id
stringlengths 7
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stringclasses 2
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stringlengths 14
3.4k
| cot_response
stringlengths 0
889
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|---|---|---|---|
Human-7
|
human
|
In France and other countries Futurism, Suprematism, Dada, Constructivism, Vorticism, De Stijl and Art Deco developed in response to Cubism
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence is a terse, umbrella statement that lists multiple art movements without nuance, which resembles AI summarization. Second, it contains a factual oversimplification—Futurism began in Italy and largely predated or developed independently of Cubism—indicating a likely generative-model generalization. Moreover, the slightly awkward punctuation and flat, encyclopedic tone further suggest machine generation. Therefore I judge this text to be AI.",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-60
|
human
|
Seurat's most renowned masterpiece, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, marked the beginning of this movement when it first made its appearance at an exhibition of the Société des Artistes Indépendants (Salon des Indépendants) in Paris. Around this time, the peak of France's modern era emerged and many painters were in search of new methods
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage uses vague referents like \"this movement\" and generic phrasing rather than specific historical detail. Second, there are awkward constructions (e.g., \"the peak of France's modern era emerged\") that read like machine-generated smoothing. Moreover, the tone is encyclopedic and concise without distinctive voice or nuanced context, which is typical of AI summaries. Therefore I judge the text to be AI",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-193
|
human
|
By the early 1900s, certain artists grew closer and closer to ascribing their art to dynamic motion
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence is terse and generic, resembling an encyclopedic summary rather than a nuanced human observation. Second, the collocation 'ascribing their art to dynamic motion' is slightly awkward and non-idiomatic; a human writer would more likely write 'ascribing dynamic motion to their art' or 'infusing their art with dynamic motion'. Moreover, the repetitive phrase 'grew closer and closer' reads like stylistic filler commonly produced by language models. For these reasons, I conclude this text is AI.",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
GPT-4o-79
|
ai
|
The style was a reaction to prominent 19th-century thinkers, including French architect Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (1814–1879) and British art critic John Ruskin (1819–1900).
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence reads like an excerpt from an encyclopedic or scholarly text, with precise names and parenthetical life dates. Second, the phrasing \"The style was a reaction to...\" implies continuity from prior context, showing cohesive, context-dependent wording typical of human authors. Moreover, the use of diacritics (Eugène) and accurate birth–death years suggests careful human editing or a direct citation rather than generic AI verbosity. Therefore, my decision in this reasoning is HUMAN.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-4o-29
|
ai
|
By the 1730s, this style had transformed into an even more elaborate form known as rocaille or Rococo, which was prominent in France and Central Europe until the mid to late 18th century.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence is concise and uses precise historical terms (rocaille, Rococo) and a specific timeframe (1730s to mid-late 18th century), indicating subject-matter familiarity rather than generic AI vagueness. Second, the phrasing is natural and economical without typical AI markers like over-explanation, repetitive qualifiers, or oddly formal constructions. Moreover, the slight nuance of naming both 'rocaille' and 'Rococo' and the compact temporal phrasing reads like a human aiming for clarity. Therefore, decision: HUMAN.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-4o-145
|
ai
|
Art Deco has influenced the design and styling of everything from large structures like bridges and skyscrapers to everyday objects like radios and vacuum cleaners, as well as clothing, fashion, and jewelry.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence is a concise, encyclopedic summary using a common human idiom (“everything from ... to ...”) and a somewhat redundant pairing (“clothing, fashion”) that suggests casual human phrasing. Second, the parallel list and broad examples are natural and unspecific rather than showing the overly consistent, formulaic patterns sometimes seen in AI output. Moreover, the short length gives few strong markers either way, but the small redundancies and conversational tone lean human. Therefore my decision is HUMAN.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-4o-40
|
ai
|
On 6 February 1916, at the Café de la Terrasse in Zürich, some suggest that it recalls the initial utterances of a young child, thereby evoking a sense of naivety and absurdity that resonated with the group.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the line contains an ambiguous pronoun ('it') and reads like an excerpt from a larger interpretive passage, which is typical of human-authored scholarly prose. Second, the wording is literary and evaluative ('initial utterances of a young child', 'evoking a sense of naivety and absurdity'), showing subtle critical nuance more often found in human writing. Moreover, the precise historical detail (6 February 1916, Café de la Terrasse, Zürich) combined with slight stylistic unevenness suggests a human source rather than a polished AI-generated sentence. Therefore my decision is HUMAN.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-4o-25
|
ai
|
It came after Renaissance art and Mannerism, and it came before the Rococo (which people used to call "late Baroque") and Neoclassical styles.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the line is brief and conversational with a parenthetical aside ('which people used to call late Baroque') that resembles a human explanatory aside. Second, the simple repetition ('it came after... and it came before...') and natural phrasing feel like a quick human summary rather than the more uniform, overpolished output often produced by AI. Moreover, there are no typical AI markers such as excessive formality, verbosity, or subtle grammatical oddities. Therefore my decision is HUMAN.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-4o-126
|
ai
|
The distinct transitions in architecture from Romanesque to Gothic, and then from Gothic to Renaissance styles, often serve to delineate periods in art across various media, even though figurative art evolved at a different rate in many respects.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence shows measured, context-aware hedging ('often', 'even though') and a concise, coherent clause structure that resembles a human editorial voice. Second, the phrasing is specific to art-historical transitions and avoids the overgeneralized buzzwords or repetitive patterns often seen in AI outputs. Moreover, the lack of excessive qualifiers or slightly awkward constructions common to AI suggests an intentional human choice of economy and clarity. On balance, the evidence points to HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-4o-48
|
ai
|
Fauvism burst onto the art scene around 1904 and, although its influence extended beyond 1910, the movement itself was short-lived, spanning just a few vibrant years from 1905 to 1908 and featuring three groundbreaking exhibitions. At the forefront of this bold artistic revolution were visionary leaders André Derain, Maurice de Vlaminck, and Henri Matisse.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage uses vivid, idiomatic phrasing (\"burst onto the art scene\") and a balanced, concise structure that resembles a human-written encyclopedia blurb. Second, it shows measured nuance (\"although its influence extended beyond 1910\") and avoids filler or repetitive patterns typical of many AI outputs. Moreover, the specific but slightly simplified claim about \"three groundbreaking exhibitions\" reads like a human author's summarizing choice rather than an AI hallucination. Therefore I judge this text as HUMAN.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-4o-128
|
ai
|
Christian art frequently adopted a typological approach, as seen in Medieval allegory, by juxtaposing stories from the New Testament and the Old Testament.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence is concise, context-aware, and uses specific, discipline-appropriate terminology ('typological approach', 'Medieval allegory'), which suggests a knowledgeable human writer. Second, it lacks the over-explanatory tone, hedging, or verbosity commonly seen in AI-generated summaries, and it reads like a focused factual claim rather than a synthesized overview. Moreover, its compactness and precise historical framing point to a human-made excerpt likely pulled from scholarly writing; my decision in this reasoning: HUMAN.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-4o-56
|
ai
|
Pop art frequently incorporates imagery from contemporary advertising.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence is a concise, neutral factual statement about pop art without stylistic flourishes or repetition. Second, it lacks the overexplanation or patterned phrasing often seen in AI outputs and reads like an ordinary human-written encyclopedic line. Moreover, its brevity makes it ambiguous since models can produce such sentences, but nothing strongly indicates automated generation. Therefore my decision is: HUMAN.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-4o-163
|
ai
|
Definitions vary, but generally, the objects serve a practical purpose beyond mere decoration.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the line is concise and idiomatic with a natural contrastive clause (“but generally”) that reads like a human summary. Second, its brevity and lack of verbose qualifiers or overformal phrasing favor human editing rather than typical AI elaboration. Moreover, the specific phrasing “beyond mere decoration” feels context-aware and targeted, not generically generated. Therefore, my decision is HUMAN.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-4o-98
|
ai
|
