while the real growth was 4.3 percent, amounting to Rls 798.9 billion (SAMA, 2009). 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Real GDP growth 0.5 0.1 7.7 5.2 6.5 4.6 3.7 3.4 3.3 Unemployment rate (%) 6.1 6.2 6.4 6.8 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5 7.7 Table 3: Selected economic indicators Unemployment rate in Saudi Arabia This is generally viewed as one of the major problems that affect the Saudi economy. The number of job vacancies that the population requires over the next several years in order to cope with the labor force and incorporate the current unemployment calls for a higher economic growth rate of an average of between 6 %to 7% per year (Raffer, 2007; SAMA, 2009). Year Male Female Total 2000 3.78 9.34 4.57 2001 3.87 9.14 4.62 2002 4.21 11.51 5.27 2003 4.36 12.51 5.56 2004 4.49 13.36 5.82 2005 4.6 14.07 6.05 2006 4.71 14.69 6.25 Table 4: Unemployment rates by sex and Nationality Year Unemployment rate (%) 2003 25 2004 25 2005 25 2006 13 2007 13 2008 13 2009 11 Table 5: showing Unemployment rate showing the percent of labor force that is without jobs [source: CIA World Fact book, 2009] (SAMA, 2005). Inflation rate in Saudi Arabia Inflation rate as one of the indicators of economic growth is the continuous rise in the general level of prices. Looking at the last five years, most of the countries recorded considerable rates of inflation at an accelerating pace due to increased global economic activity, the high prices of primary goods, and increased shipping charges. The causes of inflation in an economy vary greatly depending on the nature of the economy, the diversification base of the economy, the type of businesses within the economy and also the seasonal factors (SAMA, 2009; Economy Watch, 2009). In the year ending September 2009 the inflation rate rose by 6.6% changing considerable the cost of living. This was higher as compared to the average inflation rate for the past years as from 2003 which was 3% (SAMA, 2009). Q. Can you see any special relation between oil price and GDP? How about unemployment and inflation? Try to explain any relationship between these variable. Improvement in oil prices leads to the increase in the government spending. This eventually leads to positive developments which contribute to increase in real growth hence the economic activities within the country registers a considerable improvement (i.e. in 2006). Also the growth of 0.16% to R1s 1,296.5 billion in the year 2006 shown against a growth of 26.1% in the preceding year, this shows preliminary figures of GDP at current prices. All these are as a result of the growth experienced in the oil sector which was due to the increase in the world oil prices (SAMA, 2009; Bray and Varghese, 2009). The average inflation rate is a major determinant of the people’s lifestyles. When the inflation is higher the cost of living goes high too hence reducing the purchasing power of the population. The cost of living index which measures the changes in consumer prices of goods and services is used to measure the inflation (SAMA, 2009). Year Total GDP (Million R1s) Oil Sector (Million R1s) % Share % Change 2001 679,163 255,509 37.6 -11.6 2002 699,680 263,511 37.7 3.1 2003 796,561 330,389 41.5 25.4 2004 929,946 424,104 45.6 28.4 2005 1,172,399 618,291 52.7 45.8 2006 1,296,457 707,727 54.6 14.5 Table 6: Contribution of oil sector to GDP [source: Central Department of Statistics and Information, Ministry of Economy and planning] (Development Data Group, 2002) Q. The relationship between inflation and unemployment is called Philip curve, can derive the Philip curve for Saudi in the given period? Chart 2: Relationship between Inflation and Unemployment rate The predicted relationship does not hold since the inflation rate is far above as compared to the rate of unemployment. This substantially shows that majority of the population who are unemployed suffers most since they are unable to cope with the cost of living; this calls for a balance by the government on the rate of employment and the inflation. Conclusion In the view of all the economic indicators, there is a sign that still opportunities for development are there and must be utilized responsibly by the various sectors. The oil sector should implement policies that will enable the stability of the oil prices irrespective of global inflation. References Bray, M. and Varghese N. (2009). Education and the Economic Crisis. Web. Development Data Group, The World Bank.(2002). World development Indicators. Web. Economy Watch (2009). Saudi Arabia Economic Statistics and Indicators . Web. Mygatt E. (2006). Global Economy. Web. Raffer, K. (2007). Macro-economic Evolutions of Arab economies: A foundation for Structural Reforms. Vienna Austria. SAMA , Research and Statistics department. (2009). Economic development. Web. SAMA 43 rd Annual Report, (2009). Economic Indicators. Web. SAMA, (2005). Economic Development. Web. SAMA, (2009). Inflation Report. Web. SAMA, 43 rd Annual report,(2009). World Economy. Web.

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Understanding Educational Policies Essay Human engagements have been characterized by rules and guidelines for a long period of time now. The processes involved in the setting out of these regulations take different forms and may vary from one country to another depending on how people are expected to interact and address the various challenges that may arise. The guidelines are usually referred to as public policies since they are expected to provide general direction to the members of the public and to ensure social order (May, 2001). The process of formulating, formalization and implementation has proved to be a daunting task since each sector in the society has its own unique policies (Cockrel, 2004). Different stakeholders in the society that may be affected by the policies must be engaged in one way or another in the public policy formulation process. The essay seeks to discuss and rate the influence of the legislative bodies, leadership, the justice system, as well as the bureaucracy on the formulation and implementation of educational policies. It will briefly discuss the general pattern in the public policy-making process. The influence of other entities, for instance interest groups, political parties, and the media will also be considered. Public policy-making process is a product of interactions as well as dynamics among different actors, interest groups, public and private institutions and other technical processes preceding the enactment and interpretation of any public policy. Numerous definitions of policy and policy-making process have been used depending on the context. For the purposes of this essay, a policy shall be defined as either an explicit or implicit decision or decisions made by a group that lays out the instructions for guiding the subsequent decisions, regulate actions, or monitoring prior decisions reached (Ben-Peretz, 2008). The process of making policies, therefore, varies in complexity as well as scope and the dynamics involved must be acknowledged. A number of models have been designed to provide a general format followed in the process of formulating a given public policy. The stages involved are well sequenced from the primary level to the ultimate enactment, implementation and interpretation of the policies (Schmidt, Shelly & Crain, 2009). There are five major components in any of these models and they include; problem advocacy, the opponents, the concerned authorities, the implementation, and interpretation/evaluation of the given public policy (Cockrel, 2004). The first step is the problem identification phase which involves the definition of the issue at hand that the policy will seek to address. This can be done by the concerned/line authorities, institutions, or activists. The advocates of a specified issue will raise people’s awareness and hence recruiting more of them into their course. The target number of people depends on the scope of the problem and the anticipated policy. The next step involves the proposal of available alternatives for addressing the problems or conditions at hand. These proposals will provide a frame of action in alleviating the identified crisis. The third phase is the identification of appropriate authorities that will engineer the process of policy formulation. The concerned authorities will appoint/design a committee to investigate the problem and establish the magnitude. It will also be expected to offer a refined list of recommendations for addressing the crisis. The authorities play a central role in determining the progress of the process because they can choose to take the proposals or decline to act. In order to keep the process moving, the advocates continue with the popularization process to gain a wider support from the members of the public. The public mood has been found to be a great determinant of the success in any major public reforms (Denhardt, 2008). The process of advocacy usually encounters opposition of almost equal magnitude and hence defining another force. The model acknowledges the role of opposition since it plays a significant role in the entire process of policy formation and implementation (Cockrel, 2004). The opposition camp may emerge at any particular stage and the sequence parallels that of the policy advocates. In most cases, the stages are similar since the opponents may emerge right at the first phase of problem identification, then proposals to counter those of the advocates are made and served to the appropriate authorities. After submitting their alternatives, the opponents will seek to expand their support base to rally against the advocates for policy formation. The fifth phase is composed of three sections; decision by the authority, implementation, and evaluation. The concerned government authority and the policy makers engage in extensive deliberations with an aim of weighing the situation at hand (Cockrel, 2004). It is at this sub-stage that conflicts/oppositions and dilemmas emerge resulting in shifts in balance between major stakeholders like powerful people and activist groups in the society. According to Ben-Peretz, these encounters may lead to either the implementation or decline of the proposed policy (2008). With successful negotiations and compromise among the concerned parties, the line authority issues a final decision on the policy. It is important to note that the sequences listed above provide just a general trend but it does not outline a strict step by step format to be followed (Denhardt, 2008). Once the new policy is enacted it becomes publicly binding and the next stage is its implementation. It will be the responsibility of the authorities to monitor the implementation of the policy. There are two methods through which the policy can be implemented. The first is the revolutionary method where there is immediate transformation of an organization or institution following a top-down format (Ben-Peretz, 2008). This approach is common in cases where the problem is identified by the authorities themselves. The other method is the evolutionary mode which normally results in a slow bottom-up transformation of the institution’s working pattern. The effectiveness of any policy is in its interpretations. Since all policies are developed to address specific problems, they ought to be evaluated for efficiency and relevance. This is done in the last stage of evaluating the implemented policy. The evaluation process is usually done by the stakeholders; the advocates, opponents, or other interest groups. Formal methods of evaluation which include the collection of data and their analysis are usually employed. Alternatively, informal approaches like the subjective evaluation of citizens’ opinions about the new policy may be used (Schmidt et al., 2009). The findings from the evaluation stage will be used in gauging the general performance of the policy and the necessary changes effected accordingly. As evidenced by the preceding discussion, the process of formulating and implementing any public policy involves several parties who may either be in agreement or holding different opinions about a given policy. In the formulation and implementation of an educational policy, a number of parties are usually at the center of the deliberations (Ben-Peretz, 2008). Some of the stakeholders may include; the legislative bodies, the leadership, the justice system, and the bureaucracy (Dye, 2002). Other influential parties are the interest/activist groups, political parties, and the media. It is clear that education takes many different forms for varying intentions and in many institutions. There is the early childhood education, first to twelfth grade studies, between two to four year college or university education, postgraduate and professional studies, pedagogical education as well as training for a specific job. This implies that education policies affect people across all ages and sectors related to education (Cockrel, 2004). In the process of formulating educational policies for schools, issues such as the size of the school, student-teacher ratio, school control-either private or public, teacher training and certification, teaching approaches, nature of curricular and the content, qualifications for graduation, investment in infrastructural development, and the ethical values that schools are expected to observe(Dye, 2002). The different parties have quite a significant difference when it comes to influencing the policy formulation and implementation process. The power of the legislative bodies like the members of government such as presidents or the Ministers of Education really play a central role in determining the fate of proposed educational policies (Ben-Peretz, 2008). They are expected to ensure the formulation and enactment of good policies that will ensure both economic and social progress among the people. The legislature may be regarded as one of the most influential in the formulation of educational policies as well as their implementation and evaluation (Silver, 1990). The legislative bodies are responsible for the enactment of rules and regulations that monitor educational practices at virtually all levels of government authorities. The legislature provides educational guidelines that are implemented in a top-down sequence since the policies are formulated by highly trained and skilled people. Normally, the legislative branches include the city councils, state legislature, or the Congress. In some situations, the legislative may be an executive agency or a court. Understanding how the legislative bodies work in the formulation and implementation of educational policies is very important. The members are responsible for the identification of a given problem or condition that need to be addressed. A committee of experts is constituted and charged with the responsibility of investigating the problem and to make appropriate recommendations (Denhardt, 2008). The investigators collect different people’s opinions and analyze them before arriving at the recommendations. Within a specified period of time, the committee avails its findings to the legislative bodies for consideration. It is at this stage that the legislature may opt to adopt the recommendations or decline to act on them. The final decision is then declared to the public for implementation. The new policies have clear steps for their implementation. The process of effecting the changes may be either long term (evolutionary mode) or within a short period of time which is also referred to as the revolutionary mode of implementation (Ben-Peretz, 2008). In most cases, policies released to the public as legislative decrees or by executive orders are normally expected to be implemented with minimal resistance. Another influence of the legislature is in the fact that they are also the ones who receive the proposals from the advocates for change in the educational sector. However, given the numerous number of stakeholders in the education sector, some educational policies may be rejected and hence hampering with the implementation stage. Moreover, legislative bodies are in direct control of government’s educational resources and may influence their distribution. Availing the resources may hasten the policy implementation process (Wilson, 2008). The legislative bodies at different levels of the society exert proportionate power on the formulation and implementation of educational policies. The role of state legislature, for instance, is to review the policies in educational institutions and agencies and may issue orders for policy improvement. Any issues and problems arising from the educational sector are part of the agenda for the legislative bodies (Ben-Peretz, 2008). It is also evident that the legislatures respond to natural disasters, research findings, and other crises in education and trigger the formulation of appropriate policies. The other source of influence of the legislative bodies is the fact that they are acknowledged as public decision-making organs (Wilson, 2008). They are therefore responsible for making the final decisions or policy choice with reference to the alternatives proposed by other stakeholders in the educational sector. They have to harmonize the often competing interests and opinions from the different actors in education. Once they have formulated a given educational policy, the legislative bodies forward the new policy to the executive agencies which will facilitate their implementation (Wilson, 2008). When the legislators are forced to determine policies by voting, they would always be guided by the wishes of their constituents. The legislature holds a central role since they can assign duties, even to the executive by legislation. Although the legislative bodies have been demonstrated to wield a lot of power in the policy formulation process, they do not have direct influence when it comes to the implementation of the new policies/laws (Schmidt et al., 2009). Other government agencies will be monitoring the implementation of the prescribed educational policies. The legislative bodies are therefore very effective in influencing educational policy formation, particularly during the formulation stage. The second party that has influence on educational policy formulation and implementation process is the society’s leadership. The work of a leader is to have a vision of the future together with its associated challenges and to define and lead the way towards a brighter course. In this respect, leaders of organizations, educational institutions, and political parties, among others must be in a position to identify issues and problems in the societal sectors (Wilson, 2008). They also propose alternative ways of addressing the problems and forwarding them to the legislative bodies for consideration. The president as the leader of the states or a country has inherent discretionary powers to influence the policy formulation and implementation process. Most national leaders in the world have been known to influence the policies affecting education, and mostly through executive orders. They champion the legislation of appropriate policies that will bring meaningful transformation to the education sector (Silver, 1990). Furthermore, governors, city managers, and mayors in most states and cities have overwhelming discretionary policy-making power. These leadership positions are elective and hence carry with it some public good will necessary to identify issues and problems as well as recommend solutions on their behalf (Wilson, 2008). This implies that the leaders will strive to ensure the enactment of universal access to basic education policy, subsidized higher education, guidelines for proper teacher training, as well as policies for adult education. Leaders seeking elective positions usually have well written manifestos of how they will address societal problems, educational challenges included (Silver, 1990). Once they are elected, they are faced with the challenge of fulfilling the promises and hence they formulate policies for legislation purposes. During the advocacy for a given transformation in the education sector, there is usually a leader who motivates people to agitate for the formation and implementation of policies. In order to give the necessary support to express the seriousness of their call, the leader recruits more people from the society so as to overcome any opposition forces that may emerge (Ben-Peretz, 2008). Moreover, the leaders are usually in charge of committees and other decision-making groups and they will determine the general course of action in the policy formulation and implementation process. Depending on the nature of the new educational policy, leadership greatly influences the implementation process since they command respect from the people (Dye, 2002). In situations where unpopular policies are enacted, the same leaders will curtail the implementation process. Hence leadership plays a central role when it comes to the general process of educational policy formation and implementation (Cockrel, 2004). It is therefore apparent to note that leadership has such a significant degree of influence on the process of formulating and implementing educational policies. Further analysis of the forces that shape and influence the formulation and implementation of educational policies reveals that the justice system has great impact on the process. The role of the courts is usually to solve conflicts that may arise among different members of the society. It is not easy to acknowledge the contribution of the courts towards policy formulation and implementation in most sectors (Dye, 2002). During the initial phase of advocacy, opposition may emerge and depending on the extent of impact of the anticipated policy, those opposed may opt to move to court to halt the advocacy. With the judge as the decision-maker, he or she may give new directions that would shape the course of the agitation process hence contributing indirectly to the policy formulation process. This is reinforced by the fact that there will always be competing formulations of policies forcing the participants to want to seek the intervention of the courts (Wilson, 2008). The decisions made by the judiciary have been found to have far reaching consequences on the educational policy formulation and implementation. The most significant influences of the courts are mainly felt when it comes to the implementation of a given educational policy. This is because there are more conflicts at the implementation phase compared to the formulation stage (Denhardt, 2008). Some of the well-known examples include the civil rights cases which are sponsored by the court, particular in cases related to racial discrimination and abuse of labor force. In such a situation, the accused and the complainant act as the participants in the policy formulation and implementation while the judge is the final decision-maker (Wilson, 2008). In most instances, the court may rule against one proposal and approve a new set of policies hence participating in the implementation process. The courts have the authority to analyze any educational policy that has any unconstitutional clauses. They can also promulgate new sets of policies with adherence to the principles outlined in the constitution. This demonstrates the influence of the judicial system in the formulation of public policies, particularly educational policies. Instances that lead people to the court include conflicts involving two institutions, individuals against organizations, individuals against associations/groups, and among individuals. The complainant will be seeking assistance from the court on the proper interpretation of the educational policy at hand (May, 2001). This implies that the role of the courts in the formulation and implementation process cannot be ignored. The fourth significant influential party in the formulation and implementation of educational policies is the governmental bureaucracies. They comprise of the civil/government employees who work in the different levels of the society and help in the formulation and implementation of government policies (Silver, 1990). Most of them occupy leadership positions and are able to influence the process of policy development. Since they handle issues that may arise from the educational sector, they can easily identify problems in education that need to be addressed by the development of a policy (Dye, 2002). They are also well placed to receive backing from the people because they are recognized as part of the authority. The bureaucracies are such a strong force in policy formulation and implementation because they consist of experts. They assist the government in making informed policies by designing appropriate policy proposals (Wilson, 2008). The formulation phase, therefore, will be quite easier since it may take a bottom-up trend and hence increasing the chances of a strong support and subsequent implementation of the policy. In some states, the senior most government workers can issue orders that take the form of policies and ensure that they are observed. The state/federal government may also take recommendations from the members of the bureaucracy and use them to create new education policies (Wilson, 2008). Some transformations in the education sector like the need to review the system requires the advice of experts who can evaluate the significance of the policies before they are implemented. The most significant role of the bureaucracies comes in handy when it comes to the implementation phase of the educational policy. When top government authorities pass new policies, they expect that they will be effectively implemented by their subordinates (Ben-Peretz, 2008). The task of implementation, however, may prove to be really challenging especially when it extends down to the lowest level of the society. Since most policies are developed by top government officials, they become easier to implement since they are usually passed on in a top-down approach. The bureaucracies facilitate representation of the government at all levels of the society. They monitor the enforcement of the new policies depending on the preferred mode of implementation. Within the educational sector, the implementation of policies is greatly influenced by other agencies in the society apart from the main implementing agency (Ben-Peretz, 2008). The bureaucracy therefore will have to coordinate this sensitive stage. In most cases, they do not force the people to obey the policies, instead, they put into consideration personal concerns, difficulties, the members of the society, as well as other interests (Denhardt, 2008). Most government bureaucracies, therefore, hold crucial information in the formulation and implementation of educational policies. The authority bestowed upon them helps in overcoming the influence of political forces especially those who may object the new policies (Wilson, 2008). In some states, most of the government agents are elected giving them an upper hand over the implementation of new government policies on education. The bureaucracies control and regulate other policy makers in their territories like members of school boards as well as of city councils and local governments (Silver, 1990). They are responsible for the analysis of problems, formulation of policies, and monitoring their implementation and evaluation. These depict the degree of influence that the bureaucracies have over the formulation and implementation of educational policies. The above four major parties at the center of the formulation and implementation of educational policies seem to wield uniquely significant influence on the process. Since each of them have the discretion to agree with the others or to hold differing opinions, there is need to always reach a consensus when it comes to issues affecting a wider section of the society (Dye, 2002). Most of the actors may remain adamant when it comes to sticking to their perspectives but the process of formulating policies will exhibit success especially when the policy provides for new ways of improving the education sector. Challenges of implementation may however be difficult to avoid but the opposition may also end up improving the quality of the policy through reviews (Cockrel, 2004). In this context, therefore, it is not easy to rate chronologically the influence of the different entities on the formulation and implementation of the various educational policies. Their varying degrees of influence are situational and may compliment each other in ensuring the successful formulation and implementation of policies. There are a number of other significant stakeholders in the education sector who play important roles in determining the success of the educational policies. Interest groups such as teachers unions and parents’ associations may be complimentary when it comes to both the formulation and implementation of a given education policy (Schmidt et al., 2009). These groups may greatly help the primary implementing agency in achieving its goals as well as the objectives of the policy. Some of the nongovernmental agencies may be affected by the new policies. Their conventional ways of operations may need to be changed as a result of the new policies. With these requirements, the interest groups may support the implementation or totally resist the policies especially if their opinions were not sought during the policy formulation stage. Moreover, the government provisions affecting such a sensitive field in the society as the school system will always receive extensive scrutiny from the members of the public. Any failure to take this consideration may result in difficulty when it comes to the implementation process. Significant resistance from these quarters will force the review of the policies before they are eventually re-implemented. This implies that organized groups of people can exert pressure on the implementing agency to make the necessary alterations to the policies (May, 2001). The other important actors in the formulation and implementation of public policies are the political parties. Political parties are always at cross-roads when it comes to advocacy for the different policies. As they seek election into government, different parties present their manifesto/agenda for the people. They accomplish this task by highlighting all the reforms that they intend to bring in the various sectors of the society (Schmidt et al., 2009). They may also resort to criticizing the existing educational policies. The number of registered political parties is usually large. For instance, two major ones (Republican and Democratic) in the US normally exchange the national leadership roles. This periodic alternation of leadership has influenced the formulation and implementation of educational policies in most states. The public media also plays a central role in the formulation and implementation of most public policies. The media can help in popularizing a given policy among the members of the society and hence gaining the approval necessary for its implementation (Ben-Peretz, 2008). In some cases, the proposed educational policy may be perceived to have far reaching negative impacts if implemented. The media will therefore influence people’s opinions of the same resulting in implementation difficulty. Given the non-interactive nature of the media, people may easily end up developing negative attitudes towards a given policy on education. Therefore, the media just like the other stakeholders can have such a significant influence on the entire process of formulating and implementing the educational policies (May, 2001). The essay has focused on the complex concept of parties involved in the formulation and implementation of educational policies and how each influences the process. The four major actors identified are; the legislative bodies, the leadership, the judiciary, and the government bureaucracy. Other stakeholders discussed include the media, political parties, and the various interest groups. The essay has also highlighted a general model that can be used to illustrate stages through which public policy formation may take. However, the format is not fixed or meant to be followed in a step by step manner. Instead, it captures the basic processes involved and may take any order. For instance, formation may come after the evaluation of a given policy for purposes of improving the provisions of the policy. It can be concluded that the various parties and actors in the formulation and implementation of educational policy can influence the process in their own special way. However, it may not be easy to categorize all of them in the order of degree of influence, particularly the first four parties. References Ben-Peretz, M. (2008). Policy-making in education: a holistic approach in response to global changes. Rowman & Littlefield Plc. Cockrel, J. (2004). Public Policy-making in America . University of Kentucky Press Denhardt, R. B. (2008). Theories of public organization (5 th ed.). Thomson Wadsworth Dye, T. R. (2002). Understanding public policy . Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall May, P. (2001). “Reconsidering Policy Design: The Policies and Publics.” Journal of Public Policy Process , 4 (2), 186-209 Schmidt, S. W., Shelly, M. C. & Crain, E. (2009). American Government and Politics: a focus on public policy formation. Cengage Learning Silver, H. (1990). Education, change, and the policy process. Taylor & Francis Wilson, R. H. (2008). Public policy and community: activism and governance. University of Texas Press

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Educational System in Ghana Expository Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Kindergarten/nursery school 3. Primary education level 4. Junior secondary level 5. Junior secondary school level 6. University 7. Conclusion 8. Works Cited Introduction In many countries which were colonized and most especially the African nations, have for a long time been consuming the education systems designed by their colonial masters. Despite having said that a lot of changes have been adopted from the colonial type of education systems to those systems which are more likely focused on solving the problems of the local people and not the education which is focused on the objectives and solving the problems of their colonial masters. This is because the needs and problems of various countries vary greatly and thus the problems and the needs which are being addressed by a particular education system should also vary and be specifically designed for those particular problems and needs. A good educational system is the one which is able to prepare its young task to be in a position to fit well in the job market both nationally and also internationally and also equip the young people with the adequate skills to coexist well with their environment. It was the retail business people from Europe who initially led to development of some schools called the castle schools along the coast regions of the Ghana and then progressively spread to the other parts of the country. With time the nationals of Ghana become so conscious of the need and importance of higher education and this led to the development of a national university in Fante land and this university reflected so much on Ghanaians people in terms of their passion for their language, traditional practices and institutions. In around 1920s people had extreme desire to form what was to be called West Africa University but when the colonial offices were requested by the then governor of Ghana they could not offer any financial support to the realization of the much desired West Africa University. As a result of frustration in failing to realize their dream they struggled and started the Achimota College which had good facilities in terms of land, good infrastructure and a compound which was richly beautified. The library of this college was also well stocked with adequate and most relevant books which made it to be voted as the best library in vote carried out in Britain in around 1940s. The Achimota College prepared teachers for kindergarten, primary and secondary education training (Graff 1). This college also undertook some classes for university courses in order to prepare the learners for international examination on these courses. In this study we are going to look at the education system in Ghana. We will address the various levels of educational system in which the education system is divided in Ghana. Among these educational systems we have the kindergarten which is also called the nursery school, the primary school, junior secondary school, senior secondary school and the university level of education along with other tertiary colleges. The most current education system structure in Ghana is 6-3-3-4 with 6-representing the six years of primary schooling, 3-representing the three years of junior secondary schooling followed by the other three years representing the three years of the senior secondary and the final four years representing the average years of university schooling (Dickens 1). Kindergarten/nursery school In this level the pupils usually enroll at an age of between two years and seven years and thus representing the lowest level of education even though the most critical level of study in preparing the learners for future and more advanced learning. Here the children are equipped with basic skills of algebra which are strictly limited to simple mathematical operations ranging from additions and subtraction of numbers by using more practical examples like adding and subtracting loafs of breads. Also in this level the learners are taught how to memorize and how to write the various letters of the alphabet. The pupils can be taught all these items by more practical lessons such as making the letters of alphabet by use of clay because the small kid can only understand things which are real and in three dimensions so as to get clear picture of various letters of the alphabets. In Ghana the language of instruction which is highly recommended is English so that the pupils can start to understand the English language from the early stages of learning. The children are more involved with the recreation tasks which may include the acts of singing some songs which are incorporated with some learning aspects, painting of the objects such the images of the people and even the letters and numbers learned in the class work and also the acts of looking for answers in puzzles associated with pictures alongside many other recreation activities (Eyiah 1). The good manners are also greatly emphasized in this level of study in which the learners are taught the basic skills in promoting the personal etiquettes. This may include the use of words such as “excuse me’, “please”, “thank you”, “sorry” and many others. The use of the school time table in which the pupils are doing specific tasks at given time instills the sense of displine among the young people since they learn how to be in the right place at the right time and doing the right thing. The reciting of the national anthem is taught at this level and also the pledge along with the flag of the country. Also the pupils are also taught about the existence of the Supreme Being who is God and thus the need to always keep on offering prayers to the lord to guide them in their daily lives and in their future so that they can grow to become important people in the society. Generally in this level the children are equipped with good foundation to make them able to absorb the learning instructions in the higher levels and this level of study is free and compulsory to all children of Ghanaians (Kingsley 1). Primary education level This forms the part of what is referred to as the basic education and it is free and compulsory to all Ghanaians children. The children who enroll at this particular level of study are basically at an average age of about six to twelve years of age. In this level the learners are not given education which is geared towards perfection in any vocations or jobs but creates a platform for broader range of ideas and skills that assists them by instilling good attitudes which will make them to perfectly adapt to the environment and thus becoming importance assets which will help their country to develop in all aspects. Here several subjects are taught and it takes the learners six years to graduate from this level of education and then proceed to the next level which is the junior primary level of schooling (Fiebor 6). Junior secondary level The time frame taken by students at this level of study is usually three years and it is the third level of education and students are enrolled in this level after successfully graduating from the primary school level. This is also the last and the highest level of education in which the learners have legal right from the government to be given free and compulsory education. And the average age of enrollment to this level of education system is roughly between age thirteen and fifteen years in some instances. Each schooling year is divided in to three terms whereby in the first term and the second term the learners usually do examination which are basically comprised of the content entirely taught during the first and the second term. In the third term the end of year examination usually cover all the content taught during the whole year of study. In this level of education several subjects are usually taught and some of them include mathematics, agricultural science, general science, music, dancing, English language, moral education, environmental studies and religious studies. In this level the learners are also given a chance to acquire technical skills, vocational skills and also the physical education is also given to learners (“Summary” 1). For example the learners acquire the skills of calabash decoration, sewing, cooking methods, sculpture making and graphic designing. In Ghana the private schools comprises of small percentage with the public school making the biggest percentage of total schools in Ghana. The learners in public schools usually wear a common uniform unlike in private school where the learners are allowed to go to school wearing casual wears. In the course of the academic year the schools usually organizes events in which the athletic and other sporting activities may take place and the selection of the best sportsmen and women to be done who in turn represents the school in the national competitions which are annually organized by the ministry of youth and sports. At this level of completion the students who emerge to be the best are than considered to form a national team and then they can then proceed to participate in international competitions with the youth of the neighboring countries (“Educational System- Overview” 1). The learners who exhibits exceptional talents usually have great opportunities in terms of being offered scholarships by various organizations and even being in a position to absorbed by commercial teams whereby they practice their talents as a means of earning themselves living. The moral standards in the Ghanaian schools are highly held because most of the schools are sponsored by the Christian faith which lays a very strong foundation in moral teachings. The availability of chaplains in all schools who constantly continue to counsel and guide the students helps greatly in fostering the moral lives among the students. Appropriate punishment is usually administered among the learners when they go wrong. This punishment can be administered in terms of whipping, suspensions, instilling of fatigue and many other ways. The national examination which is called the basic education certificate examination is administered by the West African examination council at the end of the three academic year of the junior secondary schooling. This examination accesses the learners grasping capacity of ideals and concepts and it is this examination which graduates the learners to move to the next level of education only if the learner has outstandingly performed satisfactorily to the required grades (Ablakwa 1). It is also at this level whereby the government has initiated the program of information communication and technology in schools in order to produce the youth who can fit well in job market of this modern world. Junior secondary school level In this level of schooling the learners usually enroll at a rough average age of between fifteen years and nineteen years of age. The duration which the learners take to complete the study at this level is three years and the learners usually enroll in this level of education after satisfactorily passing the basic education certificate examination. At this level the apprenticeship programs are availed to the learners together with other subjects such as the grammar, agricultural training and also other skills are fostered to the learners such as the vocational and the technical skills. In this level the education is not free and thus the government has no legal obligation to fund for the education of the learners and thus here responsibility lies with the parents and guardians. At the end of this level of education the learners sits for an examination called the senior secondary certificate examination which if satisfactorily well done will offer the learners to join the university level of education. Here the training is mainly focused on preparing the learners for adoption in the job market and thus the incorporation of the information communication and technology in the syllabus is very high as compared in the junior secondary school level which does not focus on training the young task on job adoption. After this level one can either join university or other tertiary colleges (“The Educational System” 1). University At the university level the administration does not exercise a lot of control over the students and thus the students are given some freedom unlike in the both senior and junior secondary levels of education. The learners usually enroll in this level of education after they have successfully written the senior secondary certificate examination. This forms the highest level of education and also one of tertiary form of education. The average age in which the learners enroll at is approximately at around nineteen years and above. Here the time frame which one is supposed to take before completing his or her own degree varies depending with nature of course one is undertaking but the average age is usually four years. Some examples of the courses offered at degree level in Ghana include administration, journalism, engineering, law, medicine and many others. There are about four publicly owned universities and the university council usually has strict rules on some drugs abuse. For those students who are from poor families and thus not in a position to pay for tuition fee the government offers some loans to such students in order to be able to cater for their sustenance at the university and also pay for their tuition fees also those students who participate in various sporting activities such as the basket ball, cricket, soccer and many other sporting tasks usually stand high chances of getting scholarships for their undergraduate degrees or for their masters degree. At the university the duration of study is divided into levels and one takes a whole year to finish one level and thus one to complete his first degree in medicine he or she has to go up to level 400 which takes about four years and go for masters degree and then after attaining his or her master’s degree he or she can start working (Wright 1). This level of education focuses more on producing professionals who are highly qualified to meet the job market expectations in this modern world and thus the computer literacy is highly emphasized at this level. The people who have attained this level of education are able to get jobs with a lot of easy unlike those who have acquired the senior secondary education. After successful attainment of first degree one can proceed for further studies and get masters degree which takes roughly a minimum of two years and after that one can also advance for his or her PhD degree which usually takes a minimum of three year for one to complete (Wright 1). Conclusion Despite the fact that the education system of Ghanaian people have undergone some changes from the old system initiated by colonial masters it is evident that the education of Ghana has shown promising trend and in the near future it may be amongst the best globally recognized education. This is because the government of Ghana has heavily invested on information communication and technology in their education system. It is also very clear that a good educational system is the one which answers the needs of the local people. Here we have seen education system in Ghana and this education system is divided in various levels such as the kindergarten, primary, junior secondary, senior secondary and university. Works Cited Ablakwa, Samuel. “Ghana’s Educational System.” 2009. Web. Dickens, Thomas. Adulterating Ghana’s Education System. 2010. Web. Education in Ghana . “Summary.” 2010. Web. Eyiah, Joe. “ Brief History of State-Organized Education in Ghana .” 2008. Web. Fiebor, Ben. “The Educational System of Ghana.” 2010. Web. Ghana. “ Educational System- Overview ” 2010. Web. Graff, Fiona. “Educational System Reform in Ghana.” 2008. Web. Kingsley, Philip. “Ghana Education System.” 2010. Web. U.S. Library of Congress. “ The Educational System .” 2009. Web. Wright, Francine. “Education.” 2010. Web.

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Effects of the New Deal on America Essay These groups are usually made up of several individuals guided by common interests; who come together to work towards the attainment of certain clear goals that are shared by the members of that group. These groups usually try to affect public policy in the endeavor to achieve their objectives. According to Vile (98) advocacy and lobbying form other methods used by these groups in reaching their objectives. Other methods that are deemed to best produce the outcome desired. Apart form the common group desires, the motivation may be financial, faith based, political or even moral. By so doing, these groups end up cutting many divides social, political and economic. They may be single issue groups or broad issue groups. The former have their actions concentrated on single issues alone while the latter may have their focus towards multiple disciplines. Examples of such groups include the American Association of Retired Persons , United Auto Workers and even large corporations like Exxon Mobil . Interest groups have had an immense impact on how politics is carried out especially in the USA since the 1960s through to the 1980s. Even though labor unions in the USA are less influential compared to those in Germany and other Scandinavian countries, they still do have immense influence. The greatest impact is witnessed during the electioneering period when such groups get involved in mobilizing campaign funds for their preferred candidates. `Decisions that are taken by congress are mostly affected by the pressure that these interest groups do put up. The interest groups have been able to get success in the court system through sponsoring litigation trials and amicus briefs. Citizens concerns are easily yet quickly channeled to the authorities through these interest groups. Policy makers and administrators will have an opportunity to hear first hand the feelings of the citizens through the work that the interest groups do carry out. This impact has mostly been felt in the decisions that are taken by congress. Suggestions by the Doctors union for example, when setting up policies that affect the doctors are taken care of with keenness. In the health care sector for example, there has been immense lobbying for policies that would be affordable to the citizens yet providing the best health care to the citizens. (Sultz, Harry and Young, Kristina 50) Another interest group that has had mixed success is the Concerned Women for America . This is a group that is against abortion in the United States. It success has been partial because it has been at loggerheads with another group that is for abortion. This by far forms one of the major challenges faced by these groups. In as much as success could be eminent, conflicts between them are equally rife. The success of this women group was felt when their ideas were brought before congress and heard out. The welfare of both employees and employers has been greatly improved because of the pressure that the labor unions have been having. Proper working conditions, better salaries and setting up of the Employment Act have all been achieved though the participation of the labour unions. Most of these interest groups hold immense resources in terms of money and do possess a lot of following. This attribute does make the pressure groups to be so successful that they can influence the election outcomes. The National Rifle Association has been able to fight for the right of Americans to possess guns. This has been successful to a great extent. Apart from this, international trade has been improved to a great level by the Trade and tariffs lobbies. Through these groups there has been a reduction in the tariffs that has facilitated the level of international trade. This has been achieved through the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs. Ethnic lobbies have led to the fighting in the Arab- Israel region. Most Muslim pressure groups have stood up against the war in the Gaza Strip. Success though elusive has been achieved to some extent with some ceasefire being announced in the region for a while. In conclusion, the interest groups also known as the pressure groups have been so effective in the mandates that they carry out. Corruption however has been a nightmare in the operations of these pressure groups. Once again there has been a lot of vested interests in the operations of interest groups with politics taking centre stage. Even though democracies have been established through these groups, they have equally been used as rubber stamps for some politicians in their endeavor to achieve political mileage. These groups till remain an essential component of society and help towards attaining social justice and ensuring accountability on the part of the government. It then remains obvious that the interest groups will continually remain to be important in our current society and influence the quality of life. Work Cited Sultz, Harry and Young, Kristina. Health Care USA: Understanding Its Organization and Delivery. Ontario: Jones and Bartlett’s, 2009. Print. Vile, M. Politics in the USA (5 th ed.). London: Routledge, 1999. Print.

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Egyptian Hotel Holiday Policy Essay A holiday policy is one of the basic legal frameworks that each and every business enterprise has to have in place. This is particularly important in private business because unlike the public sector most businesses operate on the principle of profit maximization and as such would operate even on weekends and would-be public holidays. Having a holiday policy in place ensures that the enterprise avoids legal suits from employees on account of breach of their rights as workers. In order to accommodate the needs of the guests even when they clash with staff sensibilities and beliefs it is imperative that the employees understand that the hotel is a business and at the end of the day we are supposed to make money. It would therefore be the prerogative of the staffs to try and put aside their personal beliefs for as long as they are at the work place (Barbeito, 2004). This will easily go well with the highly heralded business slogan that the customer is always right (Guerin and Delpo, 2007). My schedule will be strict because in business, more often than not, when employees are given flexible schedules they tend to use the loopholes to circumvent company policy and to some extent disregard their work (Lawson, 2005). The various holidays will be put down and a structure put down to establish that all individuals get to work on at least one of the days. This is because the hotel industry unlike many other business establishments is expected to operate round the clock, all year round (Guerin and Delpo, 2007). In my opinion, company policy should definitely supersede individual beliefs. This is because any business enterprise is bound to have staffs from varied backgrounds and with vast array of beliefs (Hicks, 2003). If individual beliefs were to come ahead of company policy, the system would definitely be overloaded by employee demands. This covers the beliefs of the owners/CEOs. In management, the senior members of staff are expected to set the example for their junior associates and therefore when drafting the holiday policy, it is mandatory that it is structured in such a way that it is all encompassing. A well structured and strict company policy makes the job of staff management easier (Guerin and Delpo, 2007). While writing the policy, I will have to consider the fact that employees have to be paid even when they don’t come to work as a result of a holiday (Hicks, 2003). The pay issue principle also demands that employees who come to work on holidays be paid slightly more than what they would earn on regular days(Guerin and Delpo, 2007). I will also have to bear in mind that the employees are classified under various categories based on their levels of experience amongst other credentials that were used when recruiting them. This means that the policy will be balanced in such a manner that even the senior members of staff have to work in at least one of the holidays. I would word the policy in such a way that it avoids technical and legal jargon. This will be so that each and every employee can easily understand it, as such ensuring full compliance. The first step in the process of policy drafting will be to establish the various acceptable holidays within the region. This will help in identifying which holiday’s within the calendar will be classified as company holidays and the criteria for such classification. Below is the full holiday policy: 1. Fixed holidays: * New Year’s Day * Independence Day * Labor Day * Christmas * Eid ul- Fitr 2. Policy Principles The hotel’s members of staff will be paid in full during the holidays For an employee to get a full holiday pay, he/she must work on the day preceding the holiday and the day after the holiday (Lawson, 2005). If an employee is required on the day when an he/she had been scheduled to be on off as a consequence of a holiday, he/she will be paid double the amount he/she would have received on the regular days (Barbeito, 2004). On top of this, he/she will also get another paid day off within a month after the holiday. If a holiday happens to be on a Saturday, then the company shall consider the Friday before the given Saturday a holiday (Lawson, 2005). It the holiday is on a Sunday, the company policy will have it that the following Monday will be the holiday (Lawson, 2005). If a holiday falls on the day when an employee is supposed to be on vacation, an extra day will be added to the employee’s vacation days (Hicks, 2003). The employee will be compensated for the day accordingly. An employee can be exempted from working on a given holiday provided he/she comes up with a reason founded on solid grounds. This exemption is however permitted only within a period of one month after the holiday quota is released. Failure to do so will mean that the employee agrees with the schedule. Reference List Barbeito, c. (2004). Human resource policies and procedures for nonprofit organizations . Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Guerin, L. and Delpo, A. (2007). Create your own employee handbook: a legal and practical guide . Berkeley: Nolo. Hicks, D. (2003). Religion and the workplace: pluralism, spirituality, leadership. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lawson, J. (2005). How to Develop a Personnel Policy Manual. United States: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn.

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UN Summit in New York: Ending Global Poverty Problem Solution Essay Poverty has not only blighted communities to hopelessness, but it has also proved to be the main stunting menace to growth in the whole globe. There is thus a concerted effort from all world entities towards the fight against global poverty. At the international arena the UN (United Nations) has formulated eight poverty-fighting goals which upon endorsement in the September UN Summit in New York, would provide money-making opportunities and save the lives of the world’s poorest countries (Samuelson 1). The summit will prepare an outline with distinct actions for all governments that will produce real results over the next 5 years. The plan must fight corruption, create new jobs, empower women, improve access to education and healthcare, and increase investment opportunities (Cline 95). The summit would produce a new set of commitments based on mutual accountability and rapport between donors and the developing world. The World Wide United Foundation (a non-governmental organization) boasts of guaranteeing the basic human necessities to every human born into the world. Key among the strategies of this foundation is its oversight role in pursuing the enactment of international laws on political accountability (Root 39). One of the officers in this organization cites that we have international laws that govern violent crimes and ‘crimes against humanity’ yet being impoverished, homeless, unhealthy, cold and naked is not considered a crime for which those in leadership positions should be held accountable. He challenges the international community to enact laws that categorizes the misuse of power ‘which leads to poverty’ as a crime against humanity. He assures that with strict penalties, the enforcement of this international law would ensure a transparent and just leadership (Lodge 97). He also suggests that the adoption of a worldwide health insurance would go a long way in availing quality health care to the poor. A human rights activist says that the main task at hand is to enlighten the public concerning their rights. He asserts that an enlightened citizenry would exercise its democratic right by voting for government officials who would air the plight of the poor. He believes that an informed citizenry would unite to demand for their rights from a corrupt political system. He emphatically challenged charitable organizations not to follow the course of the government, by allowing themselves to be hindered by complex bureaucracies engineered by those who seek to gain from the weak ones (Deen 1). A senator did admit that poverty levels are on the upward trend, attributing this to the complexity of the challenge of poverty. He, however, appreciated the current mechanisms which are in place to reduce poverty levels. He said that better social policies had been drawn by the senate to address the issue, exemplified by the stimulus package bill which has proved to be effective. A community resident attributes the suffering of the poor to the existing bureaucratic system of governance which does not consider the plight of the poor. He claims that the poor suffer the most (are lowly rewarded), yet, they usually work the hardest in mines and fields. He claimed that these peasants are the backbone of our economy and the professional world cannot do without them. The preceding random test was fairly reliable and it is quite evident that the challenge of poverty is multifaceted; it thus does call for a concerted effort from all global, national and regional entities in addressing it. The persistence of poverty can be attributed to poor governance and ignorance. Poverty erodes human happiness and leads to societal vices such as crime, terrorism, prostitution and ultimately death. A sustainable economic development can be achieved through: just governance, equitable distribution of resources, empowering the citizenry and providing the basic necessities of life to the citizens. Works Cited Cline, William. Trade Policy and Global Poverty . California. Barnes & Noble, 2004. Print. Deen, Thalif. “Is global poverty reduction a political myth.” 2010. Web. Lodge, George. A corporate solution for global poverty. New York. McMillan Publishers. Root, Hilton. Capital and Collusion: The political logic of ending global poverty. New Jersey. Wadsworth Publishers, 2001. Print. Samuelson, Robert. Rx for Global Poverty. 2008- August 11, 2010, https://www.newsweek.com/globalization-solution-global-poverty-89755

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Social, Cultural and Gender Inequality From a Global Perspective Essay As the executive chef for this hotel and resort corporation, applications for vacancies in the firm fall under my jurisdiction. Most of the respondents for the recently advertised supervisory vacancies are females from your culinary institution. We are also privileged to have a majority of our male employees who are graduates from your institution. What is however disheartening is the reaction of these male employees on hearing that many of the supervisory posts applicants are females. The prospect of them being under supervision of female(s) does not augur well with them. This is definitely a shocker and it is really unbelievable that such a mentality still exists in today’s world. Gender inequality which basically refers to open or concealed inequality between persons on the grounds of gender should not be an issue in this modern world (Centra and Gaubatz, 2003, p. 17). Graduates, and especially males, from your kind of institution are expected to be enlightened and are not expected to show any form of discrimination. They are expected to be way above such unacceptable practices at these times. I would kindly like to give an insight on how this can be dealt with through various practices and training of students while they are still in the institution so that such instances does not occur elsewhere in future (Centra and Gaubatz, 2003, p. 18). Slotting into evocative discussion about gender of the tutors or lecturers with students will serve to prepare these young men and women to operate in a society that has turned more diverse and universal. It is the duty of the tutor to craft a lecture-room environment that serves to enhance meaningful discussions concerning gender. As the society progressively turns to be global, learning institutions have an obligation to embrace gender diversity. Such an inclusiveness calls for both tutoring and gaining knowledge about gender issues. The seriousness with which most of these institutions seek to root for gender sensitivity is often debatable (Hernandez, 2001, p. 12). However, there is little doubt that involving students in meaningful discussions on gender will read them to fit in a society that is progressively getting more diverse. So as to participate in any meaningful discussion about gender, the learners first need check their own convictions and mind-sets. Quite a large number of them do join learning institutions with already biased beliefs concerning given genders (Boerman-Cornell, 1999, p. 66). This attitude definitely is carried into the lecture rooms. In today’s interdisciplinary class set ups, this poses problems mainly due to the following; convictions touching on gender attributes are not supported by any evidence at almost all times and such beliefs are opposed to change. What makes this even more serious is that once the learners have shaped convictions concerning gender, they are stubborn toward differing explanations. It has also been proved that when information to counter their gender convictions is presented to them, it actually serves to reinforce their biased beliefs. This means that the lecturers have to do what it takes to counter learner resilience when talking about gender issues. It has earlier been stated that it is normally the tutor’s duty to craft a lecture-room environment that enhances meaningful discussions concerning gender. Learners should be readied for the twofold activity of scholarly proficiency and experimental understanding (Hernandez, 2001, p. 14). A good beginning point for tutors is to develop an open discussion concerning gender by getting into a more broad debate on gender attitudes. This is normally attained by enhancing learner aptitude and at the same time promoting their critical reasoning about the hypothetical machinations that underlie debate on gender issues. For both genders, participation in discussions on gender calls to mind negative emotions. This is despite the fact that when the learners are faced up to arguments to lessen their levels of justification means, a reflective interpersonal set up of learning and development comes up (Centra and Gaubatz, 2003, p. 32). For tutors to engage in significant discussions about race with the learners there are usually three aspects they need to have in mind. The first one is the lecturer/learner interaction. Coming up with a constructive association with learners in any course needs to take place on two stages. The first one is to recognize the learners as a set. The tutor needs to be aware of grouping adherence and arrange for the ones who find it hard to conform to group pressure (Hernandez, 2001, p. 23). The second level points to individual contact between the tutor and the learner. Learning best takes place when there is a good rapport between the learner and his or her tutor. The second aspect that tutors need to facilitate is attentive skills. This is achieved by way of voicing and body language (Boerman-Cornell, 1999, p. 69). Body and voice language also includes eye contact and the tutor must be attentive for nonverbal reactions from learners. The third and final aspect that tutors need to embrace is different teaching styles. This is due to the fact that students learn best in various ways. There are those who are at home with visual presentations, those comfortable working in groups and those who get the points best by way of reading (Boerman-Cornell, 1999, p. 69). Reference List Boerman-Cornell, W. (1999). “The five humors.” English Journal, 88: 66-69. Centra, J. and Gaubatz, N. (2003). “Is there Gender Bias in Student Evaluations of Teaching?” Journal of Higher Education 70 (1) 17-33. Hernandez, H. (2001). “ Multicultural education: A teacher’s guide to linking context, process and content .” Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 12-23.

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Ethical issues in schools within Jefferson County Essay Introduction In the recent years, cases of students cheating in schools have become rampant at very high levels. The significant increase in this vice among high school students has become a bitter pill to swallow not only in this county but also in almost all other districts, states and countries throughout the world. This paper will discuss this issue from an ethical basis and the impact it has had over the academic standards of most institutions. It will also discuss probable causes, solutions and lastly give recommendations on how the issue of cheating within the student community can be minimized. The paper will be chiefly based on public schools within Jefferson County. Cheating in schools To start with, cheating within high school students has been chosen as an ethical issue. This is due to the fact that the students fail to play their part in the learning process and instead use other sinister means to make sure that their work is complete. It is commonplace nowadays to find students using the current sophistication in technology in making sure that their class work has been done to perfection. As much as the relevant authority is aware that this issue is recurrent within learning institutions, exposure to technology like the use of the internet has made the trade a lot simpler for the students. They are now able to access any material they want from the internet through websites which specialize in the trade, encyclopedias and thousands of other material. This constant use of current technology to enhance academic excellence is known as cyber-cheating (Josephson, 1998) Considering the behavior in a more ethical perspective, there ensues a very big debatable matter on the major roles that should be played by the school management and also the school’s staff in making sure that they get their student community prepared with the required information and skills to be better members of the communal workforce. This means that the approaches that have been erstwhile insisted to be used by various schools should thus be shifted from the traditional modes for the future success of the students. This can be through avoiding just traditionally transmitting facts to students but making sure that they get to interact with the systems through which they are learning or the material which is being fed to them (Fulton, 1997). This will instill some relevance into what the students are learning. Basing on rebellion towards academic integrity, many students have been found to have cheated in more than enough cases. This has ranged from copying internet material which on the other hand goes without proper citations among others. The question of cheating from technology has become so simplified that the vice is getting its way into elementary schools (JCPS, 2010). In most high schools in the Jefferson County, students get engaged in websites which sell the papers and later submit in the work to their teachers claiming that it is their own piece of work. In a research done by the educational communications (1998), 80% of high school students who got interviewed admitted that they had at least been involved in exam cheating in order to have their grades improve. Among those who took part in the survey, over 50% did not see much ado in the act. This shows how serious the vice has infiltrated into our schooling system (Underwood & Szabo, 2003). Ethical impacts In most cases, the highest numbers of students who find themselves involved in such acts do not fully understand the ethical implications of such acts. They do not know how wrong it is morally to be involved in plagiarism, intentionally or otherwise. The basic reason behind this can be due to a lack of understanding of the meaning of intellectual property. As much as some of the students might be having some knowledge of what intellectual property is, they take the case of school assignments to be a different case all together and so not wrong to search the internet for material. To the teachers, it is wise to consider that some of these cases are not deliberate and that the best thing is to have the students understand the best methods of attributing such material. This should apply to all teachers who are within Jefferson County. Differences in cheating All educators in all sectors should be able to tell the difference between deliberate and inadvertent cases of plagiarism. At the same time, they should agree that there has been a lot of difference between the traditional tangible print media and the current electronic sources in that it is a bit difficult to feel the presence of the author in the latter case. To avoid this, teachers should involve the students much on discussions on the importance of originality in their line of thinking. They should also get the students to understand the importance of acknowledging their sources and thus not committing the errors knowingly. On the other hand, there is a vast majority of students in this district who commit the crime knowingly by intentionally acquiring the information from various websites which specialize in this trade. Most of the work that is submitted through such sites is of so poor quality that most students in colleges do not use them as the work at times deems not to be acceptable. Most of the responsible sites fail to be tracked down due to their supporting disclaimers. Most of the common sites which students have been found to be visiting are those that issue notes, term papers and lastly some which edit their work at a fee. Most of the owners of the stated sites have been able to stay clear away from the authority through their ken eyes making the business one which is meant to stay for much longer than it is anticipated. Ways to avert cheating The best part of the issue comes in that there is a variety of ways and means in which teachers can use to averse this crooked trade. One of the ways is to go commercial. They can employ the use of specialized software which is used to detect cases and instances of cheating. Impact new and relevant policies in the academic arena which shall be used to monitor cheats, and lastly they can devise ways and means which they can use to change from the traditional modes of cheating to more effective mode which tend to discourage cheating (McCullen, 2003).. Use of technology In the use of technology, people have come up with special software that is used to match whichever work is input into it against a vast amount of internet resources. If matching is detected, it is automatically highlighted and thus the culprit is easily caught. As expected, the best checkers come at a fee which ranges according to the software’s effectiveness and at times they get so expensive such that some schools lack the financial ability to acquire such software. For those who can afford the services, the papers are turned into the service and then using specialized algorithm that compares the strings in the submitted work and that which is in the database, the service outputs a certain score which indicates the level of originality in that work. This has helped minimize the vice in that, after students are aware that the work will be checked, they rarely copy and paste and thus at the end of the day they submit quality work. As much as this method seems to work in most situations, there are cases of distrust which then means that the methods get shunned by many a people requiring a call for alternative means (Underwood & Szabo, 2003). Due to the cost of the software, the government in charge of chip in and give some assistance to public schools within Jefferson County to be able to purchase the best software Integrating policies Other means into which the vice can be evaded is by putting up more or improving on the integrity policies that dictate content in the material submitted including usage of the internet. Such policies can be clear and consice publications on the definition of cheating and in this case plagiarism, ways and means in which this can be steered clear of and effects that will accompany culprits. Teachers can also come up with honor codes which should be strictly adhered to (Josephson, 1998). Such codes help in determining that the students become aware that they are held responsible for any cases which arise if they are found cheating in their papers. Some of the codes can be presented in form of a form which should be duly signed by the students together with and before their parents and/or guardians. This kind of a code is essential in instilling into the student the fact academic dishonesty is not just an ethical implication but a serious offence in the school which should be dealt with very seriously. Schools within this district which have been able to develop such codes have been able to reduce the cases of cheating amongst their students to very low levels (Straw, 2000). Re-evaluation of assessment methods The last method which can be applied to avert the vice is through the re-evaluation of the traditional modes of classroom teaching and student assessment. Such methods as always giving term papers and so have the main methods which encourage cheating amongst students. Students should be engaged into more advanced tactics which encourage reasoning, comprehending and interpreting learnt material. Effort should be geared upon what the student can contribute in solving a given problem and not merely on what the student can get from other sources. Conclusion It is therefore necessary to concur with the fact that cyber-cheating is a reality in our education system and people should collaborate and work together in ensuring that the vice is done away with. When students get to learn the ethical implications of the intellectual property and the wrong in it, the student community will be geared towards better work. Schools in Jefferson County should aim at acquiring more modes of preventing plagiarism like honor codes and reverting to modernized assessment methods. References Fulton, K. (1997). Learning in a Digital Age: Insights into the Issues . Milken Exchange on Educational Technology. Santa Monica, California: Milken Family Foundation. Jefferson County Public Schools (JCPS). (2010). News. Retrieved from https://www.jefferson.kyschools.us/News/index.html Josephson, M. (1998). 1998 Report Card on the Ethics of American Youth. Los Angeles, CA: Josephson Institute of Ethics. McCullen, C. (2003). Tactics and Resources to Help Students Avoid Plagiarism. Multimedia Schools 10(6), 40-43. Straw, J. (2000). Keep Your Eyes Off the Screen: Online Cheating and What We Can Do About It. Academic Exchange Quarterly 4(3), 21-25 Underwood, J. & Szabo, A. (2003). Academic offences and e-learning: individual propensities in cheating. British Journal of Educational Technology 34(4), 467-477.