As a distinct movement in the arts, it is most closely associated with developments in post–World War II Western Art, particularly American visual arts of the 1960s and early 1970s.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the phrasing is concise and encyclopedic with precise typography (an en-dash in “post–World War II”), which suggests human editorial origin. Second, it references specific historical periods and geography in a way typical of human-written academic summaries rather than AI overgeneralization. Moreover, it lacks common AI markers such as repetitive qualifiers, invented specifics, or unnecessary hedging. Therefore I judge this text HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-4o-64
|
ai
|
The movement's artists pledged to apply optical and psycho-biological theories in their quest to merge the ideal with the real, the fleeting with the essential, and science with temperament.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence exhibits precise art-historical diction and a balanced, rhetorical parallelism that suggests deliberate human editorial intent. Second, the uncommon collocation 'psycho-biological' and the nuanced pairing of abstract opposites ('ideal'/'real', 'fleeting'/'essential') point to educated stylistic choices rather than generic filler. Moreover, the single polished sentence reads like an excerpt from scholarly writing rather than the somewhat flattened, over-explanatory tone often produced by AI. Thus, I conclude this is HUMAN.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-4o-157
|
ai
|
Characterized by intense subjectivity and rough handling of materials.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the fragment is very short and reads like a caption or note rather than the kind of verbose, patterned output often produced by AI. Second, the phrasing is idiomatic and concise, without hedging, repetition, or unnatural qualifiers that can signal machine generation. Moreover, there are no clear syntactic or lexical artifacts typical of AI, although the sample is small. Therefore, my decision is HUMAN.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-4o-99
|
ai
|
Some well-known artists linked to this movement are Ad Reinhardt, Nassos Daphnis, Tony Smith, Donald Judd, John McCracken, Agnes Martin, Dan Flavin, Robert Morris, Larry Bell, Anne Truitt, Yves Klein, and Frank Stella.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the phrasing is concise and encyclopedic, resembling a human-curated list likely excerpted from a larger text. Second, the mix of artists (including less typical inclusions like Yves Klein and Ad Reinhardt) suggests a human author summarizing related figures rather than an AI confidently grouping them by strict style categories. Moreover, the sentence structure and natural punctuation indicate human composition. Therefore, HUMAN.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-4o-198
|
ai
|
Its influence was far-reaching, significantly impacting architecture, sculpture, graphic and industrial design, theatre, film, dance, fashion, and even music to some extent.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence uses a natural hedge ('to some extent') and the colloquial 'even music', which convey human nuance. Second, the concise, context-aware list of disciplines reads like targeted academic prose rather than formulaic AI verbosity. Moreover, it lacks common AI artifacts such as repetitive qualifiers, overexplanation, or inconsistent specificity. Therefore I judge this text to be HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-4o-31
|
ai
|
The departure from Renaissance classicism manifests uniquely in each country.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence is concise and reads like a natural academic summary rather than an obviously formulaic output. Second, it avoids repetitive phrasing, unnatural collocations, or the overuse of hedges that often mark AI-generated text. Moreover, it expresses a nuanced, context-aware claim about historical variation that a human writer is likely to make. Finally, given the natural cadence and lack of AI telltales, I judge it to be HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-4o-65
|
ai
|
Futurism (Italian: Futurismo) was an artistic and social movement that emerged in Italy and, to a lesser degree, in other countries during the early 20th century.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence is short, factual, and written in a neutral encyclopedic tone with a parenthetical language translation, a pattern commonly found in human-edited references like Wikipedia. Second, it lacks hallmarks of AI generation such as overexplanation, repetitive qualifiers, or unusual word choices, and instead reads like a distilled factual definition. Moreover, the concise phrasing and specific temporal/geographical framing mirror editorial summarization rather than generative elaboration. Therefore, HUMAN.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-4o-87
|
ai
|
By 1914, with the start of the First World War, Art Nouveau was pretty much on its way out.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the line is concise and idiomatic — the phrase \"pretty much on its way out\" feels colloquial and suggests an informal human tone. Second, it states a straightforward historical fact without the longer exposition or hedging that some AI outputs include. Moreover, the sentence is contextually specific and temporally precise (By 1914, with the start of the First World War), which humans often write in brief summaries. Taken together these features point to HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-4o-94
|
ai
|
It also encouraged people to use their imagination freely instead of sticking to the old rules about how art should look.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the line is concise and context-dependent, using the pronoun 'It' which suggests continuation of a human narrative rather than the decontextualized, exhaustive style typical of some AI outputs. Second, the colloquial phrasing 'use their imagination freely' and 'old rules' feels natural and idiomatic without the slight over-formality or repetitive phrasing AI sometimes produces. Moreover, there are no telltale AI markers like unusual punctuation, boilerplate signposting, or improbable specificity that would strongly indicate machine generation. Therefore my decision is HUMAN; your decision in your reasoning.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-4o-41
|
ai
|
Some folks think the word was picked just to give off the same vibe (or maybe no vibe at all) in any language, showing how global the movement is.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence's casual diction ('folks', 'vibe') and the playful parenthetical aside read like spontaneous conversational speech. Second, its brevity and context-specific irony feel targeted and compact rather than exhibiting the generalized verbosity or patterned phrasing often seen in AI output. Moreover, there are no clear glitches, over-explanations, or robotic markers that would suggest machine generation. Therefore I conclude HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-4o-83
|
ai
|
It peaked at the 1900 Paris International Exposition, showcasing the Art Nouveau creations of artists like Louis Tiffany.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence is concise and context-specific, citing the 1900 Paris International Exposition and a named figure (Louis Tiffany), which suggests a human writer referencing a historical fact. Second, the phrasing 'artists like Louis Tiffany' is slightly imprecise—Tiffany is more often described as a designer or maker—an informal sloppiness typical of casual human writing. Moreover, the sentence flows naturally and shows a minor stylistic inaccuracy rather than the repetitive patterns or overclarification often produced by AI. Decision: HUMAN.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-4o-73
|
ai
|
Art Nouveau (/ˌɑːrt nuːˈvoʊ, ˌɑːr/; French: [aʁ nuvo]) is a globally recognized style encompassing art, architecture, and design, particularly known for its emphasis on decorative arts.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence's encyclopedic neutral tone, precise IPA pronunciation, and parentheses mirror style commonly found in human-edited references like Wikipedia. Second, the concise, fact-focused structure and lack of conversational markers or creative flourishes point to an informational source rather than generative creativity. Moreover, the specific punctuation choices (slashes and IPA brackets) and domain-specific phrasing are more characteristic of curated editorial text than of casual AI outputs. Finally, these features together indicate the passage is HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-4o-52
|
ai
|
Among the early artists who shaped the pop art movement were Eduardo Paolozzi and Richard Hamilton in Britain, along with Larry Rivers and Ray Johnson.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence is concise and factually accurate without the over-explanation or hedging often seen in AI-generated text. Second, it names specific artists and locales correctly, reflecting targeted knowledge rather than generic list-making. Moreover, the prose lacks repetitive connectors or awkward phrasing and reads like an editorial excerpt from an art-history source. Therefore I judge this text as HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-3-Turbo-64
|
ai
|
The artists of the movement pledged to utilize optical and psycho-biological principles to achieve a comprehensive fusion of the ideal and the real, the transient and the fundamental, science and temperament.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence's rhetorical cadence and specific pairing of opposites ('the ideal and the real', 'the transient and the fundamental') resemble manifesto-style human writing rather than generic AI phrasing. Second, the somewhat unusual compound 'psycho-biological' paired with 'optical' signals domain-specific diction and deliberate word choice. Moreover, the line is tightly focused and contextually plausible for art-historical prose instead of the vague, overgeneralized style common in many AI outputs. Therefore I judge this text as HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-3-Turbo-129
|
ai
|
Images of the Virgin Mary transformed from a formal Byzantine style to a more human and affectionate portrayal as a mother holding her infant with elegance and grace.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence is concise, art-historical and emotionally specific rather than exhibiting the verbose, hedge-filled style typical of many AI outputs. Second, it uses literary phrasing (\"elegance and grace\") and a focused transformation framing that feels intentional and contextualized. Moreover, there are no hallmarks of autogenerated text such as repetitive structures, odd lexical choices, or unnecessary qualifiers. Therefore I judge this text to be HUMAN.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-3-Turbo-31
|
ai
|
Each country has its unique way of breaking away from Renaissance classicism!