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Ethics in Public Administration. Case 2 – Paul’s Scenario Essay Outline 1. Introduction. 2. Main Body 3. Principles defining each character. 4. Implementation of the traditional ethical thinking skills. 5. Utilization of the ethical triangle. 6. Conclusion. The ethical approaches need to be combined for the purpose of more effective decision-making in public administration. The elements of the ethical triangle may be used as filters for ethical analysis of the situations and appropriate decision making. Kent Chartwell, Marion Meriwether and Winston Battle in case 2 Paul’s scenario are examples of Peter, Mary and Paul schemes of human behavior. Only combining the three traditional ethical approaches (virtue, principle and consequences) and acting in accordance to the ethics triangle, the mayor could achieve the greatest good for the greater number. Interacting with Marion Meriwether and Winston Battle, Mayor Chartwell had to deal with specialists possessing Mary and Paul charts of competence. Thus, being competent, enthusiastic and creative but not promoted, Marion is an example of Mary scheme of professional behavior. Actually, she retrains, knows all the angles of the sphere, generates brilliant ideas, and does all the work, but her contribution seems to remain unnoticed because she is offered to be an assistant or co-director but not to take the lead. Winston Battle is an example of Paul competence chart. On the one hand, this employee lacks creativity and enthusiasm. On the other hand, he is reluctant to work on the project and seems to be tired and over burnt. It is possible that he has performed well in the past but he is absolutely useless, running the summer recreational program. The virtue, principles and consequences approaches have been implemented by the participants of the scenario. Mayor Chartwell decides on the principle approach, insisting on leaving Battle as the director of the program, supposing that if an individual has been appointed for the position, he must have deserved it and can do his best, contributing to the greatest good. Marion Meriwether used the virtue approach, intuitively defining measures that can be beneficial for improving the project and enhancing its effectiveness. The consequences approach has been chosen by Battle as he was not interested in the process and its details. He used the summer program for padding his personal payroll and being informed that he would have to make some efforts for making the program more effective, decided to leave the project. Thus, overutilizing a single model, each of the characters would have failed to reach the greatest good. Only using the ethic triangle can help to balance virtue, balance and consequences approaches and to promote the public interest. Thompson & Leidlein (2009) noted that „using the ethics triangle helps to prevent the problems associated with using any of the models alone” (p. 67). Overutilizing the principle approach, Mayor Chartwell could decrease the effectiveness of the project. But thinking over reaching the greatest good and consequences of his decisions, he rated Marion’s contribution at its true value and decided to involve her into the project. However, following the principle-based approach, he offered her only the position of an assistant. Mayor failed to use the ethical model overestimating the principle of leaving the employee who has been performing well in the past on the position occupied. “Operating inside the triangle helps prevent the shortcomings of each approach as its angles inform and limit one another” (Bowman, West, & Berman, 2004, p. 71). Thus, the principle side of the triangle could reduce the benefits of the virtue and consequences-based approaches. It was only due to the juncture of the events that Marion Meriwether was promoted and the greatest good for the greatest number has been achieved. Reference List Bowman, J.S., West, J.P., & Berman, E.M. (2004). The professional edge: Competencies in public service. New York, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc. Thompson, W.N. & Leidlein, J.E. (2009). Ethics in city hall: Discussion and analysis for public administration. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

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Problems of Everyday Addictions in Society Research Paper Abstract Addiction can be compared to a feeling that emerges from the individual need for approval and acceptance of equal rights. An average majority suffer a strong feeling of not being in a position to overcome certain pressures of life. Addiction is the feeling of an external pressure persuading someone to a certain activity. Any form of addiction is harmful in one way or another to the affected individual or those associated to them. Support is the basic cure for addiction. The addict need to openly indicate their need for assistance since counselling is a procedure that entails understanding that one has a problem, accepting it and thus finding ways of managing it. (Matthynssens, 2009) Any form of addict will at one instance relay on the external support especially the moral sustenance. Introduction Any form of addiction is enslaving because it prevents achievement of goals by affecting participation in healthy and more productive activities. There are various types of addictions ranging from food, drugs, sex, play, work and many more. Drug addiction carries enormous quantity of ambiguity and brings about misunderstandings due to huge amount of information required to address its related problems. Arguably the other forms of addictions are often side effects of drug abuse and addiction. (Matthynssens, 2009) It is common to find a person who is addicted to pornography due to other substance abuse and also often to find someone trying to find other alternatives in the aim of fighting alcohol or tobacco addiction. Addiction to food requires urgent assistance to avoid eating disorders just like the alcoholics it would require some form of therapy at rehabilitation centres. Food might be one of the hardest addictions to deal with since it is a basic need for the survival of living things. One is not in a position to stop eating abruptly as compared to other forms of addictions. It is a continuous battle to keep to a certain limit. Being addicted to the internet is a very common phenomenon today especially among the youth. In future, it is probably going to be harder than food because eventually we all need to use the net for communication as well as getting access to important information. The technological advancement today requires everyone to be in apposition of using the computers and the network and addiction to its use can equally tear off the abusers lives just like the alcohol or tobacco would do. The common addictions today are hard to control because they involve inevitable choice of living such as reading, playing and eating. It also involves entertainment such as watching television, browsing the net and many more. This implies that addiction is an everyday life situation and therefore addicts are common people suffering due to lack of support from friends. The first cure to addiction is friends and ability to enjoy a moment of laughter. Addicts need to ensure they are around caring and happy people for the support they need for a successful quit. Although addiction is a negative influence over personality, depending on the type it can be a positive force supporting the decision making procedures and helping to settle for the best option in tough situations for instance addiction to reading. When one accepts to put up with negative addiction, they end up giving up the personal trusts and values thus the pressure becomes a form of a negative force. Thesis Statement “The affects of drug addictions and its influence on other forms of everyday addictions” This paper is an analysis of the effect of everyday addictions its effects and possibilities as well as implications over future endeavours. It is an analysis of the behavioural patterns and lastly it analyzes the available perspectives into breaking the vice. The paper narrows the scope to the issue of drug abuse and addiction since this is arguably the basic source of information for the other forms of addictions as well. Objective/significance of the study The main objective of the paper focuses on forms of addictions and ways of evaluating the developmental problems associated with this type of vice. Another significance of the study focuses on the global approach towards curbing the vice and creating public awareness over everyday addiction. The paper also forms an analysis over issue of other probable cause in the subject matter. Are people utilizing the appropriate measures to get rid of the vice? The analysis of what determines addictions. Lastly, it addresses the issue of utilizing the new professionally suggested measures to breaking from this common phenomenon of addictions. The Method of the study The literature reviews will enable better understanding of the topic. Preparation of the research proposal over the chosen topic enhances and quantifies the research as a study topic and prepares for respondents. Information collected tabulates and ranks the findings to broad areas and helps to narrow the scope to the objectives of the study analysis. The analysis then draws the conclusion from generally analyzed data in the literature review. Purpose of the study The main purpose of this study is to evaluate possible ways of the society braking the everyday addictions and offer suggestions from the research on ways of reducing or eliminating this social problem in current common settings. Literature review Insinuations for understanding addiction behaviour These daily additive behaviours such as eating, sleeping, working or reading seem to inextricably link with rewards and availability of the opportunity to perform them. The distinction between these addictive behaviours and others lies upon their final effects to the addict, society and the desirability of the behaviours. Differences in the type of everyday addictions bring forth different attitudes. Some of the substances are illegal; others such as tobacco or alcohol are legal for the adults despite their negative effects while others such as reading or entertainment are not governed by any form of rule. The human reaction towards behaviour heavily influences the dependences’. (Matthynssens, 2009) Considering tobacco, today people have accepted the issue of passive smoking as revealed through scientific evidence. Regardless of the enough evidence over the negative effects such as cirrhosis of the liver caused by alcohol the drug is easily and readily available for adults. The addiction to gambling is common due to its open nature of any-time access. In most cases, it would be invariable to have a linkage between development of the brain and the behaviours emulated by addicts. Scientifically the argument over the link indicates that under high emotional influences, there are some conditions at the maturing front part of the brain that necessitate devastating inexplicable performance, leading to poor decision making such as use of drugs. (Santrock, 2006) People have the ability and rationale to differentiate between the right and wrong. This is an indication that the brain has the capacity to demonstrate some mental ability over decision making, but the addicts might have acted in opposition to these expectations. According to Nestler and Malenka, (2004) the brains is under some less optimal control mechanisms and thus under higher probability to act from guts or instincts in submitting to the option of taking drugs when confronted with stressful or emotional strains. Under such conditions, they are not able to be thankful for any instantaneous outcomes for their accomplishments. The addiction details There have been various public policies regarding addiction in which case some encourage while others prohibit the acts. Today a hypothesis of well-being assists to reduce the negative acts. The campaigns against some of the vice give discouraging statistics. For instance, the UK has the highest number of abusers with approximately 12 million adult smokers and approximately 1% of them dying of the act every year. Such statistics continue to explain the habit as a preventable one where 70 percent of the addicts having tried to quit. The statistics over dependency offers a negative influence and the social rules place harsh measures to ensure that the public remain highly alerted over the abusive nature associated with alcoholism or smoking. This is useful especially among the youth who are under high chances of abuse considering the peer pressure they might undergo. Compared to adults, on average, the adolescents are more impetuous, insistent, volatile emotionally, high risk takers, proactive and reactive to strain or stress and are susceptible to external influences or pressure. (Nestler and Malenka, 2004) They focus on the short time payoffs, which they over estimate to a point of underrating any long-term consequences that may be involved. They are prone to overlooking the alternative course of actions. The uses of tranquillizers show that majority are addicted to the drug due to abuse. These are legalized drugs and the counter measures to the addiction indicate the decline to such addictions and researchers mainly predispose the lighting upon the illegal drugs instead. The developing brain and everyday addiction Young people are often curious about addictive activities especially those that have been prohibited. They face a stage of experimenting and seeking novelty. The survey conducted in the U.S. indicates that the use of drugs such as tobacco and alcohol is a common phenomenon among the youths before they hit the legal age for the use. (Johnson et al., 2006) The survey also indicated that at least half or more of the teenagers try out the drugs during the adolescent stage and nearly all have tried before reaching the legal age. Today the youth show higher rates of alcohol problems and other forms of addiction as opposed to the older age groups. (Spear, 2002) Vulnerability to everyday addiction Addiction is a warning sign for poor well being and emergence of harmful behaviours because of lacking something better to niche to the specified time frame. The issue of well being is highly questionable in developed countries such as the UK and US. People with socially unacceptable behaviours are found to be chronically addicted to illicit drugs. The society lacks the required initiative because given the opportunity to change majority would be willing to heal. This indicates the need to finding the right partner, job or creative and benefiting activity. Some of the bad and mostly illegal behaviours that cause social discomforts are due to sensitivity to addictions and the effects associated with it. These social effects can bring about pleasurable social experiences such as feeling of less shyness than the expectations. (Spear, 2002) The effects are enormous on the youth who seem more venerable compared to the same effects on an adult. The hormones also play a vital role in the everyday addiction. The adolescents have novelty to seek and promote social competitiveness. The production of hormones promotes addiction because of the original occurrence of pressure for the individual to seek social approval from friends. (Mclemore, 2008) Human growth and development When an addict isn’t considered as one During their life spans, human beings expectation to grow and change socially, emotionally, behaviourally, physically and cognitively is very important. Through analysis of some developmental life-span struggles, there is a possibility of determining disorders or crisis affecting everyday addicts. The counsellors face the challenge of thinking widely and know what kind of behavioural pattern to expect so as to be in a position of suggesting developmental concerns and appropriate actions to take. In line with Mclemore writing (2008), there are some expectations regarding differences in physical, cognitive, emotional and behavioural patterns with regard to individuals. Genetic predisposition, positive self-esteem and the relationship between the child and parent are some of the contributory factors that lead to the addiction. Most people have enthusiasm for health as opposed to addiction which takes away the meaning of life. An addiction is a behaviour that takes over ones life fully and conflicts with any other positive activity or those related to the victim. Addiction causes withdrawal symptoms during the procedures to quit, tolerance and the need to engage more in the activity. The dependence also causes relapse if one does not engage in the activity. The addicted activity is never important at hand but when one cannot engage in it. For instance, a smoker will think about smoking when engaged in a situation where they are not in a position to do it such as in a long-hour flight. The biggest challenge to the society is that, when people think about everyday addiction there focus shifts to the illegal or harmful substances but not other behavioural addictions. Addicts especially the youthful need to find some basis to make decisions, they feel the need to explore and deal with novel emotional feelings concern with uncertain and impulsive activities. (Stantrock, 2006) Quitting the addictive is a transitional issue requiring critical concerns in the counselling procedures. On this context, the issues of neglect, self-esteem and emotional development are some key considerations during counselling procedures. The addicts’ appearance to others is an important issue because one believes they own unique problems and all the public attention focuses particularly upon them. The quitting procedures bring about the challenges of discovering their identity in terms of vocation, relationship, sexuality, gender, life interests, personality and culture/ethnicity. (Santrock, 2006) Personal opinion over everyday addiction and possible solutions Human beings have to make decisions every now and then based on the challenge at hand. There are many different reasons why people suffer from everyday addiction such as alcohol usage, probably to relax, have fun, find rest, forget problems, and mostly to emulate friends. The youth mostly engage in drugs because they know someone who does the same and is successful. They fancy the lives of others and thus mimic their style in the aim of trying to find their personal styles. People have different external or internal anxieties and thus addiction is a fine act as long as it serves the role of substantiating the feeling or determining the outlook that people would wish to talk about or emulate or even to relieve strain or stress. The reason for discussing everyday addictions is the problems they cause. People in a groups act differently and do some weird activities they would probably not do on their own. This is the identity of a group as opposed to that of an individual. For instance a person will always engage in gambling when they meet a certain friend. There is a behavioural pattern for achieving a certain goal at that particular time. The control placed on these behaviours can easily crumple before the achievement of that valued need. Addiction is more often hard to resist because it is equally very hard to notice. The wisest decision one would make is to have a personal pull or reflection of life and be aware of the consequences by understanding the achievement or aims of that particular engagement. According to Mclemore, (2008) personal choices are very important even when the addictive pressure seems irresistible. The root course of addiction to any indulging activity is the probability of it commencing early in life. For example early initiation into drug usage means a higher tendency of addiction in future beside the likelihood of influencing others compared to the counterparts who begin usage later into their lives. Today their is a common trend of addiction such as to pornography, internet usage or video games among school or college aged pupils and the dependence gets a continual peak if not controlled at the same age. An addict who has been smoking for the last thirty year have bigger problems associated with quitting compared to one who has been an addict for five years. Various forms of addictive behaviours that are facing ignorance by the society are a strong indication of future problems. Addicts face a huge challenge of lifestyle changes that easily leads to unemployment, marriage related problems such as marital conflicts, and reduced chances for termination of drug usage. The existence or of social settings where most daily addiction exist without being noted suggests signs that the trends may form part of our lives and the trendy easily resumes for those who may have quit. In line with Mclemore, (2008) “the escalation or maintenance of high level of addiction often results from biological, psychological, and psychiatric characteristics of an individual.” There are also chances of habitat or settings causing more vulnerability to indulging in the activities that are available in the home settings. The psychological and psychiatric traits may also be catalyzed from abusive parents. The vulnerability of everyday addiction highly depends on the characteristics of the user or the lifestyle as opposed to the characteristic of the addictive activity. The maladjustment on these social and psychological characteristics is what mainly characterizes precedence to the initial signs of addiction. For instance one may be used to taking coffee or tea in the morning and with time they become highly addicted to the caffeine. What cause everyday addiction? The properties that lead to everyday addictions are not present at psychoactive therapies. One becomes deceived by various factors such as availability or pressure and only tends to do so for a while but becomes highly exposed to probability of becoming addicts. Addicts psychologically get involved to the additives that easily lead to advanced future consequences because of the emotional and psychological involvements. Conclusion Social settings can give the impression that everyday addiction is under control because the societal analysis is mainly based upon the illicit or illegal activities. A closer look at the phenomenon indicates that everyday a person is starting to use and becomes addicted to a certain task that can lead to problems compared to the wellbeing it can bring about. Possibly the addiction comes about due to the pressure involved among the peer groups and is great for most of them to resist unless there is an intervention by the authorities and mainly the parents. (Mclemore, 2008) Today the biggest problem in the societal setting involves identification of the main addictive activities. People are working tooth and nail to handle the common addition to drugs such as tobacco or alcohol and forgetting the other everyday addictions people suffer from. There is need to speak out the problem and analyze the effects of the dangers involved before things are out of hand. Further proposals This paper is an outline of the various types of addictions and the influence the drug addiction has over them. It opens up the chance for further research with the aim of reviewing the repercussions the other forms of addiction may have and reveal any catastrophic impacts they may have caused or will result to. There is important need for intervention by the society in resisting the negative influences directly connects to everyday addictions through guidance based on the research findings. References Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., & Bachman, J. G. (2006). Monitoring the Future national Survey results on drug use , 1975-2005. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse. Matthynssens, C. (2009, November 7). Addiction – Do Not Let it Steal Your Future . Web. Mclemore, P. (2008, January 9). The Causes of Addiction . Web. Nestler, E. J., and Malenka, R. C. (2004). The addicted brain . Scientific American Journal, 290 (3), 78-85. Santrock, J. (2006). Life-span development (10 th Ed.) . New York, NY: McGraw Hill Spear, L. P. (2002). Alcohol’s effects on adolescents . Journal of Alcohol Health and Research World, Vol 26(4), Pp. 287-291.

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Essay about Exercise – Benefits Is exercise beneficial? How is it good for you? And what is exercise? Essays like the one below will help you discover the answers to these questions. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Benefits of Exercise 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction Do you want to live a good life feeling great with improved mental psyche and energy levels void of some chronic diseases coupled with sound sleep all in one package? Look no further; regular exercising will offer this all-inclusive package of benefits. Many people just know very little about goodness of exercise; regrettably, they do not know how good it can get over time. The good news is that, exercise delivers results regardless of sex, occupation, physical ability, or age. Exercise results are yours for taking; once you put the input, the output is almost certain. Unfortunately, people will always find excuses for not exercising and even some will quote myths associated with exercise for them to stay out. Many exercise activities are not strenuous and require very little efforts; for instance, dancing for fun. The truth is; exercise is good because it will help you have good moods, manage chronic diseases, and manage weight giving you good shape. Goodness of Exercise Exercise helps in improving one’s mood and mind status. Mood is a state of mind. Physical activity triggers the body to release chemicals known as endorphins. These chemicals enable one to be happy and peaceful. The contemporary society is set in a way that people can work without involving a lot of physical exercise. Moreover, many people are being forced by circumstances to take jobs that they do not like. Chances that such people will slump into stress, depression, low self-esteem, and insomnia are high. However, exercising improves all these by improving one’s mood. For instance, during exercise, individuals set goals and by beating the timeline to accomplish these set goals, make one feel good and this improves his or her self-confidence and self-esteem. It is logical that a confident and self-esteemed person will have good moods. Human body is made up of active cells and they need to be kept active; exercise offers these. As Mayo Clinic Staff posit, “As you exercise, your body gets fitter and stronger, and thus, your mind starts seeing everything, including yourself in a better light” (Para 4). Have you ever heard of people claiming the only thing they do when stressed up is exercise? These few individuals have discovered the secret to let go of in-built pressure. Brain is made up of muscles and exercise is good for brain muscles just as food is good for the body. Good news to those battling with chronic diseases as hypertension, diabetes and osteoporosis among others; exercise is the way out. Research indicates that regular exercise combats these diseases. According to Hawk, “exercise is the silver bullet for improved health” (Para. 1). In combating heart diseases, exercise strengthens heart muscles, increases High Density Lipoproteins (HDLs), and reduces Low Density Lipoproteins (LDLs). These lipoproteins are cholesterol derivatives and scientists term HDL as ‘good’ cholesterol and LDL as ‘bad’ cholesterol. Reduction of LDL with subsequent increase of HDL promotes smooth blood flow and replenishes heart functions. In Type II diabetes, the body is insensitive to insulin probably due to weight gain amongst other causes. Exercise helps in shedding weight and this makes the body insulin sensitive. Consequently, this insulin breaks down sugar molecules in the body thus lowering blood sugar levels eventually combating diabetes type II. Nowadays, poor feeding habits and little or no exercise makes people as young as fifteen to suffer from osteoporosis. However, exercise offers reprieve to this nightmare by strengthening bone tissue formation and maintenance. Finally, research indicates that exercise improves immune system response and this helps to keep minor infections at bay. Finally, exercise helps in keeping body shape. No one likes obesity or out of shape body. Unfortunately, many people love talking how they hate their over weight bodies without doing anything about it; lip service. Exercise is the way to attaining that elusive figure you have always craved for, over the years. It is natural that, during physical exercise, the body burns thousands of calories. Body weight results from excess energy, which is converted to fat and stored in different body parts. As one exercises, metabolism rate increases leading to breakdown of fats making your body slimmer and healthy. Research indicates that, “To lose one pound of fat, you must burn approximately 3500 calories over and above what you already burn doing daily activities” (Buemann & Tremblay 193). These researchers make it clear that normal daily activities are not sufficient to burn the required calories in the body; therefore, exercise is the way out. Fortunately, you do not need to check into a gym to manage weight loss; far from it, 20 to 30 minute walk every day or cycling for fun is enough to keep weight gain under control. Unfortunately, many people complain that exercise is not good because it is not fun. This is true and it does not apply to exercise alone; it applies to anything that someone does. If you do not enjoy what you are doing, it can never be fun. However, the claims that exercise is not fun are only excuses; not reasons. The fact is, there are many exercise programs, and out of them, every one can find a program that excites him or her. Exercise can be done in a group or individually. Moreover, most of practices that people do for fun qualify as exercises. For instance, taking a stroll in the neighborhood in the evening is enough to relax one’s mind. Teenagers are fond of cycling for fun; however, even though they do not know it, cycling is a great lot of exercise. So, what is the way out of these excuses? Identify an exercise that excites you; an exercise that you will do without much hustle. For instance, decide to engage in flexibility training exercises like yoga and sit-ups or even join a dancing group. By doing something that excites you, fun will be inevitable. However, remember to do whatever you are doing on purpose with discipline. Discipline is the key to any successful story you will ever hear. Conclusion Exercise is all-inclusive package that will enable you live almost a stress-free life, full of energy with improved self esteem and sound sleep not forgetting how you will be able to combat some diseases like hypertension and diabetes type II. During exercise, the body releases endorphins that restore peace and felicity. Moreover, nothing equals the thrill that one gets by accomplishing set goals and exercise offers this opportunity to set both short and long-term goals and accomplish them. Again, exercise prompts the body to produce more ‘good’ cholesterol and eliminate the ‘bad’ one thus improving blood flow thus keeping hypertension at bay. Any good doctor will tell you exercise is as essential as sleep or feeding. Finally, exercise enables you to maintain body shape by shedding those extra pounds. Unfortunately, many people complain that exercise is not fun; however, this is just an excuse, not a reason. There are many exercise programs to choose from, every one can get a program that excites him or her, and as the excitement sets in, fun follows. Anyway, who does not want to live a peaceful and happy life? Not even you, start exercising and start today. Works Cited Buemann, Baines & Tremblay, Albert. “Effects of Exercise Training On Abdominal Obesity and Related Metabolic Complications”. Sports Medicine. 2007, 21(1): 191-212. Hawk, Patricia. “Here’s why Exercise is good for You.” 2009. Mayo Clinic Staff. “Exercise: 7 Benefits of Regular Physical Activity.” 2010. Web. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/in-depth/exercise/art-20048389

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Exhaustion in Victim Care Professions Essay Prior to crisis management action accurate analysis of a disaster situation is essential. Only after an obvious danger is established then can suitable handling or avoidance steps be taken. Catastrophe analytical procedures can equally be applied to exhausted care professionals. Trauma casualties and crisis management specialists are generally at risk of sympathy lethargy. A state of despair may engulf both a disaster victim and the caregiver. Diminished optimism has been observed in numerous care professions including nursing and counseling. Compassion fatigue occurs in repeated flashbacks of traumatic episodes. A common indicator of sympathy lethargy is intuitive freezing or expressiveness collapse. Psychological outcomes are inefficient work productivity and abandonment. Signs of compassion fatigue are comparable to burnout indicators. However, exhaustion status is distinct in that it occurs over a prolonged period. Burnout feelings are developed by a dissatisfaction of working conditions. On the other hand, compassion fatigue is accumulated and its origin can be traced back (Stang, 2010). Compassion fatigue is therefore as a result of individual reaction to a trauma situation. Exhaustion is directly connected to a psychological condition adapted by an individual. Trauma management experts can develop both compassion fatigue and burnout. The consequences are founded on individual disaster reaction. An individuals’ lethargic status, separated from despair, is directly linked to task performance. Weariness effects might be revealed by sluggish response, pessimism, or individual incompetence. Such qualities typify a diminished keenness to tackle a task and a mood of hopelessness (Miller & McGowen, 2010). Contemptuous approaches towards management of trauma victims can lead to care apathy. Consequently, fatigue developed by disaster assistance personnel can be predicted. An observation of personal approach to the task exposes tiredness. The outcome of work satisfaction is largely dependent on individual performance on a task. Population age sets reaction to traumatic episodes has solicited lengthy discussions among psychology scholars. Studies have suggested diverse opinions on age group response, susceptibility, and handling of disasters. However, advanced research has established disaster reaction and handling parallels exist among age sets. Different age groups respond to distressing episodes in comparable styles. Reactions to catastrophes based on troubled notions intensity, evasive conduct, and ensuing health challenges are alike across age sets. Disaster sensitivity accounts for how individual age groups respond to a traumatic event. Studies have established that disaster impact awareness is similar in all age sets. Disaster alertness relation between age sets contributes to response and coping outcome. Persons with diverse age sets respond equally to disasters and apply matching survival tactics. Therefore, it is unwarranted to imagine that elderly persons have better disaster reaction capacities. Psychologically all persons have similar insight on disaster effects hence equivalent reactions are expected across all generations. Recently, the World Health Organization stipulated that a major objective for crisis administrators ought to be elderly members of the society care. The organization issued the statement to curb injuries and poor health among older people in the event of a disaster. Quick reaction to a disaster must surpass the typical crisis response (Eureka Science News, 2010). Elderly society members are equally vulnerable to crisis as other members. Ultimately, all members of a population should be cared for similarly in the event of a calamity. In the long run, crisis management has no age, sex, or gender barriers. Reaction and coping to an emergency is similar across different human strata. Response differentiations appear in individual psychological preparedness. Persons with post-trauma experiences can develop compassion fatigue much more readily. Furthermore, burnout feelings depend on individual psychological status. Negative feelings towards a task produce a drowsiness experience. Compassion fatigue and burnout states are related to individual consciousness in a crisis situation. References List Eureka Science News. (2010, Feb). Frail elderly disaster . Inderscience Publishers. Web. Miller, N.M. and McGowen, R. (2010, Feb). Strategies to Avoid Burnout in Professional Practice Some Practical Suggestions. Psychiatric Times . 27 (2). Web. Stang, D.L. (2010, Feb). What to Do When Helping Starts to Hurt. Web.

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Team Leader: Exploiting New Opportunities Problem Solution Essay Many business opportunities presented in the newfound market in Canada called upon our business team to enter and exploit them. To this end, it was determined that a team be formed comprising different members assigned different tasks. The main aim was to open up the new market and deliver items for selling. With each member assigned different tasks, mine was to be the team leader. The Center for Management and Communication effectiveness (CMOE) (2008) identifies team leaders roles as to coordinate team members, ensure effective communication within the team and outside of the team, timely delivery of items into the new market, ensure the members worked to the advantage of the business, and other responsibilities seen necessary and appropriate. In the due course time of it was realized that sourcing and delivering of items into the new market experienced delays that could make loss of business and opportunity. The items were not entering the market as planned. This compelled the team leader to investigate the likely causes for the long delays experienced. In the process of investigation, brought to book to the disadvantage of the team was that team members were poorly coordinated; tasks assigned them were not done effectively, poor communication within the team and outside of the team, a lot of paper work in the customs department, and poor communication between the team and the customs department (CMOE , 2008). To solve these problems, the team leader proposed that, the customs department use available computer technology, which could effectively address the problem of delays in the customs departments and reduce paper work. Computer technology relayed information quickly and this saves a lot of wasted time. In addition, problems inherent within the team called upon the team leader to create an effective environment of trust between the team member and the team leader, define good communication channels through which information could be made readily available for all team members to elicit action. Any problems that may arise could immediately be resolved due to instant availability of information. It was determined that teamwork be encouraged within the team members, and the team leader exercise good team leadership skills. These included identifying and solving problems quickly, developing good leadership skills and effectively using them in the development of the team as found in the (CMOE , 2008). The team building activity could strengthen the capability and capacity of the team members by strengthening their ability to overcome problems experienced in the course of duty. The team building methods could contribute to improved communication between the team members, customs personnel, and the people in the market. This could make members feel motivated, know each other well, be involved in collective goal setting, and be self-regulating without need of regular supervision. In addition, the team members could learn their weaknesses and strengths and find ways of improving on their weaknesses. Improved collaboration between the team members could lead to improved team productivity. The team leader had to be flexible in decision-making and have good decision-making skills. These skills could enable the team leader make good decisions that may lead to improved productivity, team cohesion, openness of team members, agreeability, cooperation, emotional stability, and dedication. This qualities could make the team members work effectively in opening up the new market that could lead the business to exploit the available opportunities and increase its profits. Use of computer technology, and good communication channels and effective teamwork contributed to success in exploiting the new opportunities. References Center for Management and Organization effectiveness (2008), Team building for skill development and high-performing teams . Retrieved from https://cmoe.com/products-services/teamwork/ A team is a collection of people who work to achieve a set goal.

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Father and Son Relations: Analysis of the Movies Essay The relations between parents and children, fathers and sons in particular, deserve much attention: they are always so different and similar at the same time. This time, I am going to analyze three movies by different directors, which made a wonderful attempt to introduce their own visions concerning the relations between fathers and sons in different situation and during different periods of time. The Bicycle Thief, I’m not Scared, and Life Is Beautiful – all these movies have one theme in common, dad and son’s relations. The situations and backgrounds, presented in all these movies help to comprehend and describe the obligations, which dads have to their sons: some dads want to protect their sons, other dads think that their duty is to demonstrate all the realities of this life, and sometimes, dads just want to present all the truth. Anyway, the most important thing concerning any dad is the ability to support children and be the best father for them. In Bicycle Thief, the father decides to find out who stole his new bicycle and offers his son to help. In this poor family, the purchase of the bicycle was a really significant event, because certain family things had to be sold. So, this theft should be discovered. The father and the son start their investigation and observe all the realities of this life: its poverty, its inequality, and its misunderstandings. To my mind, such choice, made by the father is not that proper. Of course, it is important to help the child learn this world and be ready to anything, however, it is also significant to provide a child with some kind of childhood, careless and kind. In this movie, the end is not very positive: the father chooses a wrong way and steals another bicycle. He is caught, and his son sees how his father may be punished. It is not the best way to teach the son to comprehend this life. To my mind, if I were the father in this situation, I just would not take my son to investigate that theft or, at least, did not demonstrate such a wrong example to steal something that was not your own property. The relations between a father and a son, described in I’m not Scared are not successful as well. These relations turn out to be politically incorrect, this is why it is very hard for me to sympathize them. This ambivalence, no trust, and desire to demonstrate power from dad’s side – all this is not a good example of how the relations should look like. The problems of the son and the desire to help and listen to his father’s orders make a child choose a wrong way; and, as a result, he is accidentally shot by his own father. The son wants to take dad’s responsibilities and help other people; the mistake, made by the dad is certain prohibition to help Filippo. To my mind, the father should help to examine the situation, in this case, the consequences would not be so disappointed. So, the last film under consideration is Life Is Beautiful by Roberto Benigni. Telling the truth, these relations are the most appropriate for dads and sons. Any child should have a chance to have happy childhood; and any father should comprehend this simple truth. This is why, even in Nazi camp, the father explains these terrible events to his son, Joshua, as a game. Joshua is too small to comprehend that this war takes lives and brings lots of despair. Father’s desire to protect his son from any trouble is really great. Such funny attitude makes any person laugh and cry simultaneously. These relations are really worthy of attention, because such fathers are treasures nowadays. I cannot even imagine what to do in the situation, described in this movie, and find the way, chosen by the father, the best one among any possible. Of course, truth and protection are not always compatible, and clever father should feel what step to take to make the necessary choice.

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Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Background to the Cuban Revolution 3. Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution. 4. Effects of Cuban Revolution and Fidel Castro administration 5. Conclusion 6. Works Cited Introduction Cuban Republic is one of the most populated countries in Caribbean island with a population of 11 million peoples (Politt). In 1902, Cuba officially became an independent republic after they were given independence by United States which had colonized the country after defeating Spain during the Spanish-American War of 1897 (Politt). In 1906, when Cuba held its first elections, the US had to intervene after the elections results were contested in what could have led to an armed revolution and Edward Magoon was installed as the governor for duration of 3 years (Politt). It is during this period that United States seized the opportunity to facilitate a culture of corruption in the country; in a few years more than 70% of Cuba mining Companies and farmlands were controlled and owned by the United States Companies. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the influence of Fidel Castro 53 years rule and the impact of the 1959 Cuban revolution to the modern day Cuba Republic. Background to the Cuban Revolution The era of dictatorship in Cuba first occurred in the early 1920s with the election of Geraldo Machado who would later suspend the constitution and start ruling by military law (Thinkquest.org). Nevertheless, in 1930 Machado himself was overthrown and forced into exile by the army and Manuel de Céspedes was made the republic’s president. Several years later in 1933, Cespedes was overthrown in another coup that lasted for more than three months that saw yet another person Carlos Mendieta appointed as the president by Fulgencio Batista (Thinkquest.org). In 1940 Fulgencio Batista was himself elected as the president in a democratic elections and his administration would later undertake far reaching reforms in every sector that made him very popular. However, even his administration did not last for long and over the next 15 years three other leaders become the presidents of the Caribbean country. It was the culmination of these events that laid the perfect ground for the famous Cuban Revolution that was led by Fidel Castro almost 20 years later (Mayerhofer). In 1952, Batista seized power through yet another coup in what had now become the routine for becoming the president in Cuba, but this time his administration was less popular. Barquin who was a popular leader at the time staged a coup in an attempt to overthrow Batista government in 1956 but the coup failed and thousands of its elements were jailed and others executed or imprisoned for life including Barquin himself (Mayerhofer). After this period and until the Cuban revolution took over the government, Batista tightened the apparatus of power in an attempt to thwart any more coup attempts. Hence, by the time that Fidel Castro overthrew Batista through what would become the last coup in the country the masses would have almost worshiped him for delivering them from the dictatorial regime of Batista. Many Cubans who lived at the time supported the Fidel Castro revolution since it gave them hope for a better tomorrow and gave them an opportunity to liberate themselves from the dictatorship of Batista. These were the circumstances under which Fidel Castro administration took over the power and certainly one of the reasons why the revolution itself was a success. Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution. It was Fidel Castro who finally liberated Cuba from the Batista regime and shaped the outcome of the modern day Cuba republic more than any other presidents that ever ruled the small Caribbean country. But looking back at the circumstances that enabled Fidel Castro to overthrow the Batista regime and hold on to power for a record of 47 years, it is clear that factors beyond his control shaped the Cuban destiny in more than one way. The quest for Castro to obtain the apparatus of power actually started in 1953 when he first organized and led an attack on the Moncada army barracks but which failed and led to his imprisonment sentence of 15 years (Mayerhofer). Nevertheless, as luck would have it he was pardoned after only two years and fled to exile in Mexico; this was the point at which he started plotting his next comeback over the next three years. In 1956 Castro returned with a well organized army of likeminded dissidents who were also forced into exile by the Batista regime and started guerilla warfare from the mountains of Sierra Maestra (Mayerhofer). For the next two years, Castro fighters sustained an armed attack against Batista government with the support of the mass that were largely on their side. In fact a large proportion of the resources that the revolution relied on were provided by the citizens who believed in the changes that Castro promised to bring about when he took power. Most of the supporters were therefore businessmen who provided financial support, young men who joined the revolution as fighters and even peasants who provided shelter and food to the combatants once in a while. In 1958, as luck would have it again the US government enforced an arms embargo on the administration of Batista government thereby weakening its ability to respond to Castro’s armed onslaught that was rapidly gaining momentum (Mayerhofer). Thereafter the revolution became even more powerful; in early 1959, Castro army captured Havana which was the last stand of Batista army and the revolution was officially over (Mayerhofer). Within just one year Castro administration undertook even more reforms that turned the still young Cuban republic into a socialist military state. This would be the start of far reaching reforms that would later be attributed to Fidel Castro’s administration and the Cuban revolution as well as. Effects of Cuban Revolution and Fidel Castro administration Among the immediate reforms that were implemented by Castro upon becoming the president was immediately reinforcing the army through training and ensuring that it was well equipped to crash any coups (Bunck). In a country that was dogged by coups year after year, this was hardly surprising and indicated the cunningness of the young general of making future attempts to overthrow his government impossible; and indeed it was. These reforms in the area of military training would be the source of the country long relationship with USSR and ironically the reason that further polarized the relationship of Cuba with United States. In this arrangement, Russia, formerly USSR would equip Cuba with military hardware and all warship arsenals which was a very profitable venture at this early period of the arms race. Besides, USSR was also making Cuba its ally that could prove valuable in case of a military conflict with US which was traditionally their foes. But the events of this period as orchestrated by USSR would later take a drastic turn in 1961 that led to what historians call the brink of the world war III due to the historic circumstances of the infamous Cuban Missile Crisis that almost changed the course of political history of the world as we know it today (Bunck). In the aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis, Cuba was even further isolated from United States after it severed completely its diplomatic relations and instituted every economic sanctions that it could hand down towards Cuba. Fidel Castro also became a subject of target by the US foreign intelligence services, more commonly referred as CIA (Bunck). These sanctions impacted heavily on the future ability of Cuba to prosper and certainly changed its course of history in a significant way. Another sector that was significantly changed by the Castro administration was in the land sector. In 1959, Castro administration passed the Agrarian Reform Act which gave the government repossession powers and control of private land that totaled more than $25 billion which also included United States investor’s lands; this was another area that Cuba and United States were at odds (Bunck). Besides these outcomes that are directly related to Cuba revolution and Fidel administration, other significant outcomes that can be linked to Castro 47 years in power are well run health and education programmes (Bunck). These pro-government reforms was one of the main reasons the people fanatically supported Castro’s administration during the early years since the government had the interest of its peoples at heart in every policy that it was implementing. In addition the government promoted technological advances that led to the installation of the nuclear power plant which made it the only Caribbean country with a nuclear plant (Bunck). But amid these developments, the human rights deteriorated for each year that Fidel was in power as Castro worked hard to model the country as a socialist and a military state. Conclusion The Cuban revolution no doubt contributed to entrenched reforms and political changes to Cubans. Fidel Castro vision of a socialist state where every person could live in freedom, access free health care and free education was finally achieved. His struggle to initially free Cuba from dictatorial regimes came true and the creation of an independent economy was also enabled. On the other hand, the question to many historians still remain whether Cuba gained more than it lost due to the 47 year rule by Fidel Castro. If the events of the last four years since he ceded power are anything to go by, it would also seem that Cuba probably lost more than it gained during this period. Works Cited Bunck, Marie. An Excerpt from Fidel Castro and the Quest for a Revolutionary Culture in Cuba , 2004. Web.. http://www.historyofcuba.com/history/women1.htm Mayerhofer, Phillip. The Rise and Rule of Fidel Castro during the Cuban Revolution, 2007. Web. Politt, Brian. The Cuban Revolution after 50 Years, 2008. Web. https://scottishsocialistparty.org/ Thinkquest.org. Cuban Revolution , 2006. Web.

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Fire Safety and Prevention in Buildings and Structures Research Paper Introduction The economic value of the construction industry is significant and the industry contributes up to 10% of the annual GDP for most nations (Purkiss, 2). The industry encompasses the use of many other complementary industries such as electrical, mining, steel and transportation to name but a few. This involvement of multiple industries suggests that the construction industries success or failure can reflect on a number of other industries. Humans are physical beings and need buildings and other structures to enable them to carry out their day to day activities in an efficient manner. As such, the need to implement safety and preventive measures in such places is invaluable. Despite the clearly vital role of construction as an economic entity, the industry continues to be affected by inefficiencies and accidents which mostly spring from a lack of proper protective equipments, poor construction and poor decision making. Fire is one of the most dangerous occurrences that may put many lives in danger in these facilities. To this effect, all governments and other organizations have put in place standards that stipulate the safety and preventive requirements for the various types of buildings and structures. Fire safety and prevention should be considered while constructing buildings and other structures. This paper shall give a detailed analysis of fire as a life threatening occurrence. The various causes of fire shall be discussed and their impacts on human life addressed. The various preventive and safety measures that can be employed to minimize or avoid the occurrences of fire shall also be highlighted. Through the exploration of the vital equipments required to quell fires in buildings and structures, this paper shall effectively provide viable recommendations geared towards fire safety and prevention in a bid to promote the preservation of life. Brief overview of fire safety and preventive standards Fire safety and prevention as defined by Brannigan refers to the steps and measures that are taken by people to ensure that the occurrence, control and extinguishing of unwanted fires is effective and safe to those involved (24). The existence of fire safety and prevention standards can be traced back to the late 19 th century. The reason behind their institution was mainly because fires were unpredictable, dangerous and responsible for the deaths of many as well as the loss of property. As such, these standards were put in place to ensure that fires could be contained and controlled such that the losses caused by fire were minimal. In regards to the control of fires, the standards were set to consider the recommended heights of buildings, the ventilation of the same, the availability of exits and the use of non flammable materials during constructions (Brannigan, 80). The building and construction codes in the UK have stipulated the various standards that should be met in a building before it is opened to the public. Among these codes are the fire safety and protection standards which dictate the fire safety and prevention equipments that should be installed in a building depending on its size. In addition, the standards have provided clear directives on the materials that should be used in constructions to prevent and avoid the spread of fires. The materials have been clearly categorized and defined to ensure that all constructors adhere to the requirements. In as much as there has been an increase in fire related property losses, the number of deaths associated to fires had decreased significantly since the inception of these standards. However, it should be noted that the prevention of fires is everyone’s responsibility and it is important that every person learns the basics as regarding to fire safety and prevention. Statistics show that most fires are started as a result of individual negligence and carelessness. In addition, fire departments equipped with the necessary fire management facilities have been established in various locations to assist people experiencing fire related issues. Causes of fires in buildings and structures There are many causes that may lead to the breakout of a fire. However, most documented fires were as a result of poor electrical, water and structural installations. However, the worst cause of fires is individual negligence and carelessness. Examples of such carelessness include but are not limited to: leaving the sockets on, smoking in the house and touching electric appliances with water among others. Furthermore, interior furnishings exacerbate the growth of fires, or they could be the primary cause of fire (Clinton, 8). This is because the materials used are more often flammable (wood, refined leather, and fabric). The induction of IT into fire safety and prevention Over the years, man’s creativity and innovativeness have bore fruits in terms of his growth and that of the society that he dwells in. Through his innovative nature, he has managed to discover new and better ways of making life, work and social interactions easier and safer. The highlight of such progress can undoubtedly be placed on the invention of the computers a few decades ago. Nowadays, you find computers in shops, most homes, schools and at various work stations globally. Due to this technological advancement, computerized fire-detection alarms have been developed and are now available and at reasonable prices globally. These alarms are applied with the necessary IT tools or software which are designed to respond to various fire hazards or warn occupants of a potential fire threat. Monitoring of high-rise buildings and structures can be a very difficult and costly affair if human labor is to be used. Nowadays, high-rise buildings and structures use sophisticated fire detection alarms to warn occupants and maintenance crews of an existing or potential fire. There is also an array of heat and smoke detectors which have been designed to meet the safety requirements in various industries so as to increase the levels of fire-detection methods. These can be automatically or manually operated to ensure maximum protection in the event of a fire. The photoelectric smoke detector is composed of a sensitive electronic circuit that provides alarm in case smoke is detected. Photoelectric detectors can be installed in high-ceiling areas and spaces with medium to high-velocity airflow at the ceiling level. The air-sampling detection system uses a laser beam-based photoelectric smoke detection. Warning and protective devices are also installed in air-conditioning units which may add “fuel load” to an existing fire. In cases of data agencies, a fire detection and extinguishing system has been developed to ensure that the fire is extinguished without causing any damage to the data stored or the equipments (for example; server rooms and filing rooms). These systems suck out all the oxygen in a room thereby choking the fire immediately. Fire safety and prevention in buildings and constructions Considering the significance that fire prevention and safety systems can have in the construction industry, it would be prudent to look into the ways in which these systems can be exploited for optimal benefit. The implementation of such systems in building and structural designs provides the best means for dealing with the various factors that causes fire. Leber declare that the construction industry is safety dependent and absence of efficient and accurate safety and preventive measures may reduce the capacity and productivity of a construction company (36). The industry has therefore been involved in research efforts to enable it overcome the safety inefficiency obstacle which greatly hamper the productivity of the industry. In regards to fire prevention, architects and designers must at all times consider the flammability of the materials to be used during construction, the fire resistance capability and duration of these materials, the veracity of the sealing materials used in openings and other structures within and outside the buildings and the organization and arrangement of escape routes within the building. The main aim of these considerations is to ensure that there is adequate prevention against the starting and spreading of fires and to control the spread of smoke to facilitate escape and/or rescue of persons and animals. In addition, there are active and passive precautions that should be put in place to assist in the event of a fire. Leber defines passive considerations as those implemented to the building and its components while active precautions refer to the automated systems installed in a building or structure and deployed when a fire starts (43). As pertaining to passive precautions, Schroll states that they are the measures relating to the structural integrity of buildings (49). They relate to the installation of fire doors and windows, the coating and casing materials used in various components and the recommended measurements required for rooms so that they can contain fires. Active precautions refer to the smoke and fire detection systems installed. They include but are not limited to fire, smoke and heat detectors, sprinkler systems, Co2 and water extinguishers and automated smoke and heat venting systems among others (Christian, 107). However, the installation of these systems and precautions may be deemed worthless if the architects and designers lack adequate knowledge of fire. As such, safety engineering is a worth while field of study for these professionals. This area of study covers the types of fires, their causes, propellants and extinguishing techniques. Depending on the size of the building or structure, it is very important that the engineers ensure that proper precautions are put in place to ensure that fire can easily be detected, controlled and extinguished. Before installing any fire detection system, the safety engineer must consider the area that these gadgets are to monitor, ceiling height and the type of roof used on the building. In addition, they must consider the type of fire that may start in that particular building. Identifying the type of fire enables the engineer to choose the most effective system to combat the fire and extinguish it with minimal losses of lives or property. For example, heat detectors should be installed in rooms or structures that emit a lot of heat. They are therefore set at certain degrees above which they set of the alarm. Smoke detectors are installed in places where the materials therein would emit a lot of smoke if a fire starts. Finally, fire detectors are part of the fire alarm system and they send a transmission to a remote control center (fire stations and police stations) to alert them and the occupants of the building of a fire outbreak. Fire spread As mentioned earlier, the materials used during construction and the proximity to other buildings may contribute highly to the spread of fires. As such, all engineers are required by law to ensure that due consideration is given to these aspects while constructing a building or structure. In this section, we are going to divide the spread of fire into two categories: internal and external fire spread. a. Internal fire spread During the implementation of fire and safety precautions, there are factors that must be considered as relating to the spread of fires once they have ignited. In regards to the building’s surface, the linings and coats used on the walls and ceilings may contribute to the spreading of fires within the building. This may be hazardous especially in areas of the building with high activity and circulations because the fire may prevent the occupants from escaping. To this effect, there are two very important factors that should be considered in relation to the materials used on these surfaces. One of them is their resistance to fire spreading over the surface and the amount of heat that the materials emit once they catch fire. There are various tests that have been conducted to gauge the integrity of surface materials and their potential threshold in the event of a fire. In the UK, a system has been developed through which these materials are categories depending on their combustibility and their ability to facilitate fire spread. These categories are therefore used to determine the surface materials to be used in buildings and structures depending on their use, size and level of activity. The other factor to be considered is the structure of the building. Cholin claims that the importance of making a building fire resistant and stable is invaluable (73). This can attributed to the fact that if the building or structure is stable and fire resistant, it would facilitate the escape efforts of the occupants. In addition, it would also make it safe for by-standers and other buildings incase of a collapse. As regarding to firefighters, stable and fire resistant buildings are safe for them to go in and rescue people trapped in the fire and make it easy to handle and extinguish the fire. The level of fire resistance is classified into three categories. They are; Resistance to collapse, resistance to fire penetration and resistance to heat penetration. Construction regulations have provided means of determining these aspects in relation to the size of the building occupancy and height of the building. To further ensure fire safety and prevention in buildings and structures, strict rules are enforced as regarding to the division of complex and large buildings into small manageable compartments. This is done to prevent fires from spreading all over the building and ensuring that the building is fire resistant. Close attention should be given to the junctions between the floors, the walls and the roofs of the buildings to ensure that they remain fire resistant and that they can prevent fire from spreading. In addition, openings within these compartments are required to be installed with fire resistant components such as self-closing doors or shutters made of non-combustible materials. Finally, the set regulations require that all buildings be fitted with “cavity barriers”. This is because there are unconcealed cracks and cavities within the walls, floors and ceilings of buildings which can provide a viable route in the event of a fire. b. External fire spread The spread of fire among adjacent buildings is prevented by using fire resistant materials on the external surfaces of the buildings (walls and roofs). In addition to this, the spread of fires from one building to another can be mitigated by ensuring that there is ample space between buildings. As such, there are regulations which dictate the materials that should be used on the exterior surfaces of a building as well as the approximate distance between buildings and structures depending on their size, use and height. For example, roofs do not necessarily need to be fire resistant on the inside but it is always important to ensure that the external surface of the roof is fire resistant incase fire spreads from adjacent buildings. In addition to this, the regulations state that water canons should be strategically placed in various locations to ensure that there is enough water in the event of a fire. Water canons can come in handy in situations whereby firefighters have limited access to the fire location either due to poor urban planning of narrow roads (fire trucks cannot get to the fire). Furthermore, there is need to install storage facilities for the hose pipes and sprinklers to ensure that they are available when needed. They should also be well maintained to ensure full efficiency. Smoke and heat venting systems Fire in its initial stage (during ignition) is characterized by the emission of excessive smoke. In most cases, this smoke has contributed significantly to the loss of lives. This is because it reduces visibility and inhibits proper breathing. As such, the smoke and heat venting systems play a pivotal role in ensuring that the building on fire is visible. This helps the fire victims to escape and the firefighters to carryout their rescue missions and firefighting efforts. Therefore, these systems assist in ensuring fire safety and prevention in the following ways: They preserve the routes that can be used to escape from the building or access it (incase of firefighters). In addition, they facilitate in firefighting, protect sensitive equipments and retard the spread of fires. Recommendations Fire prevention should be a concern of every individual. As such, governments and firefighting organizations should invest on promotional campaigns aimed at creating awareness of the dangers of fire, their causes and how they can be prevented. In addition, training programs should be implemented in all commercial buildings to ensure that all the occupants have the basic skills needed to handle fires. They include, first aid skills, training on how to operate various firefighting equipments and procedures that should be followed to escape a building in the event of a fire. In addition, the prices of firefighting equipments such as extinguishers, detectors, and sprinklers should be subsidized. In so doing, people will only use quality equipments and therefore guarantee safety to all people in buildings and structures. Finally, the government should sponsor researchers who seek to provide more solutions to the prevention of fires. This is because, there are many people who would like to do more studies on the types of fire, why they occur and how they can be prevented but they lack the resources in terms of finances and equipments. Conclusion In the implementation of fire safety and prevention measures, it is always important to ensure that the various needs required to stop or avoid fires are addressed. Through the application of the scientific and technical theories, fire can be predicted and viable solutions can thereafter be enforced to ensure that buildings and structures are well equipped to deal with fires irrespective of their intensity or size. The main objectives of fire alarm systems are to safeguard the lives of occupants within a building, protection of property and to warn people incase of a fire. As such, every building should install these systems to avoid disasters and losses. However, fire safety and prevention measures may become useless if they are not maintained properly. It is therefore the duty of everyone to ensure that the installed systems are updated, in good working condition and are functioning efficiently. From this paper, the need of fire safety and prevention has been emphasized. The various precautions that should be taken to facilitate this have been highlighted and possible recommendations as regarding to fire prevention offered. More research on fire behaviors should be done to ensure that our buildings are safe even for generations to come. Works Cited Brannigan, Francis L. Brannigan’s Building Construction for the Fire Service (Fourth Edition). London: Jones and Barlett Publishers International, 2008. Print. Cholin, John M. “Fire Alarm Systems: Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance.” Operation of Fire Protection Systems . Ed. A. Cote. Massachusetts: National Fire Protection Association, Inc., 2003. 55-74. Print. Christian, Dr S D. A Guide to Fire Safety Engineering . Essex: British Standards Edition, 2003. Print. Leber, Fred. “Fire Alarm System Interfaces.” Operation of Fire Protection Systems . Ed. A. Cote. Massachusetts: National Fire Protection Association, Inc., 2003. 43-52. Print. Purkiss, John A. Fire Safety Engineering: Design of Structures (2 nd Edition). UK: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007. Print. Schroll, R. Craig. Industrial Fire Protection (2 nd Ed.). USA: CRC Press LLC, 2002. Print.