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence is brief, idiomatic, and uses an emphatic exclamation, which aligns with natural human commentary. Second, it lacks the verbosity, hedging, or repetitive patterns often present in AI-generated outputs. Moreover, the phrasing is context-specific and historically informed without over-explanation, suggesting a concise human observation. Therefore I judge this text as HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-3-Turbo-136
|
ai
|
The Rococo style originated in France during the 1730s in response to the stricter and more geometrical Louis XIV style.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence is a concise, well-formed factual statement with a specific decade and a clear causal link, matching typical human-written encyclopedia or textbook phrasing. Second, it lacks the hedging, repetition, or verbose signposting often seen in AI outputs. Moreover, the precise choice of '1730s' and the simple comparative description ('stricter and more geometrical Louis XIV style') suggest a human focusing on a single clear fact rather than generating elaborations. Finally, based on these stylistic cues I judge the text to be HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-3-Turbo-124
|
ai
|
In numerous regions, particularly in Germany, Late Gothic art persisted into the 16th century, prior to being absorbed into Renaissance art.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence is concise and factual with an encyclopedic tone that matches brief human-written historical summaries. Second, it includes a specific geographic qualifier (particularly in Germany) and a measured temporal claim without the over-assertive phrasing or verbose hedging often seen in AI output. Moreover, its brevity and lack of subtle linguistic artifacts such as repetition, odd collocations, or formulaic transitions point toward a human drafting a concise summary. Therefore I judge this text to be HUMAN.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-3-Turbo-120
|
ai
|
When talking about a work of art as conceptual, it's key to differentiate between "conceptual" and an artist's "intention."
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence is succinct and idiomatic with a conversational contraction (“it's”), which leans toward human authorship. Second, the phrasing shows a subtle critical distinction familiar in art writing rather than the generic definitional style often produced by AI. Moreover, there are no typical AI artifacts such as over-explaining, formulaic hedging, or repetitive structure in this one-line excerpt. HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-3-Turbo-146
|
ai
|
The name originates from the 1925 International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts held in Paris.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence is concise and factually specific with a precise date and event, resembling an encyclopedia caption which humans commonly write. Second, the natural phrasing lacks the repetitiveness, hedging, or overly generic qualifiers often found in AI-generated text. Moreover, its brevity and focused informational content fit human authorship for a factual statement rather than a generative model's more verbose tendency. On balance I judge this text to be HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-3-Turbo-35
|
ai
|
Dadaism, an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century, had its origins in Zürich, Switzerland at the Cabaret Voltaire in 1916.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the line is a concise, correct factual statement with natural phrasing and an appropriate diacritic in 'Zürich', indicating attention to locale. Second, the choice to append 'Switzerland' alongside the city reads like a human clarification for a general audience rather than an AI's tendency toward either terse or overly verbose exposition. Moreover, the sentence lacks common AI artifacts such as redundant qualifiers or slight semantic drift; overall I judge it HUMAN.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-3-Turbo-43
|
ai
|
French poets, Italian Futurists, and German Expressionists played a significant role in shaping Dada's stance against the strict connection of words to their meaning. Notable works like Ubu Roi (1896) by Alfred Jarry and the ballet Parade (1916–17) by Erik Satie are often considered as early influences on Dadaism. The foundational principles of the Dada movement were initially outlined in Hugo Ball's Dada Manifesto in 1916.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage is concise and factually specific, citing correct dates and concrete works consistent with an informed human summary. Second, the language is economical and lacks the over-qualification, verbosity, or repetitive patterns often seen in AI outputs; moreover it uses a mildly idiomatic phrasing ('strict connection of words to their meaning') that leans human. Finally, there are no invented facts or generic filler typical of many AI-generated texts; therefore I judge this text to be HUMAN.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
GPT-3-Turbo-183
|
ai
|
Videos on this page showcase works by George Rickey, Uli Aschenborn, and Sarnikoff.
|
{
"rationale": "First, this is a short, specific caption-like line naming artists and a page element, which matches typical human-generated UI copy. Second, it lacks the verbose qualifiers, hedging, or repetitive patterns often seen in AI outputs. Moreover, the directness, correct punctuation, and contextual specificity suggest a human wrote it as a label or summary. Decision: HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
Gemini-1.5-Pro-29
|
ai
|
When it came to decorating in the Baroque style, "more is more" was the name of the game. Think lavish, intricate designs covering every surface imaginable – furniture dripping with gold leaf, ceilings adorned with elaborate frescoes, and walls adorned with intricate carvings. No space was left unadorned.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage uses a conversational imperative ('Think lavish,') and idiomatic phrasing ('more is more') that suggest a human voice. Second, there is slight redundancy and vivid sensory language ('dripping with gold leaf') that reads like a personal, stylistic choice rather than generic AI prose. Moreover, the short length and rhetorical cadence (closing with 'No space was left unadorned.') feel intentionally crafted for effect. HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
Gemini-1.5-Pro-156
|
ai
|
Folk art: It's the stuff your grandma's attic dreams are made of! Think hand-stitched quilts, carved wooden toys, and maybe even that creepy porcelain doll that seems to follow you with its eyes. It's art made by regular folks, passed down through families and communities, with each piece whispering tales of bygone eras.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the piece uses an idiosyncratic, humorous voice and a vivid metaphor ('grandma's attic dreams') that reads like a personal quip rather than a formulaic definition. Second, it packs concrete, specific imagery (hand-stitched quilts, carved wooden toys, a creepy porcelain doll) and uneven cadence that suggest a human storyteller. Moreover, small punctuation/spacing quirks and the playful, mildly subjective tone are more typical of spontaneous human writing. Therefore my decision is HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
Gemini-1.5-Pro-134
|
ai
|
Art Deco was like that friend who throws the best parties, pulling inspiration from all over the place. They pinched those bold shapes from Cubism and the Vienna Secession, snagged vibrant colors from the Fauvists and the Ballets Russes, and even threw in some vintage vibes from Louis Philippe and Louis XVI furniture. And let's not forget the exotic touches – a dash of chinoiserie here, a sprinkle of Japanese motifs there, with a little ancient Egypt and Mayan art for good measure. Basically, if it was cool, stylish, and a little bit daring, Art Deco was all over it.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the piece uses a casual, idiomatic voice and a vivid personal metaphor (\"that friend who throws the best parties\"), with energetic verbs (\"pinched\", \"snagged\", \"threw in\") that read like an individual's playful commentary. Second, the text is concise and imprecise about sources, leaning on sweeping, conversational claims rather than encyclopedic lists, which could come from either an AI summarizer or a human blogger. Moreover, the slightly uneven rhythm, colloquial flourishes, and humorous asides feel more like a natural human voice than the more neutral, formulaic patterns often produced by AI. Based on these signals I judge the text most likely HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
Gemini-1.5-Pro-28
|
ai
|
As the 18th century dawned, the Baroque, already known for its extravagance, decided to throw itself a party! Enter the Rococo – a flamboyant, playful, even more highly decorated offshoot of the Baroque. Think of it as the Baroque's sassy, slightly over-the-top cousin, all swirling pastel colors, delicate lines, and an air of carefree decadence. Originating in France, this new style spread like a fashionable rumour through the courts and salons of Central Europe, captivating hearts and minds until the late 1700s.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage uses a playful, colloquial voice with creative personification and vivid metaphors (e.g., \"sassy, slightly over-the-top cousin\"), which indicates individual stylistic flair. Second, the sentence rhythm and idiosyncratic phrasings like \"decided to throw itself a party\" and the exclamatory tone feel natural and less like the neutral, hedged phrasing common to many AIs. Moreover, the writing blends accurate historical summary with expressive commentary rather than defaulting to purely informational or formulaic wording. Therefore, HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
Gemini-1.5-Pro-70
|
ai
|
Art Nouveau took off in Brussels in the 1890s, thanks to a few forward-thinking architects like Paul Hankar, Henry van de Velde, and the rockstar of Art Nouveau architecture, Victor Horta. Seriously, his Hôtel Tassel, finished in 1893, is like the ultimate Art Nouveau masterpiece! Then, this cool new style hopped borders to Paris, where architect Hector Guimard caught the Art Nouveau bug. Inspired by what he saw in Brussels, he gave those iconic Paris Métro entrances their signature look. Talk about leaving your mark on a city!
|
{
"rationale": "First, the text uses highly colloquial and idiomatic phrasing and interjections (\"Seriously,\" \"like the ultimate,\" \"rockstar,\" \"hopped borders\") that reads like a human speaking to an audience. Second, it integrates accurate, specific historical details (Hôtel Tassel 1893, Hankar, van de Velde, Guimard) into a personal, enthusiastic narrative rather than a neutral, templated summary. Moreover, the energetic, uneven sentence rhythm and exclamatory asides suggest an individual voice rather than the more uniform, cautious tone often produced by AIs. Decision: HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
Gemini-1.5-Pro-40
|
ai
|
Picture a smoky cabaret in 1920s Berlin. At the heart of it all, a group of artists, poets, and performers gather, a mischievous glint in their eyes. There’s Jean Arp, crafting his playful collages, and the enigmatic Marcel Duchamp, turning everyday objects into art with a wink and a nod. Hannah Höch, armed with scissors and a sharp wit, creates her scathing political collages, while Max Ernst, the master of the unexpected, weaves dreams and nightmares into his paintings. This is Dada – a whirlwind of creativity, a rebellion against reason, a glorious celebration of the absurd. And at the center of it all, orchestrating the chaos with a twinkle in his eye, stands Tristan Tzara, the movement's enigmatic ringleader.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage uses vivid sensory detail and idiomatic phrases (e.g., \"mischievous glint,\" \"wink and a nod\") and a playful, cohesive voice rather than the flattened, generic tone often seen in AI outputs. Second, varied sentence lengths, cultural specificity, and accurate placement of historical figures suggest informed, creative authorship rather than formulaic generation. Moreover, small typographic quirks (double spaces) and a lively, slightly uneven rhythm further point to a human hand. For these reasons I conclude the text is HUMAN.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
Gemini-1.5-Pro-91
|
ai
|
The name "Impressionism" actually started as a bit of a joke, coined by an art critic who wasn't exactly a fan. Picture this: It’s 1874, and Claude Monet, a young painter with a revolutionary new style, submits a painting titled "Impression, Sunrise" to a prestigious Paris art exhibition. The painting, with its hazy scene and almost unfinished-looking brushwork, throws the traditional art world into a frenzy. Louis Leroy, a critic for the satirical newspaper Le Charivari, seizes the opportunity to poke fun at Monet and his fellow rebels. "Impressionism," he scoffs in his review, using the title of Monet's painting as a derogatory label for this radical new style. Little did he know, his sarcastic jab would become the defining moniker for one of the most important art movements in history.
|
{"rationale":"First, the passage uses idiomatic, colloquial phrasing (\"Picture this:\", \"Little did he know\") and a conversational narrative voice that resembles human storytelling rather than a repetitive or overly generic AI tone. Second, it shows small typographic quirks (a double space after a colon) and expressive flourishes (\"throws the traditional art world into a frenzy\") that are common in casual human writing. Moreover, the text concisely summarizes a well-known historical anecdote with correct names and dates but without the exhaustive, overly polished detail AI often adds. Decision: HUMAN","verdict":"HUMAN"}
|
Gemini-1.5-Pro-36
|
ai
|
Hold on a second – don't let history books fool you! Jean Arp himself claimed that it was Tristan Tzara who, in a stroke of genius (or maybe just random inspiration), plucked the word "Dada" out of thin air at precisely 6 PM. Who are we to argue with a Dadaist about the origins of their own movement?
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage's playful, ironic voice and parenthetical aside feel like a spontaneous human quip rather than an AI's neutral summary. Second, the precise, whimsical detail (“precisely 6 PM”) and the rhetorical question show creative judgment and contextual familiarity with Dada figures. Moreover, the short, punchy structure lacks common AI signs like hedging, over-explanation, or repetitive phrasing. Finally, these features point to a human author, so HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
Gemini-1.5-Pro-178
|
ai
|
Performance art is like, "What if art wasn't just a thing you looked at, but something you *experienced*?" It's all about artists using their bodies, voices, and sometimes even crazy props to create a live, one-of-a-kind event. Think of it like a play, a concert, and an art installation all rolled into one, where the line between performer and audience can get seriously blurry!
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage uses informal, conversational markers and colloquialisms (e.g., \"is like,\" \"crazy props\") and expressive punctuation that are typical of a casual human voice. Second, it emphasizes rhetorical flourish and personality over dense, neutral exposition, with asterisk emphasis and an exclamatory close that feel like social writing. Moreover, while an AI could mimic this tone, the small-scale spontaneity and stylistic quirks point toward a human author. Therefore I judge this text as HUMAN.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
Gemini-1.5-Pro-153
|
ai
|
Esteemed colleagues, permit me to offer a European perspective on the concept of folk art, as eloquently articulated by the esteemed art historian Edward Lucie-Smith. He characterizes it as "unsophisticated art," encompassing both fine and applied forms, purportedly stemming from the collective consciousness of ordinary individuals.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage uses a direct address (Esteemed colleagues) and cites a specific expert (Edward Lucie-Smith), choices that suggest a human speaker grounding an opinion. Second, the slight redundancy (repeating “esteemed”), the hedging word “purportedly,” and the rhetorically polished but concise academic tone align with human-written scholarly remarks. Moreover, the brief, context-specific nature of the excerpt reads more like a human's succinct contribution to a discussion than a longer, generically worded AI output; HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
Gemini-1.5-Pro-140
|
ai
|
To spot a Neo-expressionist artwork, look for these telltale signs: It'll probably be a painting or sculpture from the late 1970s or later. Think bold, in-your-face brushstrokes and colors, figures that aren’t afraid to be a little messy or distorted, and a raw, emotional energy that jumps right off the canvas. It's like the artists poured their entire hearts and souls (and maybe a few tubes of paint) into every inch of the artwork.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage is conversational, uses colloquialisms and a humorous parenthetical aside, which often indicate a human author. Second, it avoids technical depth and instead offers broad, somewhat cliché descriptors, a trait that can appear in both AI and casual human writing. Moreover, small typographic quirks (curly apostrophe and uneven spacing) and the vivid, idiomatic voice lean toward a human origin rather than a formulaic AI output. Therefore my decision is HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
Gemini-1.5-Pro-37
|
ai
|
Some think "Dada," a word echoing a baby's babble, was chosen for its childish simplicity, a perfect fit for the movement's rejection of logic and reason.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence uses idiomatic, evocative phrasing (\"echoing a baby's babble\", \"childish simplicity\") and a smooth appositive structure that reads like a deliberate stylistic choice. Second, it displays contextual nuance and restraint—using \"Some think\" and a concise cultural reference to Dada's anti-rationalism—which suggests a human author drawing on background knowledge. Moreover, it lacks common AI telltales such as unnecessary verbosity, repetitive qualifiers, or formulaic scaffolding and reads like a single crafted insight. Therefore, I judge this text to be HUMAN.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
Gemini-1.5-Pro-58
|
ai
|
Futurism was obsessed with the thrill of modernity, the roar of engines, the dizzying speed of progress. They worshipped the sleek curves of automobiles, the soaring potential of airplanes, and the chaotic energy of sprawling industrial cities. Their art pulsated with dynamism, a vibrant celebration of technology, youth, and even the raw power of violence, all intertwined with a burning desire to shatter the shackles of the past.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage uses coherent, idiomatic phrasing and vivid, purposeful imagery (e.g., \"roar of engines,\" \"shatter the shackles of the past\") that reads authorial rather than generically formulaic. Second, it accurately bundles specific Futurist themes—speed, technology, youth, and violence—with varied sentence rhythm and no obvious repetitive connectors typical of brief AI outputs. Moreover, the metaphors and slight cliché feel deliberate and stylistically consistent, pointing to a practiced human voice. For these reasons I judge the excerpt to be HUMAN.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
Llama-3-70B-95
|
ai
|
The ideas were presented as if they were unavoidable and naturally destined to happen, as if they were a product of their time.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the line uses idiomatic phrasing like \"a product of their time\" and a rhetorical repetition with \"as if\" that reads as human emphasis rather than formulaic generation. Second, its brevity and measured cadence resemble a revision-conscious human writer aiming for nuance instead of the more expansive or overly generic formulations common in AI output. Moreover, the sentence contains a subtle rhetorical stance and economy of language that point to human authorship. HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
Llama-3-70B-28
|
ai
|
Like a wildfire, the style ignited in 17th-century Rome, then blazed a trail of beauty across Europe, sweeping through France, northern Italy, Spain, and Portugal, before illuminating the courts of Austria, southern Germany, and Russia.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence uses a vivid, economical metaphor ('Like a wildfire...blazed a trail of beauty') that reads as intentionally poetic rather than formulaic. Second, the geographic sequence is specific and historically coherent (17th-century Rome to France, northern Italy, Iberia, then the Habsburg courts), implying purposeful selection of details. Moreover, the phrasing has nuanced rhythm and imagery without the slight repetitiveness or generic qualifiers often seen in generative text. These features together lead me to conclude the passage is HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
Llama-3-70B-13
|
ai
|
During that era, the movement was closely tied to radical political ideologies, including communism and anarchism.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence is brief and context-dependent, using the deictic phrase \"that era,\" which more often indicates a human referencing prior discourse. Second, the language is conventional and non-redundant without the repetitious qualifiers or overclarification typical of many AI outputs. Moreover, the single-sentence brevity and lack of distinctive stylistic markers make a confident AI attribution difficult, but overall it reads like a human-written transitional statement. Therefore, I judge this as HUMAN.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
Llama-3-70B-15
|
ai
|
Step into the Dreamworld: The Birth of Surrealism
In 1917, the visionary Guillaume Apollinaire coined the term "Surrealism," but it wasn't until October 1924 that the movement truly came to life. That's when André Breton, a French poet and critic, published the Surrealist Manifesto, boldly staking his claim to the term and outshining a rival faction led by Yvan Goll, who had attempted to beat him to the punch just two weeks earlier. And so, the City of Light, Paris, France, became the epicenter of this revolutionary art movement, where the boundaries of reality were pushed to new and fantastical heights.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage cites accurate historical facts (Apollinaire 1917, Breton's 1924 manifesto and Goll's near-simultaneous claim), which could come from either a knowledgeable human or a well-trained model. Second, the text uses idiomatic and evocative phrasing—'Step into the Dreamworld,' 'beat him to the punch,' and the flourish 'City of Light, Paris, France'—that reads like deliberate human stylistic choice. Moreover, the concise, smoothly connected narration and mild rhetorical flourish lean toward human authorship despite a minor redundant location phrasing that might appear in template outputs. Weighing these signals, the stylistic flourishes and idioms tip the balance toward a human author, so my decision is HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
Llama-3-70B-170
|
ai
|
You know, the idea of folk art really didn't take shape until the 19th century.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the casual opener \"You know,\" and the contraction \"didn't\" give the sentence a conversational, spoken-tone quality more typical of human remarks. Second, the statement is brief and assertive without the expanded context or hedging an AI often provides when making historical claims. Moreover, the text lacks repetitive phrasing or the overly polished neutrality that can signal AI generation. Therefore I judge this text as HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
Llama-3-70B-45
|
ai
|
Get ready to meet the trailblazing pioneers of the movement! The incredible lineup of key figures includes the likes of Jean Arp, Johannes Baader, Hugo Ball, the legendary Marcel Duchamp, the visionary Max Ernst, the fearless Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven, the provocative George Grosz, the innovative Raoul Hausmann, the groundbreaking John Heartfield, the talented Emmy Hennings, the pioneering Hannah Höch, the dynamic Richard Huelsenbeck, the brilliant Francis Picabia, the iconic Man Ray, the avant-garde Hans Richter, the revolutionary Kurt Schwitters, the multifaceted Sophie Taeuber-Arp, the charismatic Tristan Tzara, and the remarkable Beatrice Wood, plus many more!