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Fires: Causes and Effects. Control and Prevention. Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Background of Fire: Effects of Fire 3. Objectives and Aims of the Research 4. Literature Review 5. Research Design, Methods and Strategy 6. Data Collection and Analysis 7. Research Findings 8. Conclusions 9. Works Cited Introduction Fire is viewed as a major hazard that causes extensive damage to property, people, animals and the natural ecosystem of the environment. Fire is a combination of heat, oxygen, fuels and an ignition source such as intensive heat or lightening. Fires can be controlled or uncontrolled where the uncontrolled fires are those that burn without any control being put in place to minimise the damage. Controlled fires otherwise referred to as prescribed fires are those that are applied to a particular environment under specific weather or terrain so as to achieve a natural objective. The conditions that create an environment for the occurrence of fire include dry weather, dry grass, trees or bushes or dry terrains. These conditions are also known as the fire fuels because they enhance the combustion of the fire. Other fire fuels are cigarettes or smoke embers that have been left to burn. Fire is known to burn more quickly on slopes or flat terrains. Understanding fires, their causes and effects to the environment and people enables the creation of prevention and control strategies. Most fires that occur are usually unexpected and uncontrolled but there is a sense of predictability in terms of the fire’s behaviour. It is however difficult to predict how people will react to the fire as different people have different reactions to unexpected situations. Some of the most common reactions to fire are panic, shock and a sense of helplessness on what to do when faced with a raging fire that is threatening to destroy property and people’s lives. The purpose of the research paper will be to examine fire, its effect to the environment with focus on human beings and how it can be prevented and controlled. Background of Fire: Effects of Fire The effects of fire are the physical, chemical and biological impacts that the fire has to the environment and the natural ecosystem. They are the results of an interaction between ignition sources such as heat, oxygen and the fire fuels such as dry grass, or dry trees with the properties of the environment. The effects of fire can be categorised as the abiotic and the biotic effects of fire. Abiotic effects include aspects such as soil properties, air and water quality, nutritional cycle of the ecosystem. The biotic effects of fire include the natural ecosystem or environment that includes plants, vegetation, and animals (Omi and Huffman 138). The effect of fire on the air quality of a particular environment can be harmful to that environment and its inhabitants. It affects the water quality directly by increasing the temperature of the water as well as the natural nutrients that are found in the water. It affects water indirectly by increasing the levels of sedimentation and changing the morphology of the water channel. It affects the soil nutrients by altering the chemical, physical and biological balance of the soil in an indirect way. It indirectly affects the vegetation by changing the composition of the plants organic matter and the soil nutrients needed by these plants to grow (Omi and Huffman 138). The effects of fire on plant species in a natural ecosystem is that it causes plant destruction and reduces plant species if the fire occurs regularly in that particular ecosystem. Fire effects on animals is increased mortality rates among animal species, extensive changes to the wildlife habitats and increased animal migrations to areas that have fewer fire occurrences. Its effect on human beings can be viewed to be in terms of psychological, emotional, physiological and physical damage (Omi and Huffman 138). Objectives and Aims of the Research The objectives of conducting the research are: * To develop prevention strategies that will be used to prevent fire occurrences in the event they happen * To develop fire control strategies that will be incorporated by the general population to deal with fire. The aim of carrying out the research was to: * To highlight the effects of fire to the human populations environment by looking at the economic, natural and social environment. * To gain background information on fire, its causes and effects to the environment with focus particular focus on the human population * To look at how people react to occurrences of fire and fire situations Literature Review The literature review will mostly deal with reviewing existing literature on the aspect of fire, the effects of fire to the human population, and to their health, economic and natural environment. The relationship between fire and people has always been complex and difficult to deal with and manage. While fire ecologists view fires to be beneficial to the human population, health workers and the government view fires to be detrimental to the human, plant and animal environment (Brauer 8). The main factor that is usually considered when determining whether fires are detrimental or useful is the health of people exposed to fire. This is looked at in terms of wildland or prescribed fire because the different contexts have different amounts of smoke and fire exposure to the people affected. Brauer notes that wildland fires are usually uncontrolled and severe. They are also characterised by high intensity and frequency whereas the prescribed fires are characterised by low intensity flames that produce less smoke and less damage to human and natural environments. While fires are known to cause more harm and negative effects, human beings also have an influence to whether a fire will occur and how severe it will be. Fowler notes that people influence fire in terms of affecting fire severity, intensity, frequency and occurrence which are known as fire regimes. These influences are in the form of disruptions such as changing migration or settlement patterns, changing technological, economical or political environments and changing natural environments as a result of global warming (Fowler 136). Health Effects of Fire The most common effect of fire to human beings is health related which is mostly in the form of deaths and injuries incurred as a result of the fire burning in a human inhabited population. The threat of fires to the health of human beings can vary with the severity, intensity and frequency of the fire. The severity of the fire is how extensive the fire has burned in an area while fire intensity is how hot the fire is burning and the temperature in degrees of the fire. The frequency of the fire is how often the fire burns in a particular area over a period of time. People such as fire-fighters who are constantly exposed to fire are more prone to develop health related complications such as respiratory or lung diseases when compared to people with a low exposure to fire. Other people who have a high exposure to fire according to Fowler (3) are people, who inhabit wild land areas, and regions that are known to experience extreme heat at high temperatures (Brauer 3). Apart from bodily harm, Brauer notes that fire affects human beings property by causing damage especially if prevention and control procedures are not implemented. This loss of property might lead to psychological and emotional feelings on the people affected by the fire. Physiological effects of fire on people can be viewed in terms of lung and heart conditions that result from over exposure to the fire and exposure to dangerous smoke fumes, premature deaths of the affected population, suppressed immunity that comes as a result of continually being exposed to fire regimes and the physical and mental/cognitive impairments that are caused by the fire (Brauer 4). The emotional effects of fire are the reactions of the fire victims and the people exposed to the fire. The most common emotional reactions to fire are panic, fear and shock. Panic occurs when people do not know what to do in a fire situation which sparks off feelings of fear and shock as well as hopelessness. These emotions are usually prevalent in situations where the general population has not received any disaster preparedness training or education (Brauer 4). Economic and Environmental effects of Fire Fire also affects the water resources that are necessary to sustain human life by changing the composition of water and the nutrients found in the water. It pollutes the water when the combusted materials and the natural ecosystem that has been exposed to severe fire comes into contact with water resources such as springs or rivers that are used by human beings. Fowler notes that fire affects the soil nutrients of a particular area especially if it occurs frequently. The change in soil nutrient composition might affect how crops grow especially if the population depends on agriculture and food commodities for their sustenance and survival (Fowler 136). The predominant view that is common with fire ecologists and researchers is that controlled or prescribed fires help in reducing the overall health costs that result from people getting treated for fire related illnesses. Ecologists have proposed that prescribed burning is a useful technique that can be used to enhance the human population’s health especially in areas that experience recurring fires. As long as the fires are controlled and supervised, adverse effects on human, plant and animal life are minimised (Fowler 136). The impact of fire on the economy according to Fowler depends on whether the fire is a wildland or prescribed fire. As noted earlier wildland fires are those that burn without any form of control or skilled prevention while the prescribed fires are those that burn under controlled circumstances and environments. Both these types of fires have some forms of implication on the economies of particular places that experience constant fires. These economic impacts are felt by private or public landowners who mostly use their land for economic purposes such as growing agricultural produce for sale or natural habitats, animal parks and forests that earn the state some income revenue (Fowler 136) Fire Control and Prevention Tactics Fire control tactics are referred to as the strategies and activities that are used to determine what actions will be taken once a fire breaks out. These actions are usually planned and outlined as guidelines that will be used for fire disaster preparedness activities. Omi and Huffman (302) note that tactics are measures that are required to control and manage a fire according to fire control strategies that have been incorporated by the government. Clar and Chatten in their 1966 work (as cited by Omi and Huffman) note that the basic principle that is behind developing fire tactics is perimeter control which is the construction of fire lines that will be used as pathways for clearing the fire fuels. The fire line is constructed on the fire perimeter or the edge of the fire which is usually a considerable distance from the actual fire. The main function of the fire line is surrounding the fire completely, preventing it from spreading to other areas (Omi and Huffman 302). The main strategies behind fire control and prevention are direct, indirect and modified attacks. Direct attacks occur on the edge of the fire where personnel and equipment work close to the fire. The main aim of a direct attack is to stop the fire at the point of the flame from spreading to other unburned areas by suppressing the flames with water, fire suppressants or dry soil. Chandler et al (cited by Omi and Huffman 302) note that this strategy is mostly useful for small fires that have a low intensity burn that can be suppressed. The indirect attack will involve constructing a fire line a considerable distance from the fire as well as removing fire fuels from the fire’s path. This will ensure that the fire cannot spread and it will eventually die out on its own. Chandler et al note that this type of technique is useful for fires that are of a medium to high intensity. The modified attack or the confined attack is where strategies are designed to confine the fire to the area where it is burning. This involves setting up of fire lines and positioning equipment such as hose pipes and chemicals to minimize the flames. Bulldozers are also used to bring in soil or dry dirt that will be used to reduce the intensive heat flames (Omi and Huffman 302). In developing fire prevention strategies, knowledge about the fire triangle is necessary to be able to develop strategies that will prevent and control the occurrence of fire in a particular area. The fire triangle is made up of fire fuels, weather, terrain or landscape and fire. The diagrammatic representation is shown below: The fire triangle is used to show the behaviour of fire by highlighting how the fire fuels, topography and weather affect the fire intensity, severity and frequency of the fire. Fuels are known to ignite the fire while weather in terms of temperature, winds, rain or humidity influence the behaviour of the fire with regards to whether the intensity is high, medium or low. Topography deals with the slope or terrain of the land where sloppy areas and flat terrains increase the intensity of the fires (Omi and Huffman 140). Once the fire triangle is studied, the appropriate prevention strategies can be designed to deal with any fire eventualities. Such strategies are incorporated into a fire prevention program that deals with fire control and preventive training where the general environment is analysed to determine whether there are any conditions that might fuel a fire. Once these are identified, preventive strategies are put in place to ensure that a fire does not occur. Such strategies as highlighted by Diamantes (17) are referred to as housekeeping and maintenance practices where equipment used for fire control is maintained and repaired to ensure it is in a proper working condition. Other housekeeping strategies involve training people on how to react to fires in the event they occur. Training is done on how to handle fire extinguishers, or hose pipes and also on how to use fire hydrants located near buildings. Diamentes highlights other prevention strategies to be the use of smoke alarms to detect any indications of fires, creating fire exits in buildings and housing units, creating fire assembly points that will be used in case of a fire emergency and creating awareness of fire emergency procedures and guidelines to be followed during a fire (Diamentes 158). Major prevention strategies that have been incorporated by most governments is the establishment of fire fighting units that are equipped with the necessary machinery and tools to deal with fire. Fire authorities are charged with the role of extinguishing any fires that might occur in the area as well as protecting human lives and property from damage or injury. These authorities are charged with major evacuation procedures in the event a fire becomes uncontrollable and a risk to human beings (Diamentes 43). Research Design, Methods and Strategy Research design refers to the overall plan or guideline that will be used to collect and analyse research data. The most common research designs are qualitative and quantitative techniques where qualitative approaches incorporate the use of non-numerical approaches in data collection such as questionnaires, survey and interviews While the quantitative approaches use the numerical approaches and statistics to analyse the data in the form of charts or graphs. The most appropriate research design method suitable for this particular type of research is the qualitative method because it searches for the meaning of the given situation or problem identified during the research. It is also referred to as inductive research because the purpose is to find out what the general population knows about fire, its effects and how it can be prevented or controlled. Qualitative data collection is done in the form of words instead of statistics or figures. For this research, information will be collected from the various research materials such as books that have information related to fire. The strategy of the research will focus on the unknown and known facts about fire as well as the prevention and control strategies. Data Collection and Analysis For the qualitative technique to take shape, research information has to be collected and analysed. This will involve taking a more open approach to conducting the data collection process by looking at the various literatures that have been written on fire, fire management, and fire control and prevention. The information collected will be analysed according to what other authors and writers have written with regards to the research topic. Qualitative research is important and beneficial as it enables for the unearthing of information on the topic especially in areas that had not been covered before by other researchers before. Qualitative research done on the effects of fire on the natural environment and how it affects people will be useful as the information can be used to develop preventive and control strategies as well as educational awareness on the impacts of fire and what can be done to prevent or control it in the event fire occurs. For the qualitative research to be successful, it should focus on areas that are mostly affected by fires, or experience fires constantly during particular periods of the year. Information gathered from these regions can be applied to other areas that face medium or low exposures to fire. The data collection methods that are going to be used to gain the useful information will be secondary sources of information such as published works, journals, articles and books written on the research topic. These sources of information will be analysed with regards. Data analysis techniques that will be incorporated for the qualitative research will be the use of descriptive statistics which are will be used to summarise data on the effects of fire, prevention and control strategies. The literature analysed focused on fire effects to human beings and their environment as well as preventive, control strategies. Research Findings Findings from the various literatures that were analysed (Omi and Huffman, Brauer, Fowler) showed that fire mostly had a negative effect on human beings and their natural environments especially in situations where it is uncontrolled. Such effects were viewed to be physical effects, physiological, emotional, economic and environmental effects. The literature analysis has also shown that fires can be uncontrolled or controlled/ prescribed fires (Brauer) which determines the type of fire regime and fire behaviour that will occur. The research highlighted the various strategies that are used in controlling and preventing fires as highlighted by Omi and Huffman, and also Diamentes. Conclusions The focus on the paper was on fire, prevention and control. The paper highlighted that uncontrolled fire was detrimental to the environment in which it occurred in by causing damage to property, and houses, affecting the composition of soil and water nutrients. The effects of fire were also analysed with regards to their impact on people’s emotions, health, physical and mental well being. Fire control and prevention strategies were also looked in to with the aim of uncovering viable solutions to fire. Works Cited Brauer, Michael. Health Impacts of biomass air pollution. Report on health impacts of Haze-related air pollution . Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2010. Web. Diamantes, David. Principles of Fire prevention , New York: Thomson Delmar Learning. 2005. Print. Fowler, Cynthia. Fire and People . Forest Encyclopedia. 2010. Omi, Prunn and Huffman, Martin. Fire control history. Encyclopedia of Southern Fire Scienc e . 2010.

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First Look into Human Development in United Arab Emirates Essay The United Arab Emirates (U.A.E), bordered by Saudi Arabia and Oman and situated between the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, is a federation composed of seven states, termed emirates, which was established on December 2, 1971. Covering an estimated area of 82,880 sq. km, the current population of the largely desert country is about six million people. The UAE has made remarkable progress in human development and now it is ranked at position 35 out of 182 in the Human Development Index. It is currently regarded as one of the richest and fastest growing countries in the world. The UAE has an open economy that has led to the high level of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the country. This is mainly channeled to the real estate industry and development of trade imports and exports. Its GDP, growing at about ten percent per year, is ranked 38 th in the globe. It has a high per capita income with a well-developed infrastructure. UAE has extensive petroleum reserves, which has enabled it to realize remarkable economic and social development; however, it is presently engaged in efforts to diversify into other areas of the economy. The country’s currency, referred to as dirhams, has increased in value relative to the dollar during this decade. The politics of the country is based in a framework of federal, presidential, and elective monarchy and its constitution divides power between the federal government (headquartered in Abu Dhabi) and the seven absolute monarchies. The President of the UAE is the country’s head of state. The Prime Minister of the UAE is in charge of all activities of the government. The country’s government is composed of three arms, which are the executive, legislature, and judiciary, and even though the constituent emirates still have substantial economy, each of them dedicates a significant portion of their revenues to the national budget of the united country. In contrast to other Arab countries, the UAE has relatively very liberal regulations composing mainly of civil law and Shari’a is applied only in certain aspects. The rich culture of the country is a major tourist attraction. Most of the people in the country follow the religion of Islam, which is also officially recognized as the religion of the state. However, the state does not impede on the activities of the other religions in the country. The non-Muslims in the country are mainly foreigners or expatriates. It is estimated that seventy-six percent of its population follow Islamic teachings, nine percent Christian, and fifteen percent others. The country’s social order is family and kin-oriented in which ancestral affinity serve the important function of determining ones societal recognition and position in the community. The majority of families have a preference of staying as close to their next of kin as possible. Most of the country’s national households live as nuclear families in their own homesteads and the government motivates them to have at least 6 to 8 kids. The UAE has a diverse and multicultural society and the influence of Islam is evident in its development. Its citizens live a lucrative lifestyle with lots of money to buy material items. Most Emirati men put on the traditional kandura dress and women the abaya, which are especially suited for the country’s hot and dry climate. Nevertheless, the wearing of western-style clothing is slowly increasing. Besides the rich culture, other tourist excitements include the intriguing desert landscape in which tourists can enjoy desert safaris and camel rides, the marvel of the Dubai Creek, the spectacle of the Islamic architecture in the region, and the wonder of the two-century old Hatta Town.

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Tullow Oil PLC Fundamental Analysis Report Introduction Tullow oil plc is a global company that deals in oil and gas production. In addition, it also deals with the production of these commodities. The company is based in London. On the other hand, it is listed on both the London and Irish stock exchange markets. Tullow plc was founded in 1985 to become a gas exploration business with its initial interests in Senegal (Tullow oil plc, 2010, p. 2). As a matter of fact, it was listed on the stock exchange market in 1985. Later on in 2007, the company made big strides that enabled it to enter into the FTSE100 Index. In advancing its activities, it has been involved in strategic business moves like acquisitions. For instance in 2000, it acquired BPs Gas fields to increase its potential and market positioning. This deal was concluded at £200 million (Tullow oil plc, 2010, p.4). Apart from this, the company was involved in another strategic move in 2004. With increased opportunities in sight it acquired Energy Africa for $ 570 million (Tullow oil plc, 2010, p. 5). In recent years, the company has expanded rapidly and this has been aided by its acquisition of Hardman resources. It started drilling its first well in 2006. This was done in Uganda around the Lake Albert region. In the process it was able to drill 30 wells (Tullow oil plc, 2010, p. 7). Because of this, it is one of the largest exploration and production companies in Europe. As a matter of fact, it has over 85 production and exploration licenses. In addition, it operates in more than 23 countries (Tullow oil plc, 2010, p. 9). To enhance its operations, the company has laid more focus on four regions that it seeks to advance its operations with. On the other hand, it has production from eight countries. Its major achievement is the two world class production projects it has in Uganda and Ghana (Tullow oil plc, 2010, p. 11). This is because it has been able to discover massive oil deposits in the said countries. Up to now, the company employs 900 people in all its operations worldwide (Tullow oil plc, 2010, p. 13). Discussion Fundamental analysis is a broad analysis that a company has to do. This is because it analyses its health and financial statements (Graham, 2004, p. 7). In doing this, it also looks at its competitive advantages and the management that the company has put in place. Fundamental analysis also looks at the market together with the competitors. It has some specific areas that it mainly focuses on (Graham, 2004, p. 9). This differs in relation to its applicability. It can focus on interest rates and state of the economy at that given time. In addition, it can also look at the management, production and earnings. Two basic approaches can be used to achieve this process. This includes top down and bottom up analysis (Graham, 2004, p. 15). To perform a good fundamental analysis it is necessary to use the present and historical data. The long term objective should be to make and come up with good financial estimates. There are many objectives as per to why this is done. It will help to make a good projection on the company’s business performance (Graham, 2004, p. 17). This analysis is supposed to evaluate the management with a broad objective of making good internal business decisions that will move the company forward. With the right measures in place, it can help the company to make and calculate its credit risks as it undertakes its business goals and objectives. Another objective can be to come up with a good stock valuation that will ultimately predict the company’s expected price evolution. International and national macroeconomic environment These environments are important as they have a bearing on the company’s performance. International environment The company operates on a global market. This is because it has operations in 23 countries. As a matter of fact it has mainly focused on four regions. These include Europe, Africa, South America and South Asia. The company’s international environment has the following factors in mind. GDP growth rates Most markets that the company has focused its activities on are emerging economies which are still growing with a great potential. There has been a problem with the global economic crisis that slowed down economic activities. On the other hand, countries that the company has invested in are witnessing good GDP growth rates and that is why it has had to invest there. For instance, Africa’s GDP has been growing by 4.3% and this explains why the company has had exploration efforts in Uganda and Ghana (Fratzscher, 2010, p. 14). This growth rate is expected to reach 7% by the end of 2010. On the other, its other markets like Asia have had good GDP projections. It is estimated and projected that the Asian Pacific countries will experience a GDP growth rate of 7% by the end of 2010 (Fratzscher, 2010, p. 17). This is also expected for the South American market that will have a GDP growth rate of 3 to 4% (Fratzscher, 2010, p. 19). Inflation and interest rates Various markets have had different interest and inflation rates. Major central banks have reported different interest rates. In relation to the markets that the company operates in, Africa has had high interest rates meaning that the cost of acquiring capital still remains high. South American interest rates have shifted from 8 to 9 % (FXStreet, 2010, p. 3). Europe has had the lowest interest rates in the market. They have revolved between 0.25% and 5 % (FXStreet, 2010, p. 4). This represents part of the interest rates that the company has faced in the course of carrying out its activities. Inflation rates have been changing depending on the country that the company operates in. Developed countries have had an inflation rate of 0 to 4 % (Central investment agencies, 2010, p. 8).Developing countries as a whole have had an inflation rate of between 5 to 20% (Central investment agency, 2010, p. 8). This should be factored in by the company as it will have an impact on the prices that it sets. Exchange rates Exchange rates are very important because the company operates in different markets that use distinct currencies. Although the dollar is used as a global business currency, exchange rates vary in relation to different economies (Fratzscher, 2010, p. 21). This therefore means that fluctuating and increasing exchange rates can directly have a bearing on the company’s estimations. After the US economy experienced some economic shocks, there have been time varying effects on exchange rates. There are various transmission channels towards exchange rates. Since the company deals with various currencies it should have good conversions mechanisms in place. Global oil and gas prices Tullow oil plc deals in energy products and commodities. Because global oil energy prices keep on shifting, it is very critical towards the company’s performance. Shifts in prices have been brought about by unexpected factors that the company needs to be prepared for (Rigzone, 2010, p. 5). Because it operates in different markets, it needs to be flexible as far as energy prices are concerned. Petroleum demand has been increasing every year which has demanded that companies increase production. Stagnation in production can be dangerous and limit supply thereby increasing prices. The world is moving toward full exploitation of gas as an alternative energy (Rigzone, 2010, p. 5). This means that the company needs to continue investing in gas production. National macroeconomic environment Regional and industry/company dynamics have always changed as time goes by. Foreign competition There is increased competition in oil production and exploration because economies are continuing to grow. Growing economies especially in countries that the company has focused on have brought about an increase in demand for petroleum products (Essar Group, 2010, p. 4). The industry is highly competitive and revolutionized because of increased market awareness. Increased demand for petroleum products has prompted companies to venture in this business thereby increasing competition. This therefore means that the company should continue being strategic on how it carries out its activities. With this in place it can be sure to withstand competition. Total sales and prices Sales and prices have been shifting depending on the existing business dynamics. In general, the industry is experiencing an increase in sales because of increased demand (Petroleum economist, 2010, p. 8). Notably an increase in demand has been created by rapidly growing economies that the country has invested in. An increase in demand has in most occasions led to increased supply. This is driven by the urge to reap highly in terms of sales from this upsurge. On the other hand, this unregulated and unplanned supply has always ended up hurting prices (Berner, 2010, p. 13). We have some oil producing countries that always come up with production quotas. In such occasions, sales have always been compromised in that given period. Analysis of the industry and the company The oil industry has been unpredictable in most occasions. Latest results show that the company and industry has continued to make good progress. The company’s exploration and development programs have continued to deliver excellent results. There is a lot of funding in the industry that can help the company advance its operations in new and emerging markets. There is a strong financial performance from oil industries aided by good marketing strategies. This can be explained from Tullow plc financial performance. The group has recorded an increase in pretax profit by 184% to $89.0 million in its first quarter performance of 2010 (Tullow oil plc, 2010, p. 7). Although this has been achieved there is a drop in production by 6%.Generally the outlook for the company and industry is positive. The company further explains that its exploration and appraisal has had a success rate of 82%. This trend has also been witnessed by other industry competitors (Energy business review, 2010, p. 16). UK production has been above expectations as a result of excellent performance from the market players. For instance Tullow plc has had a working production of 18,300 boepd (Tullow oil plc, 2010, p. 9). Iran is a major player in the oil industry (it’s the fifth largest producer) and recently it has been facing sanctions (Webb, 2010, p. 15). This has had an effect on oil production thereby changing the general industry dynamics. In Africa, Nigeria is a major oil producer but it has also been facing problems from insurgents who have reduced its oil production. This means that companies need to be very careful especially those ones that rely on such countries. There is also a major concern that unqualified companies are being awarded contracts that they don’t deserve. This is not a good trend as it might have a negative impact on the industry’s performance. Conclusion Investment recommendation Although the company is experiencing a good performance, it needs to make strategic decisions in relation to investments. Because its acquisitions have been successful, it needs to continue acquiring other companies in a bid to capture a large market share. This venture needs a lot of money and the company will have to look for partners to help it finance these activities. Because the company’s oil exploration and development has had a success rate of 82%, it needs major capital investments especially in Ghana and Uganda to ensure that they are successful. The company needs to invest heavily in exploration led growth. In addition, as the company makes inroads in other new and emerging markets it will be good if it can list in other stock exchange markets to increase its net worth. This is necessary as it will give it a more strategic position in the market. Africa is the groups’ largest core area/market and it needs to invest in environmental management to comply with the Kyoto protocol. This will avoid a lot of conflicts that may end up in courts thereby tainting its image and operations. As a matter of fact, it should invest in health, water and hygiene to take care of the communities. Companies operating in this region have been encouraged to do so for enhanced sustainability. It needs to enhance its diversification in the market to increase the shareholders value as an expectation. Tullow plc also needs to invest in large vessels to increase it capacity and capability. This will have a positive impact on oil production and enable the company to serve its market well. More so, it can help to improve deliveries and meet market targets and expectations. In addition, it should invest in its people for enhanced success. This is necessary because, human resource play an integral role in delivery. Reference List Berner, R. 2010. Deleveraging the American Consumer: Faster than Expected [Online] Available at: https://www.morganstanley.com/what-we-do/research/ Central investment agency. 2010 . Inflation rate (consumer prices). [Online] Energy business review. 2010. Cairn Energy discovers gas in Baffin Bay offshore Greenland . [Online] Essar Group. 2010. Exploit potential of shale gas: US to India and China . [Online] Available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Exploit-potential-of-shale-gas-US-to-India-and-China/articleshow/6430345.cms Fratzscher, M. 2010. What explains global exchange rate movements during the financial crisis? Germany: Frankfurt. FXStreet. 2010. World Interest Rates Table . [Online] Available at: https://www.fxstreet.com/economic-calendar Graham, B. 2004. Security Analysis . New York: McGraw-Hill . Petroleum economist. 2010. Refinery sales to re-shape UK business . [Online] Available at: https://www.petroleum-economist.com/ Rigzone. 2010. Commodity Corner: Crude Continues to Drop on Recovery Fears . [Online] Available at: https://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/97824/commodity_corner_crude_continues_to_drop_on_recovery_fears/ Tullow oil plc. 2010. Our business . [Online] Webb, S. 2010. Analysis: Sanctions tighten pressure on Iran’s oil industry . UAE: Dubai.

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Gambling in Four Perspectives Report (Assessment) Gambling is the practice of betting money or any other material value on an event with an outcome that is not certain and with the primary intention of winning either money or material goods. In most cases the outcome of the gambler is within a short period. Although the exercise is not generally accepted by many authorities, it was been practiced on some set aside days by the Roman Catholics and the Jews. Although people practice gambling for recreation purposes, the practice affects the brain chemistry and could lead to psychological addiction. Reinforcing such a behavior becomes a challenge even after the gamblers incur huge losses in the practice. As the gamblers attempt to try to get rich quickly, they sink in deeper and deeper problems making it more complicated to come out of the problem (Black &Shaw 18). This problem in some cases needs to be rectified when it reaches extreme levels that could affect the psychological well being of the gambler. The problem of gambling may affect the gambler either biologically, mentally or offer behavioral challenges which all combine to bring about an effect in the health of an individual. A gambler faces the challenge of imminent effect of addiction to the effects of gambling every time he continues with the exercise of gambling something that may take long to drop. Gambling affects the mind of the gambler and eventually reaches a point of requiring guidance and counseling in order to alleviate the problem. Psychologists suggest that neurological features that are shared may determine partially the pathological effect of gambling. Ian has been a gambling victim who has lost all his property through gambling yet remains lost in the miasma of the habit with little success in doing away with the habit. He has decided to eventually visit practicing psychologists in an effort to help him recover from the problem that has even made him to be in bad books with the family members. Behavioral psychologist, Mister Brown believes that Ian’s problem has been an accumulation weird behavior started when he was young and perpetuated in to adulthood. He therefore believes that rectifying this problem will involve retracting from the behavior by avoiding visiting the places where gambling is practiced. Mister Brown also suggests that Mister Ian reconciles with his family as the first step into forgiveness and subsequent reformation. Biological psychologist Mister Dennis advised Mister Ian to distance himself from the company of gamblers who provoked his interest of going into gambling. By keeping off from the company of gamblers, he would minimize the chances of the habit increasing. According to Black & Shaw (10) gamblers secret norepinephrine which is normally associated with stress, thrill or arousal all which need to be cured using proper medication. When this hormone is released, the patients may break up even when carrying out the gambling. Cognitive psychologist Mister Hart suggested to Mister Ian to use medication to heal him from the adverse effects already caused by gambling in his mind. The medication was to cure the permanent effects created by gambling. Works Cited Black D & Shaw M “Psychiatric Comorbidity Associated With Pathological Gambling”. Psychiatric Times 25 (12) 2008

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Gang Violence: Discussing the Problem of Gang Membership Problem Solution Essay The proliferation of gang violence in most communities has become a major cause of concern for governments, correctional facilities, schools, parents, and the public in general. In most cities around the world, gangs have mutated into a national epidemic, turning from fist fighting rookies to hardcore drug peddlers and drive-by gun trotters (Parry, 2009, p. 6). In the US, the problem of gang violence has reached alarming levels since the gangs have penetrated the country’s correctional facilities. Parry argues that some correctional facilities in the US have turned into gang headquarters, with imprisoned gang leaders inventing elaborate communication systems to direct the violence into the outside communities. According to Parry, many gang members found in our streets murder, rob, extort and peddle drugs at the behest of their imprisoned gang leaders. It is the purpose of this essay to discuss the problem of gang membership. The fight against gang violence in many countries could have been won a long time ago was it not for the fact that these gangs keep recruiting new members with much ease. Epidemiological studies conducted over time have revealed some key influences towards gang membership, with the lure of quick money, lack of direction, narcotics, emotional abandonment, personal security, psychological problems, and blatant excitement topping the list (Morris, Rodgers & Williams, 2008, p. 31). Other members register for membership for personal reasons, with some getting recruited to get a sense of belonging. For them, being a part of some underground grouping is viewed as a symbol of power and authority. In some instances, some of the hardened street gangs have aspired to belong to a prison gang, and have gone out of their way to commit acts of transgressions so that they can be recognized and accepted by their prison masters. Gang membership has been found to strengthen delinquent behavior. Past and present studies have revealed that gang members, especially youth gangs, are far more likely to get involved in delinquent behavior and acts of violence than the youth who do not subscribe to any particular group (Battin-Pearson, 1998, p. 1). According to criminologists, most gang members get involved in serious and brutal acts of violence because of their association with delinquent peers within the confines of the group. This assertion clearly reveals that membership or sense of belonging to a particular gang is enough to influence behavior and personal values. Criminologists and social scientists have been grappling with the idea of learning the dynamics of behavioral influences of people who belong to a specific gang and those who merely associate with delinquent peers (Battin-Pearson, 1998, p. 1). Some researchers are of the opinion that gang membership represents some qualitative experience that is totally different from simply associating with criminal peer groups. Indeed, researchers argue that street gangs have some qualitative behavioral characteristics that are different from other types of lawbreakers. Again, this assertion reveals the strength of gang membership in influencing behavior. However, criminologists have not been able to separate the effects an individual gets by virtue of belonging to a gang from the effects of merely associating with delinquent friends. According to Battin-Pearson (1998), “…gang membership has an independent contributing role in the etiology of delinquency over and above other risk and protective factors” (p. 9). Members view themselves as having some form of innate authority and power immediately after subscribing to the group, and regardless of the fact about if they have interacted with other gang members within the group. While some criminologists and sociologists would like to call it the power of group dynamics, information is lacking on how and why new members of the group turn so delinquent immediately after joining the gang, and without comprehensive interaction with older members of the group (Morris, Rodgers, & Williams, 2008, p. 37). Various suggestions on how to contain the problem of gang membership have been formulated in the last couple of years. However, many experts are in agreement that the solution to the problem of gang membership lies in learning and analyzing the gangs themselves to expose the factors that reinforce the beliefs and value systems of group members towards having a common sense of purpose (Williams, 2008, p. 17). Tough questions need to be asked and answers sought on why our children lack a sense of purpose and direction when they are so young in life. The role of the parents in the upbringing of children must be put under focus in trying to come up with solutions on why teenagers so readily agree to join criminal gangs. In equal measure, the role of the school system and teachers in shaping up the dreams and future aspirations of children and teenagers must never escape scrutiny. All preventative strategies must focus on how and why the individual want to become a gang member. It should be the function of governments to institute consultative meetings with professionals to offer guidance on how to look for the first symptoms of gang membership (Decker & Weerman, 2005, p. 265). Such training should be aimed at professionals such as community and social workers, psychologists, youth workers, pastoral care agents, medical practitioners and the youth. Some of the high-risk factors towards gang membership that must be highlighted in these consultative meetings include emotional challenges, physical violence and aggression, antisocial behavior, alcohol and drug abuse, and terminal exclusion from learning facilities. If the symptoms are found on individuals, it should be the function of the professionals to counsel the aggrieved using approaches that will enable them to rediscover their potential and purpose in life. Experts are in agreement that there is no easy way to curtail individuals from joining gangs because the underlying influences that lead to the trend are multifaceted. Police crackdowns are good, but they only temporarily curtail gang activity in a particular area. As such, it is imperative for governments and other interested stakeholders to directly deal with the individual and the pull-and-push factors of gang life. Various factors such as poverty, peer pressure, boredom and despair are known to make individuals gravitate towards joining the youth and street gangs (Decker & Weerman, 2005, p. 263). Using a holistic individual approach described above, all stakeholders concerned must try to solve this problems from the individual point of view. In essence, the concerned individual must be given something to live for other than be left at the whims of cruel gangs. All in all, it is clear that gang membership is on the rise in the U.S. According to the National Gang Threat Assessment (NGTA), there are in excess of 21, 500 gangs in the country alone, with a membership of at least 731,000 gang members (Grabianowski, 2009, para 1). This is an enormous problem if the figures are anything to go by. Stakeholders must act with speed to prevent any more people from joining. Any corrective measure should target the culprits and the underlying issues that make them desire to join street gangs, known to be violent in nature. Reference List Battin-Pearson , S.R., Thornberry, T.P., Hawkins, J.D., & Krohn, MD. (1998). Gang Membership, delinquent peers, and delinquent behavior . Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/171119.pdf Decker, S.C., & Weerman, F.M. (2005). European street gangs and troublesome youth groups. Oxford: Rowman Altamira Press. Grabianowski, E. (2009). How street gangs work . Retrieved from https://people.howstuffworks.com/street-gang.htm Morris, D.J., Rodgers, T., & Williams, T. (2008). War of the bloods in my veins: A street Soldier’s march toward redemption , 1 st Ed. ISBN: 1416548467 Parry, B. Corrections must lead the fight against youth gangs. Corrections Today , Vol. 71, Issue 1, p. 6 Williams, S.T. Gangs and violence . Damamli Publishing Company. ISBN: 0975358448

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The Rise and Fall of Criminal Activity in the US: “Get Capone” by Jonathan Eig Essay (Book Review) Get Capone: The Secret Plot That Captured America’s Most Wanted Gangster is a first edition book by Jonathan Eig and published by Simon & Schuster on 27 th April 2010. Given the way the book goes beyond mere myths in seeking to bring out new facts and evidences concerning the rise and fall of criminal activity in the United States of America, it is an incredible informative piece of literary writing that has received much claim in the US judicial corridors. It is centered on the criminal activities of Al Capon who was a notorious American criminal. Eig’s main theme in the book is dissecting the ways of the shrewd criminal (Al Capone) whose endeavours appeared to continually outwit and make a mockery of the federal law, slip through hands of justice unscathed and creating torment and trouble for his target victims. In so doing, Eig delves deep into the mystery of Capone’s ways and attempts to surmise what made such a known criminal to elude the hands of justice for such a long time in the US criminal justice system. Eig has used a wide range of sources to support his case and postulates in the story most of which have helped bring some level of authenticity and a touch of professionalism to the book. These sources are both primary and secondary given their nature. The primary sources include unpublished bibliographies of Al Capone, archived documents (such as Johnson’s personal letters), handwritten documents from different government law enforcement agencies (such as the Department of Justice and the Federal Bureau of Investigation), personal documents (like those written and signed by Edgar Hoover and notes written by the author who worked on Capone’s autobiography) and Capone’s library letters about his release from prison among others. Secondary sources include family members’ and relatives’ interviews, newspaper accounts and recorded information obtained from interrogation of persons that were associated with Capon and Johnson. These sources are appropriate in their own rights since they help bring a sense of research and investigation about the criminal activity of Al Capone and his capture therefore helping to depict the book as a compilation of well researched and investigated case. They have been considered in other quarters as having informed the understanding of the Capone case. There is justifiable criticism on how the author has used these references in the book calling to doubt the surmises and conclusions that he draws from them. A quick perusal through the book gives the impression that these sources have been used as they were being merely copy-pasted into the book without investigative consideration of the circumstances surrounding the information given especially given that the case was a high profile case that was prone to a lot of prejudices, half-truths and exaggerations. The book simply revamps experts from previous Capone’s biographies whereas inasmuch FBI massacre letters are used as corroboration for the surmises made, key evidential photos to support the claims (like photos from the baseball massacre at Chomsky Park ) are not provided. In addition, these sources are just used in their raw nature in that there is very little analysis that is carried on them and this has created multiple instances of facts surmised that are completely unjustifiable. For instance, Eig surmises that Eliot Ness was the person responsible for the downfall of Capone and yet it is in public domain that this was merely Hollywood concocted story that lacked any professional and investigation coherence and yet the author takes it as truth. Another instance of this incoherent presupposition that has no systematic police evidence is the massacre theory that Eig postulates where he relies on the archived letters that claimed that Jack White was the one who killed the seven men with whom Capone was. The author is prejudicial in the sense that he assumes that Weiss’ and Drucci’s $ 13 000 roll was what compelled Capone to initiate their attack on the front of the Standard Oil Building. Considering the author’s intention of removing untruths of the story in circulation concerning Capone’s case, it can be observed that he frantically tries to input evidences and perceptions to the story so as to give it a totally different view from what really happened. In this regard therefore, I personally do not find the book as compelling and authentic as it is intended to be. The overt premeditation that informs what the author wants to create even before gathering information that is relevant and the lack of analysis of the data collected and objective consideration of the facts that are gathered makes the book inappropriate if it is to be used for this course. For persons reading about the case for the first time may find the book appropriate but for the ones with prior knowledge of the same and who are interested in scholarly approach of the story, the book falls way below their expectations in appropriateness.

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Gilgamesh: Significance of the Literature of That Period of Time Research Paper Gilgamesh is considered to be one of the oldest pieces of art in the literary world. The story of Gilgamesh is a wonderful opportunity to go back for more than five thousands years ago and learn past cultures, interests, demands, and beliefs. This story may serve as one of the most powerful examples of how recorded human thoughts influenced the current state of affairs and how the secret of immortality became the cherished dreams for human beings. The vast majority of people are still eager to participate in the hunt for immortality, this is why this source becomes more valuable where the results of such hunts are perfectly described. The significance of Gilgamesh is evident indeed due to the variety of factors: this work is still regarded as one of the earliest literary works that are known to the reader, this is a captivating source about the events of the Great Flood and human beliefs, and finally, this story shows the reader the way of how life, death, and people’s realization have to be united. General facts about Gilgamesh story. Gilgamesh was a famous king of Uruk in the middle of 2700 B.C. He made a wonderful attempt to build a wall in order to protect his people against the enemies, envy, and other sources of evil. The actions of this kind attracted the attention of many readers. The oldest civilization tried to take leading positions and prove their rights to existence. The Great Flood, the ideas of immortality, the grounds of friendship, and eternal memory – all these are the crucial points in the story. Gilgamesh and his friend Enkidu united their powers and skills in order to participate in numerous adventures and achieve success; however, everything that Gilgamesh was able to achieve was memories and recognition but never immortality. Gilgamesh as an epic poem and the oldest literary work. To comprehend why the poem about Gilgamesh is still of such great importance, it is necessary to clear up what makes it epic, what characteristics of an epic poem are inherent to the story first of all, and what the impact of this story is for the rest literary works. An epic poem is a kind of a work that is written in elevated language and devoted to the actions of one traditional hero. The characteristics of any epic poem that have to be mentioned are the following: a clearly defined story; a hero that is supported by people; hero’s searching for love, a friend, a relative, immortality, or treasure; gods, who are able to influence the development of the events and human lives; and, finally, a historical message that helps the reader to grasp his/her own place in this world and his/her possible heritage. Gilgamesh is one of the examples that have all the above-mentioned characteristics. Some people may argue that the text of Gilgamesh is usually presented in prose; however, we should admit that this story is too old, and the original text that was written in the form of epic poem is hard to find. “The history of the epic itself begins sometime before 1600 B.C., eight centuries before Homer, when a Babylonian author… assembled free translations of the oral versions of some of these tales into a connected narrative” (Lawall 10-11). So, Gilgamesh has to be defined as a brilliant example of true epic story with all the necessary points. The literature of that period of time and before Gilgamesh was hardly recognizable because it was difficult to save other author’s attempts to present a worthwhile piece of work and depict the epic characteristics. Gilgamesh and its connection to the Bible and the Greatest Flood. One of the most noticeable features of Gilgamesh is its close connection to the Bible and the events during the Great Flood. The Biblical times teach the reader to trust the power of God and respect God’s decisions even if other people cannot comprehend this choice. “With the first light of dawn a black cloud came from the horizon; it thundered within where Adad, lord of the storm, was riding” (Cunningham and Reich 30). When gods comprehended that people became too numerous, too selfish, and too noisy, they made an attempt to show people their own weaknesses. By means of the Great Flood, all humankind would be destroyed including plants, animals, and land. Those, who wanted to prove their rights to live and conquer the world, had to survive and accept god’s rules in order to become immortal. This part of the story about Gilgamesh plays a very important role for the literature of that period of time and even for literature of current times. The historical message of this story is significant indeed: every human being has unbelievable opportunities and skills, but the point is to use these skills properly and not to break down the grounds, created by superpower. Relations between gods and mortals or between civilization and nature have to be respected. If a person forgets this simple truth, the possibility to lose everything raises considerably. This is why in order not to lose life, faith, and dignity, it is better to remember about and respect these boundaries. Gilgamesh with its concepts of life and death. Very often, people can hardly appreciate the possibility to live, breathe, and communicate. In order to achieve success and power, many people are able to forget about the concepts of friendship and self-respect. The story of Gilgamesh shows the reader how friendship and attitude to life may change people and their attitude to each other. Friendship of Gilgamesh and Enkidu may serve as a powerful example of how cruel reality and indifference to nature may weaken a person and how human mutual support may save. The story under discussion takes a significant place in the world literature because it proves that people are still able to save each other and keep in mind the idea of self-respect. However, if it happens that you lose everything, it does not mean that nothing is left behind. Human actions, words, thoughts, and help to other people will be able to make your immortal. And everything is not about life and death only but about the ways of human personal realization and achievements of purposes. The story of Gilgamesh discloses the essence of immortality in one of the most captivating and clearer way. The fear of death, the desire to find immortality, and the attempts to save lives – all this makes a person closer to death itself. Maybe, it is useless to think about what may happen when the time to die comes, but it is urgent to think about the ways of how people live and use their skills. Gilgamesh is a significant literary work that demonstrated a brilliant start of how epic poem should look like and what information such works have to present. Further works by Homer were considerably influenced by the story of Gilgamesh , and even the representatives of modern literature admit the importance of Gilgamesh context and absurdity of immortality for mortal people. Works Cited Cunningham, Lawrence, S. and Reich, John, J. Culture and Values: A Survey of the Humanities . Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 2005. Lawall, Susan. The Norton Anthology of World Literature, Vol. A: Beginnings to A.D. 100 . 2 nd ed. New York: Norton, 2002.

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Global Warming: Reasons, Outcomes, and How to Prevent It Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Discussion 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction Global warming is considered to be one of the most burning issues for consideration during a long period of time in many countries. This very phenomenon is characterized by considerable increasing of temperature that is caused by the use of fossil fuels and developing industrialization. Lots of scientists offer more and more own predictions as for global warming, the major reason that will influence this warming development, and the steps, which have to be taken to save our Earth. Some of them believe that recycling and anti-smoking programs can be helpful, and some scientists predict that even if people stop emitting smokes and other harmful gases, the climate will hardly stabilize. There are so many factors, which influence global warming, and human activities are one of them. People use cars, buses, airplanes in order to move from one place to another. They truly believe that the point that they save time by such means will be justified. They do not take into consideration that this air pollution, smoking, and any kind of garbage destroy our atmosphere and put human lives under a serious threat. Global warming will be always a captivating topic to discuss in order to prevent Earth’s destruction; there are always many problems, which cause global warming, and it is necessary to analyze each of them to achieve positive results and prevent dangers. Discussion Global Warming as It Is Global warming is characterized by considerable increasing of temperature within the Earth surface and oceans. One of the first signs of global warming is changes, noticeable to ordinary people: winters become milder and milder, lots of glaciers start melting, and the level of seas starts rising (Silverstein et al, 2003, 6). The summer temperature changes as well, it becomes hotter, and it becomes hard for people to breathe. Some people cannot still comprehend that their activities are crucially important for global warming and may bring it closer and closer. Greenhouse gases and numerous holes in the ozone layers are not the most dangerous problems, which people have to comprehend. This is why it is better to focus their attention on personal activities and on the harm, they do every day. People think about the ways of how to create one more plant or factory, how to buy a new car, or how to be saved from such heat and use a conditioner. Before take any step to achieve one of the above-mentioned purposes, it is necessary to realize how harmful they are in real. Burning of coal and oil gives a birth to carbon dioxide (CO2), and this is a greenhouse gas that prevents heat escaping into space. Of course, trees and many other plants aim at removing all that greenhouse gas by means of photosynthesis, but still, one day, it may be not enough. Clearing of land causes reducing the movements of gas from our atmosphere and promote the spreading of CO2. One of the biggest mistakes made by people is the idea that fires in forests may cause global warming. In fact, everything is quite the contrary. The writers from Science admit that global warming may certainly cause wildfires, but fires will hardly reinforce global warming ( Science , 2006). The more summer temperature is, the more causes for fires to disturb people more frequently. Some people may truly believe that water pollution is one more reason of global warming. It is wrong as well. Water pollution and global warming are connected to each other as two different types of threat for people. Each of them has no influence to each other: Pollution of drinking water has its negative influence on people’s health, the lack of water may cause the destructions of forests and other greenery of our planet. However, these issues cannot influence global warming. However, there is one thing that may be a serious threat that may lead to global warming, and it is smoking. There are so many people, who smoke. More than 72% of people, who live in America, smoke cigarettes at a certain period of their lives. Even more 47% of men and 59% of women do not want to give up smoking or just fear because they may gain weight if they do give up (Logue, 255). They cannot even imagine that such mistake of them may lead to global warming and the destruction of our Earth. History of Global Warming and Geological Perspective The climate of the Earth changes day by day: certain changes within Earth coverage and temperature attract the attention of many scientists. In fact, the history of global warming is quite long, this is why it deserves attention, and numerous ideas of predictors have to be taken into consideration as well. Lots of scientists admit that great ice sheets covered our planet during a long period of time that was known as Ice Age; however, when the temperature increased considerably, this era came to its logical end (Kennedy, 47). However, the climate did not change considerably till the middle of the 14 th century: extreme cold was inherent to Iceland, Alaska, and Alps. In the middle of the 1980s, Jean Baptist Joseph Fourier noticed that the temperature of the Earth increased slowly, and offered the ideas of solar radiation to the public. He was also one of the first scientists, who described the greenhouse effect and told that it would keep this Earth warmer (Silverstein et al, 2009, 18). Another significant scientists, who offered own ideas as for global warming and the danger of greenhouse effect, was Guy Stewart Callendar. He “examined the role of anthropogenic carbon dioxide in the climate warming experienced during the early decades of the twentieth century” (Fleming, 114). This person was ready to prove that the greenhouse effect would negatively influence the atmosphere and bring negative outcomes for people. His ideas made other scientists started analyzing the issues, which may influence global temperature; and one of the first conclusions all the scientists came to was that human activity was considered to be the major cause of global warming. Global warming may be also regarded as a natural geological process, this is why the geological perspective should be also taken into consideration while analyzing changes in climate and the increasing of the temperature. Such discipline as geology deals with the significant periods of time in order to analyze the changes within earth’s natural processes. So, some geologists still believe that global warming is just another random fluctuation of climate. These geologists explain their positions by one simple fact – carbon dioxide cannot cause global warming. Actually, everything is quite opposite: because of the temperature’s increasing at the global level, the level of carbon dioxide also increases. Human activities cannot create so huge level of carbon dioxide, this is why global warming is a pure geological process, caused by natural changes, and, so that cannot be prevented. Global Warming: The Ideas of How People Can Prevent It Even taking into consideration the ideas that global warming cannot be caused by human activities, these very activities remain one of the most discussed issues. In fact, people have all chances to prevent global warming, however, the vast majority of them is just unaware of the necessary steps to take. Actually, there are so many ways to stop all those harmful actions, which may cause global warming. First of all, people should think about recycling in order to clean up the planet they live on. Recycling is all about the processing of different used materials into new ones. Some people do not even guess how many products may be recycled: glass, plastic, and paper. By means of recycling, people provide themselves with one more chance to use good and reliable material and prevent Earth’s pollution. It is not just one more strategy to make use of the already existed materials, it turns out to be more significant on the global level: industrial production has less negative effects on environment, and global warming has less reasons to develop. Waste, people do not care about, has rather considerable impact on the environment, and this impact is negative. This is why when people recycle waste, they help their own environment and even save energy. There are also much more advantages of recycling: the prices on numerous goods may be decreased because they will be made of old, reused material; people should not spend too much time in order to produce the same material but spend it on inventing something new and more useful; and, finally, places for damage may be used to build new houses and other appropriate for living building so that less people can spend the nights outside. People should know that they have so many chances to save own planet and prevent global warming independently. Of course, the steps, they have to take are rather serious and requires people’s time, desire, and patience. First of all, global warming may be caused by the use of fossil fuels. Nowadays, it is hard to imagine our live without cars: people prefer to save their time, travel, and use fast cars to entertain. This is why the use of fuel increases day by day. Unfortunately, people cannot even guess how much fuel pollutes our Earth and causes global warming. Of course, it is impossible to ask all people stop using cars and other means of travel and start walking. This is why lots of scientists from different countries start thinking about the use of solar power to run cars. It takes certain time and energy, however, electric cars and the cars, which use solar power, may become a real way out for people. Nowadays, people get a wonderful chance to change fuel into solar power. Another trouble of our society is smoking. As it was mentioned above, there are so many people, who smoke and cannot give up this habit. Some people, teenagers especially, admit that smoking has no effect on global warming. This is why it is necessary to underline the outcomes of smoking, which are perfectly noticeable and may be rather harmful for people and good for those, who are dreaming to see global warming. First, all those cigarette butts serve as the major reason of global warming, which are hard to recycle, this is why they usually disappear somewhere in the ground and start destroying the earth. Secondly, it is hard to imagine how harmful smoke is, and how many people are smoking at the same period of time, and how they pollute our atmosphere. These two huge reasons should be taken into consideration, and those who do care about global warming and want to prevent it should think about the ways of how to help the others stop smoking. Industrial revolution and technological development play a significant role in the life of every person. Plants, mines, and factories create new modern technologies for people; however, their work considerably pollutes the earth and air and also creates numerous factors for global warming. Conclusion In this paper, the major aspects of global warming have been discussed. This phenomenon is closely connected to temperature increasing and creates much danger for people. This is why people should think about the possible ways to prevent this process and save our earth. Such steps as recycling and reusing prevent pollution of the earth and help to concentrate on the ideas how it is possible to use the same material one again and think about the creation of numerous innovations to improve this world. Human bad habits have negative impact as well both for people and for nature, this is why global warming may be postponed if people try to give up smoking. If people do not start taking into consideration what may cause global warming, they approach it much more sooner than it is expected. Works Cited “Forests Fires and Global Warming.” Science, 2006. 314 (5892), 1045. Fleming, James, R. Historical Perspectives on Climate Change. Oxford University Press US, 2005. Kennedy, Barbara, A. Inventing the Earth: Ideas on Landscape Development Since 1740. Wiley-Blackwell, 2006. Logue, Alexandra, W. The Psychology of Eating and Drinking. Routledge, 2004. Silverstein, Alvin, Silverstein, Virginia, B., and Nunn, Laura, S. Global Warming. Twenty-First Century Books, 2003. Silverstein, Alvin, Silverstein, Virginia, B., and Nunn, Laura, S. Global Warming. Twenty-First Century Books, 2009. Weart, Spencer, R. The Discovery of Global Warming. Harvard University Press, 2004.

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Global Warming: Accumulation of Greenhouse Gases Research Paper One of the biggest climatologic concerns that are capturing the minds of not only scientists but also general public is global warming. As such, global warming is a dramatic increase in the average temperature of our planet’s near-surface air and ocean waters. This increase has been especially observed within the twentieth century, when the average temperature rose by almost one degree (Oxlade 4). The most worrying thing is that according to the climate projections, scientists expect the warming to continue further, which may have dramatic effects on the planet’s climate and on the life on the earth in general. The key reason for emergence of global warming is envisioned by scientists in the so-called greenhouse effect. This effect emerges due to high concentration of greenhouse gases in the earth atmosphere, with the major gases being water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide (Soon 3). Despite their small concentration in the earth atmosphere (they make up less than 0.1 percent of the atmosphere), those gases play a crucial role in regulating the planet’s temperature balance (Oxlade 10). Greenhouse gases possess the property of absorbing some of the energy that would otherwise, in their absence, escape into the atmosphere. Some of greenhouse gases, like water vapor, occur naturally; others result to a large extent from human activities. With respect to global warming, one of the biggest concerns of scientists has been carbon dioxide. Although it is crucial for the plants and animals to live (Faust 5), carbon dioxide is considered one of the major gases causing greenhouse effect. In normal carbon cycle, carbon dioxide moves between plants, animals, oceans, and the atmosphere, which it constantly leaves and enters. This is a normal state of things; however, after the Industrial Revolution of the mid-eighteenth century, the carbon balance has been upset by human activities that added disproportionately big amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. By burning enormous amounts of such fossil fuels as coal, gasoline, and oil in car engines, power stations and factories, carbon dioxide is released in the atmosphere. Another misbalancing factor is deforestation, cutting out the world’s green belts: burning out vast massifs of rainforests for farming purposes releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere; in addition, diminishing the amount of trees on the forests makes it impossible for the remaining trees to take in the extra carbon dioxide. As a result of modern human activities, scientists predict the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to rise by 2100 to a rate three times as big as before the Industrial Revolution (Oxlade 13). In addition to carbon dioxide, the atmosphere is overfilled with other greenhouse gases. Within the twentieth century, extensive cattle raising and rice growing has resulted in more than doubling the amount of methane in the atmosphere. Supernormal activities in the spheres of agriculture and chemical industries have led to increase in nitrous oxide. A new type of gases, called chlorofluorocarbons, initially widely used in sprays, air conditioners, and refrigerators, also add to the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect, first described in 1827 by the French scientist Jean-Baptist Fourier, bases on the notion that the earth atmosphere acts like the glass roof of the greenhouse, trapping the heat inside (Silverstein, Silverstein, and Silverstein Nunn 15). As the sun energy gets through the atmosphere to the plants, the ground, and the oceans, they become heated and produce infrared radiation which is directed back to space. But trapped in greenhouse gases, some of the infrared radiation remains in the atmosphere; and the more greenhouse gases there are, the more energy remains and heats up the planet. Confirming the onset of the global warming are the multiple facts of climate change identified by meteorologists. Recording ocean temperatures and currents, the areas of snow cover, the amount of ice at the poles, the length of glaciers and the changing vegetation patterns, climatologists report sufficient alterations. Since the global warming alarm sounded already in the mid-nineteenth century, over the last hundred and fifteen years temperature has been measured by thermometers on land and on sea. Placed in various locations all over the world, those thermometers have shown that the temperature at the surface of earth has been rising. In addition to this fact, the data drawn from mountain glaciers, tree-growth rings, coral layers, and other biological and geological indicators sensitive to temperature change, confirms that the twentieth century has witnessed a major temperature change. (Soon 3). Global warming triggers further effects on the earth condition: water that comes from the melting ice caps raises the sea levels; approach of the sea endangers people settlements located nearby the shores; as a result, the number of refugees increases dramatically. Contradicting those negative effects are certain positive effects of climate change. The increase in plant growth triggered by the global warming stimulates reduction of carbon dioxide and thus decreases the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. From this discrepancy emerges the debate among the climatologists, the policy makers, and the general public about what — if something — should be done in order to adequately respond to global warming. The issues to consider in connection with the global warming problem are numerous. Implementation of alternative energy sources and new technology for capturing carbon; assigning responsibility for reducing global warming; the share of developed and developing countries in reducing emissions and bearing the burden of responsibility for the majority of greenhouse gases; international and national laws concerning global warming; personal responsibilities of people, — those are but a few ideas considered by modern society in respect to global warming. But perhaps the most burning questions asked are if global warming could be stopped at all or if it is a natural irreversible process. Many scientists hold the opinion that it is already too late to restore the damage caused to the planet by global warming. The major way out of the situation is envisaged in cutting down the emissions of greenhouse gases so that their levels in the atmosphere are stabilized. But even then it will take the earth no less than several decades to cool down (Farrar 88–89). In any case, it has been agreed that joint effort is taken by the international community to follow the greenhouse gases reduction strategy, and to legalize this decision Kyoto protocol has been ratified by over 160 countries of the world covering fifty-five percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. Human activities have had a devastating effect on the planet. Not only have people exhausted the natural resources, but they have also created conditions that have led to accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and to the resulting from it global warming. This, in its turn, is having dramatic effects on the climate of the planet and may end tragically for all life on earth, unless urgent actions are taken to hamper and prevent the global catastrophe. Therefore, the world community should unite in the joint effort to significantly decrease greenhouse gas emission and save our planet from the climatic catastrophe that impends over it. Works Cited Farrar, Amy. Global Warming . Edina, MN: ABDO Publishing Company, 2008. Print. The author discusses the controversial viewpoints regarding global warming. Faust, Daniel R. Global Warming: Greenhouse Gases and the Ozone Layer . New York, NY: The Rosen Publishing Group, 2009. Print. The author discusses the ozone layer, the effect of ultraviolet radiation on living things, and the causes and effects of global warming. Oxlade, Chris. Global Warming . Mankato, MN: Capstone Press, 2003. Print. The author explains what global warming is, the factors that cause it, how it affects the environment, and what is being done to prevent it. Silverstein, Alvin, Virginia Silverstein, and Laura Silverstein Nunn. Global Warming . Brookfield, CT: Twenty-First Century Books, 2003. Print. The authors examine global warming and the greenhouse effect, changes in earth’s climate since its formation, the effects of these changes, and whether anything can be done to reverse them. Soon, Willie, Sallie L. Baliunas, Arthur B. Robinson, and Zachary W. Robinson. Global Warming: A Guide to the Science . Vancouver: The Fraser Institute, 2001. Print. The authors review scientific literature concerning the environmental consequences of increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide and come to the conclusion that increases during the twentieth century have produced no deleterious effects upon global climate or temperature.

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Globalization and Globalization as an Economic Phenomenon Report Introduction Globalization is the integration of trade around the world to form an international marketplace where goods and services produced in one continent go to another. Advanced transport and communication technologies facilitate this integration. It has led to a drastic transformation in the way people live around the world, as more efficient processes result in higher quality products. Labour exploitation With globalization came diversified labour. Corporations outsource production of certain goods and services to countries that specialize in their production. Labour outsourcing saves immensely on production costs as corporations seek to utilize fully the cheap labour available in third world countries. Some even go to the extent of targeting countries that offer subsidies on their establishments. Critics call this labour exploitation as these corporations take advantage of poor workers desperate enough to offer their services for income enough to provide food for their families for the day. Moreover, diversion of these resources leads to the reduction in the purchasing power of the population in the home country. This then leads to an increase in unemployment rates in the same country the products will be up for sale. Environmental degradation Globalization raised the volume of trading taking place as it gave rise to technology that increases the amount of goods produced per unit of input. Advances in the financial sector then made this trading more efficient through possibility of making of product orders online and clearing the bills instantly. Improved standards of living also result from “increased personal incomes brought about by growth-induced trade” (Panayotou) as an added advantage. Consequently, increase in trade meant increase in pollution from industries and automobiles. Pressure to produce to meet the high demand then led to destruction of cultivating land and forests to avail space for industries. Changes in climate then follow, condemning the surrounding areas to calamities that include famine and floods. No corporation ever offers to take responsibility for such reactions, as finger pointing ensues when such issues come into light. Quality of life and economic measures for the family (Central Intelligence Agency) Life expectancy: 76.11 years Infant mortality rate: 12.7 deaths/1,000 live births Number of children per family: N/A Household income: $9,925 Percentage of population below the poverty line: 19.5% (2003) Literacy rate: 77.9% (age 15 and over can read and write) Unemployment rate: 2.4% (2001) Population with telephones: – 9.358 million (2008) (Mobile Cellular) (% N/A) * 31.4% (2008) (Main line) Population using the internet: 60.9% (2008) 4,798,491 Economic Measures for the Country (answer below) Total GDP: – $186.8 billion (2009 EST.) GDP real growth rate: -2.7% (2009 EST.) GDP by sector: – Agriculture: 1.1% * Industry: 48.5% * Services: 50.4% (2009 EST.) Labour force by occupation: – Agriculture: 7% * Industry: 15% * Services: 78% (2000 EST.) Total exports: $174.7 billion (2009 EST.) Exports as a percentage of GDP: 93.5% Inflation rate: 1.5% (2009 EST.) The UAE has proven to be an economic winner after its successful strategies saw it survive the economic recession. “Successful efforts at economic diversification have reduced the portion of GDP based on oil and gas output to 25%” (CIA). They heavily depended on oil and real estate revenues, which were the hardest hit, but their wide investment portfolio that includes fishing and ship repair cushioned them. Reassurance is that “There are signs of recent increases in hydrocarbon revenues (and) merchandise exports.” (The World Bank Group). Conclusion As much as globalization advances, people need to understand that it is both to the positive and negative. Currently, advances are in progress in a drive that intends to patch up the zones rendered useless as a result of activities enhanced by globalization. It is only right that corporations contribute all they can to such drives. The phrase, “patch up the zones rendered useless as a result of activities enhanced by globalization” means,globalization has resulted in land degradation leading to once fertile land being turned into waste land by irresponsible developments. For example, when minerals are discovered in forests, the forests are cleared to give room for extraction. After the minerals are exhausted, the land that remains cannot be used yield any vegetation, hence is useless. Therefore, globalization has now led to development of technology to return usefulness back into these pieces of land. The most popular method currently is refilling the pits with soil and replanting vegetation. Works Cited Central Intelligence Agency. CIA – The World Factbook. 29 September 2010. Web. Panayotou, Theodore. Globalization and Environment. Cambridge: Centre for International Development at Havard University, 2000. The World Bank Group. “The Middle East and North Africa region shows tentative signs of Recovery in 2010.” Web.