|
{
"rationale": "First, the text reads like an upbeat promotional blurb with exuberant adjectives and an exclamation mark, which is common in human-written event copy. Second, the list contains historically accurate names and varied epithets that seem deliberately chosen rather than generic AI filler. Moreover, stylistic quirks—serial commas, varied adjective choices, and the conversational \"plus many more!\"—suggest a human marketing voice rather than a neutral AI enumeration. Finally, these factors lead me to conclude the passage is HUMAN.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
Llama-3-70B-144
|
ai
|
Art Deco is a style of art, architecture, and design that originated in France in the 1910s. It became very popular in the United States and Europe during the 1920s and 1930s. The name 'Art Deco' comes from the French phrase 'Arts Décoratifs', and it's sometimes simply referred to as 'Deco'.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage is a concise, factual summary with correct terminology and a simple chronological structure. Second, the conversational contraction \"it's\" and the casual aside \"sometimes simply referred to as 'Deco'\" give it a human-like voice rather than an overly formal AI tone. Moreover, the text lacks verbose qualifiers, repetitive phrasing, or subtle factual embellishments that often appear in AI-generated snippets, and the slight chronological vagueness fits casual human writing. Therefore, I judge the text to be HUMAN.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
Llama-3-70B-38
|
ai
|
Imagine you're hanging out with your friends, trying to come up with a name for your new art movement. You're all throwing around ideas, but nothing seems quite right. Then, one of your friends, Richard, gets a little frustrated and decides to take a chance. He grabs a paper knife and randomly flips through a dictionary, letting fate decide. And that's when it happens - the knife lands on the word "dada", a quirky French term for a hobby horse. It's weird, it's unexpected, and it's kind of perfect. And just like that, the Dada movement is born.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage employs a casual second-person voice and colloquial phrasing (\"you're hanging out\", \"a little frustrated\") that gives it a conversational, spontaneous feel. Second, it offers a compact anecdote with specific vivid actions and a named character (\"Richard\") which lends naturalness and immediacy often found in human storytelling. Moreover, the prose is concise and avoids the hedging, over-explication, or pattern repetition that frequently appear in AI-generated text. Therefore I conclude it's HUMAN.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
Llama-3-70B-74
|
ai
|
This style is referred to by the following names in different languages:
* German: Jugendstil
* Italian: Stile Liberty
* Catalan: Modernisme
* English: Modern Style
|
{
"rationale": "First, the text is very short, factual, and presented as a simple bulleted glossary entry, which is typical of human-edited reference notes. Second, it lacks markers often seen in AI output such as verbose explanations, hedging, or unnatural phrasing; moreover it aligns closely with standard encyclopedic style. Third, the content is easily produced by either source, so there is some uncertainty, but the natural concision and formatting lean toward human authorship. Therefore I judge the text to be HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
Llama-3-70B-123
|
ai
|
As the 14th century drew to a close, a stifling uniformity took hold of the art world, culminating in the overly ornate and rigidly formal International Gothic style that dominated courts across Europe until the late 15th century.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence's evocative, critical tone ('stifling uniformity', 'overly ornate and rigidly formal') and compact rhetorical structure read like a human stylistic judgment rather than an encyclopedic summary. Second, the idiomatic phrasing and deliberate value-laden diction suggest an author with an art-historical voice rather than a generic AI-neutral formulation. Moreover, the precise historical framing is concise and evaluative in a way that feels authored for rhetorical effect rather than generated as a balanced overview. For these reasons I judge the text to be HUMAN.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
Llama-3-70B-86
|
ai
|
Not only in capital cities, but also in rapidly expanding urban centers seeking to forge their own artistic identities, such as Turin and Palermo in Italy, Glasgow in Scotland, and Munich and Darmstadt in Germany, did it frequently appear. Additionally, it emerged in hubs of independence movements, including Helsinki in Finland, then under Russian rule, and Barcelona in Catalonia, Spain.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the use of a formal inverted construction (\"Not only ... did it frequently appear\") and smooth parallelism reads like a deliberate human stylistic choice. Second, the passage cites precise historical context and a selective list of cities (e.g., Helsinki \"then under Russian rule\") in an economical way that suggests specific domain knowledge. Moreover, the phrasing is natural and varied without the repetitive, overexplaining patterns often seen in AI-generated text. HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
Llama-3-70B-46
|
ai
|
The movement's influence extended to avant-garde, downtown music, Surrealism, nouveau réalisme, pop art, and Fluxus.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence is concise and context-specific, listing diverse artistic movements, which suggests a human summarizing historical influence. Second, the use of varied proper nouns and the correct accent in 'nouveau réalisme' as well as balanced punctuation including an Oxford comma indicate editorial care. Moreover, it lacks AI-typical verbosity, repetitive phrasing, or generic qualifiers and instead reads like an encyclopedic line. Therefore my decision in your reasoning.",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
Llama-3-70B-43
|
ai
|
**Influences on Dada's Rejection of Traditional Meaning**
* French poets, Italian Futurists, and German Expressionists all contributed to Dada's rejection of the traditional correlation between words and meaning.
**Proto-Dadaist Works**
* Notable examples of proto-Dadaist works include Alfred Jarry's "Ubu Roi" (1896) and Erik Satie's ballet "Parade" (1916-17).
**The Birth of Dada Principles**
* The Dada movement's core principles were first outlined in Hugo Ball's "Dada Manifesto" in 1916.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the text's compact, note-like bullet structure, precise dates, and accurate examples (Ubu Roi, Parade) resemble a human compiling study notes rather than the more verbose explanations typical of many AI outputs. Second, the phrasing is selective and somewhat uneven—mixing an abstract claim about the 'correlation between words and meaning' with terse headings—which suggests a human author condensing sources for a quick summary. Moreover, there are no repetitive stock phrases, overexplained context, or hedging language that often signal contemporary AI generation. Finally, these stylistic cues and the factual precision lead me to judge the passage as HUMAN",
"verdict": "HUMAN"
}
|
Human-79
|
human
|
In Germany, CSR is kept at the industry level instead of the workplace; this has been viewed as one of the strengths of the German government's push for CPR. Germany also established the German Trade Union Confederation in 1949 to further advance CSR; the confederation represents the interests of 45 million workers in Germany. Job security, wage increases with industry growth are key aspects of collective bargaining in the German labor system.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the text contains factual inconsistencies and slips — it swaps CSR for 'CPR' and asserts that the German Trade Union Confederation represents 45 million workers, a number that does not align with known membership figures. Second, the prose is generic and declarative with slightly awkward phrasing (e.g., 'wage increases with industry growth'), which resembles AI summarization more than a nuanced human comment. Moreover, the mix of correct institutional names with incorrect specifics is a common pattern of AI hallucination. Given these signals, I judge the passage to be AI.",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-178
|
human
|
Segmentation according to demography is based on consumer- demographic variables such as age, income, family size, socio-economic status, etc.
Demographic segmentation assumes that consumers with similar demographic profiles will exhibit similar purchasing patterns, motivations, interests, and lifestyles and that these characteristics will translate into similar product/brand preferences. In practice, demographic segmentation can potentially employ any variable that is used by the nation's census collectors
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage has a generic, textbook-like tone with hedging (\"can potentially\"), repeated phrasing (multiple uses of \"similar\"), and clumsy constructions (\"consumer- demographic\", \"product/brand\") that are common in AI-generated summaries. Second, small anomalies such as the extra space after the hyphen, the odd phrasing \"nation's census collectors\", and the missing terminal punctuation point to automated generation or imperfect post-editing. Moreover, the writing is coherent but lacks a distinctive personal voice, concrete examples, or nuanced insight that a human author would likely include. AI",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-13
|
human
|
Although it has the same goals as supply chain engineering, supply chain management is focused on a more traditional management and business based approach, whereas supply chain engineering is focused on a mathematical model based one.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence is a concise, high-level contrast without examples or nuance, which is common in AI-generated summaries. Second, it shows mild redundancy and awkward phrasing—e.g., \"mathematical model based one\" and missing hyphens—that often appears in machine outputs. Moreover, the text lacks domain-specific qualifiers and reads like a generic template rather than a contextualized explanation. Therefore my decision is AI.",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-143
|
human
|
There have been unsubstantiated social efforts, ethical claims, and outright greenwashing by some companies that have resulted in increasing consumer cynicism and mistrust. Sometimes companies use CSR to direct public attention away from other, harmful business practices
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage is concise and generically phrased without concrete examples, dates, or citations, which is characteristic of AI-generated summaries. Second, it uses paired abstract nouns and slight redundancy ('cynicism and mistrust', 'unsubstantiated social efforts, ethical claims'), a pattern common in machine outputs aiming for neutral coverage. Moreover, the abruptness and lack of contextualization or a unique voice (no personal perspective or specific company names) suggests a templated composition rather than human narrative nuance. Therefore, my decision is AI",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-41
|
human
|
In practice, each type of investor provides working capital to the target company to finance the expansion of the company, the development of new products, the restructuring of operations, management, and ownership of the company.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence has a generic, high-level summary tone with little contextual detail, which is common in AI-generated text. Second, there is notable redundancy and repetition (the word \"company\" appears multiple times) and slightly mechanical phrasing such as \"each type of investor\" and the broad list of financing purposes. Moreover, the structure reads like an aggregated paraphrase rather than a specific human insight or example. Therefore I conclude the text is AI",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-157
|
human
|
With effective CSR policies, a company is better situated to mitigate legislative and legal risks through complying with emerging CSR-related laws and regulations, preempting costly lawsuits and non-compliance actions, and addressing sources of non-compliance by fostering corporate alignment around the relevant issues.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the text uses a formal, generic corporate register with dense nominalizations and a parallel list, which matches polished AI prose. Second, it shows mild redundancy (\"legislative and legal\") and abstract, non-specific phrasing like \"emerging CSR-related laws\" and \"relevant issues\" rather than concrete examples. Moreover, the long, tightly balanced sentence prioritizes informational completeness over a distinct human voice or idiosyncratic phrasing. Overall I judge this text as AI",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-19
|
human
|
In this study, Mocan, Draghici, Ivascu, and Turi examined the correlation between CSR policies and value creation/financial performance in the banking industry specifically and found that various benefits include greater economic efficiency, improved company reputation, and employee loyalty, better communication streamline between the industry and individuals, and the opportunity to attract new opportunities (i.e
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage is a high-level, generic summary listing broad benefits without specific data or nuanced interpretation, which is characteristic of AI-generated text. Second, it shows awkward phrasing and non-parallel structure (e.g., \"communication streamline\", \"opportunity to attract new opportunities\") and redundancy that suggest automated smoothing rather than careful human editing. Moreover, the slash usage (\"value creation/financial performance\") and the abrupt truncation \"(i.e\" indicate mechanical output or a cut-off generation process. AI",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-72
|
human
|
Venture capitalists provide this financing in the interest of generating a return through an eventual "exit" event, such as the company selling shares to the public for the first time in an initial public offering (IPO), or disposal of shares happening via a merger, via a sale to another entity such as a financial buyer in the private equity secondary market or via a sale to a trading company such as a competitor.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence is grammatically correct and encyclopedic in tone, resembling a concise explanatory definition. Second, it shows mild redundancy and awkward parallelism (repeating \"via\" and the phrase \"sale to ... or via a sale\"), plus an odd phrase \"trading company such as a competitor,\" which suggests automated concatenation of related concepts. Moreover, the dense, list-like structure and neutral, jargon-heavy phrasing are characteristic of AI-generated summarization rather than a natural human stylistic choice. Decision: AI",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-8
|
human
|
Consumers can purchase a variety of salt products; cooking salt, table salt, sea salt, rock salt, kosher salt, mineral salt, herbal or vegetable salts, iodized salt, salt substitutes, and many more
|
{
"rationale": "First, the text is a compact, enumerative list with a trailing 'and many more', a pattern common in AI-generated content aiming for completeness. Second, it contains slight redundancies and odd categories (e.g., 'mineral salt' and overlap between 'cooking salt' and 'table salt', plus 'herbal or vegetable salts') consistent with model overgeneralization. Moreover, the neutral, impersonal tone and lack of contextual detail or sourcing further suggest an automated origin. Therefore, AI",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-117
|
human
|
Surfers like to spend a lot of time online, thus companies must have a variety of products to offer and constant updates, Bargainers are looking for the best price, Connectors like to relate to others, Routiners want content, and Sportsters like sport and entertainment sites.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the short, list-like structure with categorical labels and brief descriptions lacks personal anecdotes or nuanced transitions, which is characteristic of AI summarization. Second, the punctuation issue (a comma splice after 'updates, Bargainers') and the even-handed, token-like profiling of user types suggest automated generation rather than a singular human narrative voice. Moreover, the generic marketing taxonomy and absence of contextual detail or source citations align with outputs produced from aggregated training data. Therefore I judge this as AI.",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-141
|
human
|
CSR strategy or behaviors related to CSR was discussed by many scholars in terms of crisis management like responses to boycott in an international context. Ang found that relationship building through providing additional services rather than price-cutting is what businesses in Asia feel more comfortable with as a strategy during an economic crisis. Regarding direct research about strategies in cross-cultural crisis management, scholars found that CSR strategies could make effects through empirical case studies involving multinational businesses in China. They found that meeting local stakeholders' social expectations can mitigate the risk of crises
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage is highly generic and summarises literature without specific citations or nuanced argumentation, which is characteristic of AI-generated text. Second, there are awkward phrasings and grammatical slips such as \"make effects\" and repetitive wording (\"CSR strategy or behaviors related to CSR\") that suggest non-native reconstruction or model paraphrasing. Moreover, the overall coherence is shallow and the claims are broad and unsupported by details (e.g., vague reference to \"Ang\" and empirical studies in China), which is common in machine-generated academic summaries. Therefore, I conclude the text was likely generated by an AI.",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-129
|
human
|