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Globalization: Metaphysical Perspective of the Western Industrialized World Essay The development of the world is something that touches each person on this planet and creates new circumstances to live in. This is why globalization and industrialization are the two notions, which people should care about and enlarge their knowledge about day by day. The metaphysical perspective of the western industrialized world may oppress people in many ways: children have nothing to do but accept the already existed conditions without any opportunity to change something from the very beginning, the metaphysics of the reality people live in cannot be examined properly, because people do not really comprehend how significant this very issue is, and, finally, it is not that easy to define who are really interested in the technological development and a life on the earth that is closely connected to planetary perspective only. With the help of the articles by David Carpenter and David Peat, we will try to analyze how exactly the metaphysical perspective of the representatives from the western industrialized world may oppress this world and destroy cultures. Without any doubts, “European consciousness dominates the world” (Peat, 1997). In order to comprehend the ideas of the metaphysics perspective, it is also possible to address the article of this author, who uses our society’s metaphysics in comparison to another society. With the help of Peat’s ideas, we come to the conclusion that each thing that people take as an inevitable is considered to be a kind of social conditioned perceptions, and this is why people are responsible for any change in this world, and people have to be ready to cope with the difficulties, created by themselves. Another writer, who presents really interesting information about the development of this world and this development’s impact on people, is David Carpenter. He admits that children are our future, and this is why it is crucially important to protect them by any possible means, providing all the necessary environment to be healthy and safe (Carpenter, 2006). To my mind, nurses are one of those people, who may provide the necessary support to the population to overcome all the changes, connected to the world’s industrialization and globalization. These people have close connection to health care and other issues, which provide safer future for our children. Smoking, drugs’ using, and use of not clean water – all this cause certain problems with health and abilities to accept industrialization, specially, it touches the Western countries. This is why nurses should be responsible for such things as the presentation of the information concerning healthy eating and drinking, spending time outside, dangers of smoking, etc. It is also necessary to remember about all those things, which our ancestors presented to us. Of course, lots of people try to find out as many reasons to promote the technological growth, however, we should be able to remember about our past and all those loses, our ancestors faced to safe this world for use. In order to live this life properly, people should think about the ways of how to develop and improve our present and create safe future, but not at expense of our past. Only in this case, people will get all the opportunities to feel the improvement and not to forget how it is to be a human, not dependent on technologies. In general, I want to admit that the metaphysical perspective of this world’s industrialization remains one of the most burning issues nowadays. People should be able to develop and encourage the use of technologies, but not to forget about the ideas from the past. Such attention to past will help to comprehend that health is of great importance, and our children should have a change to life in healthy future, not spoiled by the technological process. Reference List Carpenter, D. O. (2006). Children’s Environmental Health in Central Asia and the Middle East. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health , 12(4), 362-368. Peat, F. D. (1997). Blackfoot Physics and European Minds. Futures , 29(6), 563-573.

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Google in the 21st Century: Why it remains A Market Leader Report Google Inc. has a history that is as astonishing as its growth paths. In 1996, two graduate students studying at Stanford University, US, developed concepts and ideas that would later form the backbone of Google from the comforts of their dorm room. From its humble beginnings, the company has grown to become the envy of executives, managers, and engineers around the world. Presently, Google is viewed as a spectacle of web brilliance as well as a success story of good corporate and management principles. Previous reviews done by industry experts portray Google as an organization overflowing with cutting-edge notions, rigorous management and corporate accountability, and relentless attention to detail (Hammonds 1). This paper purposes to undertake a critical analysis of Google with an underlying objective of understanding its successful corporate plans and strategies and their applications to other companies, including Altavista.com. From its inception, Google has been in the business of providing search and advertising services with the primary objective of organizing and monetizing information channels around the world (CrunchBase para. 1). In addition to its overriding search engine that is used by millions of people across the world on a daily basis, Google offers a plethora of internet tools and applications to quest its operating philosophy of having something for everyone. Its most popular products include Gmail, Google Maps, Google Scholar, YouTube and Feedburner. Google is a major player in the advertising industry. Indeed, the company promotes the notion that advertising should be extremely targeted and relevant to consumers. The company prides itself for offering its customers a rich source of information. Google is the market leader in the provision of both the search engine services and online advertising applications. Due to its technologically advanced search engine, Google is able to process in excess of 150 million internet searches a day (Hammonds 1). Although the company’s revenue base is hard to deconstruct and quantify, analysts guess its revenue collection on an annual basis is anywhere between $60 million and $300 million. With its acquisition of DoubleClick, Google now enjoys a total advertising market share of over 69% (“Google Now” para. 1). It is widely believed that both Google and DoubleClick serve advertising to over 2.2 billion users across the world. After the acquisition, Google has the capacity to serve advertising to a third of the world’s population. Various factors have cemented Google’s success as a world market leader in search engine services and online advertising. First, Google has increasingly diversified its products and services to reach a wider number of users globally. Initially, Google started as an internet search engine provider, and offered the services for free with an intention of recouping the costs and making considerable profits from its highly integrated and structured online advertising delivered through the company’s AdWords and AdSense internet platforms (CrunchBase para. 1). This strategy paid off almost immediately since advertisers were assured of getting the attention of a considerable number of clients using the search services for free. The company increasingly diversified its services to include email applications, Google Maps, DoubleClick and YouTube, further bolstering its presence in the industry. To further transform the company into a one-stop shop for its customers, Google has also acquired outstanding companies such as Jotspot, 2Web Technologies and Zenter. The strategy of offering most of its web-based applications for free to boost online advertising has worked wonders for the company. Google’s quest for perfection and speed in search engine services has successfully enabled the company to secure its most ardent website visitors from switching to other search engine providers. Google engineers want to build a modern search engine that is capable of looking for everything in the web and narrowing down the searches to “deliver exactly what the user is looking for, every time” (Hammonds 1). As of 2007, an average search using the Google engine took an estimate of 0.2 seconds to execute, down from an average speed of 3 seconds registered in 2003. Google’s other asset of attention to detail has enabled it to win the trust of its users. According to the company’s management principles, attention and trust must always be revered since its core business touches on establishing long-term relationships with people. These techniques have enabled the company to maintain its client base while sampling emerging markets in the quest to push its advertising agenda upwards. Google’s success story is also shaped by the fact that it depend on feedback and ideas from online users to leverage expertise (Hammonds1). This means that the company views its client base as composed of not only consumers of its products and services but also a block of experts that can be used to offer useful insights to its new products and services. These gives the company unassailable leverage in terms of coming up with products and services that are both appealing and efficient to users. Google’s internal consistency especially in the advertising business has offered the company the much needed clout over its competitors (Hammonds 2). For instance, the appearance of advertising on a web page follows the same procedures that order the search results. As such, the rules remain simple and democratic, governed by the existing patterns of supply and demand. This kind of logic has enabled the company to reap enormous benefits over its competitors. What’s more, Google’s extravagance of talent and unlimited flexibility has enabled it to remain ahead of the pack. It is widely believed that the internet offers a wide range of opportunities that no single player can be able to comprehensively deplete. In this sense, Google’s competitors are still in business. In essence, the market is too large and largely unexplored since Google, with an online advertising market share of over 69 percent, is only able to serve advertising needs to a third of the world’s population (“Google Now” para. 2). In the same vein, companies have been trying to come up with new techniques and more refined search experiences to outdo each other. Also, companies in this field have come up with a new strategy of customizing their products and services according to regions and market segments. For instance, the recently launched Microsoft’s Bing search engine is strongly biased towards American clientele, and plans to launch another version that will be biased towards British users (Kendali para. 2). According to analysts, this is one of the ways that these companies have been using to segregate the already existing market and ensure their own survival. In essence, the strategy has served them right as customers want to sample diverse products and services before settling on the most appealing one according to their needs and requirements. On its part, Yahoo has also deviated from its traditional line of offering email applications to offer search engine services. This is intended to boost the company’s advertising abilities. All in all, the fact that Google is a market leader in online advertising and search engine services is not in question. For online companies such as Altavista.com and others to make headway in the ever competitive business environment, they must increasingly diversify their products and services to keep up with the competition. They must come up with strategies aimed at attracting as many customers as possible to their fold. Google has perfected this by offering many free web-based applications (CrunchBase para. 1). To be successful, these companies ought to borrow a leaf from Google and entrench management and corporate strategies that will propel them to greater heights. Such strategies include perfection, speed and attention to detail, trust, utilizing feedback and ideas from customers, internal consistency, flexibility and nurturing of talent. Works Cited CrunchBase. Google . 2009. Web. Google Now Controls 69% of Online Advertising Market . 2009. Web. Hammonds, K.H. How Google Grows…Grows…and Grows . Fast Company. 2007. Web. Kendali, N. Microsoft Bing – The Successful Search to Challenge Google. TIMESONLINE. 2009. Web.

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Google Refused Trademark for Nexus One Essay (Article) When Google applied for the ‘Nexus One’ trademark back in December 10 th 2009, the they were shocked to learn that the United States Patent and Trademark Office had earlier given the ‘Nexus’ trademark to a Portland-based company, Integra in 2008, and thus it was denial use of the name. The trademark office wrote in its notice of refusal “Registration of the applied-for mark is refused because of a likelihood of confusion with the mark in U.S. Registration No. 3554195”. The USPTO argued that similarity of words, products, services or trade channels would likely confuse the consumers. Google’s Nexus One sales figures show that within the first 74 days in the market it has hit a rock bottom, notching up only 135,000 units, compared to 1million iPhones sold by Apple within the first 75 days, and over 1million for Motorola’s Droid in the same period. It had to revised its projected sales units from 3.5 m to 1 m for the period. Although Google blames its trademark’s woes for the marketing limbo, but it is arguable that the Nexus One mobile is rarely available in stores. While all Vodafone shops began selling the Apple iPhone to consumers, only Google’s store site was stocking the Nexus One. Google wanted to control the trade channels of the smart phone so as to avoid competition from other Android mobiles and distributes it exclusively in particular regions, although the retailers and wholesalers wanted to part of the trade channel. Integra’s Nexus is meant to offer its consumers voice, internet services and long-distance calls using one connection. Although the phone is rarely known, the telecom company right to it allows it to offer “high-speed access to a global computer network”. Integra’s Nexus is a less superior model as compared to the Google’s Nexus which has complex noise reduction system and advanced speech to text, allow users to issue voice commands, use voice technology for text messaging and also so keyword search on the internet. Google is entitled to challenge this verdict within the trademark registration procedure in the next six month. Google said: “We continue to claim rights to the Nexus One trademark in the United States, and plan to respond to the Patent Trademark Office’s action.” But if Google does not contest the USPTO ruling, then it may be forced to buy the trademark, or opt for another name of the phone. Both choices seem challenging but at the end of the day the company will have to go for either. In the United States mobile phone naming is a big issue, with big phone makers in U.S. Similar Google’s woes have happened to Apple in 2007 when if filed for a trademark for the iPhone and found out that Cisco had already got the trademark for a product known as iPhone. More currently, Apple unveiled the iPadnetbook only to discover that other iPad names were already registered by other firm’s like Fujitsu and ST Microelectronics. Google’s Nexus-related issues are worsened by a court case filed by the estate of Phillip K Dick for using Android, an operating system applied in the Nexus One. The estate claims that the name ‘Nexus’ in association with ‘Android’ copied from Mr. Dick’s essay, “Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep” and they were the first to use it. Fiona McBridge says “Although, the denial of the trademark does not make it impossible for Google to use the name as it can use the name without the trademark, but it makes it vulnerable to anyone selling copycat phones using same name, it makes it hard for Google to use the Nexus One trademark for its products within the United States.” Google can also be sued by Integra Telecom if it so wishes for a trademark infringement claim. However, it seems all is not over according to Peter Chou, CEO of HTC (manufacturer of Nexus One) words. He said, “Considering Google didn’t use retail or marketing for it, the Nexus One is doing pretty well, it has showed the world that HTC is the top Android brand”.

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Grand Avenue Project, Los Angeles, California Analytical Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main Body 3. Los Angele Loft Project 4. Bunker Hill Project 5. Grand Avenue Project 6. Conclusion 7. Works Cited Introduction Los Angeles is the city that may attract the attention of many people because of its beauty, mystery, richness, and size. It is the largest city in California, and takes the second place according to its sizes in the United States of America. This city is usually called as the City of Angels due to its translation from Spanish. There are many projects, which are worthy of attention in Los Angeles, and LA loft project is one of those that has to be mentioned at first. Loft projects are aimed to present people an opportunity to live in different apartments in different parts of the city, and LA downtown is the central business part of the city, where people can easily make some of their dreams come true. Bunker Hill project and Grand Avenue project are the most remarkable parts with their own peculiarities and sights, where people always find places to entertain, work, live, and enjoy this life in general. The development of the project Bunker Hill actually fails the opportunity to bring Live to Downtown, and the new offer that is called Grand Avenue Project is a new hope for many citizens of Los Angeles. It is costs much money and many efforts of its developers. Los Angeles Grand Avenue Project is considered to be a unique place, a thriving center, the design of which captivates many people from the very beginning; this project is a good chance to change the way of Los Angeles Downtown and to prove that the mastery of American people, their skills and ideas are magnificent, powerful, and exciting for people around the whole world. Main Body Loft evolution started in the middle of 1900s: “loft was – and still is – a showcase for experimental architecture, a smart form of urban living and a positive addition to many a deprived urban area” (O’Kelly and Dean 6). Los Angele loft project is not only a good opportunity to have proper apartments and forget about the challenges of living, but it is also a huge opportunity to start and develop renting and sale business, to demonstrate unbelievable architectural skills, and to captivate tourists with one more place of interest that is available for any person. Los Angele Loft Project LA loft project should help to bring people back to Downtown . Famous Downtown Los Angeles is one of those business districts, which unite numerous sport facilities, places of interest, skyscrapers, and other magnificent corporations that represent American culture, American people achievements, and American style of life in general. In fact, loft apartments may be compared to those derelict plants and factories, where much space may be used for living, however, before, much time has to be spent to create appropriate accommodations. For example, the idea to use loft project to improve the new Grand Avenue Project is winning indeed. The Grand Avenue Project aims at reviving downtown Los Angeles and presenting a beautiful center like Champs-Elysees in Paris or New York Central Park. With the help of loft ideas, the Grand Avenue Project provides people with a good opportunity to be closer to Downtown culture, style, and traditions. History of LA loft project . The history of loft project in the United States turns out to be very captivating, specially it concerns Los Angeles projects. When people talk about LA loft project, they talk about a lifestyle choice that “gives freedom to create personal space and identity” (O’Kelly and Dean 6). This project is a unique opportunity for many people to pick out any style, any form, and any details for their apartments. The loft project is also a kind of opportunity to enjoy space in any form: pinball tables, trampolines, and golf ranges become available not only at public place but at homes as well. Business is one of the most frequent activities of many people in downtowns, this is why it is crucially important to present comfortable and multifunctional places, where people are able to find as many useful things and services as possible. The history, the ways of development, and the influence of downtowns and loft projects in Los Angeles prove that people appreciate time and space most of all, and if they get an opportunity to have both of these concepts, they certainly use such a chance. Bunker Hill Project History of Bunker Hill project’s creation . Bunker Hills is regarded to be “‘the brow’ of the city…where many of the wealthiest had lived, above the desert haze” (Klein 5). This Los Angeles’ downtown is full of magnificent skyscrapers, which distinguish this downtown from the others; however, the buildings are not the only one feature that makes this part of the city unique. Bunker Hill’s history is one more point that has to be mentioned and discussed. The end of the 1800s was crucial for this area, because Prudent Beaudry spent considerable sum of money and purchased the land, because the location of this place was really amazing and opened to numerous subdivisions. The times of World Wars had a significant impact on this downtown, but still, its boundaries and features survived. Business of Bunker Hill developed fast, and its houses were in demands among numerous realtors and renters. As the vast majority of projects, Bunker Hill required for some changes and improvements in order to correspond modern people’s demands and needs. Tunnels were replaced by bridges, houses were cleared, and buildings were limited to represent a sophisticated image of a rich and comfortable downtown. Bunker Hill faces difficulties to bring Live to Downtown . In spite of the fact that this part of downtown is occupied by wealthy people, numerous challenges and difficulties are still inherent to this area. And one of the most evident losses for Bunker Hill was the failure to bring LA Live to this part of downtown. This failure may be caused due to its short sizes, due to its abundance of skyscrapers, and due to the presence of numerous business centers and important American banks. Although the major topic of this paper is the development of the Grand Avenue Project, the significance of Bunker Hill has to be underlined because these two areas will be connected to each other and may easily influence each other’s development, loft business, and policies. Friendship between these two parts of Los Angeles downtown is probably one of the most successful steps for both sides to take in order to achieve mutual assistance and financial support. Placement is not the only thing that has to connect parts, it is better to find some kind of social and political connection, to have some common interests, and to be ready to prove their positions and abilities as unique and respectable parts of downtown. Grand Avenue Project “Downtowns are significant and important places in all self-respecting cities, and there have been seriously-intended and massively-funded attempts to reactivate the area” (Banham 183). The Grand Avenue Project is that very project within LA downtown that promises many significant issues to be taken into account. It is hard to present concrete numbers concerning the development and implementation of this project, however, it has been already mentioned that more that $3 billion were spent, and it is not the end. Grounds of Grand Avenue project are strong enough to be noticed in the United States of America. The creation and development of the Grand Avenue Project is concentrated on such points like attention to civic and cultural interests and demands and their successful transformation into a center with numerous entertainment values, restaurants, and other places of interest. The use of hotels, development of loft project, and respect to American culture – all this makes the new project unique. Its features surpass the already existed Bunker Hill with Walt Disney Concert Hall and the Music Center. Country Mall becomes another significant part of the project that has to be improved as well and to become one more “Central Park” of Los Angeles. The Grand Avenue Project Authority started working on this project in 2003 and made several attempts to unite different organizations in order to organize a new regional center, the property of which should belong to these organizations. It is necessary to admit that development of the project is supported by numerous organizations, the most notable among them are the Grand Ave Committee, the County of Los Angeles, the Broad Foundation, and private funding. Such kind of support provided concrete and consequent development of events: the end of 2007 was the time to break ground for the district, and the beginning of 2009 was the time, when the ground should be ready for constructions. However, these dates have been postponed for two years already, and the stableness of the grounds for the Grand Avenue Project has been put under a question, but still, people’s hope to create something really worthy and captivating is alive. Grand Avenue Project as another promise to change the ways of LA downtown . Some may think that the Grand Avenue Project is one more attempt to demonstrate richness of the country, abilities of American people, and the desire to correspond to current changes. This project should bring considerable changes into American style of life, and in order to achieve success with all planned pointes, it is better to create a plan and follow its steps properly. One of the first points is to ensure the creation of the Park (16 acres) that will connect the famous Los Angeles’ City Hall and the new Grand Avenue Project. This park may even symbolize that connection that is inherent to each part of the United States and readiness of people to support and be close to each other. The second point in the development of the Grand Avenue Project is the improvement of the streetscape that is located between 5 th Street and Cesar E. Chavez Avenue. Such improvements should encourage pedestrians and provide safer traffic any time. The final stage of the project under consideration is the ability to divide the area into several significant parcels, which will be divided in accordance with their features and will be united because of their belonging to one project called the Grand Avenue Project. It is quite possible that the most remarkable features of the Grand Avenue Project can be the developers’ attention to human needs and demands. First of all, people require space. The loft project is a part of the Grand Avenue Project that promises appropriate conditions of retail business and abilities for people to choose their apartments. Nowadays, people want to live from 8 a.m. till the midnight day by day; and usually, people face numerous difficulties to have all the necessary services at hand. Taking all these points into account, the Grand Avenue is just the place, where people can find all these important services at hand and in their houses. Real plans and attempts of project’s developers should meet all people’s expectations . As it has been mentioned above, developers of the Grand Avenue Project try to pay attention to a single detail and demand of the citizens. The vast majority of people forget some cultural, historical, and social aspects, which make this life complete and fulfill. This is why this project has one of the most serious and important aims – to remind people about their traditions and their roots but not at expenses of business and other similar activities. It is obligatory to have place and time for many things and be attentive to culture, to fashion, to personal interests, and to the demands, required by the society. These plans and details show how attentive people can be to own culture, now, their task is to prove that their attention is justified and correct. Some businessmen can think that they can hardly develop their activities on this area because of constant governmental support. However, maybe, this very type of control is that important point many areas of LA downtown are lack of, and the Grand Avenue Project will become successful due to its ability to present freedom and space to its citizens and at the same time have some powers to control the situation and have time to correct everything. Conclusion The idea of LA loft project development has already pleased the city and its citizens: abilities to live in downtown, to have comfortable apartments, and to enjoy space constantly bribe people. This is why lots Americans are eager to be back to downtown just because of the opportunity to get a loft and have much space to live. Bunker Hill and Grand Avenue are the areas of LA downtown that have their peculiarities and benefits for its citizens. First, Grand Ave should be attractive more for families with children, because the presence of the park and attention to pedestrian traffic make grown ups be less bothered about the conditions for their children. The way of LA downtown may be changed due to the Grand Avenue Project: people will get a chance to remember about their culture, to be grateful to their past, and to be able to start business. The Grand Avenue Project presents a district, where culture, traditions, and past meet modern technologies and people’s demands; the district that takes the best qualities of Bunker Hill and the City, adds certain improvements, and provides people with a good chance to live safer, happier, and more interesting. Works Cited Banham, Reyner. Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies . Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2009. Klein, Norman, M. The History of Forgetting: Los Angeles and the Erasure of Memory . New York, NY: Verso, 1997. O’Kelly, Emma and Dean, Corinna. Conversations. London: Laurence King Publishing Ltd., 2007.