Once integrated into the business network, these firms are more likely to succeed, as they become "nodes" in the search networks for designing and building products in their domain. However, venture capitalists' decisions are often biased, exhibiting for instance overconfidence and illusion of control, much like entrepreneurial decisions in general.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage's concise, high-level academic phrasing and absence of concrete examples or citations is characteristic of AI-generated summaries. Second, there is slightly awkward phrasing (exhibiting for instance overconfidence) and a formulaic linkage between claims that suggest algorithmic composition. Moreover, the text is grammatically clean and balanced but lacks personal voice or specific detail that a human author would likely include. Finally, these indicators point to AI",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-139
|
human
|
In the field of economics, the term entrepreneur is used for an entity which has the ability to translate inventions or technologies into products and services. In this sense, entrepreneurship describes activities on the part of both established firms and new businesses.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage has a neutral, encyclopedic tone and concise definitional structure typical of automated summaries. Second, it lacks concrete examples, citations, or an identifiable authorial voice, suggesting a generalized output rather than a human-authored elaboration. Moreover, slightly awkward phrasing like \"on the part of\" and broadly non-specific language align with patterns commonly seen in AI-generated text. Therefore I conclude the text is AI.",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-191
|
human
|
For example, although dress size is not a standard base for segmenting a market, some fashion houses have successfully segmented the market using women's dress size as a variable. However, the most common bases for segmenting consumer markets include: geographics, demographics, psychographics, and behaviour
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage is concise and textbook-like with a neutral tone and generalized statements, which is characteristic of AI-generated explanatory text. Second, it uses formulaic transitions ('For example, although...') and slightly redundant phrasing ('base for segmenting... variable'), suggesting automated composition. Moreover, the list-style enumeration and lack of contextual detail or personal nuance further point toward machine generation. Therefore I conclude this text is AI.",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-11
|
human
|
Demographers, studying population change, disagree about precise dates for each generation. Dating is normally achieved by identifying population peaks or troughs, which can occur at different times in each country
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage has a concise, neutral, encyclopedic tone without personal voice or idiosyncratic phrasing. Second, phrasing such as \"Dating is normally achieved by identifying population peaks or troughs\" is generic and formulaic, which is characteristic of AI-generated explanatory text. Moreover, the sentences are grammatically correct and evenly paced but lack narrowing detail or a distinctive human stylistic fingerprint. Therefore I judge this text as AI.",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-20
|
human
|
Investments of private equity usually are made by an investment management company (private equity firm), by a venture capital fund, and by an angel investor; each category of investor has specific financial goals, preferences, and strategies for profiting from their investments
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence has a neutral, encyclopedic tone and compact listing structure that is common in AI-generated summaries. Second, the slightly awkward phrasing \"Investments of private equity usually are made by\" and the stilted article use suggest machine-like rewording rather than natural idiom. Moreover, the parenthetical clarification and precise punctuation feel mechanical and lack personal nuance or contextual examples. Decision: AI",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-74
|
human
|
This analysis of customer lifecycles is usually included in the growth plan of a business to determine which tactics to implement to retain or let go of customers. Tactics commonly used range from providing special customer discounts to sending customers communications that reinforce the value proposition of the given service.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage is short, very generic and uses business buzzwords like \"customer lifecycles\" and \"value proposition\" without concrete examples. Second, there are slight syntactic oddities (\"sending customers communications\", \"the given service\") and a formulaic \"range from X to Y\" structure that often appear in AI-generated text. Moreover, the neutral, encyclopedic tone and absence of specific details, metrics, or contextual examples make it seem machine-produced rather than a human's lived explanation. Therefore, I judge this text to be AI.",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-127
|
human
|
In marketing, brand management begins with an analysis on how a brand is currently perceived in the market, proceeds to planning how the brand should be perceived if it is to achieve its objectives and continues with ensuring that the brand is perceived as planned and secures its objectives
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence's high-level, generic, textbook-like summary and the rigid parallel structure ('begins..., proceeds..., continues...') are characteristic of automated summarization. Second, slightly non-idiomatic phrasing such as 'analysis on how' and 'secures its objectives' suggests formulaic substitution rather than a natural human edit. Moreover, the lack of contextual detail, examples, or a distinctive voice further points toward algorithmic generation. Therefore, AI.",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-140
|
human
|
Social License to Operate can be determined as contractual grounds for the legitimacy of activities and projects a company is involved in. It refers to the level of support and approval of a company's activities by its stakeholders. Displaying commitment to CSR is one way to achieve a social license, by enhancing a company's reputation.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage is a short, generic definitional paragraph that lacks concrete examples or nuance, which is characteristic of AI summarization. Second, slightly awkward phrasing (\"can be determined as contractual grounds\") and repetitive wording (\"company's activities\") suggest formulaic generation rather than a distinct human voice. Moreover, the neutral, encyclopedic tone and efficient structure without transitional depth fit common AI output patterns. Finally, my decision is AI.",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-136
|
human
|
Fifteen European Union countries are actively engaged in CSR regulation and public policy development. CSR efforts and policies are different among countries, responding to the complexity and diversity of governmental, corporate, and societal roles
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage is very short and generic, stating broad claims about CSR without examples, evidence, or contextual detail. Second, the oddly specific numeral \"Fifteen\" paired with no explanation reads like an extracted or summarized fact rather than a deliberately contextualized human assertion. Moreover, the phrasing is redundant and stylistically flat (\"CSR efforts and policies are different among countries\"), which aligns with common machine-generated summary patterns. Therefore I conclude the text is AI.",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-53
|
human
|
Many millennials want to conduct business with companies and trademarks that employ pro-social themes, sustainable manufacturing processes, and ethical business practices. Nielsen Holdings published its Annual Global Corporate Sustainability Report in 2017 concentrating on global responsibility as well as sustainability. Nielsen's 2015 report showed that 66 percent of consumers will spend more on products that come from sustainable brands. Another 81 percent expect their preferred corporate institutions to reveal in public their statements about corporate citizenship
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage contains stiff and slightly unnatural phrasing (e.g., 'companies and trademarks', 'reveal in public their statements') and some redundancy that suggests automated paraphrasing. Second, it presents statistics and dates in a formulaic, context-free way typical of AI-generated summaries rather than a sourced human write-up. Moreover, the tone is factual and mechanical with few hallmarks of a distinct human voice or minor stylistic idiosyncrasies. I conclude the text is AI.",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-82
|
human
|
In 1995, item S50K of the Income Tax Act of Mauritius mandated that companies registered in Mauritius pay 2% of their annual book profit to contribute to the social and environmental development of the country. In 2014, India also enacted a mandatory minimum CSR spending law
|
{
"rationale": "First, the text is very terse and factual, listing precise legal items without contextual detail or sourcing, which is common in AI-generated summaries. Second, the phrasing 'item S50K' and the parallel construction comparing Mauritius (1995) with India (2014) mirrors pattern-based outputs where models compress facts into compact comparative statements. Moreover, there is a slight risk of a hallucinated or imprecise legal citation (I could not confirm 'S50K' as a standard reference), which further suggests automated generation. Therefore I judge this text as AI",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-171
|
human
|
Online market segmentation is similar to the traditional approaches in that the segments should be identifiable, substantial, accessible, stable, differentiable, and actionable. Customer data stored in online data management systems such as a CRM or DMP enables the analysis and segmentation of consumers across a diverse set of attributes. Forsyth et al., in an article 'Internet research' grouped current active online consumers into six groups: Simplifiers, Surfers, Bargainers, Connectors, Routiners, and Sportsters
|
{"rationale":"First, the text is concise, neutral, and highly structured, resembling summary-style output rather than personal commentary. Second, the citation is oddly formatted (\"Forsyth et al., in an article 'Internet research'\") and the taxonomy names seem plausibly invented, which are common signs of AI fabrication. Moreover, small lexical awkwardnesses like \"current active online consumers\" and the lack of full reference details point toward algorithmic generation. Therefore I judge this text to be AI.","verdict":"AI"}
|
Human-18
|
human
|
Private equity is both a type of ownership of assets (equity) and is a class of assets (debt and equity securities) for operating private companies that are not publicly traded in a stock exchange.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence is generic and slightly tautological, repeating 'assets' and using clumsy phrasing ('both... and is'), which suggests automated generation. Second, it conflates terminology by labeling 'debt and equity securities' as part of private equity, a subtle sign of an AI model producing plausible but imprecise text. Moreover, the non-idiomatic preposition 'in a stock exchange' and the compact, neutral tone align with common AI outputs. Therefore, my decision is AI.",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-158
|
human
|
A generation is defined as "a cohort of people born within a similar span of time (15 years at the upper end) who share a comparable age and life stage and who were shaped by a particular span of time (events, trends, and developments)." Generational segmentation refers to the process of dividing and analyzing a population into cohorts based on their birth date
|
{
"rationale": "First, the text is concise, neutral, and formulaic, resembling an encyclopedia-style definition rather than personal or narrative prose. Second, the repetition of phrases (e.g., span of time) and the parenthetical numeric detail (15 years at the upper end) suggest extraction or summarization from a reference source, which is common in AI-generated outputs. Moreover, the passage lacks idiosyncratic language, examples, or contextual markers that would indicate a human author's voice. Therefore I judge this text to be AI.",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-120
|
human
|
described the terms, writing that human responsibility is "the company deals with suppliers who adhere to principles of natural and good breeding and farming of animals, and also maintains fair and positive working conditions and workplace environments for their employees
|
{
"rationale": "First, the excerpt uses formulaic corporate language and stock phrases common to AI training data, such as adheres to principles of natural and good breeding and farming. Second, it shows redundancy and tautology (fair and positive working conditions and workplace environments) and awkward punctuation, including a dangling clause that begins with 'described the terms,' which suggests automated assembly. Moreover, the lack of contextual anchors and slightly off grammar point to model-generated synthesis. Decision: AI.",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-35
|
human
|
This theory stems from social psychology and states that the likelihood of an individual acting in a given situation is greatly reduced if other bystanders do nothing even if that individual strongly believes in a certain course of action
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence has a generic, textbook-like definitional tone and formal phrasing ('stems from social psychology', 'likelihood ... is greatly reduced') that is characteristic of AI-generated summaries. Second, it avoids naming the well-known concept (the 'bystander effect') and provides no contextual detail, citation, or personal voice, which is typical of model-produced high-level condensations. Moreover, the wording is slightly stilted and impersonal and the single long clause lacks nuanced qualifiers, suggesting algorithmic generation rather than a human's natural elaboration. Therefore I judge this text as AI.",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-144
|
human
|
Berle and Merrick Dodd, famously debated how directors should be made to uphold the public interest: Berle believed there had to be legally enforceable rules in favor of labor, customers and the public equal to or ahead of shareholders, while Dodd argued that powers of directors were simply held on trust.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence is a compact, factual summary with slightly stiff legal phrasing and an odd comma after 'Dodd', which suggests machine-generated punctuation and style. Second, it mixes name forms ('Berle' vs 'Merrick Dodd') and uses a somewhat clumsy colon and clause structure that are typical of AI paraphrasing rather than a human's polished prose. Moreover, the content is accurate but lacks nuance or citation and reads like a condensed encyclopedia entry rather than a personal or scholarly take. For these reasons I judge the text to be AI",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-168
|
human
|
A CSR program can persuade governments and the public that a company takes health and safety, diversity, and the environment seriously, reducing the likelihood that company practices will be closely monitored.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence is concise, neutral, and uses corporate buzzwords ('health and safety, diversity, and the environment') in a balanced list, a pattern common in AI-generated text. Second, the phrasing is general and assertive without concrete examples, metrics, or qualifiers, which often indicates machine-generated summarization rather than a human with context. Moreover, the structure is formulaic and the causal claim ('reducing the likelihood...') is stated without nuance or hedging, another sign of automated output. Therefore my decision is AI.",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-135
|
human
|
The relationship between corporate social responsibility and a firm's corporate financial performance is a phenomenon that is being explored in a variety of research studies that are being conducted across the world
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence is overly wordy and contains redundant phrasing (e.g., 'a firm's corporate financial performance' and 'is a phenomenon that is being explored'), which is typical of AI-generated text. Second, it uses generic, non-specific language ('a variety of research studies' and 'across the world') and passive constructions, common markers of machine-generated prose. Moreover, the repetitive and hedging structure ('that are being conducted') suggests automated output rather than a concise human edit. Therefore, my decision: AI",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-94
|
human
|
(2006) found that not all CSR activities are attractive to consumers. They recommended that retailers focus on one activity. Becker-Olsen (2006) found that if the social initiative done by the company is not aligned with other company goals it will have a negative impact
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage shows inconsistent citation formatting — the first citation lacks an author while the second names Becker-Olsen — which suggests editing artifacts common in machine-generated snippets. Second, the text is repetitive, terse, and contains awkward phrasing (e.g., \"social initiative done by the company\"), traits often produced by summarization algorithms. Moreover, the lack of contextual detail, weak coherence, and abrupt presentation of findings without synthesis point toward an AI-generated extract. Therefore I conclude this text is AI.",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-46
|
human
|
Research has also found that corporate social marketing, a form of CSR promoting societal good, is being used to direct criticism away from the damaging practices of the alcohol industry. It has been shown that advertisements that supposedly encourage responsible drinking simultaneously aim to promote drinking as a social norm
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage uses generic, citation-free academic summarizing language and repetition (e.g., \"has also found\", \"has been shown\"), which is common in AI-generated text. Second, its neutral, polished tone and lack of specific studies or data suggests a generic summary rather than a human referencing particular research. Moreover, the concise, balanced structure lacks personal nuance or qualifiers that humans often include. Therefore my decision is AI.",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-195
|
human
|
Geo-cluster segmentation is widely used by Governments and public sector departments such as urban planning, health authorities, police, criminal justice departments, telecommunications, and public utility organizations such as water boards.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence is concise, factual, and presents an even, enumerated list of public-sector domains, a style common in both human technical summaries and AI outputs. Second, it lacks specific examples, context, or a distinct authorial voice and uses generic phrasing, which often indicates automated generation. Moreover, the wording is formulaic and broadly applicable rather than reflecting a particular viewpoint or nuanced insight. Therefore I judge this text to be AI",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-116
|
human
|
The rise in popularity of ethical consumerism over the last two decades can be linked to the rise of CSR. Consumers are becoming more aware of the environmental and social implications of their day-to-day consumption decisions and in some cases make purchasing decisions related to their environmental and ethical concerns.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage is brief and generic with tautological phrasing (e.g., repeated 'rise'), which matches AI's tendency toward high-level, repetitive statements. Second, it lacks concrete examples, citations, or a distinctive authorial voice that would indicate a human writer with domain nuance. Moreover, the sentences are mechanically clear and formal without stylistic idiosyncrasies or small errors typical of human drafts. Therefore my decision is AI.",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-166
|
human
|
Venture capital is also a way in which the private and public sectors can construct an institution that systematically creates business networks for the new firms and industries so that they can progress and develop
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence uses formal, abstract phrasing ('construct an institution', 'systematically creates') that resembles AI paraphrasing patterns. Second, the redundancy and slightly awkward cadence ('progress and develop') suggest mechanical composition rather than a fluent human turn of phrase. Moreover, the lack of concrete specifics or examples makes the line feel template-like and generic. Therefore, AI",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-184
|
human
|
Financial technology companies consist of both startups and established financial institutions and technology companies trying to replace or enhance the usage of financial services provided by existing financial companies
|
{
"rationale": "First, the sentence is generic and repeats phrases (\"financial companies\"), which suggests a templated or automatically generated output. Second, awkward collocations and redundancies like \"enhance the usage\" and the doubled mention of \"companies\" indicate limited editing or stylistic refinement. Moreover, the phrasing is stilted and presented as one long unfocused clause, patterns common in short AI-generated text. Therefore, AI",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-102
|
human
|
In exchange for the high risk that venture capitalists assume by investing in smaller and early-stage companies, venture capitalists usually get significant control over company decisions, in addition to a significant portion of the companies' ownership (and consequently value)
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage has an impersonal, encyclopedic tone and precise, neutral phrasing typical of AI-generated explanatory text. Second, it repeats the noun 'venture capitalists' closely and uses a parenthetical clarification '(and consequently value)', which are indicative of somewhat mechanical, model-like phrasing. Moreover, the sentence is grammatically polished and concise but lacks idiosyncratic human voice or contextual detail. Taken together these features suggest the text is AI",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
Human-75
|
human
|
developed economies), implementing CSR policies into the daily activities and framework of a company has been shown to allow for a competitive advantage versus other companies, including the creation of a positive image for the company, improved stakeholder relationships, increased employee morale, and attraction of new consumers who are committed to social responsibility. Despite all of the benefits, it is important to note that several drawbacks exist, including possible accusations of hypocrisy, the difficulty of measuring the social impact of CSR policies, and oftentimes placing companies at a disadvantage against competitors when prioritizing CSR ahead of advancing a company's R&D.
|
{
"rationale": "First, the passage's neutral, generic tone and checklist-like listing of pros and cons are characteristic of AI-generated summarization. Second, awkward phrasings and redundancies — the stray leading fragment 'developed economies)', the clumsy 'has been shown to allow', and the tautological 'oftentimes' — point to machine output. Moreover, the text lacks concrete examples or citations and uses hedged, balanced statements rather than a distinct human voice. AI",
"verdict": "AI"
}
|
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