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Green Consumers and Its Characteristics Report (Assessment) Green consumers are hard to define because each has his or her own individual characteristics. However, they can be defined by their common characteristics. Citing the Institute for sustainable development, Ryan observes that some of the characteristic common in all green consumers include: their commitment to leading green lifestyles; the critical approach to environmental issues; their tendency to overstate the green behaviour; their yearn for easier way to protect the environment; and their tendencies to distrust companies which claim to uphold green practices (1). The demographic characteristics of the green consumer are identified as: young adults, who are mainly women. They are also financially stable. The most likely group of consumers to adopt green practices are those aged 60 or more years (Ryan 1). Laroche et al. However defines green consumers are the group of people who demand to purchase products, which have a higher potential of improving not only their individual health, but also has little or no risk of harming the environment (503). Accordingly, their demand for products is based on four principles namely: (I) Environmental thrift; (ii) Regionality; (iii) Joint Utilisation; and (IV) Durability. In regard to environmental thrift, the green consumers shop for products that use nature sparingly. Regionality on the other hand refers to products made locally, thus meaning that the consumers consider the distance covered by the distribution channels. This is intended to reduce the use of fuels used in product distribution. The consumers also use this principle in order to reduce their own length of travel. The joint utilisation feature seeks to reduce the impact that human activities have on the environment, while durability means that the consumer seeks to purchase products that wont wear off easily thus preventing repurchase of the same kind of product and hence increased production of the same by the manufacturers. Overall, Laroche et al. states that the aim of the green consumer is to buy products which “do not cost the earth” (505). The consumers therefore seek purchasing avenues where they can buy products which can improve environmental, community, family and personal health. Such products would have to be natural and made of biodegradable materials and to add on, “the said goods also need to be made of recycled of recyclable materials, while their packages need to be made of less environment-polluting materials. Preferable the production and packaging system not need be energy-intensive” (Laroche et al. 506) Green Marketing As stated by Polonsky (25), “Environment friendly, Ozone friendly, Phosphate free, refillable, and recyclable are some of the common terms used by markets to push their products to the consumer as green”. According to Polonsky however, no individual terms as currently used by marketers can fully capture the essence of green marketing (1). This is because the concept of green marketing is far broader and covers services, industrial and consumer goods. “The concept incorporates activities such as modifications, changes in the production processes, modified advertising as well as different methods of product packaging”.(Polonsky 25). A more detailed description of green marketing indicates that “Green marketing consists of all activities designed to generate and facilitate any exchanges intended to satisfy human needs or wants, such that the satisfaction of these needs and wants occurs, with minimal detrimental impact on the natural environment”( Polonsky 2). Notably, the definition of green marketing must incorporate the conventional components of marketing. Such indicates that the marketing activity should be designed to make possible exchange of goods and services for the purposes of satisfying consumer needs. According to Polonsky, green marketing can only be successful if the buyer and the seller benefit from the process. Notably, human consumption cannot loose it destructive nature easily. So how then do marketers propose that their products do not cause as much harm to the environment? According to Polonsky, green marketers would appeal to the green consumers as more genuine if they claim to be less harmful to the environment rather than stating that their products or services are friendly to the environment (2). This argument is informed by the fact that the human species can make deliberate efforts to reduce the amount of harm caused to the environment, but cannot engage in activities that successfully eliminates any form of environmental degradation. The question is; why is the concept of green marketing so well-liked? Well, Polonsky gives five reasons cited by other scholars (3). They include: marketers perceive green marketing as a viable opportunity to achieve their marketing objectives; organisations assume that consumers expect them to socially responsible; governments in different countries are forcing organisations to be more caring to the environment; the tough competition is pressurizing organisations to adopt more responsible marketing activities; and finally, the cost if waste disposal or waste reduction forces many firms to change their production and marketing behaviours (Polonsky 3). Green Consumers and marketers According to the EPA, successful green marketing needs to involve the improvement and endorsement of products and services that satisfy the needs and wants of the consumer for quality, affordability, convenience and durability (1). This should however with minimal damaging effects to the environment. Green marketers should especially note that the modern consumer wants to do the right thing in regard to conserving the environment. As such, the responsibility of the marketer should be geared towards ensuring that people find it is to be environmentally responsible when using their products. Notably, EPA argues that though environmental responsibility is more talked about than practical in the business world today, marketers who “walk the talk” will most likely realise healthy profits and enhanced shareholder value in the not-so-distance future. According to EPA, the green marketers must address the 4Ps of the marketing mix just like their conventional counterparts (2). Unlike earlier times however, green marketers need to be creative in order to ensure that environmental conservation is top on the agenda of green marketing. Product: the development of green market-friendly products is not the responsibility of the marketer. Rather, the business owners have to take the responsibility of designing and producing suitable markets for the emerging green markets. The entrepreneurs are also responsible for producing products that have less environmental impacts than those manufactured by competing firms (EPA, 2). According to EPA (22), “Price: Just like conventional marketing, pricing is a vital component of green marketing”. Luckily for green marketers, the modern consumer is willing to pay more for a product which has more value to oneself and the environment. Still (Polonsky 3) notes that, “More to this, green products should have improved performance, visual appeal, design, taste or function as some of the value addition components that appeals to the consumer”. According to EPA, however, Green products are less expensive than initially perceived because they usually last longer and do not cause as much harm to the environment like the non-green products (3). Place: To get to as many consumers as is possible, green marketers need to position their products in normal retail outlets where the products can be accessed by the green consumers quite conveniently. EPA notes that consumers do not usually decide that they are going to purchase green products (4). However, finding the products on the shelves during shopping can encourage them to purchase green. Marketers should be wary of placing green products in retail shops or stores that contradict the green image they would like to portray to consumers. According to EPA successful marketers should know how to negotiate for good placement positions with the retail stores such that their products are differentiated from their competitor’s (3). Promotion: Similar to marketing tactics used by conventional marketers, green marketers must be employ marketing promotion tactics such as onsite promotions, product give-aways, public relations, advertising and discounts in promoting their products in the market. However, green marketers need to uphold the credibility of their products by using sustainable promotion campaigns. As EPA notes, the essence of a green marketing promotion campaign is the credibility of its communication and practices (3). Some of the ways that green marketers can successful engage their target markets include publicizing their green achievements or credentials and promoting the company’s green initiatives. Implications of attributes of the green consumer to the green marketer As identified elsewhere in this paper, the green consumer is most likely a well educated, young woman who has enough money to spend. To the green marketer, this would mean that he/she would need to target the marketing efforts to women, who presumably do the shopping on behalf of their children and husbands. The green marketers would also need to devise ways of appealing to the children, because as Ryan, notes, children have the capacity to affect their parent’s purchase behaviour (2). Besides, creating environmental consciousness in the young children means that the marketers are grooming the future buyers for their products. Also, the marketers would try offering incentives or product samples to the target consumers. To add on this, EPA (34) notes that “Green consumers also expect that greener products are just as effective as non-green products or even better”. As such, they do not foresee a situation where they are forced to sacrifice the quality of the product just because the product is green. To the marketers, this raises the need for effective communication to the target market, whereby assurances about the product’s quality, performance, durability, comfort, feel and other characteristics are offered. “The green consumers are always on the look out for convincing products that not only meet the environmental requirements, but also promises to meet their immediate needs” (Ryan 2). As EPA noted, consumers won’t purchase a product based on its green qualities alone; rather, they will need to purchase products that meet their basic needs and wants. To the marketers, this means that they will need to link the green attributes in a product with other benefits that consumers can get from the product (Ryan 2). Notably, consumers are also likely to respond to attributes in the green product that hold a promise of great benefits to them. This means that marketers need to learn the art of emphasising benefits that appeal to individual consumers by using terms like “cost effective”, “safe” and “non-toxic “ among others. More generalized terms like bio-degradable might be effective in getting the message through to the consumer, but are less effective in appealing to individual consumers (EPA 4). Challenges to marketers According to EPA, green consumers, though aware of the need to contribute to environment conservation through purchasing the appropriate products have little tolerance for inconveniences caused by green products. In addition, most consumers do not make deliberate efforts to go to specific green stores, but will willingly purchase a green product from their local store. More to this, the green consumers are analytical but can also be cynical to claims by producers about green products. Luckily however, most consumers in this category are eager learners. They also do not expect firms to possess faultless green credentials, but expect firms to be committed towards improving their participation in environmental issues (EPA 4). Ryan (2) indicates that, “To beat these challenges, the green marketers must among other things have open and clear lines of communication to the consumers”. This will enable the marketers to communicate their commitments processes and activities to the consumers. In addition, proper communication will allow the marketers to reinforce the benefits of products, educate the consumers, provide endorsements and convey detailed and precise product information through proper labelling. Notably however, Ryan argues that green consumers are more patronising on the manufacturers, and will make deliberate efforts to know just how the raw materials were purchased or how they were grown in order to establish the effect that the processes may have caused the environment (2). This therefore means that a catchy advertisement may not appeal to the green consumer like it would the ordinary consumer because her purchase decisions are informed by prior research about the product. Green Marketing campaigns In January 2010, Seventh Generation, manufacturers of detergents and cleaning products launched an advertising campaign that sought to integrate the superior product quality and their social responsibility status towards the environment. The Campaign dubbed “protect planet home” is running concurrently on print, TV and web platforms and strikes me as a well though strategy. Apart from championing the effectiveness of the green products, the advertising campaign goes a step further and uses safety as a core message to the consumer market. Overall, the advertisement’s appeal lies in reminding people that earth is their home planet and making it a healthier place to live in should be everyone’s objective. More so, the advertisement champions the use of natural products instead of chemical-laced products in order to make planet earth a better place. In the energy sector, Green Mountain Energy Company- a renewable energy producer in Texas launched an ad campaign in March 2010. The Advertisement is running on billboards, radio, TV and on the Web and features testimonies from eight existing customers. In the Advertisement, the customers state their reason for choosing Green Mountain as their energy supplier. Three reasons come out through the testimonies; that customers choose pollution free electricity based on their need to conserve the environment; concerns about the future generation and for economic reasons. A Chevrolet commercial is also worth noting. The green commercial lasts for 30 seconds and seeks to convince the consumer that the environment and one’s daily commute can finally agree about something. The advertisement also seeks to convince the consumer that one can drive the Chevrolet for longer without using as much fuel. Analysis According to Reinhardt, green marketers use a combination of strategies, tactics, issues and themes in order to champion the green case (45). The greenness of an advertisement (which in this case means the convincing ability of the advertisement that it in deed cares for the environment) seems to vary in different products. In my opinion, the first advert by Seventh generation is more credible, because it convinces the consumers that the daily products he or she uses or routine cleaning exercises contribute either negatively or positively to the environment. According to Iyer et al., advertisements are less green when there is a profit motive involved (295). This means that advertisement placed in the media by non-profit organisations are greener and credible as opposed to advertisements filed by commercial firms. Since all three featured advertisements in this paper are from commercial firms, the scope of the argument can only be based on other characteristics of the featured advertisements. With the exception of the Green Mountain power advert, the rest two have emotional appeals, which is cited by Iyer et al. as a common tactic used by advertisers (296). Green Mountain on the other hand sought to use social responsibility through consumer testimonies as its main tactic. Notably, both tactics work just as well because consumers are willing to actively participate in making the environment a better place, and organisations who succeed in creating advertisements that portray them as socially responsible usually win a lot of consumers over. A research by Iyer et al., found out that corporate organisations were more likely to use moderately green advertisements, while producers of household consumable were more likely to produce shallow adverts (296). Gauging the Green Mountain Advertisement against the Seventh generation advert confirms this because while the message in the latter is communicated through consumers, the message in the former is purely from the advertiser. To an analytical mind, the Green Mountain advert would appear more credible than the seventh generation advert. Conclusion Though measuring the extent of a firm’s greenness is a tough call for most researchers, the Green consumers and the need to conserve the environment seems to have awakened corporate organisations to the fact that they are part of the bigger community, and therefore needs to actively participate in conservation efforts that seek to prevent further deterioration of the environment. More so, firms are now more aware that social responsibility is just as important to their bottom lines as is profit-related objectives. In such cases, firms are increasingly integrating environmental issues. The awareness creation that has taken place courtesy of non-governmental organisation championing the environmental case as well as respective governments has made the consumer more aware about her responsibility to the environment. As such, consumers are now more likely to purchase products that have green properties. However, A Ginsberg & Bloom notes, consumers do not want a situation where they will be forced to sacrifice some values in order to push the environmental agenda (1). That means that in order for green products to perform well in the consumer market, all other things (quality, price, convenience, performance, availability and value) should hold constant. As established herein, consumers who are knowledgeable about environmental issues are at times more willing to pay some more money just to purchase green products. The mass market may however contain just a fraction of such thus raising the need for firms and marketers to ensure that environmental issues are considered during product development, packaging and distribution. While advertising may not have always the desired effects, ensuring that green products are easily available to the consumer may increase the chances of purchase. Works Cited Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Green Marketing: the competitive advantage of sustainability . 1-4. March 2006. Web. Ginsberg, Jill Meredith & Bloom, Paul. “Choosing the Right Green Marketing Strategy”. MIT Sloan Management Review 46.1(2004): 79-84. Iyer, Easwar, Banerjee, Bobby & Gulas, Charles. “An Expose on Green Television Ads.” Advances in Consumer research 21.1 (1994): 292-298. Laroche, Michael, Bergeron, Jasmin & Barbaro-Forleo, Guido. “ Targeting Consumers who are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products.” Journal of Consumer marketing. 18.6 (2001): 503-520. Polonsky, Michael Jay. “An introduction to Green Marketing.” Electronic Green Journal 1.2 (1994): 1-10. Reinhardt, Forest. “Environmental Product Differentiation: Implications for Corporate Strategy.” California Management Review 40.4 (Summer 1998): 43-73. Ryan, Bill. Green consumers: “A growing market for many local businesses.” Let’s talk business 123 (November 2006): 1-2.

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What are the Stages of Group Development? Deductive Essay Working in a group can be fascinating and challenging. A group, just like human beings, passes through many stages of growth until it matures. Each of these stages shows different characteristics. Group leaders face many challenges as groups pass through these stages of growth as was explained by (Smith, 2005). Several models show how the stages of growth determine the behavior of group members. One of these models is Tuchman’s model of group development. This model shows five stages through which a group passes in its growth. They include forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning (Atherton, 2009). Forming stage is where team members come together to build a group. At this stage, members are shy, they do not know one another, show some fear, are very uncertain, and concerns of maintenance are rooted in the newly created group (Smith, 2005). Issues that may cause conflict and hinder the coming together of group members are avoided as much as possible. Leadership is not well defined. The main focus here is defining group roles where each member is assigned a role to play. However, not much is done by the team members because issues such as conflicts and criticism do not take place. Unity of purpose is the main point to be stressed here. At this stage, team leaders take much control and give directions to team members on what to do and how. Members of the team are much involved in exchanging with one another and get to know each other by creating new friends. These characteristics exist until the group moves on to the next stage (Atherton, 2009). The second stage of growth is the storming stage. Characteristics of the group at this stage are that team members come up with new ideas that at times conflict. There is competition on more important ideas and whose ideas gets attention and are valued. Here confrontations in presenting ideas may occur and the team searches for the best ideas and how to put them into practical use. Moving from this stage to the next depends on how quickly team members become mature (Atherton, 2009). It is a very important stage in team development. The strength of the team and its future growth depends on this stage as it is where team members learn to tolerate one another. Conflicts sometimes may cause some team members to leave the group as they may find it painful if others’ ideas and perspectives are regarded as more important than theirs. Leadership at this stage is very important as members may need mentorship to stay on. Once members at this stage have solved their differences, the team becomes more cohesive and members now work as a team to fulfill the team’s goals. Atherton (2009) says that the team emerges stronger and moves on to the next stage, norming. At this stage, team members have resolved their differences, set rules, guidelines, and values to be followed. Team members have learned to trust one another and work as a team. Team members are responsible for their conduct and can make decisions independently. A sense of achievement prevails within the team, as each team member learns to appreciate views of other members. This stage gives rise to the next stage (Smith, 2005). Performing stage is where team members show the characteristics of working smoothly to achieve the team’s goals. Atherton (2009) says that effectiveness of the team members is now a determining factor. Team members can make independent decisions, are more competent, and work for the benefit of the team they regard the team as their own and try to make it as beneficial to them as possible. Many teams go through this stage again and again. Roles and responsibilities can change according to needs that may arise and experience of the team members. Members tend to identify themselves with the group and morale is very high. The group starts moving on to the next stage, adjourning (Neill, 2004). Adjourning as the final stage group members disengage. Members are proud of what they have achieved and recount on their experiences. The task for which the group was set has been accomplished. From the above discussion, the case indicates that the group was at stage two of its growth, the storming stage with the characteristics of conflict as is illustrated in the above case. Here, mentorship is very important for group members since conflicts are quite frequent. References Atherton, J. S. (2009). Learning and Teaching: Group Development. Web. Neill, J. (2004). What are the Stages of Group Development? Web. Smith, M. K. (2005). Bruce w. tuckman – forming, storming norming and performing in groups. Web.

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Happiness and Morality Essay Table of Contents 1. Happiness 2. Morality 3. Morality and Happiness 4. Conclusion 5. Works Cited Happiness is acquired after the successful achievement of individual values. It is a conscious state that stems out of morality. It can also be defined as a state of satisfaction with life. It is a joy that is not earned through guilt or which does not clash with ones values. On the other hand, morality can be defined as the state of being upright. It is acquired from living according to the moral standards and values of a society. To be moral is to shun away immoral behaviors such as drug abuse, burglary, theft, among others. There exist a positive relationship between morality and happiness. Many philosophers hold that happiness results from morality. It is a virtue that is achieved after living uprightly. Most immoral people find it difficult to be happy because they live with fear of what might happen to them or to their families. This paper will look at the meaning of happiness and morality, the relationship between morality and happiness and why many philosophers hold that in order to be happy, one has to be moral. Happiness Happiness is the satisfaction of rational wishes; it is a state of joy which is achieved after being successful with ones mission in life. It is achieved at the clutch of emotional whims. Happiness is a state of being contented with life and the progress one is making in life. One can never be happy if he lives in denial of who he/she is or if he/she is not ready to accept the kind of life he is living. It is not something that is given but it is earned. No one can give us the satisfaction we want unless we are ready to do something so as to achieve our values and purpose in life. When one is happy, one feels good and at peace with himself, and with other members of the society. If a person does not recognize his purpose in life, he can never be happy with what he does (Annas 75). Everyone has a vision or a dream that he want to accomplish in life, if he finds himself on the path of achieving this dream, he feels contented and happy with his efforts. A robber can never be happy with the injuries sustained or the fear he lives with. This is because he tries to live in an unjust manner by taking other people’s property. One can never be happy at the expense of another person. In happiness there should be no victims or conflict of interest. According to Annas (117), an individual’s life is surrounded with suffering and happiness. While happiness is a state of being successful, suffering is a signal of failure. Suffering comes about when one feels disappointed with life or when one fails to achieves his values. Happiness is measured by the success of productive work whereas suffering results from destruction of values. If one tries to live beyond what he can afford, he can never be happy because he will always be aiming at high goals which may not be achievable. It is good to understand that, for one to be happy, he must set realistic and achievable goals which he will be able to achieve within a given time limit. Happiness is the highest purpose that one can ever live up to. It is the ultimate value of life which is pursued as one tries to maintain his life. It is a reward earned after achieving rational goals that makes life worth living. Morality Morality is a good judgment of behavior that distinguishes between good and bad decisions, actions, and general way of life. A moral is a good teaching within a moral code that defines how people should live. On the other hand, immorality is an opposition of what is moral or of the morality. It is a violation of the expected behavior in a society or community. Morality refers to cultural value or code of conduct that differentiates between what is good or bad. It also refers to what is right or wrong irrespective of what other people think. People are expected to follow the moral code regardless of what they think should be right or wrong. Not all people are able to live to the expectations and more often than not most of them divert from the morals (Hare 56). If all people lived according to the moral codes, there would be no immorality in the society. The term morality is derived from societal norms; it cannot be defined in definite terms because it depends on the circumstances surrounding a particular situation. Morality is defined in three concepts, that is, in terms of behavior, responsibility, and identity. Today, morality has become a complex issue that has become difficult to understand or comprehend. It defines how we should behave in the society without causing harm to ourselves or others. There are certain behaviors that are not only detrimental to ourselves but also to the people who live around us. All of us are expected to be responsible and accountable for our actions so that they do not harm anyone. We should follow our conscience in all our actions and decisions. It is in morality that we get the principles that help the society to survive. Many people believe that, morality is a religious act although that is not true because everyone is supposed to observe a certain moral doctrine. Morality ensures that, people live in harmony with one another and treat each other with respect. It is also through morality that we are able to maintain a good relationship with our creator. Morality plays a huge role in our everyday decisions, it makes us good not only to ourselves but to the people around us (Hare 60). These decisions originate from our conscience which directs us to do good. We should therefore let our conscience decide for us and we should never go against it. Morality creates a happy society, one that respects the rights of people. If we all follow our conscience, then there would be no trace of immorality because people would always be living to their expectations. Morality and Happiness As we have seen above, morality results from doing the right things, things that matter to us and those that give us satisfaction. We should all aim at pleasing ourselves and the people related to us. By doing this, we become happy and contented with our lives. Happiness is as a result of success that is earned after working tirelessly. One can never be happy if he does not want to work. Through moral codes and societal values, we learn how we should behave and this gives us satisfaction. One cannot be moral and expects to be happy. Some behaviors such as drug abuse interfere with our conscience making us do some actions that we would not do if we were sober. These actions haunts us when we become sober depriving us off the opportunity to be happy. A person may think that, by taking another person’s property, he will acquire the satisfaction he needs, but this is not the case, because one is left with guilt that haunts him for the rest of his life making him unhappy (Adams 27). Many philosophers hold that, in order to be happy we must live our life. Life existed before we came into being, and it will be there long after we are gone. We should therefore live as we are and transmit the consecrated live to others. We all have a desire to live and the fear of death. We feel as if we will live a void after we die and that’s why we find ourselves working hard to ensure that such a void will not be left. Every one of us has a very short period to live; we should therefore ensure that we live happily. This cannot be achieved if our actions and decisions are not thoughtful of others. Happy living is associated with morality; this has resulted into human civilization. Human beings have created an ideal idea of what it means to be happy. It is not living according to our ancestors that will make us happy but according to human civilization. Many things have changed which requires an upright mind to recognize them and to act positively to them (Annas 45). With technology, some moral codes have eroded and others have come up, for instance, we do not have to give a seat for an elderly man in a bus because there are so many buses carrying people. Happiness is the food to our life and it gives us direction. When we are happy, we get motivated to work more productively in order to be even happier. It is through happiness that we get the desire to help other members of the society to achieve their goals. It also directs us on the path to follow for more satisfaction hence we become successful in life. It is the significance which we affix to happiness that causes our life to be splendid. The moral pretense we live in creates in us a concealing outfit that directs the contemplation of our acts. “With rare hypocrisy, we find moralities upon principles of duty, of justice, of love, of the fear of heaven, and of hell” (Anon 8). By stripping them, we find the factual purpose of life; that is the look out for happiness. There is a certain group of people in our communities who have not been able to find happiness because of immorality. They indulge themselves in immoral behaviors such as robbery and prostitution to earn a living. Even though they are able to meet their basic needs, they can never be happy because they are not fulfilling their purpose in life. Conclusion In authenticity, man feels affection for and lives in this world only through and in support of happiness. By changing his responsiveness, he develops his feelings and does well instead of being immoral which turns out to be one of the indispensable states of his happiness. If the standard of happiness gushes out from personal awareness, it will protect us from dissatisfactions. The belief of happiness from time to time occasions decent frustrations but at least happiness has a positive discrimination towards honesty and the vigor of a universal and unavoidable law. Happiness depends primarily on the honest thoughts, for that reason, let us grant happiness candidly the foremost place, since, triumphantly, it has refused to accept and is defying all the endeavors to suppress it. I am happy because I believe I am moral. However, this does not mean that I have fully succeeded in life. I am in the process of fulfilling my purpose in life and this gives me satisfaction. The desire of my life is to achieve the highest level of education which will enable me acquire a decent job with a decent salary. With this, I will be able to look after my family and the less privileged members of the society. Works Cited Adams Merrihew Robert. Finite and infinite goods: A framework for Ethics . New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Anon. The morality of Happiness , 1914. 14 th Sept. 2010. http://www.oldandsold.com/articles06/happiness-14.shtml Annas, Julia. The Morality of happiness, Oxford Scholarship online . New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Hare, John. The Moral Gap: Kantian Ethics, Human Limits, and God’s Assistance . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

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Hassan and Amir: The Relations, which Touch the Soul Compare & Contrast Essay Hassan and Amir are the main characters of the novel The Kite Runner , written by Khaled Hosseini in 2003. These two little boys are considered to be the best friends from their childhood: they have common interests, games, and even sayings, which can mean nothing for the others, but change the whole world for them. Hassan and Amir are the characters that help to comprehend how precious male friendship can be and how unpredictable the outcomes of one single mistake may become for their destinies, their future, and their lives. Taking into consideration that loyalty is one of the common features for both Hassan and Amir, their differences, which consist in family and origin as well as their attitudes to life, friendship, and respect, make them too close and too far to each other simultaneously. First of all, boys’ origins were one of the serious differences between Hassan and Amir. Amir is a Pashtun boy, who is aware of how powerful these people are in comparison to the Hazaras, the origin of little Hassan. “The man is a Pashtun to the root. He has nang and namoos…Honor and pride” (Hosseini 145). Due to this fact, Amir truly believes in his superiority over his friend Hassan and thinks that their origins may be one of the factors to put own demands on the first place. In comparison to Amir, Hassan never pays any attention to his origins and the roots of his friend. After his birth, he decides to devote all his life, his actions, and even his words to his best friend, Amir. He is not afraid of Amir’s enemies and is always ready to stick up for him. These two little boys cannot even comprehend that their origins’ differences should not influence their relations and mutual support and cost nothing in comparison to their future challenges. Their second difference lies in their family relations and attitudes to the relatives. Baba, Amir’s father, demonstrates his love to both boys, but still, his attitude to Amir’s was too critical, because he thinks his son is not as that manly as he is expected to be. This difference between Amir and Hassan’s families turns out to be rather important, as their relations in families reflect on boys’ relations. Just in order to win the respect of his own father, Amir sincerely believes that Hassan’s rape may be regarded as a sacrifice that will play a certain role in their future. In addition, Amir thinks that the rape of a young Hazara by a young Pashtun Assef does not matter anything, so, Hassan’s action is another one that will help Amir with his self-actualization. Hassan has no one to gain respect among his family as his father does not actually need this respect; this is why Amir is the only person, whose respect Hassan wants to win. But when Hassan gets to know how unfair and cowardly the actions of his friends are, he has nothing to do but leave the place and support his father with his ideas and desires. So, their difference in family is one more issue that influences Amir’s and Hassan’s characters, attitudes to lives, and life’s priorities. Finally, in spite of the fact that Amir and Hassan have so many differences of opinions, attitudes to each other, and purposes, these two boys are characterized by one strong similarity – their loyalty. Of course, this loyalty is not too each other, but still, it makes them so similar and so close. From the very beginning, Hassan demonstrates and proves his loyalty to Amir for many times: “For you a thousand times over!” (Hosseini 67) Amir sees this very loyalty of Hassan and usually calls him “good old reliable Hassan”, because he knows that any time Hassan will rescue him, make a sacrifice, and believe his words even if they are not true and sincere. Amir demonstrates almost the same type of loyalty to his father. Baba is a brilliant example of how to be a real man, a real Pashtun, and a real father. In order to prove his loyalty to Baba, Amir forgets about all those care that comes from Hassan and sacrifices their friendship in order to become more serious and more respectable for his father. The loyalty of these two characters shows how their trust to other people may be blind and tragic. To my mind, that loyalty that is inherent to little boys has to be controlled by their parents in order to show them the right way. And in this story, such control is absent and leads to deaths, sorrow, and guilt. In general, the comparison of Amir and Hassan, who have so many differences, helps to realize how significant people’s origins and relations within families can be. The idea of loyalty that turns out to be one of Amir and Hassan’s main similarities is so absurd, and this is why it causes a terrible quarrel between the best friends, a long-term guilt of Amir, deep disappointment of Hassan, and absence of punishment in regards to such sadist like Assef. Works Cited Hosseini, Khaled. The Kite Runner . New York: The Berkley Publishing Group, 2003.

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Have Understanding of the Theory and Practice of Personal Selling Essay Hospitality is a very significant factor as far as travel and tourism is concerned. For instance, in the case of tourism, in most cases overnight stays are inevitable hence the need for provision of food and accommodation. Hospitality also plays a major role in customer attraction or provision of superior customer services in some travel and tourism organizations. Provision of these products as secondary products in these organizations gives them a competing edge to organizations offering similar services. For success in competitive businesses therefore, customer expectations are to be put into consideration. These may include the location, level of service, accessibility, speed of service, hygiene among others. Hospitality providers may exist as main businesses such as hotels, campsites or guest houses or they may be as an additional service such as in airlines and conferences. The products and services range from core such as food and accommodation, to specific needs, such as children menus and family seating. The Pocahontas Cabins is a two-star hotel in Canada. It is located in a serene environment that is not very far from Jasper town. It borders diverse natural attractions and wildlife. A café and a restaurant are to be found within the hotel. The cabins, just a stone throw from the east gate of Jasper National Park are equipped with kitchenettes with others having additional bedrooms hence making them superlative for vacations and getaways. A heated outdoor pool and a state of art hot tub is provided for the guests’ enjoyment. Guests have the option of obtaining tasty meals from Pocos Café or barbequing their own meals. They also have the natural beauty of Jasper National Park to behold from the comfort of their cabins. Wildlife at the natural marsh can be viewed from here and not far away are the Miette Hot springs in whose waters they can relax (Allhotels, 2010). MEMO To: Members of Pocahontas Cabins sales department From: Name Date: 9/17/2010 Subject: Effective Sales Strategies This is to inform you of specific procedures and effective sales strategies that should be implemented so as to best maintain our current customers and to generate new ones. The measures we will put in place will include production, placing, pricing and promotions. Production is concerned with the overall idea of coming up with our products and services. Our strategy at this level is to ensure we put into consideration our customers’ needs and the market considerations before we embark on our production. We have to be economical in that we make our production costs as low as possible while at the same time ensuring the quality of our services is maintained very high. When it comes to placing, our location is of concern in this area. The placing of our hotel in a wildlife sanctuary is a clear indication that placing has been put into consideration when setting up our business. In addition its nearness to Jasper town is enough to show that accessibility has been taken care of. Pricing refers to how we determine our prices. The prices for our services should not be too high for our customers, yet still, they should be able to result in profit. This can only be so if they significantly outweigh the production costs. Promotion is the most important strategy as it is mainly concerned about the tactics we employ in marketing of our services. A few policies therefore need to govern members of our marketing team if this is to be achieved. Our commitment and zeal is one such policy whereby they may have to step out of their comfort zones and do a little extra to ensure the satisfaction of clients. A lot of tour energy and effort may also be put in during product presentations. We are also expected to be enthusiastic at all times. Needless to say, courtesy and respect are mandatory towards our clients if we are to attract them by any means. It is also a high time we employed the use of testimonials of people whose opinions are respected in our commercials, as this will ultimately boost our sales and image (Khera Communications, Inc., 2008). Each one of us is also encouraged to have a proper knowledge of our services. This gives us an advantage when it comes to customer queries. It enables us to explain things that we ourselves are able to understand and hence it does not present doubts to the customers concerning the quality of our services. We are therefore encouraged to verse ourselves well with our services by going through our brochures, journals and reading a great deal of related books and trade journals. Frequent bonding of team members is also encouraged as this allows us to learn from one another’s experiences. We are also encouraged to consult from seniors and those who have been in the company for long. Regular meetings and conferences are also to be organized specifically for this same reason of gaining knowledge. I invite the cooperation of each one of us to see our hotel rise to greater heights. Before we implement these strategies, it is important that we carry out a customer survey that will enable us to determine exactly what their expectations are. This can be done by phone after the customer has left. We will have to find out how satisfied they are with our products and how possible it is that they may want to visit Pocahontas Cabins again. This survey should be carried out frequently so as to get the most information but not too much to the extent the customer is annoyed. The feedback from this and the suggestion boxes should give us ideas on what to do to ensure the customers get the most benefit from us. Much as the strategies outlined above are of tremendous value to our hotel. It is worth noting that their implementation may not be as easy as it may seem. Various challenges that may arise, for instance, some employees may find it difficult to embrace the new requirements as far as their general behavior and code of conduct is concerned. It may also be a matter of time before our strategies start bearing fruit hence a considerable measure of patience is required. Determining the right prices for our services may also be a challenge in that we have to balance between being favorable to our customers as well as making sure we do not lose on our profits. McKinsey and company is a world-class packaged goods manufacturer whose growth at one time was flowing. A comprehensive survey of customers was conducted and it was discovered that the relationship needs that the company had not been capitalizing on needed to be worked on. A new segmentation model based on the 3-Dimensional framework was created. The company then concentrated on few key segments so as to develop business cases that were robust. From the improved concepts, groups had to be managed for focus purposes while at the same time conducting financial projections. This in turn resulted in increase in client base and the overall brand value. The company also realized a 5 percent profit within 18 months before taxation, which is remarkable all together without changing the system or organization by large margins (Management-hub, 2010). From the strategy employed by McKinsey and company it is clear that customer requirements have been put on the forefront. This is the same case as is with Pocahontas Cabins’ strategic plan for sales. There is therefore no doubt that it is a guaranteed recipe for success as far as our sales and customer satisfaction is concerned. I believe my company’s sales may model McKinsey and company in that their profits may increase from the current value to about 8.5% if in addition they consider the four P strategies of production, placing, pricing and promotion. References Allhotels. (2010). Pocahontas Cabins . Web. Khera Communications, Inc. (2008). The Four P’s: Effective Sales Strategies for Your Small Business . Web. Management-hub. (2010). How to Become a Successful Salesman ? . Web.

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